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Venturi V, Presini F, Trapella C, Bortolini O, Giovannini PP, Lerin LA. Microwave-assisted enzymatic synthesis of geraniol esters in solvent-free systems: optimization of the reaction parameters, purification and characterization of the products, and biocatalyst reuse. Mol Divers 2024; 28:1665-1679. [PMID: 37368203 PMCID: PMC11269508 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Various geraniol esters act as insect pheromones and display pharmacological activities, especially as neuroprotective agents. Therefore, the search for synthetic strategies alternative to traditional chemical synthesis could help designing ecofriendly routes for the preparation of such bioactive compounds. Hence, this work aims at the microwave-assisted enzymatic synthesis of geranyl esters in solvent-free systems. The process variables were optimized for the synthesis of geranyl acetoacetate, achieving 85% conversion after 60 min using a 1:5 substrates molar ratio (ester to geraniol), 80 °C and 8.4% of Lipozyme 435 lipase without removal of the co-produced methanol. On the other hand, a 95% conversion was reached after 30 min using 1:6 substrates molar ratio, 70 °C and 7% lipase in the presence of 5Å molecular sieves for the methanol capture. In addition, the lipase showed good reusability, maintaining the same activity for five reaction cycles. Finally, under the above optimized conditions, other geraniol esters were successfully synthetized such as the geranyl butyrate (98%), geranyl hexanoate (99%), geranyl octanoate (98%), and geranyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (56%). These results demonstrate the microwave-assisted lipase-catalyzed transesterification in a solvent-free system as an excellent and sustainable catalytic methodology to produce geraniol esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Venturi
- Department of Environment and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Francesco Presini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Environment and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Giovannini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Lindomar Alberto Lerin
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy.
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Long X, Liu M, Nan Y, Chen Q, Xiao Z, Xiang Y, Ying X, Sun J, Huang Q, Ai K. Revitalizing Ancient Mitochondria with Nano-Strategies: Mitochondria-Remedying Nanodrugs Concentrate on Disease Control. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308239. [PMID: 38224339 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria, widely known as the energy factories of eukaryotic cells, have a myriad of vital functions across diverse cellular processes. Dysfunctions within mitochondria serve as catalysts for various diseases, prompting widespread cellular demise. Mounting research on remedying damaged mitochondria indicates that mitochondria constitute a valuable target for therapeutic intervention against diseases. But the less clinical practice and lower recovery rate imply the limitation of traditional drugs, which need a further breakthrough. Nanotechnology has approached favorable regiospecific biodistribution and high efficacy by capitalizing on excellent nanomaterials and targeting drug delivery. Mitochondria-remedying nanodrugs have achieved ideal therapeutic effects. This review elucidates the significance of mitochondria in various cells and organs, while also compiling mortality data for related diseases. Correspondingly, nanodrug-mediate therapeutic strategies and applicable mitochondria-remedying nanodrugs in disease are detailed, with a full understanding of the roles of mitochondria dysfunction and the advantages of nanodrugs. In addition, the future challenges and directions are widely discussed. In conclusion, this review provides comprehensive insights into the design and development of mitochondria-remedying nanodrugs, aiming to help scientists who desire to extend their research fields and engage in this interdisciplinary subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P. R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P. R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Yayun Nan
- Geriatric Medical Center, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750002, P. R. China
| | - Qiaohui Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P. R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
| | - Zuoxiu Xiao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P. R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Xiang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P. R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Ying
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P. R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830017, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Kelong Ai
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P. R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Aging-related Bone and Joint Diseases Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
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3
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Huttunen KM. Improving drug delivery to the brain: the prodrug approach. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:683-693. [PMID: 38738934 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2355180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prodrug approach has been thought to be a simple solution to improve brain drug delivery for decades. Nevertheless, it still comes as a surprise that there is relatively little success in the field. The best example anti-parkinsonian drug levodopa has been serendipitously discovered to be a transporter-utilizing brain-delivered prodrug rather than a rationally developed one. AREAS COVERED The lack of success can mainly be explained by the insufficient understanding of the role of membrane proteins that can facilitate drug delivery at dynamic barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but also by the sparse knowledge of prodrug bioconverting enzymes in the brain. This review summarizes the current status of the prodrug attempts that have been developed in the past to improve brain drug delivery. EXPERT OPINION With the expandingly improved analytical and computational technologies, it is anticipated that enhanced brain drug delivery will be eventually achieved for most of the central nervous system (CNS) acting drugs. However, this requires that carrier-mediated (pro)drug delivery methods are implemented in the very early phases of the drug development processes and not as a last step to survive a problematic investigational drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Huang J, Huang T, Li J. Regulation Mechanism and Potential Value of Active Substances in Spices in Alcohol-Liver-Intestine Axis Health. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3728. [PMID: 38612538 PMCID: PMC11011869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol intake will aggravate the health risk between the liver and intestine and affect the multi-directional information exchange of metabolites between host cells and microbial communities. Because of the side effects of clinical drugs, people tend to explore the intervention value of natural drugs on diseases. As a flavor substance, spices have been proven to have medicinal value, but they are still rare in treating hepatointestinal diseases caused by alcohol. This paper summarized the metabolic transformation of alcohol in the liver and intestine and summarized the potential value of various perfume active substances in improving liver and intestine diseases caused by alcohol. It is also found that bioactive substances in spices can exert antioxidant activity in the liver and intestine environment and reduce the oxidative stress caused by diseases. These substances can interfere with fatty acid synthesis, promote sugar and lipid metabolism, and reduce liver injury caused by steatosis. They can effectively regulate the balance of intestinal flora, promote the production of SCFAs, and restore the intestinal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Tao Huang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jinjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
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Leo E, Maretti E. Inhaled Lipid Nanoparticles: A Feasible Tool for a Challenging Route. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:309-311. [PMID: 36762750 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230210161253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Leo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Eleonora Maretti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Kovacevic B, Raj Wagle S, Mihaela Ionescu C, Foster T, Đanić M, Mikov M, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H. The biocompatibility and the metabolic impact of thermoresponsive, bile acid-based nanogels on auditory and macrophage cell lines. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 190:248-257. [PMID: 37562725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Deoxycholic acid (DCA), lithocholic acid (LCA), and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) are bile acids that may serve as permeation enhancers when incorporated within the nanogel matrix for drug delivery in the inner ear. In this study, thermoresponsive nanogels were formulated with DCA, LCA and UDCA and their rheological properties and biocompatibility were assessed. The impact of nanogel on cellular viability was evaluated via cell viability assay, the impact of nanogels on cellular bioenergetic parameters was estimated by Seahorse mito-stress test and glycolysis-stress test, while the presence of intracellular free radicals was assessed by reactive oxygen species assay. Nanogels showed a high level of biocompatibility after 24-hour exposure to auditory and macrophage cell lines, with minimal cytotoxicity compared to untreated control. Incubation with nanogels did not alter cellular respiration and glycolysis of the auditory cell line but showed possible mitochondrial dysfunction in macrophages, suggesting tissue-dependent effects of bile acids. Bile acid-nanogels had minimal impact on intracellular reactive oxygen species, with LCA demonstrating the most pro-oxidative behaviour. This study suggests that thermoresponsive nanogels with bile acid, particularly DCA and UDCA, may be promising candidates for inner ear drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozica Kovacevic
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Susbin Raj Wagle
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Corina Mihaela Ionescu
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Thomas Foster
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Maja Đanić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21101, Serbia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21101, Serbia
| | - Armin Mooranian
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand.
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Botti G, Bianchi A, Dalpiaz A, Tedeschi P, Albanese V, Sorrenti M, Catenacci L, Bonferoni MC, Beggiato S, Pavan B. Dimeric ferulic acid conjugate as a prodrug for brain targeting after nasal administration of loaded solid lipid microparticles. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1657-1679. [PMID: 38014509 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2286369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ferulic acid (Fer) displays antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties useful against neurodegenerative diseases. To increase Fer uptake and its central nervous system residence time, a dimeric prodrug, optimizing the Fer loading on nasally administrable solid lipid microparticles (SLMs), was developed. METHODS The prodrug was synthesized as Fer dimeric conjugate methylated on the carboxylic moiety. Prodrug antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties and ability to release Fer in physiologic environments were evaluated. Tristearin or stearic acid SLMs were obtained by hot emulsion technique. In vivo pharmacokinetics were quantified by HPLC. RESULTS The prodrug was able to release Fer in physiologic environments (whole blood and brain homogenates) and induce in vitro antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effects. Its half-life in rats was 18.0 ± 1.9 min. Stearic acid SLMs, exhibiting the highest prodrug loading and dissolution rate, were selected for nasal administration to rats (1 mg/kg dose), allowing to obtain high prodrug bioavailability and prolonged residence in the cerebrospinal fluid, showing AUC (Area Under Concentration) values (108.5 ± 3.9 μg∙mL-1∙min) up to 30 times over those of Fer free drug, after its intravenous/nasal administration (3.3 ± 0.3/5.16 ± 0.20 μg∙mL-1∙min, respectively) at the same dose. Chitosan presence further improved the prodrug brain uptake. CONCLUSIONS Nasal administration of prodrug-loaded SLMs can be proposed as a noninvasive approach for neurodegenerative disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Botti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Bianchi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Tedeschi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Albanese
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Milena Sorrenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Catenacci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara and LTTA Center, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation-Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ferrara, Italy
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8
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Du L, Chen L, Liu F, Wang W, Huang H. Nose-to-brain drug delivery for the treatment of CNS disease: New development and strategies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 171:255-297. [PMID: 37783558 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Delivering drugs to the brain has always been a challenging task due to the restrictive properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Intranasal delivery is therefore emerging as an efficient method of administration, making it easy to self-administration and thus provides a non-invasive and painless alternative to oral and parenteral administration for delivering therapeutics to the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, drug formulations have been developed to further enhance this nose-to-brain transport, primarily using nanoparticles (NPs). Therefore, the purposes of this review are to highlight and describe the anatomical basis of nasal-brain pathway and provide an overview of drug formulations and current drugs for intranasal administration in CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Du
- Biotherapeutic Research Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jilin City Central Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Wenya Wang
- Biotherapeutic Research Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China,.
| | - Hongyun Huang
- Institute of Neurorestoratology, Third Medical Center of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, P.R. China; Beijing Hongtianji Neuroscience Academy, Beijing, P.R. China.
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A multi-bioresponsive self-assembled nano drug delivery system based on hyaluronic acid and geraniol against liver cancer. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 310:120695. [PMID: 36925236 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a multi-bioresponsive self-assembled nano-drug delivery system (HSSG) was constructed by conjugating the anticancer drug Geraniol (GER) to hyaluronic acid (HA) via a disulfide bond. The HSSG NPs displayed a uniform spherical shape with an average diameter of ∼110 nm, maintained high stability, and realized controlled drug release in the tumor microenvironment (pH/glutathione/hyaluronidase). Results of fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry verified that HSSG NPs were selectively uptaken by human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines HepG2 and Huh7 via CD44 receptor-mediated internalization. Studies on H22 tumor-bearing mice demonstrate that HSSG NPs could effectively accumulate at the tumor site for a long period. In vitro and in vivo studies show that HSSG NPs significantly promoted the death of cancer cells while reducing the toxicity as compared to GER. Therefore, the HSSG NPs have great potential in the treatment of tumors.
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Rassu G, Sorrenti M, Catenacci L, Pavan B, Ferraro L, Gavini E, Bonferoni MC, Giunchedi P, Dalpiaz A. Conjugation, Prodrug, and Co-Administration Strategies in Support of Nanotechnologies to Improve the Therapeutic Efficacy of Phytochemicals in the Central Nervous System. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1578. [PMID: 37376027 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals, produced as secondary plant metabolites, have shown interesting potential therapeutic activities against neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Unfortunately, poor bioavailability and rapid metabolic processes compromise their therapeutic use, and several strategies are currently proposed for overcoming these issues. The present review summarises strategies for enhancing the central nervous system's phytochemical efficacy. Particular attention has been paid to the use of phytochemicals in combination with other drugs (co-administrations) or administration of phytochemicals as prodrugs or conjugates, particularly when these approaches are supported by nanotechnologies exploiting conjugation strategies with appropriate targeting molecules. These aspects are described for polyphenols and essential oil components, which can improve their loading as prodrugs in nanocarriers, or be part of nanocarriers designed for targeted co-delivery to achieve synergistic anti-glioma or anti-neurodegenerative effects. The use of in vitro models, able to simulate the blood-brain barrier, neurodegeneration or glioma, and useful for optimizing innovative formulations before their in vivo administration via intravenous, oral, or nasal routes, is also summarised. Among the described compounds, quercetin, curcumin, resveratrol, ferulic acid, geraniol, and cinnamaldehyde can be efficaciously formulated to attain brain-targeting characteristics, and may therefore be therapeutically useful against glioma or neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Rassu
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Milena Sorrenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Catenacci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation-Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Rassu G, Obinu A, Serri C, Piras S, Carta A, Ferraro L, Gavini E, Giunchedi P, Dalpiaz A. Improving in vivo oral bioavailability of a poorly soluble drug: a case study on polymeric versus lipid nanoparticles. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:1128-1139. [PMID: 36509967 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Poorly soluble drugs must be appropriately formulated for clinical use to increase the solubility, dissolution rate, and permeation across the intestinal epithelium. Polymeric and lipid nanocarriers have been successfully investigated for this aim, and their physicochemical properties, and in particular, the surface chemistry, significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of the drugs after oral administration. In the present study, PLGA nanoparticles (SS13NP) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SS13SLN) loaded with SS13, a BCS IV model drug, were prepared. SS13 bioavailability following the oral administration of SS13 (free drug), SS13NP, or SS13SLN was compared. SS13NP had a suitable size for oral administration (less than 300 nm), a spherical shape and negative zeta potential, similarly to SS13SLN. On the contrary, SS13NP showed higher physical stability but lower encapsulation efficiency (54.31 ± 6.66%) than SS13SLN (100.00 ± 3.11%). When orally administered (0.6 mg of drug), SS13NP showed higher drug AUC values with respect to SS13SLN (227 ± 14 versus 147 ± 8 µg/mL min), with higher Cmax (2.47 ± 0.14 µg/mL versus 1.30 ± 0.15 µg/mL) reached in a shorter time (20 min versus 60 min). Both formulations induced, therefore, the oral bioavailability of SS13 (12.67 ± 1.43% and 4.38 ± 0.39% for SS13NP and SS12SLN, respectively) differently from the free drug. These in vivo results confirm that the chemical composition of nanoparticles significantly affects the in vivo fate of a BCS IV drug. Moreover, PLGA nanoparticles appear more efficient and rapid than SLN in allowing drug absorption and transport to systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Rassu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Antonella Obinu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Carla Serri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sandra Piras
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Carta
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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Intranasal Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Bioactive Compounds Obtained from Marine Sources to Manage Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/ph16020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine sources contain several bioactive compounds with high therapeutic potential, such as remarkable antioxidant activity that can reduce oxidative stress related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, there has been a growing interest in these natural sources, especially those resulting from the processing of marine organisms (i.e., marine bio-waste), to obtain natural antioxidants as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants in a sustainable approach to promote circularity by recovering and creating value from these bio-wastes. However, despite their expected potential to prevent, delay, or treat neurodegenerative diseases, antioxidant compounds may have difficulty reaching the brain due to the need to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In this regard, alternative delivery systems administered by different routes have been proposed, including intranasal administration of lipid nanoparticles, such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), which have shown promising results. Intranasal administration shows several advantages, including the fact that molecules do not need to cross the BBB to reach the central nervous system (CNS), as they can be transported directly from the nasal cavity to the brain (i.e., nose-to-brain transport). The benefits of using SLN and NLC for intranasal delivery of natural bioactive compounds for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases have shown relevant outcomes through in vitro and in vivo studies. Noteworthy, for bioactive compounds obtained from marine bio-waste, few studies have been reported, showing the open potential of this research area. This review updates the state of the art of using SLN and NLC to transport bioactive compounds from different sources, in particular, those obtained from marine bio-waste, and their potential application in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Pharmacokinetic and Permeation Studies in Rat Brain of Natural Compounds Led to Investigate Eugenol as Direct Activator of Dopamine Release in PC12 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021800. [PMID: 36675321 PMCID: PMC9862186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Eugenol, cinnamaldehyde and D-limonene, the main components of natural essential oils, are endowed with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which allow them to induce beneficial effects on intestinal, cardiac and neuronal levels. In order to characterize their pharmacokinetic profiles and aptitude to permeate in the central nervous system after intravenous and oral administration to rats, new analytical procedures, easily achievable with HPLC-UV techniques, were developed. The terminal half-lives of these compounds range from 12.4 ± 0.9 (D-limonene) and 23.1 ± 1.6 min (cinnamaldehyde); their oral bioavailability appears relatively poor, ranging from 4.25 ± 0.11% (eugenol) to 7.33 ± 0.37% (cinnamaldehyde). Eugenol evidences a marked aptitude to permeate in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rats following both intravenous and oral administrations, whereas cinnamaldehyde appears able to reach the CSF only after intravenous administration; limonene is totally unable to permeate in the CSF. Eugenol was therefore recruited for in vitro studies of viability and time-/dose-dependent dopamine release in neuronal differentiated PC12 cells (a recognized cellular model mimicking dopaminergic neurons), evidencing its ability to increase cell viability and to induce dopamine release according to a U-shaped time-course curve. Moreover, concentration-response data suggest that eugenol may induce beneficial effects against Parkinson's disease after oral administration.
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Guo W, Qiu M, Pu Z, Long N, Yang M, Ren K, Ning R, Zhang S, Peng F, Sun F, Dai M. Geraniol-a potential alternative to antibiotics for bovine mastitis treatment without disturbing the host microbial community or causing drug residues and resistance. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1126409. [PMID: 36875515 PMCID: PMC9978373 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1126409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is one of the most prevalent diseases of dairy cows. Currently, mastitis treatment in dairy cows is mainly based on antibiotics. However, the use of antibiotics causes adverse effects, including drug resistance, drug residues, host-microbiome destruction, and environmental pollution. The present study sought to investigate the potentiality of geraniol as an alternative to antibiotics for bovine mastitis treatment in dairy cows. Additionally, the effectiveness of treatment, improvement in inflammatory factors, the influence on microbiome, presence of drug residues, and drug resistance induction were compared and analyzed comprehensively.Geraniol showed an equivalent therapeutic rate as antibiotics in the mouse infection model and cows with mastitis. Moreover, geraniol significantly inhibited the pathogenic bacteria and restored the microbial community while increasing the abundance of probiotics in milk. Notably, geraniol did not destroy the gut microbial communities in cows and mice, whereas antibiotics significantly reduced the diversity and destroyed the gut microbial community structure. Additionally, no geraniol residue was detected in milk four days after treatment discontinuation, but, antibiotic residues were detected in milk at the 7th day after drug withdrawal. In vitro experiments revealed that geraniol did not induce drug resistance in the Escherichia coli strain ATCC25922 and Staphylococcus aureus strain ATCC25923 after 150 generations of culturing, while antibiotics induced resistance after 10 generations. These results suggest that geraniol has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects similar to antibiotics without affecting the host-microbial community structure or causing drug residues and resistance. Therefore, geraniol can be a potential substitute for antibiotics to treat mastitis or other infectious diseases and be widely used in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Qiu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhonghui Pu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Nana Long
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Ren
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruihong Ning
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Fu Peng
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Fu Peng, ; Fenghui Sun, ; Min Dai,
| | - Fenghui Sun
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Fu Peng, ; Fenghui Sun, ; Min Dai,
| | - Min Dai
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Fu Peng, ; Fenghui Sun, ; Min Dai,
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Miró MV, Costa-Júnior LM, Alvarez LI, Lanusse C, Virkel G, Lifschitz A. Pharmacological characterization of geraniol in sheep and its potential use in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes. Vet Anim Sci 2022; 18:100269. [PMID: 36147514 PMCID: PMC9486669 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Geraniol is a monoterpene which showed in vitro antiparasitic effect. The oxidative metabolism of albendazole is reduced by geraniol in vitro. There were not in vivo pharmacokinetic interactions after the coadministration of albendazole and geraniol to sheep. The residence time of geraniol after its oral administration to sheep is very short. The efficacy of geraniol against Haemonchus contortus was below the threshold established.
Geraniol (GNL) was effective against gastrointestinal nematodes in vitro; nevertheless, the anthelmintic effect of phytochemicals combined with synthetic drugs has been little explored in vivo. This article characterized in vitro / in vivo the pharmacological features of GNL in sheep as well as its pharmacokinetic interaction with albendazole (ABZ). Additionally, the in vivo efficacy of GNL against Haemonchus contortus was evaluated in lambs. Liver microsomes from lambs were incubated in the absence or presence of GNL to analyze CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and FMO metabolic pathways. The effect of GNL on the hepatic sulfoxidation and sulfonation of ABZ and the ruminal sulforeduction of albendazole sulfoxide (ABZSO) was assessed. The in vivo pharmacokinetic interaction of ABZ and GNL was evaluated in lambs. The effect of GNL on the fecal egg count was evaluated in lambs infected with a resistant isolate of H. contortus. In sheep liver microsomes, the presence of 2 mM GNL reduced the CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and FMO pathways by 77.9, 90.8 and 84.5%, respectively, with respect to control (P < 0.05). In the presence of 2 mM GNL, the ABZ sulfoxidation decreased from 114.4 ± 8.49 (control) to 50.24 ± 11.1 nmol/min.mg, and ABZSO2 production decrease from 0.52 ± 0.14 to 0.09 ± 0.03 nmol/h.mg. No changes in the pharmacokinetic behavior of ABZ were observed in the presence of GNL. The in vivo efficacy of four doses of GNL was 40.5%. These findings highlight the importance of integrated in vitro / in vivo pharmaco-parasitological studies to develop new pharmacological tools for controlling gastrointestinal parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Miró
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Livio Martins Costa-Júnior
- Laboratory of Parasite Control, Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, São Luis, Brazil
| | - Luis Ignacio Alvarez
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lanusse
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Virkel
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Adrián Lifschitz
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Argentina
- Corresponding author at: Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil: Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria de Tandil, Argentina.
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Controlled drug delivery mediated by cyclodextrin-based supramolecular self-assembled carriers: From design to clinical performances. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Raman S, Khan AA, Mahmood S. Nose to brain delivery of selegiline loaded PLGA/lipid nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterisation and brain pharmacokinetics evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Amelioration of Age-Related Multiple Neuronal Impairments and Inflammation in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats: The Prospective Multitargets of Geraniol. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4812993. [PMID: 36304965 PMCID: PMC9596245 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4812993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is documented to alter brain function as a consequence of metabolic changes linked with a high-fat diet (HFD). The primary target of this study is to see how geraniol is effective in manipulating age- and diet-associated multiple toxicity and neuroinflammation in HFD-fed rats. Sixty-four adult male Wistar rats were partitioned into two groups: Group 1 (untreated normal young and aged rats) and Group 2 (HFD-fed young and aged rats) that received HFD for 16 weeks before being orally treated with geraniol or chromax for eight weeks. The results revealed a dropping in proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and leptin while boosting adiponectin in geraniol-supplemented rats. The liver, kidney, and lipid profiles were improved in geraniol-HFD-treated groups. HFD-induced brain insulin resistance decreased insulin clearance and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) levels significantly after geraniol supplementation. Geraniol suppressed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and alleviated oxidative stress by boosting neuronal reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. It lowered malondialdehyde concentration (TBARS), nitric oxide (NO), and xanthine oxidase (XO) and restored the structural damage to the brain tissue caused by HFD. Compared with model rats, geraniol boosted learning and memory function and ameliorated the inflammation status in the brain by lowering the protein levels of IL-1β, iNOS, NF-κBp65, and COX-2. In addition, the expression levels of inflammation-related genes (MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IDO-1) were lessened significantly. Remarkably, the supplementation of geraniol reversed the oxidative and inflammation changes associated with aging. It affected the redox status of young rats. In conclusion, our results exhibit the effectiveness of dietary geraniol supplementation in modifying age-related neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in rats and triggering off the use of geraniol as a noninvasive natural compound for controlling age- and diet-associated neuronal impairments and toxicity.
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Botti G, Bianchi A, Pavan B, Tedeschi P, Albanese V, Ferraro L, Spizzo F, Del Bianco L, Dalpiaz A. Effects of Microencapsulated Ferulic Acid or Its Prodrug Methyl Ferulate on Neuroinflammation Induced by Muramyl Dipeptide. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10609. [PMID: 36078325 PMCID: PMC9518205 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ferulic acid (Fer) is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which are possibly useful against neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the ability of Fer to permeate the brain, its fast elimination from the body does not allow its therapeutic use to be optimized. The present study proposes the preparation and characterization of tristearin- or stearic acid-based solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) as sustained delivery and targeting systems for Fer. The microparticles were produced by conventional hot emulsion techniques. The synthesis of the methyl ester of Fer (Fer-Me) allowed its encapsulation in the SLMs to increase. Fer-Me was hydrolyzed to Fer in rat whole blood and liver homogenate, evidencing its prodrug behavior. Furthermore, Fer-Me displayed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The amount of encapsulated Fer-Me was 0.719 ± 0.005% or 1.507 ± 0.014% in tristearin or stearic acid SLMs, respectively. The tristearin SLMs were able to control the prodrug release, while the stearic acid SLMs induced a significant increase of its dissolution rate in water. Jointly, the present results suggest that the tristearin SLMs loaded with Fer-Me could be a potential formulation against peripheral neuropathic pain; conversely, the stearic acid SLMs could be useful for Fer-Me uptake in the brain after nasal administration of the formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Botti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Bianchi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation—Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Tedeschi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Albanese
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este 32, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara and LTTA Center, via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federico Spizzo
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, via G. Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucia Del Bianco
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, via G. Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Neuroprotective effect of geraniol on neurological disorders: a review article. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10865-10874. [PMID: 35900613 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07755-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological disorders are structural, biochemical, and electrical abnormalities that affect the peripheral and central nervous systems. Paralysis, muscle weakness, tremors, spasms, and partial or complete loss of sensation are some symptoms of these disorders. Neurorehabilitation is the main treatment for neurological disorders. Treatments can improve the quality of life of patients. Neuroprotective substances of natural origin are used for the treatments of these disorders. METHODS AND RESULTS Online databases, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus were searched to evaluate articles from 1981-2021 using the Mesh words of geraniol (GER), neurological disorders, epilepsy, spinal cord injury (SCI), Parkinson's diseases (PD), and depression. A total of 87 studies were included in this review. GER with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects can improve the symptoms and reduce the progression of neurological diseases. GER exhibits neuroprotective effects by binding to GABA and glycine receptors as well as by inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and regulating the expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization of NLRP3 inflammasome. In this study, the effect of GER was investigated on neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, SCI, PD, and depression. CONCLUSION Although the medicinal uses of GER have been reported, more clinical and experimental studies are needed to investigate the effect of using traditional medicine on improving lifethreatening diseases and the quality of life of patients.
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Sanchez-Mirasierra I, Ghimire S, Hernandez-Diaz S, Soukup SF. Targeting Macroautophagy as a Therapeutic Opportunity to Treat Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:921314. [PMID: 35874822 PMCID: PMC9298504 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.921314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy, an evolutionary conserved catabolic process in the eukaryotic cell, regulates cellular homeostasis and plays a decisive role in self-engulfing proteins, protein aggregates, dysfunctional or damaged organelles, and invading pathogens. Growing evidence from in vivo and in vitro models shows that autophagy dysfunction plays decisive role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is an incurable and second most common neurodegenerative disease characterised by neurological and motor dysfunction accompanied of non-motor symptoms that can also reduce the life quality of patients. Despite the investment in research, the aetiology of the disease is still unknown and the therapies available are aimed mostly at ameliorating motor symptoms. Hence, therapeutics regulating the autophagy pathway might play an important role controlling the disease progression, reducing neuronal loss and even ameliorating non-motor symptoms. In this review, we highlight potential therapeutic opportunities involved in different targeting options like an initiation of autophagy, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibition, mitophagy, lysosomes, lipid metabolism, immune system, gene expression, biomarkers, and also non-pharmacological interventions. Thus, strategies to identify therapeutics targeting the pathways modulating autophagy might hold a future for therapy development against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saurav Ghimire
- Universite Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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22
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Awad R, Avital A, Sosnik A. Polymeric nanocarriers for nose-to-brain drug delivery in neurodegenerative diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1866-1886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Xie P, Peng Y, Qiu L. Responsive oligochitosan nano-vesicles with ursodeoxycholic acid and exenatide for NAFLD synergistic therapy via SIRT1. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 288:119388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mousa AH, Mohammad SA. Potential role of chitosan, PLGA and iron oxide nanoparticles in Parkinson’s disease therapy. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-022-00503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating disease that alters an individual's functionality. Parkinsonism is a complex symptom consisting of numerous motor and non-motor features, and although several disorders are responsible, PD remains the most important. Several theories have been proposed for the characteristic pathological changes, the most important of which is the loss of dopaminergic neurons associated with a reduced ability to perform voluntary movements. Many drugs have been developed over the years to treat the condition and prevent its progression, but drug delivery is still a challenge due to the blood–brain barrier, which prevents the passage of drugs into the central nervous system. However, with the advances in nanotechnology in the medical field, there is growing hope of overcoming this challenge.
Summary
Our review highlights the potential role of three commonly studied nanoparticles in laboratory-induced animal models of PD: chitosan, PLGA, and iron oxide nanoparticles as potential PD therapy in humans.
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Rawal SU, Patel BM, Patel MM. New Drug Delivery Systems Developed for Brain Targeting. Drugs 2022; 82:749-792. [PMID: 35596879 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-022-01717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSF) are two of the most complex and sophisticated concierges that defend the central nervous system (CNS) by numerous mechanisms. While they maintain the neuro-ecological homeostasis through the regulated entry of essential biomolecules, their conservative nature challenges the entry of most of the drugs intended for CNS delivery. Targeted delivery challenges for a diverse spectrum of therapeutic agents/drugs (non-small molecules, small molecules, gene-based therapeutics, protein and peptides, antibodies) are diverse and demand specialized delivery and disease-targeting strategies. This review aims to capture the trends that have shaped the current brain targeting research scenario. This review discusses the physiological, neuropharmacological, and etiological factors that participate in the transportation of various drug delivery cargoes across the BBB/BCSF and influence their therapeutic intracranial concentrations. Recent research works spanning various invasive, minimally invasive, and non-invasive brain- targeting approaches are discussed. While the pre-clinical outcomes from many of these approaches seem promising, further research is warranted to overcome the translational glitches that prevent their clinical use. Non-invasive approaches like intranasal administration, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition, pro-drugs, and carrier/targeted nanocarrier-aided delivery systems (alone or often in combination) hold positive clinical prospects for brain targeting if explored further in the right direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti U Rawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Sarkhej-Sanand Circle Off. S.G. Road, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382210, India
| | - Bhoomika M Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Mayur M Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India.
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Parrish RH, Ashworth LD, Löbenberg R, Benavides S, Cies JJ, MacArthur RB. Compounded Nonsterile Preparations and FDA-Approved Commercially Available Liquid Products for Children: A North American Update. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051032. [PMID: 35631618 PMCID: PMC9144535 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of recent US Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA)-approved and marketed oral liquid, powder, or granule products for children in North America, to identify the next group of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) that have high potential for development as commercially available FDA-approved finished liquid dosage forms, and to propose lists of compounded nonsterile preparations (CNSPs) that should be developed as commercially available FDA-approved finished liquid dosage forms, as well as those that pharmacists should continue to compound extemporaneously. Through this identification and categorization process, the pharmaceutical industry, government, and professionals are encouraged to continue to work together to improve the likelihood that patients will receive high-quality standardized extemporaneously compounded CNSPs and US-FDA-approved products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H. Parrish
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Columbus, GA 31902, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(706)-223-5185
| | - Lisa D. Ashworth
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Children’s Health System of Texas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA;
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Sandra Benavides
- School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Suwanee, GA 30024, USA;
| | - Jeffrey J. Cies
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA;
- Department of Pharmacy Services, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children/Tower Health, Philadelphia, PA 19134, USA
| | - Robert B. MacArthur
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Rockefeller University Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA;
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Cheng G, Liu Y, Ma R, Cheng G, Guan Y, Chen X, Wu Z, Chen T. Anti-Parkinsonian Therapy: Strategies for Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier and Nano-Biological Effects of Nanomaterials. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:105. [PMID: 35426525 PMCID: PMC9012800 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00847-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disease that shows a high incidence in older individuals, is becoming increasingly prevalent. Unfortunately, there is no clinical cure for PD, and novel anti-PD drugs are therefore urgently required. However, the selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses a huge challenge in the development of such drugs. Fortunately, through strategies based on the physiological characteristics of the BBB and other modifications, including enhancement of BBB permeability, nanotechnology can offer a solution to this problem and facilitate drug delivery across the BBB. Although nanomaterials are often used as carriers for PD treatment, their biological activity is ignored. Several studies in recent years have shown that nanomaterials can improve PD symptoms via their own nano-bio effects. In this review, we first summarize the physiological features of the BBB and then discuss the design of appropriate brain-targeted delivery nanoplatforms for PD treatment. Subsequently, we highlight the emerging strategies for crossing the BBB and the development of novel nanomaterials with anti-PD nano-biological effects. Finally, we discuss the current challenges in nanomaterial-based PD treatment and the future trends in this field. Our review emphasizes the clinical value of nanotechnology in PD treatment based on recent patents and could guide researchers working in this area in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujing Liu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ma
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, People's Republic of China
| | - Guopan Cheng
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, People's Republic of China
| | - Yucheng Guan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tongkai Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, People's Republic of China.
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Strategies to Improve Drug Strength in Nasal Preparations for Brain Delivery of Low Aqueous Solubility Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030588. [PMID: 35335964 PMCID: PMC8955176 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intranasal administration is a promising route for brain drug delivery. However, it can be difficult to formulate drugs that have low water solubility into high strength intranasal solutions. Hence, the purpose of this work was to review the strategies that have been used to increase drug strength in intranasal liquid formulations. Three main groups of strategies are: the use of solubilizers (change in pH, complexation and the use cosolvents/surfactants); incorporation of the drugs into a carrier nanosystem; modifications of the molecules themselves (use of salts or hydrophilic prodrugs). The use of high amounts of cosolvents and/or surfactants and pH decrease below 4 usually lead to local adverse effects, such as nasal and upper respiratory tract irritation. Cyclodextrins and (many) different carrier nanosystems, on the other hand, could be safer for intranasal administration at reasonably high concentrations, depending on selected excipients and their dose. While added attributes such as enhanced permeation, sustained delivery, or increased direct brain transport could be achieved, a great effort of optimization will be required. On the other hand, hydrophilic prodrugs, whether co-administered with a converting enzyme or not, can be used at very high concentrations, and have resulted in a fast prodrug to parent drug conversion and led to high brain drug levels. Nevertheless, the choice of which strategy to use will always depend on the characteristics of the drug and must be a case-by-case approach.
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Nguyen TTL, Maeng HJ. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Intranasal Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Nose-to-Brain Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030572. [PMID: 35335948 PMCID: PMC8948700 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nose-to-brain drug delivery has been of great interest for the treatment of many central nervous system (CNS) diseases and psychiatric disorders over past decades. Several nasally administered formulations have been developed to circumvent the blood-brain barrier and directly deliver drugs to the CNS through the olfactory and trigeminal pathways. However, the nasal mucosa’s drug absorption is insufficient and the volume of the nasal cavity is small, which, in combination, make nose-to-brain drug delivery challenging. These problems could be minimized using formulations based on solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) or nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), which are effective nose-to-brain drug delivery systems that improve drug bioavailability by increasing drug solubility and permeation, extending drug action, and reducing enzymatic degradation. Various research groups have reported in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of SLNs and NLCs nose-to-brain delivery systems. This review was undertaken to provide an overview of these studies and highlight research performed on SLN and NLC-based formulations aimed at improving the treatment of CNS diseases such neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. We discuss the efficacies and brain targeting efficiencies of these formulations based on considerations of their pharmacokinetic parameters and toxicities, point out some gaps in current knowledge, and propose future developmental targets.
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Prodrug Therapies for Infectious and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030518. [PMID: 35335894 PMCID: PMC8953076 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prodrugs are bioreversible drug derivatives which are metabolized into a pharmacologically active drug following chemical or enzymatic modification. This approach is designed to overcome several obstacles that are faced by the parent drug in physiological conditions that include rapid drug metabolism, poor solubility, permeability, and suboptimal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. These suboptimal physicochemical features can lead to rapid drug elimination, systemic toxicities, and limited drug-targeting to disease-affected tissue. Improving upon these properties can be accomplished by a prodrug design that includes the careful choosing of the promoiety, the linker, the prodrug synthesis, and targeting decorations. We now provide an overview of recent developments and applications of prodrugs for treating neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Disease interplay reflects that microbial infections and consequent inflammation affects neurodegenerative diseases and vice versa, independent of aging. Given the high prevalence, personal, social, and economic burden of both infectious and neurodegenerative disorders, therapeutic improvements are immediately needed. Prodrugs are an important, and might be said a critical tool, in providing an avenue for effective drug therapy.
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Zappaterra F, Tupini C, Summa D, Cristofori V, Costa S, Trapella C, Lampronti I, Tamburini E. Xylitol as a Hydrophilization Moiety for a Biocatalytically Synthesized Ibuprofen Prodrug. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042026. [PMID: 35216142 PMCID: PMC8880498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocatalyzed synthesis can be exploited to produce high-value products, such as prodrugs. The replacement of chemical approaches with biocatalytic processes is advantageous in terms of environmental prevention, embracing the principles of green chemistry. In this work, we propose the covalent attachment of xylitol to ibuprofen to produce an IBU-xylitol ester prodrug. Xylitol was chosen as a hydrophilizer for the final prodrug, enhancing the water solubility of ibuprofen. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) extensively used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic. Despite being the third-most-prescribed medicine in the world, the aqueous solubility of ibuprofen is just 21 mg/L. This poor water solubility greatly limits the bioavailability of ibuprofen. We aimed to functionalize ibuprofen with xylitol using the reusable immobilized N435 biocatalyst. Instead of a biphasic media, we proposed a monophasic reaction environment. The characterization of the IBU-xylitol ester was performed by 1H, 13C-NMR, DEPT, COSY, HMQC, HMBC, FTIR, and MS spectroscopy. Preliminary in vitro tests showed that this enzymatically synthesized prodrug of ibuprofen reduced the expression of the interleukin 8 genes in human bronchial epithelial cells (IB3-1) from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Zappaterra
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este, 32-44121 Ferrara, FE, Italy; (F.Z.); (D.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Chiara Tupini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46-44121 Ferrara, FE, Italy; (C.T.); (I.L.)
| | - Daniela Summa
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este, 32-44121 Ferrara, FE, Italy; (F.Z.); (D.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Virginia Cristofori
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46-44121 Ferrara, FE, Italy; (V.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Stefania Costa
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46-44121 Ferrara, FE, Italy; (V.C.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46-44121 Ferrara, FE, Italy; (V.C.); (C.T.)
- Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Via Fossato di Mortara, 70-44121 Ferrara, FE, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lampronti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46-44121 Ferrara, FE, Italy; (C.T.); (I.L.)
| | - Elena Tamburini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este, 32-44121 Ferrara, FE, Italy; (F.Z.); (D.S.); (E.T.)
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Lee D, Minko T. Nanotherapeutics for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery: An Approach to Bypass the Blood Brain Barrier. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122049. [PMID: 34959331 PMCID: PMC8704573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or other central nervous system (CNS) disorders has always been a significant challenge. The nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the penetration of therapeutic molecules to the brain after oral or parenteral administration, which, in combination with hepatic metabolism and drug elimination and inactivation during its journey in the systemic circulation, decreases the efficacy of the treatment, requires high drug doses and often induces adverse side effects. Nose-to-brain drug delivery allows the direct transport of therapeutic molecules by bypassing the BBB and increases drug concentration in the brain. The present review describes mechanisms of nose-to-brain drug delivery and discusses recent advances in this area with especial emphasis on nanotechnology-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Tamara Minko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-848-445-6348
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Ahmad J, Haider N, Khan MA, Md S, Alhakamy NA, Ghoneim MM, Alshehri S, Sarim Imam S, Ahmad MZ, Mishra A. Novel therapeutic interventions for combating Parkinson's disease and prospects of Nose-to-Brain drug delivery. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 195:114849. [PMID: 34808125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder prevalent mainly in geriatric population. While, L-DOPA remains one of the major choices for the therapeutic management of PD, various motor and non-motor manifestations complicate the management of PD. In the last two decades, exhaustive research has been carried out to explore novel therapeutic approaches for mitigating motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. These approaches majorly include receptor-based, anti-inflammatory, stem-cell and nucleic acid based. The major limitations of existing therapeutic interventions (of commonly oral route) are low efficacy due to low brain bioavailability and associated side effects. Nanotechnology has been exploited and has gained wide attention in the recent years as an approach for enhancement of bioavailability of various small molecule drugs in the brain. To address the challenges associated with PD therapy, nose-to-brain delivery utilizing nanomedicine-based approaches has been found to be encouraging in published evidence. Therefore, the present work summarises the major challenges and limitations with antiparkinsonian drugs, novel therapeutic interventions, and scope of nanomedicine-based nose-to-brain delivery in addressing the current challenges of antiparkinsonian therapy. The manuscript tries to sensitize the researchers for designing brain-targeted nanomedicine loaded with natural/synthetic scaffolds, biosimilars, and nucleic acids that can bypass the first-pass effect for the effective management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nafis Haider
- Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran 34313, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Ahmed Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Shadab Md
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nabil A Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Zaki Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Guwahati, Changsari, Kamrup Assam-781101, India.
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Riccardi C, Napolitano F, Montesarchio D, Sampaolo S, Melone MAB. Nanoparticle-Guided Brain Drug Delivery: Expanding the Therapeutic Approach to Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1897. [PMID: 34834311 PMCID: PMC8623286 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) represent a heterogeneous group of aging-related disorders featured by progressive impairment of motor and/or cognitive functions, often accompanied by psychiatric disorders. NDs are denoted as 'protein misfolding' diseases or proteinopathies, and are classified according to their known genetic mechanisms and/or the main protein involved in disease onset and progression. Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD) are included under this nosographic umbrella, sharing histopathologically salient features, including deposition of insoluble proteins, activation of glial cells, loss of neuronal cells and synaptic connectivity. To date, there are no effective cures or disease-modifying therapies for these NDs. Several compounds have not shown efficacy in clinical trials, since they generally fail to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a tightly packed layer of endothelial cells that greatly limits the brain internalization of endogenous substances. By engineering materials of a size usually within 1-100 nm, nanotechnology offers an alternative approach for promising and innovative therapeutic solutions in NDs. Nanoparticles can cross the BBB and release active molecules at target sites in the brain, minimizing side effects. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art of nanoengineered delivery systems for brain targeting in the treatment of AD, PD and HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Riccardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (C.R.); (D.M.)
| | - Filomena Napolitano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy; (F.N.); (S.S.)
| | - Daniela Montesarchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (C.R.); (D.M.)
| | - Simone Sampaolo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy; (F.N.); (S.S.)
| | - Mariarosa Anna Beatrice Melone
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy; (F.N.); (S.S.)
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122-6078, USA
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Valerii MC, Turroni S, Ferreri C, Zaro M, Sansone A, Dalpiaz A, Botti G, Ferraro L, Spigarelli R, Bellocchio I, D’Amico F, Spisni E. Effect of a Fiber D-Limonene-Enriched Food Supplement on Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolic Parameters of Mice on a High-Fat Diet. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111753. [PMID: 34834168 PMCID: PMC8620497 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies showed that D-Limonene can improve metabolic parameters of obese mice via various mechanisms, including intestinal microbiota modulation. Nevertheless, its effective doses often overcome the acceptable daily intake, rising concerns about toxicity. In this study we administered to C57BL/6 mice for 84 days a food supplement based on D-Limonene, adsorbed on dietary fibers (FLS), not able to reach the bloodstream, to counteract the metabolic effects of a high-fat diet (HFD). Results showed that daily administration of D-Limonene (30 and 60 mg/kg body weight) for 84 days decreased the weight gain of HFD mice. After 84 days we observed a statistically significant difference in weight gain in the group of mice receiving the higher dose of FLS compared to HFD mice (35.24 ± 4.56 g vs. 40.79 ± 3.28 g, p < 0.05). Moreover, FLS at both doses tested was capable of lowering triglyceridemia and also fasting glycemia at the higher dose. Some insights on the relevant fatty acid changes in hepatic tissues were obtained, highlighting the increased polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels even at the lowest dose. FLS was also able to positively modulate the gut microbiota and prevent HFD-associated liver steatosis in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that FLS at these doses can be considered non-toxic and could be an effective tool to counteract diet-induced obesity and ameliorate metabolic profile in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Valerii
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.C.V.); (M.Z.); (R.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Carla Ferreri
- ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (C.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Michela Zaro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.C.V.); (M.Z.); (R.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Anna Sansone
- ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (C.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Giada Botti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Luca Ferraro
- LTTA Center, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Renato Spigarelli
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.C.V.); (M.Z.); (R.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Irene Bellocchio
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.C.V.); (M.Z.); (R.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Federica D’Amico
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 33, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Enzo Spisni
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.C.V.); (M.Z.); (R.S.); (I.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Glyceric Prodrug of Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA): Novozym 435-Catalyzed Synthesis of UDCA-Monoglyceride. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195966. [PMID: 34641510 PMCID: PMC8513054 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are a family of steroids synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. Among bile acids, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the drug of choice for treating primary biliary cirrhosis and dissolving cholesterol gallstones. The clinical effectiveness of UDCA includes its choleretic activity, the capability to inhibit hydrophobic bile acid absorption by the intestine under cholestatic conditions, reducing cholangiocyte injury, stimulation of impaired biliary output, and inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis. Despite its clinical effectiveness, UDCA is poorly soluble in the gastro-duodeno-jejunal contents, and pharmacological doses of UDCA are not readily soluble in the stomach and intestine, resulting in incomplete absorption. Indeed, the solubility of 20 mg/L greatly limits the bioavailability of UDCA. Since the bioavailability of drug products plays a critical role in the design of oral administration dosages, we investigated the enzymatic esterification of UDCA as a strategy of hydrophilization. Therefore, we decided to enzymatically synthesize a glyceric ester of UDCA bile acid to produce a more water-soluble molecule. The esterification reactions between UDCA and glycerol were performed with an immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435) in solvent-free and solvent-assisted systems. The characterization of the UDCA-monoglyceride, enzymatically synthesized, has been performed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, IR, and MS spectroscopy.
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Rassu G, Sorrenti M, Catenacci L, Pavan B, Ferraro L, Gavini E, Bonferoni MC, Giunchedi P, Dalpiaz A. Versatile Nasal Application of Cyclodextrins: Excipients and/or Actives? Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081180. [PMID: 34452141 PMCID: PMC8401481 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are oligosaccharides widely used in the pharmaceutical field. In this review, a detailed examination of the literature of the last two decades has been made to understand the role of CDs in nasal drug delivery systems. In nasal formulations, CDs are used as pharmaceutical excipients, as solubilizers and absorption promoters, and as active ingredients due to their several biological activities (antiviral, antiparasitic, anti-atherosclerotic, and neuroprotective). The use of CDs in nasal formulations allowed obtaining versatile drug delivery systems intended for local and systemic effects, as well as for nose-to-brain transport of drugs. In vitro and in vivo models currently employed are suitable to analyze the effects of CDs in nasal formulations. Therefore, CDs are versatile pharmaceutical materials, and due to the continual synthesis of new CDs derivatives, the research on the new nasal applications is an interesting field evolving in the coming years, to which Italian research will still contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Rassu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.R.); (E.G.)
| | - Milena Sorrenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Laura Catenacci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation—Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.R.); (E.G.)
| | - Maria Cristina Bonferoni
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.R.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-079228754
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
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Essential Oil-Loaded NLC for Potential Intranasal Administration. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081166. [PMID: 34452126 PMCID: PMC8399280 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicines represent an interesting field of research on which worldwide academics are focusing many efforts. In particular, the possibility to exploit pharmaceutical technology strategies, such as the nanoencapsulation, for the delivery of essential oils is emerging as a promising strategy not only in Italy but also all over the world. The aim of this work was the development of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for the delivery of essential oils (Lavandula, Mentha, and Rosmarinus) by intranasal administration, an interesting topic in which Italian contributions have recently increased. Essential oil-loaded NLC, projected as a possible add-on strategy in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, were characterized in comparison to control formulations prepared with Tegosoft CT and Neem oil. Homogeneous (polydispersity index, PDI < 0.2) nanoparticles with a small size (<200 nm) and good stability were obtained. Morphological and physical-chemical studies showed the formation of different structures depending on the nature of the liquid oil component. In particular, NLC prepared with Lavandula or Rosmarinus showed the formation of a more ordered structure with higher cytocompatibility on two cell lines, murine and human fibroblasts. Taken together, our preliminary results show that optimized positively charged NLC containing Lavandula or Rosmarinus can be proposed as a potential add-on strategy in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases through intranasal administration, due to the well-known beneficial effects of essential oils and the mucoadhesive properties of NLC.
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Targeting Systems to the Brain Obtained by Merging Prodrugs, Nanoparticles, and Nasal Administration. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081144. [PMID: 34452105 PMCID: PMC8399330 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
About 40 years ago the lipidization of hydrophilic drugs was proposed to induce their brain targeting by transforming them into lipophilic prodrugs. Unfortunately, lipidization often transforms a hydrophilic neuroactive agent into an active efflux transporter (AET) substrate, with consequent rejection from the brain after permeation across the blood brain barrier (BBB). Currently, the prodrug approach has greatly evolved in comparison to lipidization. This review describes the evolution of the prodrug approach for brain targeting considering the design of prodrugs as active influx substrates or molecules able to inhibit or elude AETs. Moreover, the prodrug approach appears strategic in optimization of the encapsulation of neuroactive drugs in nanoparticulate systems that can be designed to induce their receptor-mediated transport (RMT) across the BBB by appropriate decorations on their surface. Nasal administration is described as a valuable alternative to obtain the brain targeting of drugs, evidencing that the prodrug approach can allow the optimization of micro or nanoparticulate nasal formulations of neuroactive agents in order to obtain this goal. Furthermore, nasal administration is also proposed for prodrugs characterized by peripheral instability but potentially able to induce their targeting inside cells of the brain.
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Ferreira NN, de Oliveira Junior E, Granja S, Boni FI, Ferreira LMB, Cury BSF, Santos LCR, Reis RM, Lima EM, Baltazar F, Gremião MPD. Nose-to-brain co-delivery of drugs for glioblastoma treatment using nanostructured system. Int J Pharm 2021; 603:120714. [PMID: 34015380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), induction of angiogenesis, and reprogramming cellular energetics are all biological features acquired by tumor cells during tumor development, and also known as the hallmarks of cancer. Targeted therapies that combine drugs that are capable of acting against such concepts are of great interest, since they can potentially improve the therapeutic efficacy of treatments of complex pathologies, such as glioblastoma (GBM). However, the anatomical location and biological behavior of this neoplasm imposes great challenges for targeted therapies. A novel strategy that combines alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHC) with the monoclonal antibody cetuximab (CTX), both carried onto a nanotechnology-based delivery system, is herein proposed for GBM treatment via nose-to-brain delivery. The biological performance of Poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)/chitosan nanoparticles (NP), loaded with CHC, and conjugated with CTX by covalent bonds (conjugated NP) were extensively investigated. The NP platforms were able to control CHC release, indicating that drug release was driven by the Weibull model. An ex vivo study with nasal porcine mucosa demonstrated the capability of these systems to promote CHC and CTX permeation. Blot analysis confirmed that CTX, covalently associated to NP, impairs EGRF activation. The chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay demonstrated a trend of tumor reduction when conjugated NP were employed. Finally, images acquired by fluorescence tomography evidenced that the developed nanoplatform was effective in enabling nose-to-brain transport upon nasal administration. In conclusion, the developed delivery system exhibited suitability as an effective novel co-delivery approaches for GBM treatment upon intranasal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália N Ferreira
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara/Jaú Km 01, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Edilson de Oliveira Junior
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica e Sistemas de Liberação de Fármacos, FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, 5ª Avenida c/Rua 240 s/n, Praça Universitária, Goiânia, GO 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Sara Granja
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Fernanda I Boni
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara/Jaú Km 01, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo M B Ferreira
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara/Jaú Km 01, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S F Cury
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara/Jaú Km 01, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lilian C R Santos
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica e Sistemas de Liberação de Fármacos, FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, 5ª Avenida c/Rua 240 s/n, Praça Universitária, Goiânia, GO 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Rui M Reis
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana M Lima
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica e Sistemas de Liberação de Fármacos, FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, 5ª Avenida c/Rua 240 s/n, Praça Universitária, Goiânia, GO 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Maria Palmira D Gremião
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara/Jaú Km 01, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Truzzi E, Rustichelli C, de Oliveira Junior ER, Ferraro L, Maretti E, Graziani D, Botti G, Beggiato S, Iannuccelli V, Lima EM, Dalpiaz A, Leo E. Nasal biocompatible powder of Geraniol oil complexed with cyclodextrins for neurodegenerative diseases: physicochemical characterization and in vivo evidences of nose to brain delivery. J Control Release 2021; 335:191-202. [PMID: 34019946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, many studies have shown that plant metabolites, such as geraniol (GER), may exert anti-inflammatory effects in neurodegenerative diseases and, in particular, Parkinson's disease (PD) models. Unfortunately, delivering GER to the CNS via nose-to-brain is not feasible due to its irritant effects on the mucosae. Therefore, in the present study β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and its hydrophilic derivative hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) were selected as potential carriers for GER nose-to-brain delivery. Inclusion complexes were formulated and the biocompatibility with nasal mucosae and drug bioavailability into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were studied in rats. It has been demonstrated by DTA, FT-IR and NMR analyses that both the CDs were able to form 1:1 GER-CD complexes, arising long-term stable powders after the freeze-drying process. GER-HPβCD-5 and GER-βCD-2 complexes exhibited comparable results, except for morphology and solubility, as demonstrated by SEM analysis and phase solubility study, respectively. Even though both complexes were able to directly and safely deliver GER to CNS, GER-βCD-2 displayed higher ability in releasing GER in the CSF. In conclusion, βCD complexes can be considered a very promising tool in delivering GER into the CNS via nose-to-brain route, preventing GER release into the bloodstream and ensuring the integrity of the nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Truzzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Rustichelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Edilson Ribeiro de Oliveira Junior
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology - FarmaTec, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 240, esquina com 5a Avenida, s/n, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, CEP 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara and LTTA Center, Via L. Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Maretti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Daniel Graziani
- School of Veterinary and Animal Sciences - Molecular, Cell and Tissue Analysis Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Av. Esperança. s/n. Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900. Brazil
| | - Giada Botti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini - campus universitario, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Valentina Iannuccelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Eliana Martins Lima
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology - FarmaTec, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 240, esquina com 5a Avenida, s/n, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, CEP 74605-170, Brazil.
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Eliana Leo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
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42
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Krishnan UM. Biomaterials in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2021; 145:105003. [PMID: 33657427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease, the treatment of which is mainly centred around supplementation of dopamine. Additional targets have been identified and newer chemotherapeutic agents have been introduced but their clinical efficacy is limited due to solubility, bioavailability issues and inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A wide range of biomaterials ranging from biomolecules, polymers, inorganic metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have been employed to assist the delivery of these therapeutic agents into the brain. Additionally, strategies to deliver cells to restore the dopaminergic neurons also have shown promise due to the integration of biocompatible materials that aid neurogenesis through a combination of topographical, chemical and mechanical cues. Neuroprosthetics is an area that may become significant in treatment of motor deficits associated with Parkinson's disease, and involves development of highly conductive and robust electrode materials with excellent cytocompatibility. This review summarizes the major role played by biomaterials in design of novel strategies and in the improvement of existing therapeutic methods as well as the emerging trends in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- School of Arts, Science & Humanities, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613 401, India.
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43
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Wang L, Tang S, Yu Y, Lv Y, Wang A, Yan X, Li N, Sha C, Sun K, Li Y. Intranasal Delivery of Temozolomide-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles Functionalized with Anti-EphA3 for Glioblastoma Targeting. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:915-927. [PMID: 33417456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly lethal and aggressive tumor of the brain that carries a poor prognosis. Temozolomide (TMZ) has been widely used as a first-line treatment for GBM. However, poor brain targeting, side effects, and drug resistance limit its application for the treatment of GBM. We designed a Temozolomide-conjugated gold nanoparticle functionalized with an antibody against the ephrin type-A receptor 3 (anti-EphA3-TMZ@GNPs) for targeted GBM therapy via intranasal administration. The system can bypass the blood-brain barrier and target active glioma cells to improve the glioma targeting of TMZ and enhance the treatment efficacy, while reducing the peripheral toxicity and drug resistance. The prepared anti-EphA3-TMZ@GNPs were 46.12 ± 2.0 nm and suitable for intranasal administration, which demonstrated high safety to the nasal mucosa in a toxicity assay. In vitro studies showed that anti-EphA3-TMZ@GNPs exhibited significantly enhanced cellular uptake and toxicity, and a higher cell apoptosis ratio has been seen compared with that of TMZ (54.9 and 14.1%, respectively) toward glioma cells (C6). The results from experiments on TMZ-resistant glioma cells (T98G) demonstrated that the IC50 of anti-EphA3-TMZ@GNPs (64.06 ± 0.16 μM) was 18.5-fold lower than that of TMZ. In addition, Western blot analysis also revealed that anti-EphA3-TMZ@GNPs effectively down-modulated expression of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and increased chemosensitivity of T98G to TMZ. The antiglioma efficacy in vivo was investigated in orthotopic glioma-bearing rats, and the results demonstrated that the anti-EphA3-TMZ@GNPs prolonged the median survival time to 42 days and increased tumor-cell apoptosis dramatically compared with TMZ. In conclusion, anti-EphA3-TMZ@GNPs could serve as an intranasal drug delivery system for efficacious treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangxiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Shengnan Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Yawen Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Xiuju Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Nuannuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Chunjie Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Long-Acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai 264003, P.R. China
| | - Kaoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Youxin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
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Tan Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, Ma R, Luo J, Hong H, Chen X, Wang S, Liu C, Zhang Y, Chen T. Rational Design of Thermosensitive Hydrogel to Deliver Nanocrystals with Intranasal Administration for Brain Targeting in Parkinson's Disease. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2021; 2021:9812523. [PMID: 34888525 PMCID: PMC8627567 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9812523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is commonly detected in individuals suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD), presenting within the form of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as well as energy metabolism. Overcoming this dysfunction within brain tissues is an effective approach to treat PD, while unluckily, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) substantially impedes intracerebral drug delivery. In an effort to improve the delivery of efficacious therapeutic drugs to the brain, a drug delivery platform hydrogel (MAG-NCs@Gel) was designed by complexing magnolol (MAG)-nanocrystals (MAG-NCs) into the noninvasive thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) with self-gelation. The as-prepared MAG-NCs@Gel exhibited obvious improvements in drug solubility, the duration of residence with the nasal cavity, and the efficiency of brain targeting, respectively. Above all, continuous intranasal MAG-NCs@Gel delivery enabled MAG to cross the BBB and enter dopaminergic neurons, thereby effectively alleviating the symptoms of MPTP-induced PD. Taking advantage of the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior of this delivery platform increases its viscoelasticity in nasal cavity, thus improving the efficiency of MAG-NCs transit across the BBB. As such, MAG-NCs@Gel represented an effective delivery platform capable of normalizing ROS and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the mitochondria of dopaminergic neurons, consequently reversing the mitochondrial dysfunction and enhancing the behavioral skills of PD mice without adversely affecting normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yujing Liu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Jingshan Luo
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Huijie Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Tongkai Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
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45
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Particulate systems for improving therapeutic efficacy of pharmaceuticals against central nervous system-related diseases. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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46
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Contado C, Caselotto L, Mello P, Maietti A, Marvelli L, Marchetti N, Dalpiaz A. Design and formulation of Eudragit-coated zein/pectin nanoparticles for the colon delivery of resveratrol. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03586-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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47
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Dalpiaz A, Paganetto G, Botti G, Pavan B. Cancer stem cells and nanomedicine: new opportunities to combat multidrug resistance? Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1651-1667. [PMID: 32763499 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
'Multidrug resistance' (MDR) is a difficult challenge for cancer treatment. The combined role of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) and active efflux transporters (AETs) in cancer cells appears relevant in inducing MDR. Chemotherapeutic drugs can be substrates of both CYPs and AETs and CYP inducers or inhibitors can produce the same effects on AETs. In addition, a small subpopulation of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) appears to survive conventional chemotherapy, leading to recurrent disease. Natural products appear efficacious against CSCs; their combinational treatments with standard chemotherapy are promising for cancer eradication, in particular when supported by nanotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Paganetto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giada Botti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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48
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de Oliveira Junior ER, Santos LCR, Salomão MA, Nascimento TL, de Almeida Ribeiro Oliveira G, Lião LM, Lima EM. Nose-to-brain drug delivery mediated by polymeric nanoparticles: influence of PEG surface coating. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 10:1688-1699. [PMID: 32613550 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal administration of mucus-penetrating nanoparticles is an emerging trend to increase drug delivery to the brain. In order to overcome rapid nasal mucociliary clearance, low epithelial permeation, and local enzymatic degradation, we investigated the influence of PEGylation on nose-to-brain delivery of polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles (PCL-NPs) encapsulating bexarotene, a potential neuroprotective compound. PEGylation with 1, 3, 5, and 10% PCL-PEG did not affect particle diameter or morphology. Upon incubation with artificial nasal mucus, only 5 and 10% of PCL-PEG coating were able to ensure NP stability and homogeneity in mucus. Rapid mucus-penetrating ability was observed for 98.8% of PCL-PEG5% NPs and for 99.5% of PCL-PEG10% NPs. Conversely, the motion of non-modified PCL-NPs was markedly slower. Fluorescence microscopy showed that the presence of PEG on NP surface did not reduce their uptake by RMPI 2650 cells. Fluorescence tomography images evidenced higher translocation into the brain for PCL-PEG5% NPs. Bexarotene loaded into PCL-PEG5% NPs resulted in area under the curve in the brain (AUCbrain) 3 and 2-fold higher than that for the drug dispersion and for non-PEGylated NPs (p < 0.05), indicating that approximately 4% of the dose was directly delivered to the brain. Combined, these results indicate that PEGylation of PCL-NPs with PCL-PEG5% is able to reduce NP interactions with the mucus, leading to a more efficient drug delivery to the brain following intranasal administration. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilson Ribeiro de Oliveira Junior
- FarmaTec - Centro de PD&I de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, 5ª Avenida c/Rua 240 s/n, Praça Universitária, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Lílian Cristina Rosa Santos
- FarmaTec - Centro de PD&I de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, 5ª Avenida c/Rua 240 s/n, Praça Universitária, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Mariana Arraes Salomão
- FarmaTec - Centro de PD&I de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, 5ª Avenida c/Rua 240 s/n, Praça Universitária, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Thais Leite Nascimento
- FarmaTec - Centro de PD&I de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, 5ª Avenida c/Rua 240 s/n, Praça Universitária, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Morais Lião
- LabRMN, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Eliana Martins Lima
- FarmaTec - Centro de PD&I de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, 5ª Avenida c/Rua 240 s/n, Praça Universitária, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil.
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