1
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Ko YJ, Lim C, Jin J, Kim MG, Lee JY, Seong TY, Lee KY, Min BK, Choi JY, Noh T, Hwang GW, Lee WH, Oh HS. Extrinsic hydrophobicity-controlled silver nanoparticles as efficient and stable catalysts for CO 2 electrolysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3356. [PMID: 38637502 PMCID: PMC11026478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
To realize economically feasible electrochemical CO2 conversion, achieving a high partial current density for value-added products is particularly vital. However, acceleration of the hydrogen evolution reaction due to cathode flooding in a high-current-density region makes this challenging. Herein, we find that partially ligand-derived Ag nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) could prevent electrolyte flooding while maintaining catalytic activity for CO2 electroreduction. This results in a high Faradaic efficiency for CO (>90%) and high partial current density (298.39 mA cm‒2), even under harsh stability test conditions (3.4 V). The suppressed splitting/detachment of Ag particles, due to the lipid ligand, enhance the uniform hydrophobicity retention of the Ag-NP electrode at high cathodic overpotentials and prevent flooding and current fluctuations. The mass transfer of gaseous CO2 is maintained in the catalytic region of several hundred nanometers, with the smooth formation of a triple phase boundary, which facilitate the occurrence of CO2RR instead of HER. We analyze catalyst degradation and cathode flooding during CO2 electrolysis through identical-location transmission electron microscopy and operando synchrotron-based X-ray computed tomography. This study develops an efficient strategy for designing active and durable electrocatalysts for CO2 electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Ko
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulwan Lim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Jin
- Center for Neuromorphic Engineering, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gyu Kim
- Beamline Research Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeong Lee
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yeon Seong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Young Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Koun Min
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Choi
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- KIST-SKKU Carbon-Neutral Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Taegeun Noh
- Platform Technology Research Center, LG Chem Ltd., 30, Magokjungang 10-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, 07796, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Weon Hwang
- Center for Neuromorphic Engineering, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woong Hee Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung-Suk Oh
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- KIST-SKKU Carbon-Neutral Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Filippi M, Möller T, Pastusiak R, Magori E, Paul B, Strasser P. Scale-Up of PTFE-Based Gas Diffusion Electrodes Using an Electrolyte-Integrated Polymer-Coated Current Collector Approach. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2024; 9:1361-1368. [PMID: 38633993 PMCID: PMC11019647 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.4c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Nonconductive porous polymer substrates, such as PTFE, have been pivotal in the fabrication of stable and high-performing gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) for the reduction of CO2/CO in small scale electrolyzers; however, the scale-up of polymer-based GDEs without performance penalties to technologically more relevant electrode sizes has remained elusive. This work reports on a new current collector concept that enables the scale-up of PTFE-based GDEs from 5 to 100 cm2 and beyond. The present approach builds on a multifunctional current collector concept that enables multipoint front-contacting of thin catalyst coatings, which mitigates performance losses even for high resistivity cathodes. Our improved current collector design concomitantly incorporates a flow-field functionality in a monopolar plate configuration, keeping electrolyte gaps small for increased performance. Experiments with 100 cm2 cathodes were conducted in a one-gap alkaline AEM and acid CEM system. Our design represents an important step forward in the development of larger-size CO2 electrolyzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Filippi
- The
Electrochemical Energy, Catalysis, and Materials Science Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Möller
- The
Electrochemical Energy, Catalysis, and Materials Science Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Remigiusz Pastusiak
- Siemens
Energy (SE) New Energy Business (NEB) Technology & Products (TP)
Development (DEV), Siemens Energy Global
GmbH & Co. KG, 81739 Munich, Germany
| | - Erhard Magori
- Siemens
Energy (SE) New Energy Business (NEB) Technology & Products (TP)
Development (DEV), Siemens Energy Global
GmbH & Co. KG, 81739 Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Paul
- The
Electrochemical Energy, Catalysis, and Materials Science Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Strasser
- The
Electrochemical Energy, Catalysis, and Materials Science Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Lai W, Qiao Y, Wang Y, Huang H. Stability Issues in Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction: Recent Advances in Fundamental Understanding and Design Strategies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306288. [PMID: 37562821 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) offers a promising approach to close the anthropogenic carbon cycle and store intermittent renewable energy in fuels or chemicals. On the path to commercializing this technology, achieving the long-term operation stability is a central requirement but still confronts challenges. This motivates to organize the present review to systematically discuss the stability issue of CO2 RR. This review starts from the fundamental understanding on the destabilization mechanisms of CO2 RR, with focus on the degradation of electrocatalyst and change of reaction microenvironment during continuous electrolysis. Subsequently, recent efforts on catalyst design to stabilize the active sites are summarized, where increasing atomic binding strength to resist surface reconstruction is highlighted. Next, the optimization of electrolysis system to enhance the operation stability by maintaining reaction microenvironment especially mitigating flooding and carbonate problems is demonstrated. The manipulation on operation conditions also enables to prolong CO2 RR lifespan through recovering catalytically active sites and mass transport process. This review finally ends up by indicating the challenges and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchuan Lai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yan Qiao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Hongwen Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
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4
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Baumgartner LM, Goryachev A, Koopman CI, Franzen D, Ellendorff B, Turek T, Vermaas DA. Electrowetting limits electrochemical CO 2 reduction in carbon-free gas diffusion electrodes. ENERGY ADVANCES 2023; 2:1893-1904. [PMID: 38013932 PMCID: PMC10634457 DOI: 10.1039/d3ya00285c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
CO2 electrolysis might be a key process to utilize intermittent renewable electricity for the sustainable production of hydrocarbon chemicals without relying on fossil fuels. Commonly used carbon-based gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) enable high Faradaic efficiencies for the desired carbon products at high current densities, but have limited stability. In this study, we explore the adaption of a carbon-free GDE from a Chlor-alkali electrolysis process as a cathode for gas-fed CO2 electrolysis. We determine the impact of electrowetting on the electrochemical performance by analyzing the Faradaic efficiency for CO at industrially relevant current density. The characterization of used GDEs with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) reveals a potential-dependent degradation, which can be explained through chemical polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) degradation and/or physical erosion of PTFE through the restructuring of the silver surface. Our results further suggest that electrowetting-induced flooding lets the Faradaic efficiency for CO drop below 40% after only 30 min of electrolysis. We conclude that the effect of electrowetting has to be managed more carefully before the investigated carbon-free GDEs can compete with carbon-based GDEs as cathodes for CO2 electrolysis. Further, not only the conductive phase (such as carbon), but also the binder (such as PTFE), should be carefully selected for stable CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrey Goryachev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Netherlands
| | - Christel I Koopman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Netherlands
| | - David Franzen
- Institute for Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Technical University Clausthal Germany
| | - Barbara Ellendorff
- Institute for Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Technical University Clausthal Germany
| | - Thomas Turek
- Institute for Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Technical University Clausthal Germany
| | - David A Vermaas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Netherlands
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5
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Lang JT, Kulkarni D, Foster CW, Huang Y, Sepe MA, Shimpalee S, Parkinson DY, Zenyuk IV. X-ray Tomography Applied to Electrochemical Devices and Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9880-9914. [PMID: 37579025 PMCID: PMC10450694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a nondestructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique used for studying morphological properties of porous and nonporous materials. In the field of electrocatalysis, X-ray CT is mainly used to quantify the morphology of electrodes and extract information such as porosity, tortuosity, pore-size distribution, and other relevant properties. For electrochemical systems such as fuel cells, electrolyzers, and redox flow batteries, X-ray CT gives the ability to study evolution of critical features of interest in ex situ, in situ, and operando environments. These include catalyst degradation, interface evolution under real conditions, formation of new phases (water and oxygen), and dynamics of transport processes. These studies enable more efficient device and electrode designs that will ultimately contribute to widespread decarbonization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T. Lang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- National
Fuel Cell Research Center, University of
California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Devashish Kulkarni
- National
Fuel Cell Research Center, University of
California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Collin W. Foster
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, University of
Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - Ying Huang
- National
Fuel Cell Research Center, University of
California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Mitchell A. Sepe
- Hydrogen
and Fuel Cell Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Sirivatch Shimpalee
- Hydrogen
and Fuel Cell Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Dilworth Y. Parkinson
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Iryna V. Zenyuk
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- National
Fuel Cell Research Center, University of
California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
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6
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Baumgartner L, Kahn A, Hoogland M, Bleeker J, Jager WF, Vermaas DA. Direct Imaging of Local pH Reveals Bubble-Induced Mixing in a CO 2 Electrolyzer. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:10430-10440. [PMID: 37476421 PMCID: PMC10354799 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction poses a promising pathway to produce hydrocarbon chemicals and fuels without relying on fossil fuels. Gas diffusion electrodes allow high selectivity for desired carbon products at high current density by ensuring a sufficient CO2 mass transfer rate to the catalyst layer. In addition to CO2 mass transfer, the product selectivity also strongly depends on the local pH at the catalyst surface. In this work, we directly visualize for the first time the two-dimensional (2D) pH profile in the catholyte channel of a gas-fed CO2 electrolyzer equipped with a bipolar membrane. The pH profile is imaged with operando fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) using a pH-sensitive quinolinium-based dye. We demonstrate that bubble-induced mixing plays an important role in the Faradaic efficiency. Our concentration measurements show that the pH at the catalyst remains lower at -100 mA cm-2 than at -10 mA cm-2, implying that bubble-induced advection outweighs the additional OH- flux at these current densities. We also prove that the pH buffering effect of CO2 from the gas feed and dissolved CO2 in the catholyte prevents the gas diffusion electrode from becoming strongly alkaline. Our findings suggest that gas-fed CO2 electrolyzers with a bipolar membrane and a flowing catholyte are promising designs for scale-up and high-current-density operation because they are able to avoid extreme pH values in the catalyst layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz
M. Baumgartner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Aron Kahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime Hoogland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jorrit Bleeker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wolter F. Jager
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - David A. Vermaas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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7
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Hu H, Kong Y, Liu M, Kolivoška V, Rudnev AV, Hou Y, Erni R, Vesztergom S, Broekmann P. Effective perspiration is essential to uphold the stability of zero-gap MEA-based cathodes used in CO 2 electrolysers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2023; 11:5083-5094. [PMID: 36911161 PMCID: PMC9990144 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta06965b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The application of gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to value-added products creates the possibility of achieving current densities of a few hundred mA cm-2. To achieve stable operation at such high reaction rates remains, however, a challenging task, due to the flooding of the GDE. In order to mitigate flooding in a zero-gap membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) configuration, paths for effective electrolyte perspiration inside the GDE structure have to be kept open during the electrolysis process. Here we demonstrate that apart from the operational parameters of the electrolysis and the structural properties of the supporting gas diffusion layers, also the chemical composition of the applied catalyst inks can play a decisive role in the electrolyte management of GDEs used for CO2 electroreduction. In particular, the presence of excess amounts of polymeric capping agents (used to stabilize the catalyst nanoparticles) can lead to a blockage of micropores, which hinders perspiration and initiates the flooding of the microporous layer. Here we use a novel ICP-MS analysis-based approach to quantitatively monitor the amount of perspired electrolyte that exits a GDE-based CO2 electrolyser, and we show a direct correlation between the break-down of effective perspiration and the appearance of flooding-the latter ultimately leading to a loss of electrolyser stability. We recommend the use of an ultracentrifugation-based approach by which catalyst inks containing no excess amount of polymeric capping agents can be formulated. Using these inks, the stability of electrolyses can be ensured for much longer times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Hu
- NCCR Catalysis, University of Bern, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Ying Kong
- NCCR Catalysis, University of Bern, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Menglong Liu
- NCCR Catalysis, University of Bern, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Dolejškova 3 182 23 Prague Czechia
| | - Alexander V Rudnev
- NCCR Catalysis, University of Bern, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospekt 31 119071 Moscow Russia
| | - Yuhui Hou
- NCCR Catalysis, University of Bern, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Rolf Erni
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Electron Microscopy Center Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Soma Vesztergom
- NCCR Catalysis, University of Bern, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
- Eötvös Loránd University, MTA-ELTE Momentum Interfacial Electrochemistry Research Group Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Peter Broekmann
- NCCR Catalysis, University of Bern, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
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8
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Osiewacz J, Löffelholz M, Weseler L, Turek T. CO poisoning of silver gas diffusion electrodes in electrochemical CO2 reduction. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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9
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Samu AA, Szenti I, Kukovecz Á, Endrődi B, Janáky C. Systematic screening of gas diffusion layers for high performance CO 2 electrolysis. Commun Chem 2023; 6:41. [PMID: 36828885 PMCID: PMC9958001 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain industrially relevant performance metrics of CO2 electrolyzers have already been approached in recent years. The energy efficiency of CO2 electrolyzers, however, is yet to be improved, and the reasons behind performance fading must be uncovered. The performance of the electrolyzer cells is strongly affected by their components, among which the gas diffusion electrode is one of the most critical elements. To understand which parameters of the gas diffusion layers (GDLs) affect the cell performance the most, we compared commercially available GDLs in the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO, under identical, fully controlled experimental conditions. By systematically screening the most frequently used GDLs and their counterparts differing in only one parameter, we tested the influence of the microporous layer, the polytetrafluoroethylene content, the thickness, and the orientation of the carbon fibers of the GDLs. The electrochemical results were correlated to different physical/chemical parameters of the GDLs, such as their hydrophobicity and surface cracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Anita Samu
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary ,eChemicles Zrt, Alsó Kikötő sor 11, Szeged, H-6726 Hungary
| | - Imre Szenti
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
| | - Ákos Kukovecz
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
| | - Balázs Endrődi
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Janáky
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary. .,eChemicles Zrt, Alsó Kikötő sor 11, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary.
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10
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Blake JW, Konderla V, Baumgartner LM, Vermaas DA, Padding JT, Haverkort JW. Inhomogeneities in the Catholyte Channel Limit the Upscaling of CO 2 Flow Electrolysers. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:2840-2852. [PMID: 36844750 PMCID: PMC9945194 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c06129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of gas diffusion electrodes that supply gaseous CO2 directly to the catalyst layer has greatly improved the performance of electrochemical CO2 conversion. However, reports of high current densities and Faradaic efficiencies primarily come from small lab scale electrolysers. Such electrolysers typically have a geometric area of 5 cm2, while an industrial electrolyser would require an area closer to 1 m2. The difference in scales means that many limitations that manifest only for larger electrolysers are not captured in lab scale setups. We develop a 2D computational model of both a lab scale and upscaled CO2 electrolyser to determine performance limitations at larger scales and how they compare to the performance limitations observed at the lab scale. We find that for the same current density larger electrolysers exhibit much greater reaction and local environment inhomogeneity. Increasing catalyst layer pH and widening concentration boundary layers of the KHCO3 buffer in the electrolyte channel lead to higher activation overpotential and increased parasitic loss of reactant CO2 to the electrolyte solution. We show that a variable catalyst loading along the direction of the flow channel may improve the economics of a large scale CO2 electrolyser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. Blake
- Department
of Process and Energy, Delft University
of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CBDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Vojtěch Konderla
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, 2629 HZDelft, Netherlands
| | - Lorenz M. Baumgartner
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, 2629 HZDelft, Netherlands
| | - David A. Vermaas
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, 2629 HZDelft, Netherlands
| | - Johan T. Padding
- Department
of Process and Energy, Delft University
of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CBDelft, The Netherlands
| | - J. W. Haverkort
- Department
of Process and Energy, Delft University
of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CBDelft, The Netherlands
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11
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Recent Progress in Surface-Defect Engineering Strategies for Electrocatalysts toward Electrochemical CO2 Reduction: A Review. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change, caused by greenhouse gas emissions, is one of the biggest threats to the world. As per the IEA report of 2021, global CO2 emissions amounted to around 31.5 Gt, which increased the atmospheric concentration of CO2 up to 412.5 ppm. Thus, there is an imperative demand for the development of new technologies to convert CO2 into value-added feedstock products such as alcohols, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, chemicals, and clean fuels. The intrinsic properties of the catalytic materials are the main factors influencing the efficiency of electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2-RR) reactions. Additionally, the electroreduction of CO2 is mainly affected by poor selectivity and large overpotential requirements. However, these issues can be overcome by modifying heterogeneous electrocatalysts to control their morphology, size, crystal facets, grain boundaries, and surface defects/vacancies. This article reviews the recent progress in electrochemical CO2 reduction reactions accomplished by surface-defective electrocatalysts and identifies significant research gaps for designing highly efficient electrocatalytic materials.
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12
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Hossain MN, Khakpour R, Busch M, Suominen M, Laasonen K, Kallio T. Temperature-Controlled Syngas Production via Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction on a CoTPP/MWCNT Composite in a Flow Cell. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2023; 6:267-277. [PMID: 36644114 PMCID: PMC9832436 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.2c02873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The mixture of CO and H2, known as syngas, is a building block for many substantial chemicals and fuels. Electrochemical reduction of CO2 and H2O to syngas would be a promising alternative approach for its synthesis due to negative carbon emission footprint when using renewable energy to power the reaction. Herein, we present temperature-controlled syngas production by electrochemical CO2 and H2O reduction on a cobalt tetraphenylporphyrin/multiwalled carbon nanotube (CoTPP/MWCNT) composite in a flow cell in the temperature range of 20-50 °C. The experimental results show that for all the applied potentials the ratio of H2/CO increases with increasing temperature. Interestingly, at -0.6 V RHE and 40 °C, the H2/CO ratio reaches a value of 1.2 which is essential for the synthesis of oxo-alcohols. In addition, at -1.0 V RHE and 20 °C, the composite shows very high selectivity toward CO formation, reaching a Faradaic efficiency of ca. 98%. This high selectivity of CO formation is investigated by density functional theory modeling which underlines that the potential-induced oxidation states of the CoTPP catalyst play a vital role in the high selectivity of CO production. Furthermore, the stability of the formed intermediate species is evaluated in terms of the pKa value for further reactions. These experimental and theoretical findings would provide an alternative way for syngas production and help us to understand the mechanism of molecular catalysts in dynamic conditions.
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13
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Baumgartner L, Koopman CI, Forner-Cuenca A, Vermaas DA. When Flooding Is Not Catastrophic-Woven Gas Diffusion Electrodes Enable Stable CO 2 Electrolysis. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2022; 5:15125-15135. [PMID: 36590882 PMCID: PMC9795489 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.2c02783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction has the potential to use excess renewable electricity to produce hydrocarbon chemicals and fuels. Gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) allow overcoming the limitations of CO2 mass transfer but are sensitive to flooding from (hydrostatic) pressure differences, which inhibits upscaling. We investigate the effect of the flooding behavior on the CO2 reduction performance. Our study includes six commercial gas diffusion layer materials with different microstructures (carbon cloth and carbon paper) and thicknesses coated with a Ag catalyst and exposed to differential pressures corresponding to different flow regimes (gas breakthrough, flow-by, and liquid breakthrough). We show that physical electrowetting further limits the flow-by regime at commercially relevant current densities (≥200 mA cm-2), which reduces the Faradaic efficiency for CO (FECO) for most carbon papers. However, the carbon cloth GDE maintains its high CO2 reduction performance despite being flooded with the electrolyte due to its bimodal pore structure. Exposed to pressure differences equivalent to 100 cm height, the carbon cloth is able to sustain an average FECO of 69% at 200 mA cm-2 even when the liquid continuously breaks through. CO2 electrolyzers with carbon cloth GDEs are therefore promising for scale-up because they enable high CO2 reduction efficiency while tolerating a broad range of flow regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz
M. Baumgartner
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Van der
Maasweg 9, 2629 HZDelft, Netherlands
| | - Christel I. Koopman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Van der
Maasweg 9, 2629 HZDelft, Netherlands
| | - Antoni Forner-Cuenca
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5612 AZEindhoven, Netherlands
| | - David A. Vermaas
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Van der
Maasweg 9, 2629 HZDelft, Netherlands
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14
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Toward economical application of carbon capture and utilization technology with near-zero carbon emission. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7482. [PMID: 36470930 PMCID: PMC9722933 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon capture and utilization technology has been studied for its practical ability to reduce CO2 emissions and enable economical chemical production. The main challenge of this technology is that a large amount of thermal energy must be provided to supply high-purity CO2 and purify the product. Herein, we propose a new concept called reaction swing absorption, which produces synthesis gas (syngas) with net-zero CO2 emission through direct electrochemical CO2 reduction in a newly proposed amine solution, triethylamine. Experimental investigations show high CO2 absorption rates (>84%) of triethylamine from low CO2 concentrated flue gas. In addition, the CO Faradaic efficiency in a triethylamine supplied membrane electrode assembly electrolyzer is approximately 30% (@-200 mA cm-2), twice higher than those in conventional alkanolamine solvents. Based on the experimental results and rigorous process modeling, we reveal that reaction swing absorption produces high pressure syngas at a reasonable cost with negligible CO2 emissions. This system provides a fundamental solution for the CO2 crossover and low system stability of electrochemical CO2 reduction.
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15
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Xu J, Zhong G, Li M, Zhao D, Sun Y, Hu X, Sun J, Li X, Zhu W, Li M, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Zheng C, Sun X. Review on electrochemical carbon dioxide capture and transformation with bipolar membranes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.108075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Kalde AM, Grosseheide M, Brosch S, Pape SV, Keller RG, Linkhorst J, Wessling M. Micromodel of a Gas Diffusion Electrode Tracks In-Operando Pore-Scale Wetting Phenomena. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204012. [PMID: 36253147 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing carbon dioxide (CO2 ) as a resource for carbon monoxide (CO) production using renewable energy requires electrochemical reactors with gas diffusion electrodes that maintain a stable and highly reactive gas/liquid/solid interface. Very little is known about the reasons why gas diffusion electrodes suffer from unstable long-term operation. Often, this is associated with flooding of the gas diffusion electrode (GDE) within a few hours of operation. A better understanding of parameters influencing the phase behavior at the electrolyte/electrode/gas interface is necessary to increase the durability of GDEs. In this work, a microfluidic structure with multi-scale porosity featuring heterogeneous surface wettability to realistically represent the behavior of conventional GDEs is presented. A gas/liquid/solid phase boundary was established within a conductive, highly porous structure comprising a silver catalyst and Nafion binder. Inoperando visualization of wetting phenomena was performed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Non-reversible wetting, wetting of hierarchically porous structures and electrowetting were observed and analyzed. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) enabled the observation of reactions on the model electrode surface. The presented methodology enables the systematic evaluation of spatio-temporally evolving wetting phenomena as well as species characterization for novel catalyst materials under realistic GDE configurations and process parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Kalde
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibnitz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maren Grosseheide
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brosch
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sharon V Pape
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert G Keller
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - John Linkhorst
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibnitz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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17
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Influence of the target product on the electrochemical reduction of diluted CO2 in a continuous flow cell. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Wu D, Jiao F, Lu Q. Progress and Understanding of CO 2/CO Electroreduction in Flow Electrolyzers. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donghuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Feng Jiao
- Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Qi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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19
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Bagemihl I, Bhatraju C, van Ommen JR, van Steijn V. Electrochemical Reduction of CO 2 in Tubular Flow Cells under Gas-Liquid Taylor Flow. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:12580-12587. [PMID: 36189111 PMCID: PMC9516770 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c03038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of CO2 using renewable energy is a promising avenue for sustainable production of bulk chemicals. However, CO2 electrolysis in aqueous systems is severely limited by mass transfer, leading to low reactor performance insufficient for industrial application. This paper shows that structured reactors operated under gas-liquid Taylor flow can overcome these limitations and significantly improve the reactor performance. This is achieved by reducing the boundary layer for mass transfer to the thin liquid film between the CO2 bubbles and the electrode. This work aims to understand the relationship between process conditions, mass transfer, and reactor performance by developing an easy-to-use analytical model. We find that the film thickness and the volume ratio of CO2/electrolyte fed to the reactor significantly affect the current density and the faradaic efficiency. Additionally, we find industrially relevant performance when operating the reactor at an elevated pressure beyond 5 bar. We compare our predictions with numerical simulations based on the unit cell approach, showing good agreement for a large window of operating parameters, illustrating when the easy-to-use predictive expressions for the current density and faradaic efficiency can be applied.
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20
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Kong Y, Liu M, Hu H, Hou Y, Vesztergom S, Gálvez-Vázquez MDJ, Zelocualtecatl Montiel I, Kolivoška V, Broekmann P. Cracks as Efficient Tools to Mitigate Flooding in Gas Diffusion Electrodes Used for the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200369. [PMID: 35810472 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The advantage of employing gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) in carbon dioxide reduction electrolyzers is that they allow CO2 to reach the catalyst in gaseous state, enabling current densities that are orders of magnitude larger than what is achievable in standard H-type cells. The gain in the reaction rate comes, however, at the cost of stability issues related to flooding that occurs when excess electrolyte permeates the micropores of the GDE, effectively blocking the access of CO2 to the catalyst. For electrolyzers operated with alkaline electrolytes, flooding leaves clear traces within the GDE in the form of precipitated potassium (hydrogen)carbonates. By analyzing the amount and distribution of precipitates, and by quantifying potassium salts transported through the GDE during operation (electrolyte perspiration), important information can be gained with regard to the extent and means of flooding. In this work, a novel combination of energy dispersive X-ray and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry based methods is employed to study flooding-related phenomena in GDEs differing in the abundance of cracks in the microporous layer. It is concluded that cracks play an important role in the electrolyte management of CO2 electrolyzers, and that electrolyte perspiration through cracks is paramount in avoiding flooding-related performance drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Menglong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Huifang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yuhui Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Soma Vesztergom
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Iván Zelocualtecatl Montiel
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18223, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Broekmann
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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21
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Nattestad A, Wagner K, Wallace GG. Scale up of reactors for carbon dioxide reduction. Front Chem Sci Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-022-2178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn recent times there has been a great deal of interest in the conversion of carbon dioxide into more useful chemical compounds. On the other hand, the translation of these developments in electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide from the laboratory bench to practical scale remains an underexplored topic. Here we examine some of the major challenges, demonstrating some promising strategies towards such scale-up, including increased electrode area and stacking of electrode pairs in different configurations. We observed that increasing the electrode area from 1 to 10 cm2 led to only a 4% drop in current density, with similarly small penalties realised when stacking sub-cells together.
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22
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Chen J, Wang L. Effects of the Catalyst Dynamic Changes and Influence of the Reaction Environment on the Performance of Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2103900. [PMID: 34595773 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) is substantially researched due to its potential for storing intermittent renewable electricity and simultaneously helping mitigating the pressing CO2 emission concerns. The major challenge of electrochemical CO2 reduction lies on having good controls of this reaction due to its complicated reaction networks and its unusual sensitivity to the dynamic changes of the catalyst structure (chemical states, compositions, facets and morphology, etc.), and to the non-catalyst components at the electrode/electrolyte interface, in another word the reaction environments. To date, a comprehensive analysis on the interplays between the above catalyst-dynamic-changes/reaction environments and the CO2 reduction performance is rare, if not none. In this review, the catalyst dynamic changes observed during the catalysis are discussed based on the recent reports of electrochemical CO2 reduction. Then, the above dynamic changes are correlated to their effects on the catalytic performance. The influences of the reaction environments on the performance of CO2 reduction are also discussed. Finally, some perspectives on future investigations are offered with the aim of understanding the origins of the effects from the catalyst dynamic changes and the reaction environments, which will allow one to better control the CO2 reduction toward the desired products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
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23
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Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) electroreduction offers an attractive pathway for converting CO2 to valuable fuels and chemicals. Despite the existence of some excellent electrocatalysts with superior selectivity for specific products, these reactions are conducted at low current densities ranging from several mA cm−2 to tens of mA cm−2, which are far from commercially desirable values. To extend the applications of CO2 electroreduction technology to an industrial scale, long-term operations under high current densities (over 200 mA cm−2) are desirable. In this paper, we review recent major advances toward higher current density in CO2 reduction, including: (1) innovations in electrocatalysts (engineering the morphology, modulating the electronic structure, increasing the active sites, etc.); (2) the design of electrolyzers (membrane electrode assemblies, flow cells, microchannel reactors, high-pressure cells, etc.); and (3) the influence of electrolytes (concentration, pH, anion and cation effects). Finally, we discuss the current challenges and perspectives for future development toward high current densities.
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24
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Gawel A, Jaster T, Siegmund D, Holzmann J, Lohmann H, Klemm E, Apfel UP. Electrochemical CO 2 reduction - The macroscopic world of electrode design, reactor concepts & economic aspects. iScience 2022; 25:104011. [PMID: 35340428 PMCID: PMC8943412 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For the efficient electrochemical conversion of CO2 into valuable chemical feedstocks, a well-coordinated interaction of all electrolyzer compartments is required. In addition to the catalyst, whose role is described in detail in the part “Electrochemical CO2 Reduction toward Multicarbon Alcohols - The Microscopic World of Catalysts & Process Conditions” of this divided review, the general cell setups, design and manufacture of the electrodes, membranes used, and process parameters must be optimally matched. The authors' goal is to provide a comprehensive review of the current literature on how these aspects affect the overall performance of CO2 electrolysis. To be economically competitive as an overall process, the framework conditions, i.e., CO2 supply and reaction product treatment must also be considered. If the key indicators for current density, selectivity, cell voltage, and lifetime of a CO2 electrolyzer mentioned in the techno-economic consideration of this review are met, electrochemical CO2 reduction can make a valuable contribution to the creation of closed carbon cycles and to a sustainable energy economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Gawel
- Department of Energy, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany.,Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Theresa Jaster
- Department of Energy, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany.,Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Siegmund
- Department of Energy, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany.,Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes Holzmann
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Heiko Lohmann
- Department of Energy, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Elias Klemm
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulf-Peter Apfel
- Department of Energy, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany.,Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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25
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Baumgartner L, Koopman CI, Forner-Cuenca A, Vermaas DA. Narrow Pressure Stability Window of Gas Diffusion Electrodes Limits the Scale-Up of CO 2 Electrolyzers. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:4683-4693. [PMID: 35433135 PMCID: PMC9006256 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction is a promising process to store intermittent renewable energy in the form of chemical bonds and to meet the demand for hydrocarbon chemicals without relying on fossil fuels. Researchers in the field have used gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) to supply CO2 to the catalyst layer from the gas phase. This approach allows us to bypass mass transfer limitations imposed by the limited solubility and diffusion of CO2 in the liquid phase at a laboratory scale. However, at a larger scale, pressure differences across the porous gas diffusion layer can occur. This can lead to flooding and electrolyte breakthrough, which can decrease performance. The aim of this study is to understand the effects of the GDE structure on flooding behavior and CO2 reduction performance. We approach the problem by preparing GDEs from commercial substrates with a range of structural parameters (carbon fiber structure, thickness, and cracks). We then determined the liquid breakthrough pressure and measured the Faradaic efficiency for CO at an industrially relevant current density. We found that there is a trade-off between flooding resistance and mass transfer capabilities that limits the maximum GDE height of a flow-by electrolyzer. This trade-off depends strongly on the thickness and the structure of the carbon fiber substrate. We propose a design strategy for a hierarchically structured GDE, which might offer a pathway to an industrial scale by avoiding the trade-off between flooding resistance and CO2 reduction performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz
M. Baumgartner
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
| | - Christel I. Koopman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
| | - Antoni Forner-Cuenca
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - David A. Vermaas
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
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26
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Larrea C, Torres D, Avilés-Moreno JR, Ocón P. Multi-parameter study of CO2 electrochemical reduction from concentrated bicarbonate feed. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Cheng Y, Hou P, Wang X, Kang P. CO 2 Electrolysis System under Industrially Relevant Conditions. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:231-240. [PMID: 35045254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusCarbon dioxide emissions from consumption of fossil fuels have caused serious climate issues. Rapid deployment of new energies makes renewable energy driven CO2 electroreduction to chemical feedstocks and carbon-neutral fuels a feasible and cost-effective pathway for achieving net-zero emission. With the urgency of the net-zero goal, we initiated our research on CO2 electrolysis with emphasis on industrial relevance.The CO2 molecules are thermodynamically stable due to high activation energy of the two C═O bonds, and efficient electrocatalysts are required to overcome the sluggish dynamics and competitive hydrogen evolution reaction. The CO2 electrocatalysts that we have explored include molecular catalysts and nanostructured catalysts. Molecular catalysts are centered on earth abundant elements such as Fe and Co for catalyzing CO2 reduction, and using Fe catalysts, we proposed an amidation strategy for reduction of CO2 to methanol, bypassing the inactive formate pathway. For nanostructured catalysts, we developed a carbon enrichment strategy using nitrogen-rich nanomaterials for selective CO2 reduction.Direct CO2 electroreduction from the flue gas stream represents the "holy grail" in the field, because typical CO2 concentration in flue gas is only 6-15%, posing a significant challenge for CO2 electrolysis. On the other hand, direct electroreduction of CO2 in the flue gas eliminates the carbon capture process and simplifies the overall carbon capture and utilization (CCU) scheme. However, direct flue gas reduction is frustrated by the reactive oxygen (5-8%), low CO2 concentration (6-15%), and potentially toxic impurities. Surface CO2 enrichment catalysts with high O2 tolerance could be viable for achieving direct CO2 electroreduction for decarbonization of flue gas.In addition to the electrocatalysts, the incorporation of catalysts into the electrolyzer and development of a suitable process was also investigated to meet industrial demands. A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is a zero-gap configuration with cathode and anode catalysts coated on either side of an ion exchange membrane. We adopted the MEA configuration due to the structural simplicity, low ohmic resistance, and high efficiency. The electrode factors (for example, membrane type, catalyst layer porosity, and MEA fabrication method) and the electrolyzer factors (for example, flow channels, gas diffusion layer) are critical to highly efficient operation. We separately developed an anion-exchange membrane-based system for CO production and cation-exchange membrane-based system for formate production. The optimized electrolyzer configuration can generate uniform current and voltage distribution in a large-area electrolyzer and operate using an industrial CO2 stream. The optimized process was developed with the targets of long-term continuous operation and no electrolyte consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Rd, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Pengfei Hou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Rd, Tianjin 300072, China
- Huadian Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., Huadian Industry Park, Automobile Museum East Rd, Fengtai, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Xiuping Wang
- Carbon Energy Technology Co., Ltd., 69 Yanfu Rd, Funhill, Beijing 102401, China
| | - Peng Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Rd, Tianjin 300072, China
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28
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Vass Á, Kormányos A, Kószó Z, Endrődi B, Janáky C. Anode Catalysts in CO 2 Electrolysis: Challenges and Untapped Opportunities. ACS Catal 2022; 12:1037-1051. [PMID: 35096466 PMCID: PMC8787754 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The field of electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction has developed rapidly during recent years. At the same time, the role of the anodic half-reaction has received considerably less attention. In this Perspective, we scrutinize the reports on the best-performing CO2 electrolyzer cells from the past 5 years, to shed light on the role of the anodic oxygen evolution catalyst. We analyze how different cell architectures provide different local chemical environments at the anode surface, which in turn determines the pool of applicable anode catalysts. We uncover the factors that led to either a strikingly high current density operation or an exceptionally long lifetime. On the basis of our analysis, we provide a set of criteria that have to be fulfilled by an anode catalyst to achieve high performance. Finally, we provide an outlook on using alternative anode reactions (alcohol oxidation is discussed as an example), resulting in high-value products and higher energy efficiency for the overall process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zsófia Kószó
- Department of Physical Chemistry
and Materials Science, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Aradi Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Balázs Endrődi
- Department of Physical Chemistry
and Materials Science, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Aradi Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Csaba Janáky
- Department of Physical Chemistry
and Materials Science, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Aradi Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
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29
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Heßelmann M, Bräsel BC, Keller RG, Wessling M. Simulation‐based guidance for improving CO2 reduction on silver gas diffusion electrodes. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Heßelmann
- RWTH Aachen University Chemical Process Engineering Forckenbeckstr. 51 Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Berinike Clara Bräsel
- RWTH Aachen University Chemical Process Engineering Forckenbeckstr. 51 Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Robert Gregor Keller
- RWTH Aachen University Chemical Process Engineering Forckenbeckstr. 51 Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- RWTH Aachen University Chemical Process Engineering Forckenbeckstr. 51 Aachen 52074 Germany
- DWI Leibniz‐Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 Aachen 52074 Germany
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30
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Hernandez-Aldave S, Andreoli E. Oxygen depolarised cathode as a learning platform for CO 2 gas diffusion electrodes. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00443g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen depolarised cathode technology in support of achieving CO2 gas diffusion electrodes industrial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Andreoli
- Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
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31
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Erbil HY. Precursor film formation on catalyst–electrolyte–gas boundaries during CO 2 electroreduction with gas diffusion electrodes. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01576e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thin and long layers of catholyte precursor films spread near triple-phase boundaries on composite catalysts containing hydrophobic materials. Dissolved CO2 molecules in the precursor films reduce on the composite catalyst surface without depletion.
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32
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Ramdin M, De Mot B, Morrison ART, Breugelmans T, van den Broeke LJP, Trusler JPM, Kortlever R, de Jong W, Moultos OA, Xiao P, Webley PA, Vlugt TJH. Electroreduction of CO 2/CO to C 2 Products: Process Modeling, Downstream Separation, System Integration, and Economic Analysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021; 60:17862-17880. [PMID: 34937989 PMCID: PMC8679093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Direct electrochemical reduction of CO2 to C2 products such as ethylene is more efficient in alkaline media, but it suffers from parasitic loss of reactants due to (bi)carbonate formation. A two-step process where the CO2 is first electrochemically reduced to CO and subsequently converted to desired C2 products has the potential to overcome the limitations posed by direct CO2 electroreduction. In this study, we investigated the technical and economic feasibility of the direct and indirect CO2 conversion routes to C2 products. For the indirect route, CO2 to CO conversion in a high temperature solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) or a low temperature electrolyzer has been considered. The product distribution, conversion, selectivities, current densities, and cell potentials are different for both CO2 conversion routes, which affects the downstream processing and the economics. A detailed process design and techno-economic analysis of both CO2 conversion pathways are presented, which includes CO2 capture, CO2 (and CO) conversion, CO2 (and CO) recycling, and product separation. Our economic analysis shows that both conversion routes are not profitable under the base case scenario, but the economics can be improved significantly by reducing the cell voltage, the capital cost of the electrolyzers, and the electricity price. For both routes, a cell voltage of 2.5 V, a capital cost of $10,000/m2, and an electricity price of <$20/MWh will yield a positive net present value and payback times of less than 15 years. Overall, the high temperature (SOEC-based) two-step conversion process has a greater potential for scale-up than the direct electrochemical conversion route. Strategies for integrating the electrochemical CO2/CO conversion process into the existing gas and oil infrastructure are outlined. Current barriers for industrialization of CO2 electrolyzers and possible solutions are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahinder Ramdin
- Engineering
Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical,
Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bert De Mot
- Applied
Electrochemistry & Catalysis, University
of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Andrew R. T. Morrison
- Large-Scale
Energy Storage, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical,
Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Breugelmans
- Applied
Electrochemistry & Catalysis, University
of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Leo J. P. van den Broeke
- Engineering
Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical,
Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J. P. Martin Trusler
- Imperial
College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ruud Kortlever
- Large-Scale
Energy Storage, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical,
Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebren de Jong
- Large-Scale
Energy Storage, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical,
Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Othonas A. Moultos
- Engineering
Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical,
Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Penny Xiao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A. Webley
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Thijs J. H. Vlugt
- Engineering
Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical,
Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
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33
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Monteiro MCO, Dieckhöfer S, Bobrowski T, Quast T, Pavesi D, Koper MTM, Schuhmann W. Probing the local activity of CO 2 reduction on gold gas diffusion electrodes: effect of the catalyst loading and CO 2 pressure. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15682-15690. [PMID: 35003599 PMCID: PMC8654039 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05519d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Large scale CO2 electrolysis can be achieved using gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs), and is an essential step towards broader implementation of carbon capture and utilization strategies. Different variables are known to affect the performance of GDEs. Especially regarding the catalyst loading, there are diverging trends reported in terms of activity and selectivity, e.g. for CO2 reduction to CO. We have used shear-force based Au nanoelectrode positioning and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in the surface-generation tip collection mode to evaluate the activity of Au GDEs for CO2 reduction as a function of catalyst loading and CO2 back pressure. Using a Au nanoelectrode, we have locally measured the amount of CO produced along a catalyst loading gradient under operando conditions. We observed that an optimum local loading of catalyst is necessary to achieve high activities. However, this optimum is directly dependent on the CO2 back pressure. Our work does not only present a tool to evaluate the activity of GDEs locally, it also allows drawing a more precise picture regarding the effect of catalyst loading and CO2 back pressure on their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C O Monteiro
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Dieckhöfer
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Tim Bobrowski
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Davide Pavesi
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Marc T M Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
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34
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Empower C1: Combination of Electrochemistry and Biology to Convert C1 Compounds. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 180:213-241. [PMID: 34518909 DOI: 10.1007/10_2021_171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The idea to somehow combine electrical current and biological systems is not new. It was subject of research as well as of science fiction literature for decades. Nowadays, in times of limited resources and the need to capture greenhouse gases like CO2, this combination gains increasing interest, since it might allow to use C1 compounds and highly oxidized compounds as substrate for microbial production by "activating" them with additional electrons. In this chapter, different possibilities to combine electrochemistry and biology to convert C1 compounds into useful products will be discussed. The chapter first shows electrochemical conversion of C1 compounds, allowing the use of the product as substrate for a subsequent biosynthesis in uncoupled systems, further leads to coupled systems of biology and electrochemical conversion, and finally reaches the discipline of bioelectrosynthesis, where electrical current and C1 compounds are directly converted by microorganisms or enzymes. This overview will give an idea about the potentials and challenges of combining electrochemistry and biology to convert C1 molecules.
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35
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Jin S, Hao Z, Zhang K, Yan Z, Chen J. Advances and Challenges for the Electrochemical Reduction of CO 2 to CO: From Fundamentals to Industrialization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20627-20648. [PMID: 33861487 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2 RR) provides an attractive approach to convert renewable electricity into fuels and feedstocks in the form of chemical bonds. Among the different CO2 RR pathways, the conversion of CO2 into CO is considered one of the most promising candidate reactions because of its high technological and economic feasibility. Integrating catalyst and electrolyte design with an understanding of the catalytic mechanism will yield scientific insights and promote this technology towards industrial implementation. Herein, we give an overview of recent advances and challenges for the selective conversion of CO2 into CO. Multidimensional catalyst and electrolyte engineering for the CO2 RR are also summarized. Furthermore, recent studies on the large-scale production of CO are highlighted to facilitate industrialization of the electrochemical reduction of CO2 . To conclude, the remaining technological challenges and future directions for the industrial application of the CO2 RR to generate CO are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Jin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhimeng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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36
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Proietto F, Patel U, Galia A, Scialdone O. Electrochemical conversion of CO2 to formic acid using a Sn based electrode: A critical review on the state-of-the-art technologies and their potential. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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37
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Efficiency and selectivity of CO 2 reduction to CO on gold gas diffusion electrodes in acidic media. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4943. [PMID: 34400626 PMCID: PMC8368099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24936-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO is a promising technology for replacing production processes employing fossil fuels. Still, low energy efficiencies hinder the production of CO at commercial scale. CO2 electrolysis has mainly been performed in neutral or alkaline media, but recent fundamental work shows that high selectivities for CO can also be achieved in acidic media. Therefore, we investigate the feasibility of CO2 electrolysis at pH 2–4 at indrustrially relevant conditions, using 10 cm2 gold gas diffusion electrodes. Operating at current densities up to 200 mA cm−2, we obtain CO faradaic efficiencies between 80–90% in sulfate electrolyte, with a 30% improvement of the overall process energy efficiency, in comparison with neutral media. Additionally, we find that weakly hydrated cations are crucial for accomplishing high reaction rates and enabling CO2 electrolysis in acidic media. This study represents a step towards the application of acidic electrolyzers for CO2 electroreduction. Large scale CO2 electrolysis to produce CO has mainly been performed in neutral and alkaline media. Here, we show that it can also be realized in acidic media, with faradaic efficiencies of 80–90%, and 30% better energy efficiency than obtained in neutral media.
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38
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Bellardita M, Loddo V, Parrino F, Palmisano L. (Photo)electrocatalytic Versus Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vittorio Loddo
- Engineering Department University of Palermo Palermo Italy
| | - Francesco Parrino
- Department of Industrial Engineering University of Trento Trento Italy
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39
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Jin S, Hao Z, Zhang K, Yan Z, Chen J. Advances and Challenges for the Electrochemical Reduction of CO
2
to CO: From Fundamentals to Industrialization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Jin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhimeng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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40
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Experimental and Model‐Based Analysis of Electrolyte Intrusion Depth in Silver‐Based Gas Diffusion Electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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41
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Franzen D, Paulisch MC, Ellendorff B, Manke I, Turek T. Spatially resolved model of oxygen reduction reaction in silver-based porous gas-diffusion electrodes based on operando measurements. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Kofuji Y, Ono A, Sugano Y, Motoshige A, Kudo Y, Yamagiwa M, Tamura J, Mikoshiba S, Kitagawa R. Efficient Electrochemical Conversion of CO 2 to CO Using a Cathode with Porous Catalyst Layer under Mild pH Conditions. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kofuji
- Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 212-8582, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ono
- Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 212-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshitsune Sugano
- Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 212-8582, Japan
| | - Asahi Motoshige
- Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 212-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Kudo
- Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 212-8582, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamagiwa
- Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 212-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Tamura
- Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 212-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mikoshiba
- Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 212-8582, Japan
| | - Ryota Kitagawa
- Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 212-8582, Japan
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43
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Bienen F, Hildebrand J, Kopljar D, Wagner N, Klemm E, Friedrich KA. Importance of Time‐Dependent Wetting Behavior of Gas‐Diffusion Electrodes for Reactivity Determination. CHEM-ING-TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Bienen
- German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38–40 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- University of Stuttgart Institute for Building Energetics Thermotechnology and Energy Storage Pfaffenwaldring 6 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Joachim Hildebrand
- University of Stuttgart Institute of Chemical Technology Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Dennis Kopljar
- German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38–40 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Norbert Wagner
- German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38–40 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Elias Klemm
- University of Stuttgart Institute of Chemical Technology Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - K. Andreas Friedrich
- German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38–40 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- University of Stuttgart Institute for Building Energetics Thermotechnology and Energy Storage Pfaffenwaldring 6 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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Abstract
The severe increase in the CO2 concentration is a causative factor of global warming, which accelerates the destruction of ecosystems. The massive utilization of CO2 for value-added chemical production is a key to commercialization to guarantee both economic feasibility and negative carbon emission. Although the electrochemical reduction of CO2 is one of the most promising technologies, there are remaining challenges for large-scale production. Herein, an overview of these limitations is provided in terms of devices, processes, and catalysts. Further, the economic feasibility of the technology is described in terms of individual processes such as reactions and separation. Additionally, for the practical implementation of the electrochemical CO2 conversion technology, stable electrocatalytic performances need to be addressed in terms of current density, Faradaic efficiency, and overpotential. Hence, the present review also covers the known degradation behaviors and mechanisms of electrocatalysts and electrodes during electrolysis. Furthermore, strategic approaches for overcoming the stability issues are introduced based on recent reports from various research areas involved in the electrocatalytic conversion.
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45
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Wicks J, Jue ML, Beck VA, Oakdale JS, Dudukovic NA, Clemens AL, Liang S, Ellis ME, Lee G, Baker SE, Duoss EB, Sargent EH. 3D-Printable Fluoropolymer Gas Diffusion Layers for CO 2 Electroreduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003855. [PMID: 33448061 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The electrosynthesis of value-added multicarbon products from CO2 is a promising strategy to shift chemical production away from fossil fuels. Particularly important is the rational design of gas diffusion electrode (GDE) assemblies to react selectively, at scale, and at high rates. However, the understanding of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) in these assemblies is limited for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR): particularly important, but incompletely understood, is how the GDL modulates product distributions of catalysts operating in high current density regimes > 300 mA cm-2 . Here, 3D-printable fluoropolymer GDLs with tunable microporosity and structure are reported and probe the effects of permeance, microstructural porosity, macrostructure, and surface morphology. Under a given choice of applied electrochemical potential and electrolyte, a 100× increase in the C2 H4 :CO ratio due to GDL surface morphology design over a homogeneously porous equivalent and a 1.8× increase in the C2 H4 partial current density due to a pyramidal macrostructure are observed. These findings offer routes to improve CO2 RR GDEs as a platform for 3D catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Wicks
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Melinda L Jue
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Victor A Beck
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - James S Oakdale
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Nikola A Dudukovic
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Auston L Clemens
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Siwei Liang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Megan E Ellis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Geonhui Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Sarah E Baker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Eric B Duoss
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A4, Canada
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46
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Gao N, Quiroz-Arita C, Diaz LA, Lister TE. Intensified co-electrolysis process for syngas production from captured CO2. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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47
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Electrochemical conversion of pressurized CO2 at simple silver-based cathodes in undivided cells: study of the effect of pressure and other operative parameters. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-020-01505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of pressurized CO2 is proposed as an interesting approach to overcome the main hurdle of the CO2 electrochemical conversion in aqueous solution, its low solubility (ca. 0.033 M), and to achieve good faradaic efficiency in CO using simple sheet silver cathodes and undivided cells, thus lowering the overall costs of the process. The effect on the process of CO2 pressure (1–30 bar), current density, nature of the supporting electrolyte and other operative conditions, such as the surface of the cathode or the mixing rate, was studied to enhance the production of CO. It was shown that pressurized conditions allow to improve drastically the current efficiency of CO (CECO). Furthermore, at relatively high pressure (20 bars), the utilization of simple sheet silver cathodes and silver electrodes with high surfaces gave similar CECO. The stability of the system was monitored for 10 h; it was shown that at a relatively high pressure (15 bar) in aqueous electrolyte of KOH using a simple plate silver cathode a constant current efficiency of CO close to 70% was obtained.
Graphic abstract
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de Jesus Gálvez-Vázquez M, Moreno-García P, Xu H, Hou Y, Hu H, Montiel IZ, Rudnev AV, Alinejad S, Grozovski V, Wiley BJ, Arenz M, Broekmann P. Environment Matters: CO2RR Electrocatalyst Performance Testing in a Gas-Fed Zero-Gap Electrolyzer. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel Moreno-García
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Heng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| | - Yuhui Hou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Huifang Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexander V. Rudnev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Shima Alinejad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Vitali Grozovski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin J. Wiley
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| | - Matthias Arenz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Peter Broekmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
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De Mot B, Ramdin M, Hereijgers J, Vlugt TJH, Breugelmans T. Direct Water Injection in Catholyte‐Free Zero‐Gap Carbon Dioxide Electrolyzers. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bert De Mot
- Research Group Applied Electrochemistry & Catalysis University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Mahinder Ramdin
- Engineering Thermodynamics Process & Energy Department Faculty of Mechanical Maritime and Materials Engineering Delft University of Technology Leeghwaterstraat 39 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Hereijgers
- Research Group Applied Electrochemistry & Catalysis University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Thijs J. H. Vlugt
- Engineering Thermodynamics Process & Energy Department Faculty of Mechanical Maritime and Materials Engineering Delft University of Technology Leeghwaterstraat 39 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Breugelmans
- Research Group Applied Electrochemistry & Catalysis University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
- Separation & Conversion Technologies VITO Boeretang 200 2400 Mol Belgium
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50
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Hui S(R, Shaigan N, Neburchilov V, Zhang L, Malek K, Eikerling M, Luna PD. Three-Dimensional Cathodes for Electrochemical Reduction of CO 2: From Macro- to Nano-Engineering. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1884. [PMID: 32962288 PMCID: PMC7558977 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rising anthropogenic CO2 emissions and their climate warming effects have triggered a global response in research and development to reduce the emissions of this harmful greenhouse gas. The use of CO2 as a feedstock for the production of value-added fuels and chemicals is a promising pathway for development of renewable energy storage and reduction of carbon emissions. Electrochemical CO2 conversion offers a promising route for value-added products. Considerable challenges still remain, limiting this technology for industrial deployment. This work reviews the latest developments in experimental and modeling studies of three-dimensional cathodes towards high-performance electrochemical reduction of CO2. The fabrication-microstructure-performance relationships of electrodes are examined from the macro- to nanoscale. Furthermore, future challenges, perspectives and recommendations for high-performance cathodes are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang (Rob) Hui
- Energy, Mining and Environment, National Research Council Canada, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada; (N.S.); (V.N.); (L.Z.); (K.M.); (P.D.L.)
| | - Nima Shaigan
- Energy, Mining and Environment, National Research Council Canada, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada; (N.S.); (V.N.); (L.Z.); (K.M.); (P.D.L.)
| | - Vladimir Neburchilov
- Energy, Mining and Environment, National Research Council Canada, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada; (N.S.); (V.N.); (L.Z.); (K.M.); (P.D.L.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- Energy, Mining and Environment, National Research Council Canada, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada; (N.S.); (V.N.); (L.Z.); (K.M.); (P.D.L.)
| | - Kourosh Malek
- Energy, Mining and Environment, National Research Council Canada, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada; (N.S.); (V.N.); (L.Z.); (K.M.); (P.D.L.)
| | - Michael Eikerling
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-13: Modelling and Simulation of Energy Materials, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany;
| | - Phil De Luna
- Energy, Mining and Environment, National Research Council Canada, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada; (N.S.); (V.N.); (L.Z.); (K.M.); (P.D.L.)
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