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Zhang J, Rissmann M, Kuiken T, Haagmans BL. Comparative Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:423-451. [PMID: 37832946 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052620-121224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades the world has witnessed the global spread of two genetically related highly pathogenic coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2. However, the impact of these outbreaks differed significantly with respect to the hospitalizations and fatalities seen worldwide. While many studies have been performed recently on SARS-CoV-2, a comparative pathogenesis analysis with SARS-CoV may further provide critical insights into the mechanisms of disease that drive coronavirus-induced respiratory disease. In this review, we comprehensively describe clinical and experimental observations related to transmission and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with SARS-CoV, focusing on human, animal, and in vitro studies. By deciphering the similarities and disparities of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, in terms of transmission and pathogenesis mechanisms, we offer insights into the divergent characteristics of these two viruses. This information may also be relevant to assessing potential novel introductions of genetically related highly pathogenic coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Zhang
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Melanie Rissmann
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
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Isoda Y, Kaneko MK, Tanaka T, Suzuki H, Kato Y. Epitope Mapping of an Anti-ferret Podoplanin Monoclonal Antibody Using the PA Tag-Substituted Analysis. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2023; 42:189-193. [PMID: 38156889 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2023.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In small animal models of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) infection, ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) have been used to investigate the pathogenesis. Podoplanin (PDPN) is an essential marker in lung type I alveolar epithelial cells, kidney podocytes, and lymphatic endothelial cells. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against ferret PDPN (ferPDPN) are useful for the pathological analyses of those tissues. We previously established an anti-ferPDPN mAb, PMab-292 using the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening (CBIS) method. In this study, we determined the critical epitope of PMab-292 using flow cytometry. The ferPDPN deletion mutants analysis revealed that the Val34 is located at the N-terminus of the PMab-292 epitope. Furthermore, the PA tag-substituted analysis (PA scanning) showed that Asp39 is located at the C-terminus of PMab-292 epitope. The epitope sequence (VRPEDD) also exists between Val26 and Asp31 of ferPDPN, indicating that PMab-292 recognizes the tandem repeat of the VRPEDD sequence of ferPDPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Isoda
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Keshtgar Z, Chalabianloo G, Esmaeili N. Probable Neuropsychological and Cognitive Complications Due to Cytokine Storm in Patients With COVID-19. Basic Clin Neurosci 2023; 14:549-564. [PMID: 38628831 PMCID: PMC11016882 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2022.3202.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) was first identified in China in December 2019 and is rapidly spreading worldwide as a pandemic. Since COVID-19 causes mild to severe acute respiratory syndrome, most studies in this context have focused on pathogenesis primarily in the respiratory system. However, evidence shows that the central nervous system (CNS) may also be affected by COVID-19. Since COVID-19 is spreading, it is necessary to study its possible cognitive effects on COVID-19 patients and their recovery. Methods The articles used in this study were searched by keywords, such as cytokine storm and COVID-19, COVID-19 and executive dysfunction, cognitive disorder, and COVID-19, central nervous system (CNS) and COVID-19, coronavirus, neuroinvasion in Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) checklist. The study evaluates all observational studies published between December 2019 and April 2021 in peer-reviewed journals, including cross-sectional, cohort, case-control studies, case reports, and case series. The search result was 106 articles, of which 73 articles related to COVID-19, the stages of infection by this virus, its effect on the nervous system and neurological symptoms, the cytokine storm caused by this infection, and the possible cognitive consequences caused by this virus in patients, has been reviewed. Other articles were not checked due to their limited relevance to the topic under discussion. Results Studies showed that neurons may be directly affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, various studies indicated that systemic inflammation (so-called "cytokine storm") is also responsible for brain damage induced by infection with SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. In such a way that these patients showed elevated levels of interleukin (IL-), 6, 8, and 10 and of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in their blood. Conclusion Various cognitive defects have been observed following an increased level of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6, 8. Therefore, due to the increased level of these pro-inflammatory factors in the brains of these patients, cognitive deficits can be expected, which need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Keshtgar
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Chalabianloo
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Niloofar Esmaeili
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Kankaya S, Yavuz F, Tari A, Aygun AB, Gunes EG, Bektan Kanat B, Ulugerger Avci G, Yavuzer H, Dincer Y. Glutathione-related antioxidant defence, DNA damage, and DNA repair in patients suffering from post-COVID conditions. Mutagenesis 2023; 38:216-226. [PMID: 37422797 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gead021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-COVID conditions are defined as the continuation of the symptoms of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 3 months after the initial Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, with no other explanation. Post-COVID conditions are seen among 30%-60% of patients with asymptomatic or mild forms of COVID-19. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of post-COVID conditions are not known. In SARS-CoV-2 infection, activation of the immune system leads to increased production of reactive oxygen molecules, depleted antioxidant reserve, and finally occurrence of oxidative stress. In oxidative stress conditions, DNA damage increases and DNA repair systems impair. In this study, glutathione (GSH) level, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level, basal, induced, and post-repair DNA damage were investigated in individuals suffering from post-COVID conditions. In the red blood cells, GSH levels and GPx activities were measured with a spectrophotometric assay and a commercial kit. Basal, in vitro H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)-induced, and post-repair DNA damage (DNA damage after a repair incubation following H2O2-treatment, in vitro) were determined in lymphocytes by the comet assay. The urinary 8-OHdG levels were measured by using a commercial ELISA kit. No significant difference was found between the patient and control groups for GSH level, GPx activity, and basal and H2O2-induced DNA damage. Post-repair DNA damage was found to be higher in the patient group than those in the control group. Urinary 8-OHdG level was lower in the patient group compared to the control group. In the control group, GSH level and post-repair DNA damage were higher in the vaccinated individuals. In conclusion, oxidative stress formed due to the immune response against SARS-COV-2 may impair DNA repair mechanisms. Defective DNA repair may be an underlying pathological mechanism of post-COVID conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Kankaya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Yavuz
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Tari
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Bera Aygun
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Gizem Gunes
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahar Bektan Kanat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulru Ulugerger Avci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Yavuzer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yildiz Dincer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ghimire R, Shrestha R, Amaradhi R, Patton T, Whitley C, Chanda D, Liu L, Ganesh T, More S, Channappanavar R. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-mediated antiviral response protects mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.08.539929. [PMID: 37214943 PMCID: PMC10197544 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.08.539929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-induced impaired antiviral and excessive inflammatory responses cause fatal pneumonia. However, the key pattern recognition receptors that elicit effective antiviral and lethal inflammatory responses in-vivo are not well defined. CoVs possess single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome that is abundantly produced during infection and stimulates both antiviral interferon (IFN) and inflammatory cytokine/ chemokine responses. Therefore, in this study, using wild-type control and TLR7 deficient BALB/c mice infected with a mouse-adapted SARS-COV-2 (MA-CoV-2), we evaluated the role of TLR7 signaling in MA-CoV-2-induced antiviral and inflammatory responses and disease outcome. We show that TLR7-deficient mice are more susceptible to MA-CoV-2 infection as compared to infected control mice. Further evaluation of MA-CoV-2 infected lungs showed significantly reduced mRNA levels of antiviral type I (IFNα/β) and type III (IFNλ) IFNs, IFN stimulated genes (ISGs, ISG15 and CXCL10), and several pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in TLR7 deficient compared to control mice. Reduced lung IFN/ISG levels and increased morbidity/mortality in TLR7 deficient mice correlated with high lung viral titer. Detailed examination of total cells from MA-CoV-2 infected lungs showed high neutrophil count in TLR7 deficient mice compared to control mice. Additionally, blocking TLR7 activity post-MA-CoV-2 infection using a specific inhibitor also enhanced disease severity. In summary, our results conclusively establish that TLR7 signaling is protective during SARS-CoV-2 infection, and despite robust inflammatory response, TLR7-mediated IFN/ISG responses likely protect the host from lethal disease. Given similar outcomes in control and TLR7 deficient humans and mice, these results show that MA-CoV-2 infected mice serve as excellent model to study COVID-19.
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Martins M, do Nascimento GM, Conforti A, Noll JCG, Impellizeri JA, Sanchez E, Wagner B, Lione L, Salvatori E, Pinto E, Compagnone M, Viscount B, Hayward J, Shorrock C, Aurisicchio L, Diel DG. A linear SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccine candidate reduces virus shedding in ferrets. Arch Virol 2023; 168:124. [PMID: 36988739 PMCID: PMC10052258 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05746-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused more than 760 million cases and over 6.8 million deaths as of March 2023. Vaccination has been the main strategy used to contain the spread of the virus and to prevent hospitalizations and deaths. Currently, two mRNA-based vaccines and one adenovirus-vectored vaccine have been approved and are available for use in the U.S. population. The versatility, low cost, and rapid production of DNA vaccines provide important advantages over other platforms. Additionally, DNA vaccines efficiently induce both B- and T-cell responses by expressing the antigen within transfected host cells, and the antigen, after being processed into peptides, can associate with MHC class I or II of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to stimulate different T cell responses. However, the efficiency of DNA vaccination needs to be improved for use in humans. Importantly, in vivo DNA delivery combined with electroporation (EP) has been used successfully in the field of veterinary oncology, resulting in high rates of response after electrochemotherapy. Here, we evaluate the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of a novel linear SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccine candidate delivered by intramuscular injection followed by electroporation (Vet-ePorator™) in ferrets. The linear SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccine candidate did not cause unexpected side effects. Additionally, the vaccine elicited neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses on day 42 post-immunization using a low dose of the linear DNA construct in a prime-boost regimen. Most importantly, vaccination significantly reduced shedding of infectious SARS-CoV-2 through oral and nasal secretions in a ferret model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Martins
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gabriela M do Nascimento
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Jessica C G Noll
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Brian Viscount
- Applied DNA Sciences, Inc., New York, NY, USA
- LineaRx, Inc. , New York, NY, USA
| | - James Hayward
- Applied DNA Sciences, Inc., New York, NY, USA
- LineaRx, Inc. , New York, NY, USA
| | - Clay Shorrock
- Applied DNA Sciences, Inc., New York, NY, USA
- LineaRx, Inc. , New York, NY, USA
| | - Luigi Aurisicchio
- Takis Biotech, Rome, Italy
- Evvivax Biotech, Rome, Italy
- Neomatrix Biotech, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Zhou B, Wang L, Yang S, Liang Y, Zhang Y, Pan X, Li J. Diosmetin alleviates benzo[ a]pyrene-exacerbated H1N1 influenza virus-induced acute lung injury and dysregulation of inflammation through modulation of the PPAR-γ-NF-κB/P38 MAPK signaling axis. Food Funct 2023; 14:3357-3378. [PMID: 36942763 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02590f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The severity of a viral respiratory illness was greatly exacerbated after exposure to a contaminant containing benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Flavonoid-rich fruit intake has gained intense interest due to their health-promoting benefits for viral respiratory diseases, including influenza viruses. In our study, diosmetin (3',5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone), a naturally occurring hydroxylated methoxyflavone that is abundant in Citrus fruits, was explored for its effects on B[a]P-exacerbated H1N1 influenza virus-mediated inflammation and lung injury. Initially, in vivo results demonstrated that diosmetin protected against H1N1 virus-elicited acute lung injury. Simultaneously, H1N1 virus or B[a]P-stimulated A549 cells treated with diosmetin inhibited NF-κB and P-P38 activation, resulting in suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis. Interestingly, diosmetin obviously promoted the expression of PPAR-γ as well as nuclear translocation of PPAR-γ, whereas, PPAR-γ inhibition by GW9662 weakened the inhibitory effects of diosmetin on H1N1 virus or B[a]P-mediated activation of NF-κB and P-P38, elevated expression of pro-inflammatory mediators as well as apoptosis. Furthermore, it was surprising to discover that mice exposed to both B[a]P and H1N1 viruses contributed to exacerbated acute lung injury, which were significantly ameliorated by diosmetin administration. In vitro studies showed that A549 cells with the combination of B[a]P and H1N1 virus augmented NF-κB and P-P38 activation, accompanied by higher levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and apoptosis, all of which were also significantly reduced by diosmetin treatment. Repressing PPAR-γ abrogated the inhibitory effects of diosmetin on B[a]P-exacerbated H1N1 virus-mediated NF-κB and P-P38 activation, inflammation, and apoptosis in A549 cells. Our findings suggest that diosmetin protected against B[a]P-exacerbated H1N1 virus-mediated lung injury by suppressing the exacerbation of NF-κB and P38 kinase activation in a PPAR-γ-dependent manner, suggesting potential benefits for B[a]P-exacerbated influenza-related illness therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beixian Zhou
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou 525200, China
| | | | - Sushan Yang
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou 525200, China
| | - Yueyun Liang
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou 525200, China
| | - Yuehan Zhang
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou 525200, China
| | | | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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DUYURAN R, GÜRBÜZ H, BAYRAKÇI S, ÇİÇEK H. Serum oxidant, antioxidant, and paraoxonase levels in COVID-19 patients. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.1167711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of his study was to determine serum oxidant status (TOS), antioxidant status (TAS), and paraoxonase (PON1) levels and to determine their diagnostic values in patients diagnosed with COVID-19.
Materials and Methods: The research was carried out on patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Within the scope of the study, a total of 87 patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19, 48 (55.1%) male and 39 (44.9%) were evaluated. Total antioxidant determination was performed using a microplate reader according to the Erel method. To calculate the Oxidative stress index (OSI), TOS and TAS levels were determined.
Results: Male gender was associated with high PON1, smoking with high TOS, the presence of hypertension and Diabetes mellitus (DM) diseases with low OSI, and the presence of asthma with low PON1. High PON1 was found to be associated with shorter hospitalization duration and high TOS was associated with longer hospitalization duration. TAS and TOS levels increased significantly due to the increase in CRP, TOS levels due to the increase in neutrophil level, OSI levels due to the increase in leukocyte level, PON1 levels increased due to the increase in LDH level TAS, TOS, OSI, and PON1 cut-off values were 1.41 (AUC: 0.647), 4.56 (AUC: 0.493), 0.421 (AUC: 0.505) and 340 (AUC: 0.536), sensitivity values were 65.5, 55.2, 48.3 and 51.7; specificity values were calculated respectively as 62.1, 46.6, 34.5 and 53.4.
Conclusion: Although it is seen that oxidative stress types have diagnostic value, there is a need for more comprehensive studies with larger samples on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hüseyin GÜRBÜZ
- 2. Dr. Ersin Arslan Training and Research Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine
| | - Sinem BAYRAKÇI
- 3. Dr. Ersin Arslan Training and Research Hospital, Department of Intensive Care
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Acar T, Ertekin B, Yortanli M. Value of thiol and ischemia modified albumin (IMA) in predicting mortality in serious COVID-19 pneumonia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12514. [PMID: 36573112 PMCID: PMC9771579 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Viral infections of the respiratory tract are generally related to many factors such as excessive production of cytokines, inflammation, cellular death, redox imbalance or oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine the serum levels of thiol and IMA in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia to evaluate oxidative stress. Study design This was a prospective, sectional cohort study conducted at a pandemics hospital between 01.01.2022 and 01.02.2022. Methods A total of 153 patients who had been confirmed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia in the emergency unit were prospectively analyzed. The control group was formed by 50 healthy volunteers with similar age and no chronic disease history. Thiol and IMA levels were statistically compared both in the patient and the control groups, and within the patient groups (survived and non-survival). Results While 96 out of 153 patients had survived, 57 patients had non-survival. There was a statistically significant distinction between the survived and non-survival patients with regard to Thiol and IMA levels (p < 0.001). The thiol levels in the patient group were significantly lower compared to the control group, and the IMA levels were significantly higher (p < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity and NPV were 70.2%, 86.5% and 83% when thiol cut-off value was ≤345.2 μmol/L (AUC: 0.886, p < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity and NPV were 70.2%, 85.4% and 82.8% when the IMA cut-off was >302.9 ABSU (AUC: 0.875, p < 0.001). Conclusions Our results demonstrate that thiol and IMA levels may be used as bioindicators for risk classification and mortality in patients with serious COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Acar
- Department of Emergency, University of Health Sciences, Beyhekim Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey,Corresponding author.
| | - Birsen Ertekin
- Department of Emergency, University of Health Sciences, Beyhekim Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yortanli
- Department of Emergency, Numune State Hospital, Konya, Turkey
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Saurabh A, Dey B, Raphael V, Barman B, Dev P, Tiewsoh I, Lyngdoh BS, Dutta K. Evaluation of Hematological Parameters in Predicting Intensive Care Unit Admission in COVID-19 Patients. SN COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL MEDICINE 2022; 4:39. [PMID: 35071985 PMCID: PMC8761838 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-021-01115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hematological parameters like total leukocyte count (TLC), neutrophil, lymphocyte, and absolute eosinophil counts (AEC), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) are known to predict the severity of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. In the present study, we aimed to study the role of complete blood count parameters in triaging these patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. A retrospective study was done over a period of 2 months. Patients, who were ≥ 18 years of age with COVID-19 confirmed on SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and whose routine hematology counts were sent within 24 h of admission, were included in the study. Cut-off values of 47.5 years for age, 11.3 × 109/L for TLC, and 9.1 for NLR were predictive of disease severity among COVID-19 patients. Relative neutrophilia ≥ 70% (p < 0.007), relative lymphopenia ≤ 20% (p < 0.002), AEC ≤ 40/cumm (p < 0.001), and NLR ≥ 9.1 (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with ICU admission. Routine hematological parameters are cost-effective and fast predictive markers for severe COVID-19 patients, especially in resource-constrained health care settings to utilize limited ICU resources more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Saurabh
- Department of Pathology, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, 793018 India
| | - Biswajit Dey
- Department of Pathology, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, 793018 India
| | - Vandana Raphael
- Department of Pathology, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, 793018 India
| | - Bhupen Barman
- Department of Internal Medicine, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, India
| | - Priyanka Dev
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, India
| | - Iadarilang Tiewsoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, India
| | - Bifica Sofia Lyngdoh
- Department of Pathology, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, 793018 India
| | - Kaustuv Dutta
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, India
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Inhibition of the Cell Uptake of Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Pseudoviruses by N-Acetylcysteine Irrespective of the Oxidoreductive Environment. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203313. [PMID: 36291178 PMCID: PMC9599975 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of SARS-CoV-2 spikes to the cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a crucial target both in the prevention and in the therapy of COVID-19. We explored the involvement of oxidoreductive mechanisms by investigating the effects of oxidants and antioxidants on virus uptake by ACE2-expressing cells of human origin (ACE2-HEK293). The cell uptake of pseudoviruses carrying the envelope of either Delta or Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated by means of a cytofluorimetric approach. The thiol N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) inhibited the uptake of both variants in a reproducible and dose-dependent fashion. Ascorbic acid showed modest effects. In contrast, neither hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) nor a system-generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the intracellular alterations produced by SARS-CoV-2, were able to affect the ability of either Delta or Omicron SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses to be internalized into ACE2-expressing cells. In addition, neither H2O2 nor the ROS generating system interfered with the ability of NAC to inhibit that mechanism. Moreover, based on previous studies, a preventive pharmacological approach with NAC would have the advantage of decreasing the risk of developing COVID-19, irrespective of its variants, and at the same time other respiratory viral infections and associated comorbidities.
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12
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Žarković N, Jastrząb A, Jarocka-Karpowicz I, Orehovec B, Baršić B, Tarle M, Kmet M, Lukšić I, Łuczaj W, Skrzydlewska E. The Impact of Severe COVID-19 on Plasma Antioxidants. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165323. [PMID: 36014561 PMCID: PMC9416063 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several studies suggested the association of COVID-19 with systemic oxidative stress, in particular with lipid peroxidation and vascular stress. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant signaling in the plasma of eighty-eight patients upon admission to the Clinical Hospital Dubrava in Zagreb, of which twenty-two died within a week, while the other recovered. The differences between the deceased and the survivors were found, especially in the reduction of superoxide dismutases (SOD-1 and SOD-2) activity, which was accompanied by the alteration in glutathione-dependent system and the intensification of the thioredoxin-dependent system. Reduced levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants, especially tocopherol, were also observed, which correlated with enhanced lipid peroxidation (determined by 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and neuroprostane levels) and oxidative modifications of proteins assessed as 4-HNE-protein adducts and carbonyl groups. These findings confirm the onset of systemic oxidative stress in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2, especially those who died from COVID-19, as manifested by strongly reduced tocopherol level and SOD activity associated with lipid peroxidation. Therefore, we propose that preventive and/or supplementary use of antioxidants, especially of lipophilic nature, could be beneficial for the treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neven Žarković
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress (LabOS), Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Jastrząb
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Iwona Jarocka-Karpowicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Biserka Orehovec
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bruno Baršić
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Tarle
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marta Kmet
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Lukšić
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Wojciech Łuczaj
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
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13
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Ciurkiewicz M, Armando F, Schreiner T, de Buhr N, Pilchová V, Krupp-Buzimikic V, Gabriel G, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Baumgärtner W, Schulz C, Gerhauser I. Ferrets are valuable models for SARS-CoV-2 research. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:661-672. [PMID: 35001763 PMCID: PMC9207987 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211071012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), resulted in an ongoing pandemic with millions of deaths worldwide. Infection of humans can be asymptomatic or result in fever, fatigue, dry cough, dyspnea, and acute respiratory distress syndrome with multiorgan failure in severe cases. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is not fully understood, and various models employing different species are currently applied. Ferrets can be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and efficiently transmit the virus to contact animals. In contrast to hamsters, ferrets usually show mild disease and viral replication restricted to the upper airways. Most reports have used the intranasal inoculation route, while the intratracheal infection model is not well characterized. Herein, we present clinical, virological, and pathological data from young ferrets intratracheally inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. Infected animals showed no significant clinical signs, and had transient infection with peak viral RNA loads at 4 days postinfection, mild to moderate rhinitis, and pulmonary endothelialitis/vasculitis. Viral antigen was exclusively found in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity, indicating a particular tropism for cells in this location. Viral antigen was associated with epithelial damage and influx of inflammatory cells, including activated neutrophils releasing neutrophil extracellular traps. Scanning electron microscopy of the nasal respiratory mucosa revealed loss of cilia, shedding, and rupture of epithelial cells. The currently established ferret SARS-CoV-2 infection models are comparatively discussed with SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in mink, and the advantages and disadvantages of both species as research models for zoonotic betacoronaviruses are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Armando
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tom Schreiner
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Veronika Pilchová
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Krupp-Buzimikic
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gülşah Gabriel
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Claudia Schulz
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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14
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Disengaging the COVID-19 Clutch as a Discerning Eye Over the Inflammatory Circuit During SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Inflammation 2022; 45:1875-1894. [PMID: 35639261 PMCID: PMC9153229 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and leads to multiorgan dysfunction. Mitochondrial dynamics are fundamental to protect against environmental insults, but they are highly susceptible to viral infections. Defective mitochondria are potential sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Infection with SARS-CoV-2 damages mitochondria, alters autophagy, reduces nitric oxide (NO), and increases both nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOX) and ROS. Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibited activated toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD-), leucine-rich repeat (LRR-), pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. The activation of TLRs and NLRP3 by SARS‐CoV‐2 induces interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, IL-18, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Herein, we outline the inflammatory circuit of COVID-19 and what occurs behind the scene, the interplay of NOX/ROS and their role in hypoxia and thrombosis, and the important role of ROS scavengers to reduce COVID-19-related inflammation.
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15
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Gümüş H, Erat T, Öztürk İ, Demir A, Koyuncu I. Oxidative stress and decreased Nrf2 level in pediatric patients with COVID-19. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2259-2264. [PMID: 35128704 PMCID: PMC9088523 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the change in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), which plays a critical role in cytoprotection against oxidative stress, in pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection positivity, and to evaluate the relationship between Nrf2 and oxidative balance. The study included 40 children with confirmed COVID-19 infection and 35 healthy children. The groups were compared in respect of Nrf2, total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), and oxidative stress index (OSI), in addition to clinical findings of fever, cough, shortness of breath, contact history, and demographic data of age and gender. The mean Nrf2 values and TAS levels were determined to be statistically significantly low (p < 0.001) and the TOS level and OSI were statistically significantly high in the children with COVID-19 compared to the control group. A significant positive correlation was determined between Nrf2 and TAS (p < 0.01); as the Nrf2 value increased, so the TAS value increased. A significant negative correlation was determined between Nrf2 and TOS and OSI (p < 0.01); as the Nrf2 value increased, there was determined to be a significant decrease in the TOS and OSI values. COVID-19 infection in pediatric patients causes a decrease in the Nrf2 level. By causing a decrease in the TAS level and an increase in the TOS and OSI levels, the decrease in Nrf2 may explain the tissue damage which can be caused by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Gümüş
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineHarran UniversityŞanlıurfaTurkey
| | - Tuğba Erat
- Department of Pediatric Infectious DiseasesSanliurfa Training and Research HospitalŞanlıurfaTurkey
| | - İrfan Öztürk
- Department of Animal Science, Biometry Genetics Unit, Agricultural FacultyHarran UniversityŞanlıurfaTurkey
| | - Abit Demir
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Harran UniversityHarran UniversityŞanlıurfaTurkey
| | - Ismail Koyuncu
- Department of Medical BiochemistryFaculty of Medicine, Harran UniversityŞanlıurfaTurkey
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16
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Goto N, Suzuki H, Tanaka T, Asano T, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Development of a Monoclonal Antibody PMab-292 Against Ferret Podoplanin. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2022; 41:101-109. [PMID: 35471053 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2021.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) have been used as small animal models to investigate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) infections. Pathological analyses of these tissue samples, including those of the lung, are, therefore, essential to understand the pathogenesis of SARS-CoVs and evaluate the action of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against this disease. However, mAbs that recognize ferret-derived proteins and distinguish between specific cell types, such as lung epithelial cells, are limited. Podoplanin (PDPN) has been identified as an essential marker in lung type I alveolar epithelial cells, kidney podocytes, and lymphatic endothelial cells. In this study, an anti-ferret PDPN (ferPDPN) mAb PMab-292 (mouse IgG1, kappa) was established using the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening (CBIS) method. PMab-292 recognized ferPDPN-overexpressed Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO/ferPDPN) cells by flow cytometry and Western blotting. The kinetic analysis using flow cytometry showed that the KD of PMab-292 for CHO/ferPDPN was 3.4 × 10-8 M. Furthermore, PMab-292 detected lung type I alveolar epithelial cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, and glomerular/Bowman's capsule in the kidney using immunohistochemistry. Hence, these results propose the usefulness of PMab-292 in analyzing ferret-derived tissues for SARS-CoV-2 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nohara Goto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teizo Asano
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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17
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Chien RC, Sorensen NJ, Payton ME, Confer AW. Comparative Histopathology of Bovine Acute Interstitial Pneumonia and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Interstitial Pneumonia. J Comp Pathol 2022; 192:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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A comparison of the features of RT-PCR positive and negative COVID-19 pneumonia patients in the intensive care unit. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.961334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Taşlı NP, Gönen ZB, Kırbaş OK, Gökdemir NS, Bozkurt BT, Bayrakcı B, Sağraç D, Taşkan E, Demir S, Ekimci Gürcan N, Bayındır Bilgiç M, Bayrak ÖF, Yetişkin H, Kaplan B, Pavel STI, Dinç G, Serhatlı M, Çakırca G, Eken A, Aslan V, Yay M, Karakukcu M, Unal E, Gül F, Basaran KE, Ozkul Y, Şahin F, Jones OY, Tekin Ş, Özdarendeli A, Cetin M. Preclinical Studies on Convalescent Human Immune Plasma-Derived Exosome: Omics and Antiviral Properties to SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:824378. [PMID: 35401544 PMCID: PMC8987587 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.824378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The scale of the COVID-19 pandemic forced urgent measures for the development of new therapeutics. One of these strategies is the use of convalescent plasma (CP) as a conventional source for passive immunity. Recently, there has been interest in CP-derived exosomes. In this report, we present a structural, biochemical, and biological characterization of our proprietary product, convalescent human immune plasma-derived exosome (ChipEXO), following the guidelines set forth by the Turkish Ministry of Health and the Turkish Red Crescent, the Good Manufacturing Practice, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles, and the Gene Ontology Consortium. The data support the safety and efficacy of this product against SARS-CoV-2 infections in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeynep Burçin Gönen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Genome and Stem Cell Centre, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Nur Seda Gökdemir
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Genome and Stem Cell Centre, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Buse Bayrakcı
- Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Sağraç
- Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Taşkan
- Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevda Demir
- Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Hazel Yetişkin
- Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Vaccine Research and Development Application and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Büşra Kaplan
- Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Vaccine Research and Development Application and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Shaikh Terkıs Islam Pavel
- Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Vaccine Research and Development Application and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gökçen Dinç
- Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Müge Serhatlı
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBITAK) Marmara Research Centre Energy Institute, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gamze Çakırca
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBITAK) Marmara Research Centre Energy Institute, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Eken
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Gevher Nesibe Genome and Stem Cell Institute, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Vedat Aslan
- Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yay
- Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Musa Karakukcu
- Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Unal
- Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fethi Gül
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kemal Erdem Basaran
- Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Gevher Nesibe Genome and Stem Cell Institute, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Ozkul
- Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Gevher Nesibe Genome and Stem Cell Institute, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Şahin
- Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Olcay Y Jones
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Şaban Tekin
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBITAK) Marmara Research Centre Energy Institute, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Medical Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aykut Özdarendeli
- Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Vaccine Research and Development Application and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Cetin
- Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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20
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Tripathi G, Sharma N, Bindal V, Yadav M, Mathew B, Sharma S, Gupta E, Singh Maras J, Sarin SK. Protocol for global proteome, virome, and metaproteome profiling of respiratory specimen (VTM) in COVID-19 patient by LC-MS/MS-based analysis. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101045. [PMID: 34870243 PMCID: PMC8626227 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In this protocol, we describe global proteome profiling for the respiratory specimen of COVID-19 patients, patients suspected with COVID-19, and H1N1 patients. In this protocol, details for identifying host, viral, or bacterial proteome (Meta-proteome) are provided. Major steps of the protocol include virus inactivation, protein quantification and digestion, desalting of peptides, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based analysis, and downstream bioinformatics analysis. For complete details on the use and execution of this profile, please refer to Maras et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Nupur Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Vasundhra Bindal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Manisha Yadav
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Babu Mathew
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Shvetank Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Ekta Gupta
- Department of Virology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jaswinder Singh Maras
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
- Corresponding author
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Corresponding author
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21
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Rolfo A, Cosma S, Nuzzo AM, Salio C, Moretti L, Sassoè-Pognetto M, Carosso AR, Borella F, Cutrin JC, Benedetto C. Increased Placental Anti-Oxidant Response in Asymptomatic and Symptomatic COVID-19 Third-Trimester Pregnancies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030634. [PMID: 35327436 PMCID: PMC8945802 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) -induced Oxidative Stress (OxS) being well documented in different organs, the molecular pathways underlying placental OxS in late-pregnancy women with SARS-CoV-2 infection are poorly understood. Herein, we performed an observational study to determine whether placentae of women testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the third trimester of pregnancy showed redox-related alterations involving Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) antioxidant enzymes as well as placenta morphological anomalies relative to a cohort of healthy pregnant women. Next, we evaluated if placental redox-related alterations and mitochondria pathological changes were correlated with the presence of maternal symptoms. We observed ultrastructural alterations of placental mitochondria accompanied by increased levels of oxidative stress markers Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) and Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 α (HIF-1α) in SARS-CoV-2 women during the third trimester of pregnancy. Importantly, we found an increase in placental CAT and SOD antioxidant enzymes accompanied by physiological neonatal outcomes. Our findings strongly suggest a placenta-mediated OxS inhibition in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, thus contrasting the cytotoxic profile caused by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rolfo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.R.); (A.M.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Stefano Cosma
- Gynecology and Obstetrics 1, Department of Surgical Sciences, City of Health and Science, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (S.C.); (A.R.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Anna Maria Nuzzo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.R.); (A.M.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Chiara Salio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Laura Moretti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.R.); (A.M.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Marco Sassoè-Pognetto
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Andrea Roberto Carosso
- Gynecology and Obstetrics 1, Department of Surgical Sciences, City of Health and Science, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (S.C.); (A.R.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Fulvio Borella
- Gynecology and Obstetrics 1, Department of Surgical Sciences, City of Health and Science, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (S.C.); (A.R.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Juan Carlos Cutrin
- Center of Imaging Molecular, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Sciences for the Health, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: (J.C.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Chiara Benedetto
- Gynecology and Obstetrics 1, Department of Surgical Sciences, City of Health and Science, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (S.C.); (A.R.C.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.C.); (C.B.)
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22
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Aydin O, Kaynak MO, Sabuncuoglu S, Girgin G, Oygar PD, Ozsurekci Y, Teksam O. The Effects of COVID-19 on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense Mechanism in Children. J PEDIAT INF DIS-GER 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1743577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective Oxidative stress and antioxidants play an important role in infections' response. We aimed to investigate the potential association between oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.
Methods We analyzed oxidant and antioxidant parameters from serum samples of children with novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) besides demographic and clinical data of children. Serum levels of the 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), protein carbonyl (CO), malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme activities were evaluated and compared between groups.
Discussion A total of 96 children were evaluated, including 32 patients with confirmed COVID-19 (group 1), 35 patients with symptomatic infections without COVID-19 (group 2), and 29 healthy patients as a control group (group 3). Group 1 included 7 (21.8%) asymptomatic, 22 (68.7%) mild, and 3 (9.5%) moderate patients according to the severity of the disease. In all groups, there were no significant differences in oxidative stress and antioxidant parameter levels (p > 0.05). Furthermore, no statistical difference was found when the parameters of patients with COVID-19 and healthy children were evaluated according to disease course.
Conclusion Serum levels of oxidant and antioxidant parameters were similar in children infected with SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious agents. However, further studies, including children with severe to critical disease, are necessary to characterize the oxidative stress, antioxidants, cytokine responses in COVID-19, and elucidate the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkun Aydin
- Division of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa O. Kaynak
- Division of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suna Sabuncuoglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gozde Girgin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pembe D. Oygar
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Ozsurekci
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Teksam
- Division of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Wyatt KD, Sarr D, Sakamoto K, Watford WT. Influenza-induced Tpl2 expression within alveolar epithelial cells is dispensable for host viral control and anti-viral immunity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262832. [PMID: 35051238 PMCID: PMC8775564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates the expression of inflammatory mediators in response to Toll-like receptors (TLR) and cytokine receptors. Global ablation of Tpl2 leads to severe disease in response to influenza A virus (IAV) infection, characterized by respiratory distress, and studies in bone marrow chimeric mice implicated Tpl2 in non-hematopoietic cells. Lung epithelial cells are primary targets and replicative niches of influenza viruses; however, the specific regulation of antiviral responses by Tpl2 within lung epithelial cells has not been investigated. Herein, we show that Tpl2 is basally expressed in primary airway epithelial cells and that its expression increases in both type I and type II airway epithelial cells (AECI and AECII) in response to influenza infection. We used Nkx2.1-cre to drive Tpl2 deletion within pulmonary epithelial cells to delineate epithelial cell-specific functions of Tpl2 during influenza infection in mice. Although modest increases in morbidity and mortality were attributed to cre-dependent deletion in lung epithelial cells, no alterations in host cytokine production or lung pathology were observed. In vitro, Tpl2 inhibition within the type I airway epithelial cell line, LET1, as well as genetic ablation in primary airway epithelial cells did not alter cytokine production. Overall, these findings establish that Tpl2-dependent defects in cells other than AECs are primarily responsible for the morbidity and mortality seen in influenza-infected mice with global Tpl2 ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara D. Wyatt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Demba Sarr
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wendy T. Watford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bellanti F, Lo Buglio A, Vendemiale G. Redox Homeostasis and Immune Alterations in Coronavirus Disease-19. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:159. [PMID: 35205026 PMCID: PMC8869285 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The global Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is characterized by a wide variety of clinical features, from no or moderate symptoms to severe illness. COVID-19 is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that first affects the respiratory tract. Other than being limited to lungs, SARS-CoV-2 may lead to a multisystem disease that can even be durable (long COVID). The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 depends on variability in the immune regulation. Indeed, disease progression is consequent to failure in the immune regulation, characterized by an intensification of the pro-inflammatory response. Disturbance of systemic and organ-related redox balance may be a further mechanism underlying variability in COVID-19 severity. Other than being determinant for SARS-CoV-2 entry and fusion to the host cell, reactive species and redox signaling are deeply involved in the immune response. This review sums up the present knowledge on the role of redox balance in the regulation of susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and related immune response, debating the effectiveness of antioxidant compounds in the management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (A.L.B.); (G.V.)
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Montenegro-Landívar MF, Tapia-Quirós P, Vecino X, Reig M, Valderrama C, Granados M, Cortina JL, Saurina J. Polyphenols and their potential role to fight viral diseases: An overview. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149719. [PMID: 34438146 PMCID: PMC8373592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fruits, vegetables, spices, and herbs are a potential source of phenolic acids and polyphenols. These compounds are known as natural by-products or secondary metabolites of plants, which are present in the daily diet and provide important benefits to the human body such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-allergic, antihypertensive and antiviral properties, among others. Plentiful evidence has been provided on the great potential of polyphenols against different viruses that cause widespread health problems. As a result, this review focuses on the potential antiviral properties of some polyphenols and their action mechanism against various types of viruses such as coronaviruses, influenza, herpes simplex, dengue fever, and rotavirus, among others. Also, it is important to highlight the relationship between antiviral and antioxidant activities that can contribute to the protection of cells and tissues of the human body. The wide variety of action mechanisms of antiviral agents, such as polyphenols, against viral infections could be applied as a treatment or prevention strategy; but at the same time, antiviral polyphenols could be used to produce natural antiviral drugs. A recent example of an antiviral polyphenol application deals with the use of hesperidin extracted from Citrus sinensis. The action mechanism of hesperidin relies on its binding to the key entry or spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Finally, the extraction, purification and recovery of polyphenols with potential antiviral activity, which are essential for virus replication and infection without side-effects, have been critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Montenegro-Landívar
- Chemical Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)-BarcelonaTECH, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paulina Tapia-Quirós
- Chemical Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)-BarcelonaTECH, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xanel Vecino
- Chemical Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)-BarcelonaTECH, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Chemical Engineering Department, School of Industrial Engineering-CINTECX, University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Mònica Reig
- Chemical Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)-BarcelonaTECH, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
| | - César Valderrama
- Chemical Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)-BarcelonaTECH, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Granados
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Cortina
- Chemical Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)-BarcelonaTECH, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; CETAQUA, Carretera d'Esplugues, 75, 08940 Cornellà de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Javier Saurina
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Rajak P, Roy S, Dutta M, Podder S, Sarkar S, Ganguly A, Mandi M, Khatun S. Understanding the cross-talk between mediators of infertility and COVID-19. Reprod Biol 2021; 21:100559. [PMID: 34547545 PMCID: PMC8407955 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is the ongoing health emergency affecting individuals of all ages around the globe. Initially, the infection was reported to affect pulmonary structures. However, recent studies have delineated the impacts of COVID-19 on the reproductive system of both men and women. Hence, the present review aims to shed light on the distribution of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors in various reproductive organs. In addition, impacts of COVID-19 mediators like disrupted renin angiotensin system, oxidative stress, cytokine storm, fever, and the mental stress on reproductive physiology have also been discussed. For the present study, various keywords were used to search literature on PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. Articles were screened for relevancy and were studied in detail for qualitative synthesis of the review. Through our literature review, we found a multitude of effects of COVID-19 mediators on reproductive systems. Studies reported expression of receptors like ACE-2, TMPRSS2, and CD147 in the testes, epididymis, prostrate, seminal vesicles, and ovarian follicles. These proteins are known to serve as major SARS-CoV-2 entry factors. The expression of lysosomal cathepsins (CTSB/CTSL) and/ neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) are also evident in the testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles, fallopian tube, cervix, and endometrium. The binding of viral spike protein with ACE-2 was found to alter the renin-angiotensin cascade, which could invite additional infertility problems. Furthermore, COVID-19 mediated cytokine storm, oxidative stress, and elevated body temperature could be detrimental to gametogenesis, steroidogenesis, and reproductive cycles in patients. Finally, social isolation, confinement, and job insecurities have fueled mental stress and frustration that might promote glucocorticoid-mediated subnormal sperm quality in men and higher risk of miscarriage in women. Hence, the influence of COVID-19 on the alteration of reproductive health and fertility is quite apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Rajak
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sumedha Roy
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sayanti Podder
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saurabh Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, Gushkara Mahavidyalaya, Gushkara, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhratanu Ganguly
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, A.B.N. Seal College, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | - Moutushi Mandi
- Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Salma Khatun
- Department of Zoology, Krishna Chandra College, Hetampur, West Bengal, India
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Alshammary AF, Al-Sulaiman AM. The journey of SARS-CoV-2 in human hosts: a review of immune responses, immunosuppression, and their consequences. Virulence 2021; 12:1771-1794. [PMID: 34251989 PMCID: PMC8276660 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1929800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Laboratory findings from a significant number of patients with COVID-19 indicate the occurrence of leukocytopenia, specifically lymphocytopenia. Moreover, infected patients can experience contrasting outcomes depending on lymphocytopenia status. Patients with resolved lymphocytopenia are more likely to recover, whereas critically ill patients with signs of unresolved lymphocytopenia develop severe complications, sometimes culminating in death. Why immunodepression manifests in patients with COVID-19 remains unclear. Therefore, the evaluation of clinical symptoms and laboratory findings from infected patients is critical for understanding the disease course and its consequences. In this review, we take a logical approach to unravel the reasons for immunodepression in patients with COVID-19. Following the footprints of the virus within host tissues, from entry to exit, we extrapolate the mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of immunodepression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal F. Alshammary
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Serrano Fernández L, Ruiz Iturriaga LA, España Yandiola PP, Méndez Ocaña R, Pérez Fernández S, Tabernero Huget E, Uranga Echeverria A, Gonzalez Jimenez P, García Hontoria P, Torres Martí A, Menendez Villanueva R, Zalacain Jorge R. Bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia and SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: differences and similarities. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 115:39-47. [PMID: 34800689 PMCID: PMC8598257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse differences in clinical presentation and outcome between bacteraemic pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (B-PCAP) and sSvere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia. METHODS This observational multi-centre study was conducted on patients hospitalized with B-PCAP between 2000 and 2020 and SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in 2020. Thirty-day survival, predictors of mortality, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission were compared. RESULTS In total, 663 patients with B-PCAP and 1561 patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia were included in this study. Patients with B-PCAP had more severe disease, a higher ICU admission rate and more complications. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia had higher in-hospital mortality (10.8% vs 6.8%; P=0.004). Among patients admitted to the ICU, the need for invasive mechanical ventilation (69.7% vs 36.2%; P<0.001) and mortality were higher in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. In patients with B-PCAP, the predictive model found associations between mortality and systemic complications (hyponatraemia, septic shock and neurological complications), lower respiratory reserve and tachypnoea; chest pain and purulent sputum were protective factors in these patients. In patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, mortality was associated with previous liver and cardiac disease, advanced age, altered mental status, tachypnoea, hypoxaemia, bilateral involvement, pleural effusion, septic shock, neutrophilia and high blood urea nitrogen; in contrast, ≥7 days of symptoms was a protective factor in these patients. In-hospital mortality occurred earlier in patients with B-PCAP. CONCLUSIONS Although B-PCAP was associated with more severe disease and a higher ICU admission rate, the mortality rate was higher for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and deaths occurred later. New prognostic scales and more effective treatments are needed for patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Serrano Fernández
- Pneumology Service, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain; Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Luis Alberto Ruiz Iturriaga
- Pneumology Service, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain; Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | | | - Raúl Méndez Ocaña
- Pneumology Service, Hospital Universitari i politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Silvia Pérez Fernández
- Bioinformatics and Statistics Unit, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo. Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Eva Tabernero Huget
- Pneumology Service, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Ane Uranga Echeverria
- Pneumology Service, Hospital Universitario Galdakao-Usansolo, Galdakao, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Paula Gonzalez Jimenez
- Pneumology Service, Hospital Universitari i politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | - Antoni Torres Martí
- Pneumology Service, Hospital Clinic/Institut D´Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rosario Menendez Villanueva
- Pneumology Service, Hospital Universitari i politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
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Endothelial Dysfunction through Oxidatively Generated Epigenetic Mark in Respiratory Viral Infections. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113067. [PMID: 34831290 PMCID: PMC8623825 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bronchial vascular endothelial network plays important roles in pulmonary pathology during respiratory viral infections, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A(H1N1) and importantly SARS-Cov-2. All of these infections can be severe and even lethal in patients with underlying risk factors.A major obstacle in disease prevention is the lack of appropriate efficacious vaccine(s) due to continuous changes in the encoding capacity of the viral genome, exuberant responsiveness of the host immune system and lack of effective antiviral drugs. Current management of these severe respiratory viral infections is limited to supportive clinical care. The primary cause of morbidity and mortality is respiratory failure, partially due to endothelial pulmonary complications, including edema. The latter is induced by the loss of alveolar epithelium integrity and by pathological changes in the endothelial vascular network that regulates blood flow, blood fluidity, exchange of fluids, electrolytes, various macromolecules and responses to signals triggered by oxygenation, and controls trafficking of leukocyte immune cells. This overview outlines the latest understanding of the implications of pulmonary vascular endothelium involvement in respiratory distress syndrome secondary to viral infections. In addition, the roles of infection-induced cytokines, growth factors, and epigenetic reprogramming in endothelial permeability, as well as emerging treatment options to decrease disease burden, are discussed.
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Muhammad W, Zhai Z, Wang S, Gao C. Inflammation-modulating nanoparticles for pneumonia therapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 14:e1763. [PMID: 34713969 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia is a common but serious infectious disease, and is the sixth leading cause for death. The foreign pathogens such as viruses, fungi, and bacteria establish an inflammation response after interaction with lung, leading to the filling of bronchioles and alveoli with fluids. Although the pharmacotherapies have shown their great effectiveness to combat pathogens, advanced methods are under developing to treat complicated cases such as virus-infection and lung inflammation or acute lung injury (ALI). The inflammation modulation nanoparticles (NPs) can effectively suppress immune cells and inhibit inflammatory molecules in the lung site, and thereby alleviate pneumonia and ALI. In this review, the pathological inflammatory microenvironments in pneumonia, which are instructive for the design of biomaterials therapy, are summarized. The focus is then paid to the inflammation-modulating NPs that modulate the inflammatory cells, cytokines and chemokines, and microenvironments of pneumonia for better therapeutic effects. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Respiratory Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wali Muhammad
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zihe Zhai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuqin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Stute NL, Stickford JL, Province VM, Augenreich MA, Ratchford SM, Stickford ASL. COVID-19 is getting on our nerves: sympathetic neural activity and haemodynamics in young adults recovering from SARS-CoV-2. J Physiol 2021; 599:4269-4285. [PMID: 34174086 PMCID: PMC8447023 DOI: 10.1113/jp281888#support-information-section] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on autonomic and cardiovascular function in otherwise healthy individuals is unknown. For the first time it is shown that young adults recovering from SARS-CoV-2 have elevated resting sympathetic activity, but similar heart rate and blood pressure, compared with control subjects. Survivors of SARS-CoV-2 also exhibit similar sympathetic nerve activity and haemodynamics, but decreased pain perception, during a cold pressor test compared with healthy controls. Further, these individuals display higher sympathetic nerve activity throughout an orthostatic challenge, as well as an exaggerated heart rate response to orthostasis. If similar autonomic dysregulation, like that found here in young individuals, is present in older adults following SARS-CoV-2 infection, there may be substantial adverse implications for cardiovascular health. ABSTRACT The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can elicit systemic adverse physiological effects. However, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on autonomic and cardiovascular function in otherwise healthy individuals remains unclear. Young adults who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (COV+; n = 16, 8 F) visited the laboratory 35 ± 16 days following diagnosis. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, and heart rate (HR) were measured in participants at rest and during a 2 min cold pressor test (CPT) and 5 min each at 30° and 60° head-up tilt (HUT). Data were compared with age-matched healthy controls (CON; n = 14, 9 F). COV+ participants (18.2 ± 6.6 bursts min-1 ) had higher resting MSNA burst frequency compared with CON (12.7 ± 3.4 bursts min-1 ) (P = 0.020), as well as higher MSNA burst incidence and total activity. Resting HR, SBP and DBP were not different. During CPT, there were no differences in MSNA, HR, SBP or DBP between groups. COV+ participants reported less pain during the CPT compared with CON (5.7 ± 1.8 vs. 7.2 ± 1.9 a.u., P = 0.036). MSNA was higher in COV+ compared with CON during HUT. There was a group-by-position interaction in MSNA burst incidence, as well as HR, in response to HUT. These results indicate resting sympathetic activity, but not HR or BP, may be elevated following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further, cardiovascular and perceptual responses to physiological stress may be altered, including both exaggerated (orthostasis) and suppressed (pain perception) responses, compared with healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L. Stute
- Department of Health & Exercise ScienceAppalachian State UniversityBooneNCUSA
| | | | - Valesha M. Province
- Department of Health & Exercise ScienceAppalachian State UniversityBooneNCUSA
| | - Marc A. Augenreich
- Department of Health & Exercise ScienceAppalachian State UniversityBooneNCUSA
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32
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Rudd JM, Tamil Selvan M, Cowan S, Kao YF, Midkiff CC, Narayanan S, Ramachandran A, Ritchey JW, Miller CA. Clinical and Histopathologic Features of a Feline SARS-CoV-2 Infection Model Are Analogous to Acute COVID-19 in Humans. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081550. [PMID: 34452415 PMCID: PMC8402899 DOI: 10.3390/v13081550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and ensuing dominance of COVID-19 on the world stage has emphasized the urgency of efficient animal models for the development of therapeutics for and assessment of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Shortcomings of current animal models for SARS-CoV-2 include limited lower respiratory disease, divergence from clinical COVID-19 disease, and requirements for host genetic modifications to permit infection. In this study, n = 12 specific-pathogen-free domestic cats were infected intratracheally with SARS-CoV-2 to evaluate clinical disease, histopathologic lesions, and viral infection kinetics at 4 and 8 days post-inoculation; n = 6 sham-inoculated cats served as controls. Intratracheal inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 produced a significant degree of clinical disease (lethargy, fever, dyspnea, and dry cough) consistent with that observed in the early exudative phase of COVID-19. Pulmonary lesions such as diffuse alveolar damage, hyaline membrane formation, fibrin deposition, and proteinaceous exudates were also observed with SARS-CoV-2 infection, replicating lesions identified in people hospitalized with ARDS from COVID-19. A significant correlation was observed between the degree of clinical disease identified in infected cats and pulmonary lesions. Viral loads and ACE2 expression were also quantified in nasal turbinates, distal trachea, lungs, and other organs. Results of this study validate a feline model for SARS-CoV-2 infection that results in clinical disease and histopathologic lesions consistent with acute COVID-19 in humans, thus encouraging its use for future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Rudd
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.T.S.); (S.C.); (Y.-F.K.); (J.W.R.)
| | - Miruthula Tamil Selvan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.T.S.); (S.C.); (Y.-F.K.); (J.W.R.)
| | - Shannon Cowan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.T.S.); (S.C.); (Y.-F.K.); (J.W.R.)
| | - Yun-Fan Kao
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.T.S.); (S.C.); (Y.-F.K.); (J.W.R.)
| | - Cecily C. Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Sai Narayanan
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (S.N.); (A.R.)
| | - Akhilesh Ramachandran
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (S.N.); (A.R.)
| | - Jerry W. Ritchey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.T.S.); (S.C.); (Y.-F.K.); (J.W.R.)
| | - Craig A. Miller
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.T.S.); (S.C.); (Y.-F.K.); (J.W.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Petrushevska M, Zendelovska D, Atanasovska E, Eftimov A, Spasovska K. Presentation of cytokine profile in relation to oxidative stress parameters in patients with severe COVID-19: a case-control pilot study. F1000Res 2021; 10:719. [PMID: 34868558 PMCID: PMC8603313 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.55166.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: COVID-19 can be worsened by hyper-production of cytokines accompanied by increased level of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between a set of cytokines and the markers of the oxidative stress. Methods: The levels of cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL8, IL-10, VEGF, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1α, MCP-1 and EGF were determined by using High Sensitivity Evidence Investigator™ Biochip Array technology. The oxidative stress parameters (d-ROM, PAT, OS index) were measured in serum on FRAS5 analytical photometric system. Results: IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, VEGF, MCP-1 and EGF were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the patients with severe COVID-19 with increased levels of IL-2, IFN-y, TNF-α and IL-1α. The d-ROM, OS index, and PAT were significantly higher (p<0.05) in severe COVID-19 patients. IL-6 demonstrated the strongest correlation with all of the markers of the oxidative stress, d-ROM (r=0.9725, p=0.0001), PAT (r=0.5000, p=0.0001) and OS index (r=0.9593, p=0.012). Similar behavior was evidenced between IFN-y and d-ROM (r=0.4006, p=0.0001), PAT (r=0.6030, p=0.0001) and OS index (r=0.4298, p=0.012). Conclusion: The oxidative stress markers show good correlation with the tested cytokines which can be measured at the beginning of the disease in a primary care setting to predict the course of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Petrushevska
- Institute of preclinical and clinical pharmacology and toxicology, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Medicine, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Dragica Zendelovska
- Institute of preclinical and clinical pharmacology and toxicology, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Medicine, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Emilija Atanasovska
- Institute of preclinical and clinical pharmacology and toxicology, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Medicine, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Aleksandar Eftimov
- Institute of pathology, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Medicine, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Katerina Spasovska
- University Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia
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Petrushevska M, Zendelovska D, Atanasovska E, Eftimov A, Spasovska K. Presentation of cytokine profile in relation to oxidative stress parameters in patients with severe COVID-19: an observational pilot study. F1000Res 2021; 10:719. [PMID: 34868558 PMCID: PMC8603313 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.55166.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: COVID-19 can be worsened by hyper-production of cytokines accompanied by increased level of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between a set of cytokines and the markers of the oxidative stress. Methods: The levels of cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL8, IL-10, VEGF, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1α, MCP-1 and EGF were determined by using High Sensitivity Evidence Investigator™ Biochip Array technology. The oxidative stress parameters (d-ROM, PAT, OS index) were measured in serum on FRAS5 analytical photometric system. Results: IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, VEGF, MCP-1 and EGF were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the patients with severe COVID-19 with increased levels of IL-2, IFN-g, TNF-a and IL-1α. The d-ROM, OS index, and PAT were significantly higher (p<0.05) in severe COVID-19 patients. IL-6 demonstrated the strongest correlation with all of the markers of the oxidative stress, d-ROM (r=0.9725, p=0.0001), PAT (r=0.5000, p=0.0001) and OS index (r=0.9593, p=0.012). Similar behavior was evidenced between IFN-g and d-ROM (r=0.4006, p=0.0001), PAT (r=0.6030, p=0.0001) and OS index (r=0.4298, p=0.012). Conclusion: The oxidative stress markers show good correlation with the tested cytokines which can be measured at the beginning of the disease in a primary care setting to predict the course of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Petrushevska
- Institute of preclinical and clinical pharmacology and toxicology, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Medicine, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Dragica Zendelovska
- Institute of preclinical and clinical pharmacology and toxicology, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Medicine, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Emilija Atanasovska
- Institute of preclinical and clinical pharmacology and toxicology, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Medicine, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Aleksandar Eftimov
- Institute of pathology, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Medicine, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Katerina Spasovska
- University Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia
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Daskaya H, Yilmaz S, Uysal H, Calim M, Sümbül B, Yurtsever I, Karaaslan K. Usefulness of oxidative stress marker evaluation at admission to the intensive care unit in patients with COVID-19. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211027733. [PMID: 34310245 PMCID: PMC8320569 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211027733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Two critical processes in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic involve assessing patients' intensive care needs and predicting disease progression during patients' intensive care unit (ICU) stay. We aimed to evaluate oxidative stress marker status at ICU admission and ICU discharge status in patients with COVID-19. METHODS We included patients in a tertiary referral center ICU during June-December 2020. Scores of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), and clinical severity, radiologic scores, and healthy discharge status were noted. We collected peripheral blood samples at ICU admission to evaluate total antioxidants, total oxidants, catalase, and myeloperoxidase levels. RESULTS Thirty-one (24 male, 7 female) patients were included. At ICU admission, patients' mean APACHE II score at ICU admission was 17.61 ± 8.9; the mean SOFA score was 6.29 ± 3.16. There was no significant relationship between clinical severity and oxidative stress (OS) markers nor between radiological imaging and COVID-19 data classification and OS levels. Differences in OS levels between patients with healthy and exitus discharge status were not significant. CONCLUSIONS We found no significant relationship between oxidative stress marker status in patients with COVID-19 at ICU admission and patients' ICU discharge status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayrettin Daskaya
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Bezmialem Vakif University, Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinan Yilmaz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Bezmialem Vakif University, Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Harun Uysal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Bezmialem Vakif University, Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhittin Calim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Bezmialem Vakif University, Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilge Sümbül
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Yurtsever
- Department of Radiology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kazım Karaaslan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Bezmialem Vakif University, Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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Schoeman D, Fielding BC. Human Coronaviruses: Counteracting the Damage by Storm. Viruses 2021; 13:1457. [PMID: 34452323 PMCID: PMC8402835 DOI: 10.3390/v13081457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 18 years, three highly pathogenic human (h) coronaviruses (CoVs) have caused severe outbreaks, the most recent causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, being the first to cause a pandemic. Although much progress has been made since the COVID-19 pandemic started, much about SARS-CoV-2 and its disease, COVID-19, is still poorly understood. The highly pathogenic hCoVs differ in some respects, but also share some similarities in clinical presentation, the risk factors associated with severe disease, and the characteristic immunopathology associated with the progression to severe disease. This review aims to highlight these overlapping aspects of the highly pathogenic hCoVs-SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2-briefly discussing the importance of an appropriately regulated immune response; how the immune response to these highly pathogenic hCoVs might be dysregulated through interferon (IFN) inhibition, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA); and how these could link to the ensuing cytokine storm. The treatment approaches to highly pathogenic hCoV infections are discussed and it is suggested that a greater focus be placed on T-cell vaccines that elicit a cell-mediated immune response, using rapamycin as a potential agent to improve vaccine responses in the elderly and obese, and the potential of stapled peptides as antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Burtram C. Fielding
- Molecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
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Stute NL, Stickford ASL, Stickford JL, Province VM, Augenreich MA, Bunsawat K, Alpenglow JK, Wray DW, Ratchford SM. Altered central and peripheral haemodynamics during rhythmic handgrip exercise in young adults with SARS-CoV-2. Exp Physiol 2021; 107:708-721. [PMID: 34311498 PMCID: PMC8447425 DOI: 10.1113/ep089820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
New Findings What is the central question of this study? Are central and peripheral haemodynamics during handgrip exercise different in young adults 3–4 weeks following infection with of SARS‐CoV‐2 compared with young healthy adults. What is the main finding and its importance? Exercising heart rate was higher while brachial artery blood flow and vascular conductance were lower in the SARS‐CoV‐2 compared with the control group. These findings provide evidence for peripheral impairments to exercise among adults with SARS‐CoV‐2, which may contribute to exercise limitations.
Abstract The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) can have a profound impact on vascular function. While exercise intolerance may accompany a variety of symptoms associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, the impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 on exercising blood flow (BF) remains unclear. Central (photoplethysmography) and peripheral (Doppler ultrasound) haemodynamics were determined at rest and during rhythmic handgrip (HG) exercise at 30% and 45% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in young adults with mild symptoms 25 days after testing positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2: n = 8M/5F; age: 21 ± 2 years; height: 176 ± 11 cm; mass: 71 ± 11 kg) and were cross‐sectionally compared with control subjects (Control: n = 8M/5F; age: 27 ± 6 years; height: 178 ± 8 cm; mass: 80 ± 25 kg). Systolic blood pressure, end systolic arterial pressure and rate pressure product were higher in the SARS‐CoV‐2 group during exercise at 45% MVC compared with controls. Brachial artery BF was lower in the SARS‐CoV‐2 group at both 30% MVC (Control: 384.8 ± 93.3 ml min–1; SARS‐CoV‐2: 307.8 ± 105.0 ml min–1; P = 0.041) and 45% MVC (Control: 507.4 ± 109.9 ml min–1; SARS‐CoV‐2: 386.3 ± 132.5 ml min–1; P = 0.002). Brachial artery vascular conductance was lower at both 30% MVC (Control: 3.93 ± 1.07 ml min–1 mmHg–1; SARS‐CoV‐2: 3.11 ± 0.98 ml min–1 mmHg–1; P = 0.022) and 45% MVC (Control: 4.74 ± 1.02 ml min–1 mmHg–1; SARS‐CoV‐2: 3.46 ± 1.10 ml min–1 mmHg–1; P < 0.001) in the SARS‐CoV‐2 group compared to control group. The shear‐induced dilatation of the brachial artery increased similarly across exercise intensities in the two groups, suggesting the decrease in exercising BF may be due to microvascular impairments. Brachial artery BF is attenuated during HG exercise in young adults recently diagnosed with mild SARS‐CoV‐2, which may contribute to diminished exercise capacity among those recovering from SARS‐CoV‐2 like that seen in severe cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L Stute
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Abigail S L Stickford
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Jonathon L Stickford
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Valesha M Province
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Marc A Augenreich
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Kanokwan Bunsawat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jeremy K Alpenglow
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - D Walter Wray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Stephen M Ratchford
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
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Antigenic sites in SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD show molecular similarity with pathogenic antigenic determinants and harbors peptides for vaccine development. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152091. [PMID: 34303920 PMCID: PMC8297981 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The spike protein of coronavirus is key target for drug development and other pharmacological interventions. In current study, we performed an integrative approach to predict antigenic sites in SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain and found nine potential antigenic sites. The predicted antigenic sites were then assessed for possible molecular similarity with other known antigens in different organisms. Out of nine sites, seven sites showed molecular similarity with 54 antigenic determinants found in twelve pathogenic bacterial species (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Bacillus anthracis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, Helicobacter Pylori, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Vibrio cholera and Yersinia pestis), two malarial parasites (Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi) and influenza virus A. Most of the bacterial antigens that displayed molecular similarity with antigenic sites in SARS-CoV-2 RBD (receptor binding domain) were toxins and virulent factors. Antigens from Mycobacterium that showed similarity were mainly involved in modulating host cell immune response and ensuring persistence and survival of pathogen in host cells. Presence of a large number of antigenic determinants, similar to those in highly pathogenic microorganisms, not merely accounts for complex etiology of the disease but also provides an explanation for observed pathophysiological complications, such as deregulated immune response, unleashed or dysregulated cytokine secretion (cytokine storm), multiple organ failure etc., that are more evident in aged and immune-compromised patients. Over-representation of antigenic determinants from Plasmodium and Mycobacterium in all antigenic sites suggests that anti-malarial and anti-TB drugs can prove to be clinical beneficial for COVID-19 treatment. Besides this, anti-leprosy, anti-lyme, anti-plague, anti-anthrax drugs/vaccine etc. are also expected to be beneficial in COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, individuals previously immunized/vaccinated or had previous history of malaria, tuberculosis or other disease caused by fifteen microorganisms are expected to display a considerable degree of resistance against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Out of the seven antigenic sites predicted in SARS-CoV-2, a part of two antigenic sites were also predicted as potent T-cell epitopes (KVGGNYNYL444-452 and SVLYNSASF366-374) against MHC class I and three (KRISNCVADYSVLYN356-370, DLCFTNVYADSFVI389-402, and YRVVVLSFELLHA508-520) against MHC class II. All epitopes possessed significantly lower predicted IC50 value which is a prerequisite for a preferred vaccine candidate for COVID-19.
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Lemaitre J, Naninck T, Delache B, Creppy J, Huber P, Holzapfel M, Bouillier C, Contreras V, Martinon F, Kahlaoui N, Pascal Q, Tricot S, Ducancel F, Vecellio L, Le Grand R, Maisonnasse P. Non-human primate models of human respiratory infections. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:147-164. [PMID: 33895579 PMCID: PMC8062575 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory pathogens represent a great burden for humanity and a potential source of new pandemics, as illustrated by the recent emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In recent decades, biotechnological advances have led to the development of numerous innovative therapeutic molecules and vaccine immunogens. However, we still lack effective treatments and vaccines against many respiratory pathogens. More than ever, there is a need for a fast, predictive, preclinical pipeline, to keep pace with emerging diseases. Animal models are key for the preclinical development of disease management strategies. The predictive value of these models depends on their ability to reproduce the features of the human disease, the mode of transmission of the infectious agent and the availability of technologies for monitoring infection. This review focuses on the use of non-human primates as relevant preclinical models for the development of prevention and treatment for human respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lemaitre
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Thibaut Naninck
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Benoît Delache
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Justina Creppy
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, INSERM U1100, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Huber
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marion Holzapfel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Camille Bouillier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Frédéric Martinon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nidhal Kahlaoui
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Quentin Pascal
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sabine Tricot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Frédéric Ducancel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurent Vecellio
- Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, INSERM U1100, Université de Tours, Tours, France; Plateforme Scientifique et Technique Animaleries (PST-A), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Pauline Maisonnasse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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Stute NL, Stickford JL, Province VM, Augenreich MA, Ratchford SM, Stickford ASL. COVID-19 is getting on our nerves: sympathetic neural activity and haemodynamics in young adults recovering from SARS-CoV-2. J Physiol 2021; 599:4269-4285. [PMID: 34174086 PMCID: PMC8447023 DOI: 10.1113/jp281888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points The impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection on autonomic and cardiovascular function in otherwise healthy individuals is unknown. For the first time it is shown that young adults recovering from SARS‐CoV‐2 have elevated resting sympathetic activity, but similar heart rate and blood pressure, compared with control subjects. Survivors of SARS‐CoV‐2 also exhibit similar sympathetic nerve activity and haemodynamics, but decreased pain perception, during a cold pressor test compared with healthy controls. Further, these individuals display higher sympathetic nerve activity throughout an orthostatic challenge, as well as an exaggerated heart rate response to orthostasis. If similar autonomic dysregulation, like that found here in young individuals, is present in older adults following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, there may be substantial adverse implications for cardiovascular health.
Abstract The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) can elicit systemic adverse physiological effects. However, the impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 on autonomic and cardiovascular function in otherwise healthy individuals remains unclear. Young adults who tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 (COV+; n = 16, 8 F) visited the laboratory 35 ± 16 days following diagnosis. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, and heart rate (HR) were measured in participants at rest and during a 2 min cold pressor test (CPT) and 5 min each at 30° and 60° head‐up tilt (HUT). Data were compared with age‐matched healthy controls (CON; n = 14, 9 F). COV+ participants (18.2 ± 6.6 bursts min−1) had higher resting MSNA burst frequency compared with CON (12.7 ± 3.4 bursts min−1) (P = 0.020), as well as higher MSNA burst incidence and total activity. Resting HR, SBP and DBP were not different. During CPT, there were no differences in MSNA, HR, SBP or DBP between groups. COV+ participants reported less pain during the CPT compared with CON (5.7 ± 1.8 vs. 7.2 ± 1.9 a.u., P = 0.036). MSNA was higher in COV+ compared with CON during HUT. There was a group‐by‐position interaction in MSNA burst incidence, as well as HR, in response to HUT. These results indicate resting sympathetic activity, but not HR or BP, may be elevated following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Further, cardiovascular and perceptual responses to physiological stress may be altered, including both exaggerated (orthostasis) and suppressed (pain perception) responses, compared with healthy young adults. The impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection on autonomic and cardiovascular function in otherwise healthy individuals is unknown. For the first time it is shown that young adults recovering from SARS‐CoV‐2 have elevated resting sympathetic activity, but similar heart rate and blood pressure, compared with control subjects. Survivors of SARS‐CoV‐2 also exhibit similar sympathetic nerve activity and haemodynamics, but decreased pain perception, during a cold pressor test compared with healthy controls. Further, these individuals display higher sympathetic nerve activity throughout an orthostatic challenge, as well as an exaggerated heart rate response to orthostasis. If similar autonomic dysregulation, like that found here in young individuals, is present in older adults following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, there may be substantial adverse implications for cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L Stute
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Jonathon L Stickford
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Valesha M Province
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Marc A Augenreich
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Stephen M Ratchford
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Abigail S L Stickford
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
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Wang MK, Yue HY, Cai J, Zhai YJ, Peng JH, Hui JF, Hou DY, Li WP, Yang JS. COVID-19 and the digestive system: A comprehensive review. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:3796-3813. [PMID: 34141737 PMCID: PMC8180220 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i16.3796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is spreading at an alarming rate, and it has created an unprecedented health emergency threatening tens of millions of people worldwide. Previous studies have indicated that SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid could be detected in the feces of patients even after smear-negative respiratory samples. However, demonstration of confirmed fecal-oral transmission has been difficult. Clinical studies have shown an incidence rate of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms ranging from 2% to 79.1% in patients with COVID-19. They may precede or accompany respiratory symptoms. The most common GI symptoms included nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In addition, some patients also had liver injury, pancreatic damage, and even acute mesenteric ischemia/thrombosis. Although the incidence rates reported in different centers were quite different, the digestive system was the clinical component of the COVID-19 section. Studies have shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2, was not only expressed in the lungs, but also in the upper esophagus, small intestine, liver, and colon. The possible mechanism of GI symptoms in COVID-19 patients may include direct viral invasion into target cells, dysregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, immune-mediated tissue injury, and gut dysbiosis caused by microbiota. Additionally, numerous experiences, guidelines, recommendations, and position statements were published or released by different organizations and societies worldwide to optimize the management practice of outpatients, inpatients, and endoscopy in the era of COVID-19. In this review, based on our previous work and relevant literature, we mainly discuss potential fecal-oral transmission, GI manifestations, abdominal imaging findings, relevant pathophysiological mechanisms, and infection control and prevention measures in the time of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ke Wang
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Hai-Yan Yue
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Jin Cai
- Department of Geriatrics, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Yu-Jia Zhai
- Department of Outpatient Services, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Jian-Hui Peng
- Department of Quality Management, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital (Pazhou Campus), Guangzhou 510317, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ju-Fen Hui
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Deng-Yong Hou
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Wei-Peng Li
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Ji-Shun Yang
- Medical Care Center, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
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42
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DE FLORA SILVIO, BALANSKY ROUMEN, LA MAESTRA SEBASTIANO. Antioxidants and COVID-19. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2021; 62:E34-E45. [PMID: 34622082 PMCID: PMC8452284 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.1s3.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative mechanisms are not only involved in chronic degenerative diseases but also in infectious diseases, among which viral respiratory diseases. Antioxidants have the capability to counteract the action of oxidants by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and by inhibiting oxidant generating enzymes. Overproduction of ROS and deprivation of antioxidant systems play a major role in COVID-19 occurrence, progression, and severity. Interconnected pathways account for the relationships between oxidative damage and inflammation resulting from an interplay between transcription factors having opposite effects. For instance, Nrf2 downregulates inflammation by inhibiting endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as NQO-1 and HO-1. On the other hand, NF-κB upregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, PGE-2, COX-2, TNF-α, MMP-3, and MMP-4. A central protective role against oxidants is played by reduced glutathione (GSH), which is depleted in SARS-CoV-2 infection. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a precursor of GSH, is of particular interest as an anti-COVID-19 agent. GSH and NAC hamper binding of the S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. In addition, NAC and its derivatives possess a broad array of antioxidant and antiinflammatory mechanisms that could be exploited for COVID-19 prevention and adjuvant therapy. In particular, as demonstrated in a previous clinical trial evaluating influenza and influenza-like illnesses, the oral administration of NAC may be expected to decrease the risk of developing COVID-19. Furthermore, at the very high doses used worldwide as an antidote against paracetamol intoxication, intravenous NAC is likely to attenuate the pulmonary and systemic symptoms of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - SEBASTIANO LA MAESTRA
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence: Sebastiano La Maestra, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy – E-mail:
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43
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Darenskaya M, Kolesnikova L, Kolesnikov S. The Association of Respiratory Viruses with Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants. Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1618-1627. [PMID: 33618639 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210222113351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The spread of a new strain of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, a pandemic, poses a serious health problem for all humanity. Compared with the previous outbreaks of coronavirus infection in 2002 and 2012, COVID-19 infection has high rates of lethality, contagiousness, and comorbidity. The effective methods of prevention and treatment are extremely limited. Oxidative stress is actively involved in the mechanisms of initiation and maintenance of violations of homeostatic reactions in respiratory viral infections. It is important to stop systemic inflammation aimed at "extinguishing" the cytokine "storm", caused by the production of reactive oxygen species. Antioxidant defense medications, such as vitamin C, N-acetylcysteine, melatonin, quercetin, glutathione, astaxanthin, polyphenols, fat-soluble vitamins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids have proven well in experimental and clinical studies of influenza, pneumonia, and other respiratory disorders. The use of medications with antioxidant activity could be justified and most probably would increase the effectiveness of the fight against new coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Darenskaya
- Department of Pathophysiology, Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Liubov Kolesnikova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Kolesnikov
- Department of Pathophysiology, Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
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44
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Hazeldine J, Lord JM. Neutrophils and COVID-19: Active Participants and Rational Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2021; 12:680134. [PMID: 34149717 PMCID: PMC8206563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst the majority of individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative pathogen of COVID-19, experience mild to moderate symptoms, approximately 20% develop severe respiratory complications that may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary failure and death. To date, single cell and high-throughput systems based analyses of the peripheral and pulmonary immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 suggest that a hyperactive and dysregulated immune response underpins the development of severe disease, with a prominent role assigned to neutrophils. Characterised in part by robust generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), the presence of immature, immunosuppressive and activated neutrophil subsets in the circulation, and neutrophilic infiltrates in the lung, a granulocytic signature is emerging as a defining feature of severe COVID-19. Furthermore, an assessment of the number, maturity status and/or function of circulating neutrophils at the time of hospital admission has shown promise as a prognostic tool for the early identification of patients at risk of clinical deterioration. Here, by summarising the results of studies that have examined the peripheral and pulmonary immune response to SARS-CoV-2, we provide a comprehensive overview of the changes that occur in the composition, phenotype and function of the neutrophil pool in COVID-19 patients of differing disease severities and discuss potential mediators of SARS-CoV-2-induced neutrophil dysfunction. With few specific treatments currently approved for COVID-19, we conclude the review by discussing whether neutrophils represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Hazeldine
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M. Lord
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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45
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Doustimotlagh AH, Eftekhari M. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor for treatment of severe COVID-19: Polydatin. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 43:197-199. [PMID: 34024514 PMCID: PMC7959677 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic as the largest global public health crisis is now considered as an emergency at the World Health Organization (WHO). As there is no specific therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection at present and also because of the long time it takes to discover a new drug and the urgent need to respond urgently to a pandemic infection. Perhaps the best way right now is to find an FDA-approved drug to treat this infection. Oxidative stress and inflammation play a vital role in the progression of tissue injury in COVID-19 patients; furthermore, the G6PD activation is related to increased oxidative inflammation in acute pulmonary injury. In this regard, we propose a new insight that may be a good strategy for this urgency. Exploiting G6PD through inhibiting G6PD activity by modifying redox balance, metabolic switching and protein-protein interactions can be proposed as a new approach to improving patients in severe stage of COVID 19 through various mechanisms. Polydatin is isolated from many plants such as Polygonum, peanuts, grapes, red wines and many daily diets that can be used in severe stage of COVID-19 as a G6PD inhibitor. Furthermore, polydatin possesses various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunoregulatory, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-arrhythmic and anti-tumor. Our hypothesis is that the consumption of antioxidants such as Polydatin (a glucoside of resveratrol) as a complementary therapeutic approach may be effective in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahdieh Eftekhari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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46
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Tascioglu D, Akkaya E, Genc S. The understanding of the immunopathology in COVID-19 infection. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2021; 81:255-263. [PMID: 34032527 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2021.1892817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses belonging to the Coronaviridae family are single-stranded RNA viruses. The entry of SARS-CoV-2 is accomplished via ACE-2 receptors. SARS-CoV-2 infection coactivates both innate and adaptive immune responses. Although SARS-CoV-2 stimulates antibody production with a typical pattern of IgM/IgG, cellular immunity is also impaired. In severe cases, low CD4 + and CD8 + T cell counts are associated with impaired immune functions, and high neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios accompanying low lymphocyte subsets have been demonstrated. Recently, high IFN -α/γ ratios with impaired T cell responses, and increased IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, IP-10, IL-4, IL-10 have been reported in COVID-19 infection. Increased proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in patients with severe COVID-19 may cause the suppression of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells and regulatory T cells, causing excessive inflammatory responses and fatal cytokine storm with tissue and organ damage. Consequently, novel therapeutics to be developed against host immune system, including blockade of cytokines (IL-6, IL-1, IFN) themselves, their receptors or signaling pathways- JAK inhibitors- could be effective as potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Tascioglu
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Liv Hospital, Istinye University, Esenyurt, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Akkaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Genc
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey
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47
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Zhang H, Zheng H, Zhu J, Dong Q, Wang J, Fan H, Chen Y, Zhang X, Han X, Li Q, Lu J, Tong Y, Chen Z. Ubiquitin-Modified Proteome of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Host Cells Reveals Insights into Virus-Host Interaction and Pathogenesis. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2224-2239. [PMID: 33666082 PMCID: PMC7945586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has posed a serious threat to global public health. The mechanism of pathogenesis and the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection are largely unknown. In the present study, we applied a quantitative proteomic technology to identify and quantify the ubiquitination changes that occur in both the virus and the Vero E6 cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection. By applying label-free, quantitative liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry proteomics, 8943 lysine ubiquitination sites on 3086 proteins were identified, of which 138 sites on 104 proteins were quantified as significantly upregulated, while 828 sites on 447 proteins were downregulated at 72 h post-infection. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that SARS-CoV-2 infection might modulate host immune responses through the ubiquitination of important proteins, including USP5, IQGAP1, TRIM28, and Hsp90. Ubiquitination modification was also observed on 11 SAR-CoV-2 proteins, including proteins involved in virus replication and inhibition of the host innate immune response. Our study provides new insights into the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the host as well as potential targets for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Huanying Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, P. R.
China
| | - Jinying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Qiao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Huahao Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yangzhen Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Xiaohu Han
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Qianlin Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Jiahai Lu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Yigang Tong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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48
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Veldhuis Kroeze E, Bauer L, Caliendo V, van Riel D. In Vivo Models to Study the Pathogenesis of Extra-Respiratory Complications of Influenza A Virus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050848. [PMID: 34066589 PMCID: PMC8148586 DOI: 10.3390/v13050848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are an inimitable method to study the systemic pathogenesis of virus-induced disease. Extra-respiratory complications of influenza A virus infections are not extensively studied even though they are often associated with severe disease and mortality. Here we review and recommend mammalian animal models that can be used to study extra-respiratory complications of the central nervous system and cardiovascular system as well as involvement of the eye, placenta, fetus, lacteal gland, liver, pancreas, intestinal tract, and lymphoid tissues during influenza A virus infections.
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49
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Rudd JM, Selvan MT, Cowan S, Kao YF, Midkiff CC, Ritchey JW, Miller CA. Clinicopathologic features of a feline SARS-CoV-2 infection model parallel acute COVID-19 in humans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.04.14.439863. [PMID: 33880467 PMCID: PMC8057232 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.14.439863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and ensuing dominance of COVID-19 on the world stage has emphasized the urgency of efficient animal models for the development of therapeutics and assessment of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Shortcomings of current animal models for SARS-CoV-2 include limited lower respiratory disease, divergence from clinical COVID-19 disease, and requirements for host genetic modifications to permit infection. This study validates a feline model for SARS-CoV-2 infection that results in clinical disease and histopathologic lesions consistent with severe COVID-19 in humans. Intra-tracheal inoculation of concentrated SARS-CoV-2 caused infected cats to develop clinical disease consistent with that observed in the early exudative phase of COVID-19. A novel clinical scoring system for feline respiratory disease was developed and utilized, documenting a significant degree of lethargy, fever, dyspnea, and dry cough in infected cats. In addition, histopathologic pulmonary lesions such as diffuse alveolar damage, hyaline membrane formation, fibrin deposition, and proteinaceous exudates were observed due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, imitating lesions identified in people hospitalized with ARDS from COVID-19. A significant correlation exists between the degree of clinical disease identified in infected cats and pulmonary lesions. Viral loads and ACE2 expression were quantified in nasal turbinates, distal trachea, lung, and various other organs. Natural ACE2 expression, paired with clinicopathologic correlates between this feline model and human COVID-19, encourage use of this model for future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Rudd
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Miruthula Tamil Selvan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Shannon Cowan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Yun-Fan Kao
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Cecily C. Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, National Primate Research Center, Tulane University; Covington, LA, USA
| | - Jerry W. Ritchey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Craig A. Miller
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, USA
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50
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Tomo S, Saikiran G, Banerjee M, Paul S. Selenium to selenoproteins - role in COVID-19. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:781-791. [PMID: 34040501 PMCID: PMC8144537 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-3530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of antioxidant defense has been demonstrated in severe acute respiratory syndrome due to SARS-CoV infection. Selenium plays a major role in decreasing the ROS produced in response to various viral infections. Selenoprotein enzymes are essential in combating oxidative stress caused due to excessive generation of ROS. Selenium also has a role in inhibiting the activation of NF-κB, thus alleviating inflammation. In viral infections, selenoproteins have also been found to inhibit type I interferon responses, modulate T cell proliferation and oxidative burst in macrophages, and inhibit viral transcriptional activators. Potential virally encoded selenoproteins have been identified by computational analysis in different viral genomes like HIV-1, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and hepatitis C virus. This review discusses the role and the possible mechanisms of selenium, selenoproteins, and virally encoded selenoproteins in the pathogenicity of viral infections. Identification of potential selenoproteins in the COVID 19 genome by computational tools will give insights further into their role in the pathogenesis of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojit Tomo
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Gangam Saikiran
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Mithu Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
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