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Yang J, Wang Y, Cai X, Qu B, Zhang Y, Sun Z, Yan J. Comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of polydatin, resveratrol, and emodin after oral administration of Huzhang and Huzhang-Guizhi herb-pair extracts to rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:117010. [PMID: 37557937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Huzhang-Guizhi herb pair (HGHP), composed of Polygonum cuspidatum (Huzhang [HZ] in Chinese, the root of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc.) and Ramulus Cinnamomi (Guizhi [GZ] in Chinese, the dried twig of Cinnamomum cassia Presl.), is a popular herb pair commonly used to treat arthritis and involved in many Chinese prescriptions. In order to reveal the influence of GZ on HZ on bioavailability, the pharmacokinetic behaviors and tissue distribution variations of the three analytes from HZ were detected between oral administration of HZ and HGHP extracts to rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to two groups for pharmacokinetics study and eight groups for tissues distribution research with the equivalent dose of 18 g crude HZ/kg. Assays for analytes from HZ (polydatin, resveratrol, emodin) were developed and validated using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). RESULTS Part pharmacokinetic parameters including area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), biological half-life (t1/2), mean residence time (MRT), time to peak concentration (Tmax), clearance rate/bioavailability (CL/F) and volume of distribution/bioavailability (Vd/F) showed significant difference (P < 0.05) after oral administration of HGHP, as compared to those of HZ. The three analytes could be detected in heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and brain. Compared with the HZ group, AUC0-t of polydatin in heart, liver and kidney increased significantly (p < 0.05) while that in spleen decreased significantly (p < 0.05); AUC0-t of resveratrol in all detected tissues increased conspicuously (p < 0.05) in the HGHP group; AUC0-t of emodin in heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney increased conspicuously (p < 0.05), and decreased obviously (p < 0.05) in brain in the HGHP group. CONCLUSIONS GZ could strongly influence the pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue distribution characteristics of polydatin, resveratrol and emodin in rats when administrated with HZ or HGHP extracts. It might provide a reference for further explanation of the compatibility mechanism and the clinical application of HGHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiao Yang
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, PR China
| | - Yuanqing Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, PR China
| | - Xiong Cai
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, PR China; Department of Rheumatology of the First Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, PR China
| | - Binqing Qu
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, PR China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, PR China
| | - Zhicheng Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China.
| | - Jianye Yan
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, PR China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Bioactive Substance Discovery of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, PR China.
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Animaw Z, Asres K, Abebe A, Taye S, Seyoum G. Acute and developmental toxicity of embelin isolated from Embelia schimperi Vatke fruit: In vivo and in silico studies. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:714-722. [PMID: 37362226 PMCID: PMC10285041 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Embelin is a hydroxybenzoquinone constituent of the Embelia species that has anti-disease properties. However, its toxicity, particularly the in silico, acute, and developmental toxicity profiles, has yet to be thoroughly investigated. Hence, this study aims to assess these toxicity profiles. Materials and Methods In silico and in vivo experimental studies were conducted on embelin isolated from the fruits of Embelia schimperi Vatke. In silico toxicity predictions were computed using the ProTox model. The in vivo experiment was done by administering 5000 mg/kg of embelin to a single female albino Wistar rat, followed by three female rats in the absence of death, to determine the mean lethal dose (LD50). Afterwards, three groups of pregnant rats were treated with embelin at doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg for the developmental toxicity test. Vehicle and ad libitum control groups were used to compare the acute and developmental toxicity variables. Results In silico toxicity predicted that embelin is free from hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and cytotoxic effects. No inhibitory effect on hERG channels was observed. It has an immunotoxic property and an inhibitory effect on the CYP2D6 enzyme. Since mortality and signs of toxicities were not observed after treatment with 5000 mg/kg, the mean lethal dose (LD50) is determined to be > 5000 mg/kg. There was no significant difference in the morphological scores or number of somites among experimental animals. None of the embryonic systems possessed developmental delays. Nevertheless, the crown-rump length of the high-dose group became significantly shorter. Maternal food intake and weight gain exhibited significant dose-dependent differences between embelin-treated animals and controls. The number of implantations was significantly low in the treatment group, accompanied by a higher frequency of prior resorption. Conclusion Embelin is predicted to have a high probability of immunotoxicity potential and affect drug metabolism by inhibiting CYP2D6. In addition, it affects food intake, weight gain, and the number of implantations in pregnant rats. Therefore, it is highly recommended not to take embelin and embelin-rich plants during pregnancy. Further in vitro and in vivo studies need to be conducted to understand the mechanism behind the toxicity of embelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelalem Animaw
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kaleab Asres
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abiy Abebe
- Traditional and Modern Drug Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Samson Taye
- Traditional and Modern Drug Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Seyoum
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Husain I, Dale OR, Martin K, Gurley BJ, Adams SJ, Avula B, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, Khan SI. Screening of medicinal plants for possible herb-drug interactions through modulating nuclear receptors, drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115822. [PMID: 36223846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The last three decades have witnessed a surge in popularity and consumption of herbal products. An unintended consequence of such popularity is that chronic consumption of these products can often modulate the functions of various proteins involved in drug disposition and may, in turn, impose risks for herb-drug interactions (HDIs), leading to serious adverse health outcomes. Identifying plants that may give rise to clinically relevant HDIs is essential, and proactive dissemination of such research outcomes is necessary for researchers, clinicians, and average consumers. AIM OF THE STUDY The main objective of this study was to evaluate the HDI potential of plants commonly used as ingredients in many herbal products, including BDS. MATERIALS AND METHODS The dried material of 123 plants selected from the NCNPR repository was extracted with 95% ethanol. The extracts were screened for agonistic effects on nuclear receptors (PXR and AhR) by reporter gene assays in PXR-transfected HepG2 and AhR-reporter cells. For cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP) inhibition studies, CYP450 baculosomes were incubated with enzyme-specific probe substrates by varying concentrations of extracts. The inhibitory effect on the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) was investigated via rhodamine (Rh-123) uptake assay in P-gp overexpressing MDR1-MDCK cells. RESULTS Out of 123 plants, 16 increased transcriptional activity of human PXR up to 4 to 7-fold at 60 μg/mL, while 18 plants were able to increase AhR activity up to 10 to 40-fold at 30 μg/mL. Thirteen plants inhibited the activity of CYP3A4, while 10 plants inhibited CYP1A2 activity with IC50 values in the range of 1.3-10 μg/mL. Eighteen plants (at 50 μg/mL) increased intracellular accumulation of Rh-123 (>150%) in MDR1-MDCK cells. Additionally, other plants tested in this study were able to activate PXR, AhR, or both to lesser extents, and several inhibited the catalytic activity of CYPs at higher concentrations (IC50 >10 μg/mL). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that prolonged or excessive consumption of herbal preparations rich in such plants (presented in Figs. 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, and 5a) may pose a risk for CYP- and P-gp-mediated HDIs, leading to unwanted side effects due to the altered pharmacokinetics of concomitantly ingested medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Husain
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Olivia R Dale
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Katherine Martin
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Bill J Gurley
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Sebastian J Adams
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States; Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States; Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States.
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Koly HK, Sutradhar K, Rahman MS. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition of Alzheimer's disease: identification of potential phytochemicals and designing more effective derivatives to manage disease condition. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:12532-12544. [PMID: 36651199 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2166992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a brain disease characterized by gradual memory loss and cognitive impairments. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors-such as donepezil, memantine, and tacrine-are FDA-approved medications for AD treatment. Due to the lack of their efficacy and higher side effects, many researchers have been searching for effective and safer alternatives. In this study, experimentally proved phytochemicals against brain diseases were screened based on their binding energies to the target site of AChE, pharmacokinetic properties, and drug-likeness. Although some phytochemicals showed higher binding affinities than the control drug (donepezil), they did not show permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, berberine, anthocyanin, and diterpene alkaloid can cross the BBB and showed good binding affinities of -10.3, -10.1, and -10.2 kcal/mol, respectively. MD simulation and PCA of the simulation data of the protein and protein-ligand complexes proved that the complexes are stable in the biological environment. A total of 16 derivatives of berberine and 3 derivatives of anthocyanin also showed higher binding energies compared to the binding affinity (-11.5 kcal/mol) of the donepezil. The derivatives were designed by substituting -F, -CF3, -CN, and -NH2, and provided higher docking scores due to increasing of nonbonding interactions. MM/GBSA calculations show that the binding free energies of the best predicted derivatives of diterpene alkaloid, anthocyanin, and berberine (DA22, AC11, and BB40) are -100.4 ± 8.4, -79.3 ± 8.7, and -78.3 ± 10.7 kcal/mol, respectively, with the protein. Overall, this study was successful in finding new, highly effective, and possibly safer inhibitors of AChE.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazera Khatun Koly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Kakan Sutradhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Md Sajjadur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
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Haque E, Bari MS, Khandokar L, Anjum J, Jantan I, Seidel V, Haque MA. An updated and comprehensive review on the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity and toxicological profile of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2022; 22:211-273. [PMID: 36345416 PMCID: PMC9630822 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-022-09843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson (Menispermaceae) is a plant indigenous to Africa and South-East Asia. It is widely used in ethnomedicine to alleviate various diseases including hypertension, diabetes, rheumatism, jaundice, inflammation, fever, fractures, scabies, and urinary disorders. A total of 167 phytoconstituents, belonging to 12 different chemical categories, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds have thus far been isolated from various parts of T. crispa. Numerous in vitro and in vivo investigations have already established the antidiabetic, anticancer, antiparasitic, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, analgesic, antipyretic, antihyperuricemic, and pesticidal activity of this plant, as well as its effects on the cardiac and the central nervous system. Most pharmacological investigations to date have been carried out on plant extracts and fractions. The exact identity of the phytoconstituents responsible for the observed biological effects and their mode of action at the molecular level are yet to be ascertained. Toxicological studies have demonstrated that T. crispa is relatively safe, although dose-dependent hepatotoxicity is a concern at high doses. This review presents a comprehensive update and analysis on studies related to the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity and toxicological profile of T. crispa. It provides some critical insights into the current scientific knowledge on this plant and its future potential in pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehfazul Haque
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Md. Sazzadul Bari
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Labony Khandokar
- Department of Pharmacy, East West University, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Juhaer Anjum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Veronique Seidel
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Md. Areeful Haque
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, 4318 Bangladesh
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Lumefantrine solid dispersions with piperine for the enhancement of solubility, bioavailability and anti-parasite activity. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Parveen A, Alhusban M, Fantoukh OI, Ali Z, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, Khan SI. Probing PXR activation and modulation of CYP3A4 by Tinospora crispa and Tinospora sinensis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 291:115159. [PMID: 35245632 PMCID: PMC11094663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The two Tinospora species, T. crispa and T. sinensis, native to Southeast Asia, are integral components of various traditional preparations with structure-function claims to treat various disorders, including diabetes and inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY To assure the safety of the botanicals finished products, herb-drug interaction potential of T. crispa and T. sinensis was investigated by testing their extracts and compounds for in vitro activation of the pregnane X-receptor (PXR) and the modulation of CYP3A4 isozyme, selectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of sixteen fully characterized phytochemicals from T. crispa and T. sinensis were evaluated for PXR activation by luciferase reporter gene assay. CYP3A4 inhibition studies were carried out for eleven compounds. In addition, docking studies were performed to elucidate the possible binding modes to the PXR by the compounds using computational methods. RESULTS Significant activation of PXR (2-fold) was observed for both extracts and non-polar fractions of T. crispa. Among the pure compounds, columbin showed highest activation of PXR (3-fold), which was comparable with the positive control, rifampicin. Vital interactions were predicted with docking simulation of PXR-columbin complex with critical amino acid residues (Trp-299) that are known for the activation of PXR. The methanolic extracts of T. crispa and T. sinensis also showed considerable CYP3A4 inhibition. CONCLUSION T. crispa and T. sinensis, both demonstrated the potential to mediate herb-drug interaction through PXR activation and inhibition of CYP3A4 isozyme. Moreover, the elucidation of the potential to induce herb-drug interaction, by the phytochemicals of these Tinospora plants, thereby supports the need for further investigation to establish the clinical relevancy of these constituents for possible adverse interactions with pharmaceutical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidah Parveen
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Abbottabad University of Science & Technology, Havelian, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Manal Alhusban
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States; Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Omer I Fantoukh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States.
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States.
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States.
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States.
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Serum Scavenging Capacity and Folliculogenesis Impact following Flaxseed Consumption in the First-Generation Mice Pups. J Toxicol 2022; 2022:5342131. [PMID: 35677062 PMCID: PMC9170434 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5342131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaxseed is a source of antioxidants utilized for female infertility treatment in traditional medicine. This study investigated the effects of flax hydroalcoholic extract and flaxseeds during prenatal and postnatal (PND) periods on folliculogenesis and serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Pregnant NMRI mice received 500 and 1000 mg/kg of flax extract (LE) and the same doses of flaxseed (LS). Female pups received the same regimen for 56 days. The body, ovarian morphometry, follicle development, and TAC levels were evaluated. The ovarian weight significantly increased in the LE1000 group compared to the LS500 group. The LE500 group had a considerably lower number of primary and antral follicles compared to the CTL and LS1000 groups. The number of antral follicles significantly increased in the LE1000 group compared to the LS500 and LE500 groups. The number of preovulatory follicles was higher in the LE1000 group. A significant increase in the TAC levels was detected in the LS500, LS1000, and LE1000 groups. LE showed a dose-dependent protective effect on the folliculogenesis in F1, which is more evident with the dosage of 1000 mg/kg. This could be related to the strongest antioxidant property of LE1000, as shown by the highest levels of TAC.
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Fan Y, Tao Y, Liu G, Wang M, Wang S, Li L. Interaction study of engeletin toward cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2D6 by multi-spectroscopy and molecular docking. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 264:120311. [PMID: 34481255 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of engeletin on the activities of human cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2D6 (CYP3A4 and CYP2D6) were investigated by enzyme kinetics, multi-spectroscopy and molecular docking. Engeletin was found to strongly inhibit CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, with the IC50 of 1.32 μM and 2.87 μM, respectively. The inhibition modes of engeletin against CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 were a competitive type and a mixed type, respectively. The fluorescence of the two CYPs was quenched statically by engeletin, which was bound to CYP3A4 stronger than to CYP2D6 at the same temperature. Circular dichroism spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and synchronous fluorescence confirmed that the conformation and micro-environment of the two CYPs protein were changed after binding with engeletin. Molecular docking, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and the fluorescence data revealed that engeletin had strong binding affinity to the two CYPs through hydrogen and van der Waals forces. The findings here suggested that engeletin may cause the herb-drug interactions for its inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Fan
- The College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032,China
| | - Yanzhou Tao
- The College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032,China
| | - Guiming Liu
- The College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032,China
| | - Meizi Wang
- The College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032,China
| | - Suqing Wang
- The College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032,China
| | - Li Li
- The College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032,China.
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Hajizadeh M, Moosavi-Movahedi Z, Sheibani N, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. An outlook on suicide enzyme inhibition and drug design. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 19. [PMCID: PMC8501922 DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
There have been recent renewed interests in the importance of suicide enzyme inhibition. The principal objective of this review is to investigate all types of suicide inhibitions for natural enzymes, artificial biocatalysts as well as therapeutic potential of enzyme suicide inhibition. It is discussed the suicide inhibition beneficial in drug design and treatments and non-beneficial achievements for some industrial enzymes such as HRP peroxidase enzyme. The design of biomimetic artificial enzymes explained to prevent inhibition by protecting the active site via environmental conditions. Suicide enzyme inhibition development can be the key mechanism against sever diseases such as SARS. In this report, suicide enzyme inactivation classes are classified based on target enzyme groups via their substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Hajizadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), The University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI USA
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Tao Y, Fan Y, Liu G, Zhang Y, Wang M, Wang X, Li L. Interaction study of astilbin, isoastilbin and neoastilbin toward CYP2D6 by multi-spectroscopy and molecular docking. LUMINESCENCE 2021; 36:1412-1421. [PMID: 33949102 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Astilbin, isoastilbin and neoastilbin are the three flavonoid isomers prevalent in Rhizoma Smilax glabra. The interactions between human cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and the three isomers were investigated by multiple spectroscopic coupled with molecular docking. As a result, the fluorescence intensity of CYP2D6 was quenched statically by the three isomers. Meanwhile, astilbin had the strongest binding ability to CYP2D6, followed by isoastilbin and neoastilbin under the identical temperature. Synchronous fluorescence, three-dimensional fluorescence, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, circular dichroism and Fourier-transform infrared spectra confirmed that the conformation and micro-environment of CYP2D6 protein were changed after binding with the three isomers. As suggested from molecular docking, the three isomers had strong binding affinity to CYP2D6 via the bonding of hydrogen and van der Waals forces, and the results were in agreement with the fluorescence results. The findings here suggested that astilbin, isoastilbin and neoastilbin may cause the herb-drug interactions for their inhibition of CYP2D6 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhou Tao
- The College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yangyang Fan
- The College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Guiming Liu
- The College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- The College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Meizi Wang
- The College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- The College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Li
- The College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, China
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Silveira D, Prieto-Garcia JM, Boylan F, Estrada O, Fonseca-Bazzo YM, Jamal CM, Magalhães PO, Pereira EO, Tomczyk M, Heinrich M. COVID-19: Is There Evidence for the Use of Herbal Medicines as Adjuvant Symptomatic Therapy? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:581840. [PMID: 33071794 PMCID: PMC7542597 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.581840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current recommendations for the self-management of SARS-Cov-2 disease (COVID-19) include self-isolation, rest, hydration, and the use of NSAID in case of high fever only. It is expected that many patients will add other symptomatic/adjuvant treatments, such as herbal medicines. AIMS To provide a benefits/risks assessment of selected herbal medicines traditionally indicated for "respiratory diseases" within the current frame of the COVID-19 pandemic as an adjuvant treatment. METHOD The plant selection was primarily based on species listed by the WHO and EMA, but some other herbal remedies were considered due to their widespread use in respiratory conditions. Preclinical and clinical data on their efficacy and safety were collected from authoritative sources. The target population were adults with early and mild flu symptoms without underlying conditions. These were evaluated according to a modified PrOACT-URL method with paracetamol, ibuprofen, and codeine as reference drugs. The benefits/risks balance of the treatments was classified as positive, promising, negative, and unknown. RESULTS A total of 39 herbal medicines were identified as very likely to appeal to the COVID-19 patient. According to our method, the benefits/risks assessment of the herbal medicines was found to be positive in 5 cases (Althaea officinalis, Commiphora molmol, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hedera helix, and Sambucus nigra), promising in 12 cases (Allium sativum, Andrographis paniculata, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea purpurea, Eucalyptus globulus essential oil, Justicia pectoralis, Magnolia officinalis, Mikania glomerata, Pelargonium sidoides, Pimpinella anisum, Salix sp, Zingiber officinale), and unknown for the rest. On the same grounds, only ibuprofen resulted promising, but we could not find compelling evidence to endorse the use of paracetamol and/or codeine. CONCLUSIONS Our work suggests that several herbal medicines have safety margins superior to those of reference drugs and enough levels of evidence to start a clinical discussion about their potential use as adjuvants in the treatment of early/mild common flu in otherwise healthy adults within the context of COVID-19. While these herbal medicines will not cure or prevent the flu, they may both improve general patient well-being and offer them an opportunity to personalize the therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dâmaris Silveira
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jose Maria Prieto-Garcia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Boylan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Omar Estrada
- Biophysics and Biochemistry Center, Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | - Edson Oliveira Pereira
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Michal Tomczyk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, School of Pharmacy, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
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Östlund J, Zlabek V, Zamaratskaia G. In vitro inhibition of human CYP2E1 and CYP3A by quercetin and myricetin in hepatic microsomes is not gender dependent. Toxicology 2017; 381:10-18. [PMID: 28232125 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This is the first in vitro study to investigate gender-related differences in the regulation of human cytochrome P450 by the flavonoids. Activities of CYP2E1 and CYP3A were measured in the presence of quercetin, myricetin, or isorhamnetin in hepatic microsomal pools from male and female donors. Hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol (PNPH) was measured to determine CYP2E1 activity, and O-dealkylation of 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (BFC) was measured to determine CYP3A activity. Quercetin, but not myricetin or isorhamnetin, competitively inhibited PNPH activity in human recombinant cDNA-expressed CYP2E1 with the Ki=52.1±6.31μM. In the human microsomes, slight inhibition of PNPH activity by quercetin was not considered as physiologically relevant. Quercetin inhibited BFC activity in human recombinant cDNA-expressed CYP3A4 competitively with the Ki=15.4±1.52μM, and myricetin - noncompetitively with the Ki=74.6±7.99μM. The degree of inhibition by quercetin was similar between genders. Myricetin showed somewhat stronger inhibition in female pools, but the Ki values were higher than physiologically relevant concentrations. Isorhamnetin did not affect either PNPH or BFC activity. We concluded that observed inhibition of CYP2E1 and CYP3A by some flavonols were not gender-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Östlund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Molecular Sciences, Box 7015, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Zlabek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Galia Zamaratskaia
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Molecular Sciences, Box 7015, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden; University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic.
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Ahmad W, Jantan I, Bukhari SNA. Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson: A Review of Its Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Aspects. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:59. [PMID: 27047378 PMCID: PMC4800188 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson (Menispermaceae), found in the rainforests or mixed deciduous forests in Asia and Africa, is used in traditional medicines to treat numerous health conditions. This review summarizes the up-to-date reports about the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicology, and clinical trials of the plant. It also provides critical assessment about the present knowledge of the plant which could contribute toward improving its prospect as a source of lead molecules for drug discovery. The plant has been used traditionally in the treatment of jaundice, rheumatism, urinary disorders, fever, malaria, diabetes, internal inflammation, fracture, scabies, hypertension, reducing thirst, increasing appetite, cooling down the body temperature, and maintaining good health. Phytochemical analyses of T. crispa revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and flavone glycosides, triterpenes, diterpenes and diterpene glycosides, cis clerodane-type furanoditerpenoids, lactones, sterols, lignans, and nucleosides. Studies showed that the crude extracts and isolated compounds of T. crispa possessed a broad range of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, cytotoxic, antimalarial, cardioprotective, and anti-diabetic activities. Most pharmacological studies were based on crude extracts of the plant and the bioactive compounds responsible for the bioactivities have not been well identified. Further investigations are required to transform the experience-based claims on the use of T. crispa in traditional medicine practices into evidence-based information. The plant extract used in pharmacological and biological studies should be qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed based on its biomarkers. There should be detail in vitro and in vivo studies on the mechanisms of action of the pure bioactive compounds and more elaborate toxicity study to ensure safety of the plant for human use. More clinical trials are encouraged to be carried out if there are sufficient preclinical and safety data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ahmad
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syed N A Bukhari
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Vijayakumar TM, Kumar RM, Agrawal A, Dubey GP, Ilango K. Comparative inhibitory potential of selected dietary bioactive polyphenols, phytosterols on CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 with fluorometric high-throughput screening. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014; 52:4537-43. [PMID: 26139922 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) inhibition by the bioactive molecules of dietary supplements or herbal products leading to greater potential for toxicity of co-administered drugs. The present study was aimed to compare the inhibitory potential of selected common dietary bioactive molecules (Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, β-Sitosterol, Stigmasterol, Quercetin and Rutin) on CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 to assess safety through its inhibitory potency and to predict interaction potential with co-administered drugs. CYP450-CO complex assay was carried out for all the selected dietary bioactive molecules in isolated rat microsomes. CYP450 concentration of the rat liver microsome was found to be 0.474 nmol/mg protein, quercetin in DMSO has shown maximum inhibition on CYP450 (51.02 ± 1.24 %) but less when compared with positive control (79.02 ± 1.61 %). In high throughput fluorometric assay, IC50 value of quercetin (49.08 ± 1.02-54.36 ± 0.85 μg/ml) and gallic acid (78.46 ± 1.32-83.84 ± 1.06 μg/ml) was lower than other bioactive compounds on CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 respectively but it was higher than positive controls (06.28 ± 1.76-07.74 ± 1.32 μg/ml). In comparison of in vitro inhibitory potential on CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, consumption of food or herbal or dietary supplements containing quercetin and gallic acid without any limitation should be carefully considered when narrow therapeutic drugs are administered together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangavel Mahalingam Vijayakumar
- Interdisciplinary School of Indian System of Medicine, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram (Dt), 603203 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ramasamy Mohan Kumar
- Interdisciplinary School of Indian System of Medicine, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram (Dt), 603203 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Aruna Agrawal
- Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Govind Prasad Dubey
- National Facility for Tribal and Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Kaliappan Ilango
- Interdisciplinary School of Indian System of Medicine, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram (Dt), 603203 Tamil Nadu India
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Mazzari ALDA, Prieto JM. Herbal medicines in Brazil: pharmacokinetic profile and potential herb-drug interactions. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:162. [PMID: 25071580 PMCID: PMC4087670 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A plethora of active compounds found in herbal medicines can serve as substrate for enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics. When a medicinal plant is co-administered with a conventional drug and little or no information is known about the pharmacokinetics of the plant metabolites, there is an increased risk of potential herb-drug interactions. Moreover, genetic polymorphisms in a population may act to predispose individuals to adverse reactions. The use of herbal medicines is rapidly increasing in many countries, particularly Brazil where the vast biodiversity is a potential source of new and more affordable treatments for numerous conditions. Accordingly, the Brazilian Unified Public Health System (SUS) produced a list of 71 plant species of interest, which could be made available to the population in the near future. Physicians at SUS prescribe a number of essential drugs and should herbal medicines be added to this system the chance of herb-drug interactions further increases. A review of the effects of these medicinal plants on Phase 1 and Phase 2 metabolic mechanisms and the transporter P-glycoprotein was conducted. The results have shown that approximately half of these medicinal plants lack any pharmacokinetic data. Moreover, most of the studies carried out are in vitro. Only a few reports on herb-drug interactions with essential drugs prescribed by SUS were found, suggesting that very little attention is being given to the safety of herbal medicines. Here we have taken this information to discuss the potential interactions between herbal medicines and essential drugs prescribed to Brazilian patients whilst taking into account the most common polymorphisms present in the Brazilian population. A number of theoretical interactions are pinpointed but more pharmacokinetic studies and pharmacovigilance data are needed to ascertain their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre L D A Mazzari
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy London, UK
| | - Jose M Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy London, UK
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Qu Q, Qu J, Han L, Zhan M, Wu LX, Zhang YW, Zhang W, Zhou HH. Inhibitory effects of phytochemicals on metabolic capabilities of CYP2D6(*)1 and CYP2D6(*)10 using cell-based models in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:685-96. [PMID: 24786236 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Herbal products have been widely used, and the safety of herb-drug interactions has aroused intensive concerns. This study aimed to investigate the effects of phytochemicals on the catalytic activities of human CYP2D6(*)1 and CYP2D6(*)10 in vitro. METHODS HepG2 cells were stably transfected with CYP2D6(*)1 and CYP2D6(*)10 expression vectors. The metabolic kinetics of the enzymes was studied using HPLC and fluorimetry. RESULTS HepG2-CYP2D6(*)1 and HepG2-CYP2D6(*)10 cell lines were successfully constructed. Among the 63 phytochemicals screened, 6 compounds, including coptisine sulfate, bilobalide, schizandrin B, luteolin, schizandrin A and puerarin, at 100 μmol/L inhibited CYP2D6(*)1- and CYP2D6(*)10-mediated O-demethylation of a coumarin compound AMMC by more than 50%. Furthermore, the inhibition by these compounds was dose-dependent. Eadie-Hofstee plots demonstrated that these compounds competitively inhibited CYP2D6(*)1 and CYP2D6(*)10. However, their Ki values for CYP2D6(*)1 and CYP2D6(*)10 were very close, suggesting that genotype-dependent herb-drug inhibition was similar between the two variants. CONCLUSION Six phytochemicals inhibit CYP2D6(*)1 and CYP2D6(*)10-mediated catalytic activities in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Thus herbal products containing these phytochemicals may inhibit the in vivo metabolism of co-administered drugs whose primary route of elimination is CYP2D6.
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Langhammer AJ, Nilsen OG. In vitro inhibition of human CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 by six herbs commonly used in pregnancy. Phytother Res 2014; 28:603-10. [PMID: 23843424 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Black elderberry, cranberry, fennel, ginger, horsetail, and raspberry leaf, herbs frequently used in pregnancy, were investigated for their in vitro CYP1A2, 2D6, and 3A4 inhibitory potential. Aqueous or ethanolic extracts were made from commercially available herbal products, and incubations were performed with recombinant cDNA-expressed human CYP enzymes in the presence of positive inhibitory controls. Metabolite formation was determined by validated LCMS/MS or HPLC methodologies. IC50 inhibition constants were estimated from CYP activity inhibition plots using non-linear regression. The most potent inhibition was shown for fennel towards CYP2D6 and 3A4 with respective IC50 constants of 23 ± 2 and 40 ± 4 µg/ml, horsetail towards CYP1A2 with an IC50 constant of 27 ± 1 µg/ml, and raspberry leaf towards CYP1A2, 2D6, and 3A4 with IC50 constants of 44 ± 2, 47 ± 8, and 81 ± 11 µg/ml, respectively. Based on the recommended dosing of the different commercial herbal products, clinically relevant systemic CYP inhibitions could be possible for fennel, horsetail, and raspberry leaf. In addition, fennel and raspberry leaf might cause a clinically relevant inhibition of intestinal CYP3A4. The in vivo inhibitory potential of these herbs towards specific CYP enzymes should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Jordet Langhammer
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway
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Medicinal properties of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. in traditional Iranian medicine and modern phytotherapy. Chin J Integr Med 2012; 19:73-9. [PMID: 23275017 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-013-1327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (F. vulgare), commonly known as Fennel, is a popular medicinal plant with various pharmacological activities mentioned in traditional Iranian medicine (TIM) and modern phytotherapy such as antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, bronchodilatory, estrogenic, diuretic, lithontripic, galactogogue, emmenagogue, antithrombotic, hypotensive, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, memory enhancing, and antimutagenic activities. No serious adverse events were recorded after ingestion of F. vulgare except some cases of allergic reactions. The estrogenic activity of F. vulgare brings some side effects such as decrease in protein concentration and acid and alkaline phosphatase in male genital organs, increase in weight of mammary glands and reproductive organs in women and premature thelarche in girls. However, no evidence of teratogenicity was recorded, it is better not to use F. vulgare during pregnancy due to its estrogenic activity. Because of inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), the pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs mainly metabolized by this isozyme may be affected by F. vulgare. In addition, a significant interaction between cyprofloxacin and F. vulgare was demonstrated. The aim of current paper is to review pharmacological properties, toxicity and adverse events, and drug interactions of vulgare and brings conclusive results about the use of this plant in men, women and during pregnancy.
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McPhail B, Tie Y, Hong H, Pearce BA, Schnackenberg LK, Ge W, Fuscoe JC, Tong W, Buzatu DA, Wilkes JG, Fowler BA, Demchuk E, Beger RD. Modeling chemical interaction profiles: I. Spectral data-activity relationship and structure-activity relationship models for inhibitors and non-inhibitors of cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 isozymes. Molecules 2012; 17:3383-406. [PMID: 22421792 PMCID: PMC6268752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17033383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An interagency collaboration was established to model chemical interactions that may cause adverse health effects when an exposure to a mixture of chemicals occurs. Many of these chemicals—drugs, pesticides, and environmental pollutant—interact at the level of metabolic biotransformations mediated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. In the present work, spectral data-activity relationship (SDAR) and structure-activity relationship (SAR) approaches were used to develop machine-learning classifiers of inhibitors and non-inhibitors of the CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 isozymes. The models were built upon 602 reference pharmaceutical compounds whose interactions have been deduced from clinical data, and 100 additional chemicals that were used to evaluate model performance in an external validation (EV) test. SDAR is an innovative modeling approach that relies on discriminant analysis applied to binned nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral descriptors. In the present work, both 1D 13C and 1D 15N-NMR spectra were used together in a novel implementation of the SDAR technique. It was found that increasing the binning size of 1D 13C-NMR and 15N-NMR spectra caused an increase in the tenfold cross-validation (CV) performance in terms of both the rate of correct classification and sensitivity. The results of SDAR modeling were verified using SAR. For SAR modeling, a decision forest approach involving from 6 to 17 Mold2 descriptors in a tree was used. Average rates of correct classification of SDAR and SAR models in a hundred CV tests were 60% and 61% for CYP3A4, and 62% and 70% for CYP2D6, respectively. The rates of correct classification of SDAR and SAR models in the EV test were 73% and 86% for CYP3A4, and 76% and 90% for CYP2D6, respectively. Thus, both SDAR and SAR methods demonstrated a comparable performance in modeling a large set of structurally diverse data. Based on unique NMR structural descriptors, the new SDAR modeling method complements the existing SAR techniques, providing an independent estimator that can increase confidence in a structure-activity assessment. When modeling was applied to hazardous environmental chemicals, it was found that up to 20% of them may be substrates and up to 10% of them may be inhibitors of the CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 isoforms. The developed models provide a rare opportunity for the environmental health branch of the public health service to extrapolate to hazardous chemicals directly from human clinical data. Therefore, the pharmacological and environmental health branches are both expected to benefit from these reported models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooks McPhail
- Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (B.M.); (Y.T.); (B.A.F.)
| | - Yunfeng Tie
- Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (B.M.); (Y.T.); (B.A.F.)
| | - Huixiao Hong
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (H.H.); (B.A.P.); (L.K.S.); (W.G.); (J.C.F.); (W.T.); (D.A.B.); (J.G.W.); (R.D.B.)
| | - Bruce A. Pearce
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (H.H.); (B.A.P.); (L.K.S.); (W.G.); (J.C.F.); (W.T.); (D.A.B.); (J.G.W.); (R.D.B.)
| | - Laura K. Schnackenberg
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (H.H.); (B.A.P.); (L.K.S.); (W.G.); (J.C.F.); (W.T.); (D.A.B.); (J.G.W.); (R.D.B.)
| | - Weigong Ge
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (H.H.); (B.A.P.); (L.K.S.); (W.G.); (J.C.F.); (W.T.); (D.A.B.); (J.G.W.); (R.D.B.)
| | - James C. Fuscoe
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (H.H.); (B.A.P.); (L.K.S.); (W.G.); (J.C.F.); (W.T.); (D.A.B.); (J.G.W.); (R.D.B.)
| | - Weida Tong
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (H.H.); (B.A.P.); (L.K.S.); (W.G.); (J.C.F.); (W.T.); (D.A.B.); (J.G.W.); (R.D.B.)
| | - Dan A. Buzatu
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (H.H.); (B.A.P.); (L.K.S.); (W.G.); (J.C.F.); (W.T.); (D.A.B.); (J.G.W.); (R.D.B.)
| | - Jon G. Wilkes
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (H.H.); (B.A.P.); (L.K.S.); (W.G.); (J.C.F.); (W.T.); (D.A.B.); (J.G.W.); (R.D.B.)
| | - Bruce A. Fowler
- Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (B.M.); (Y.T.); (B.A.F.)
| | - Eugene Demchuk
- Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (B.M.); (Y.T.); (B.A.F.)
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9530, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-770-488-3327; Fax: +1-404-248-4142
| | - Richard D. Beger
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (H.H.); (B.A.P.); (L.K.S.); (W.G.); (J.C.F.); (W.T.); (D.A.B.); (J.G.W.); (R.D.B.)
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Jian TY, He JC, He GH, Feng EF, Li HL, Bai M, Xu GL. Scutellarin inhibits cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 1A2 (CYP1A2) in rats. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1226-30. [PMID: 22228482 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Scutellarin is the most important flavone glycoside in the herbal drug Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand.-Mazz. It is used frequently in the clinic to treat ischemic vascular diseases in China. However, the direct relationship between scutellarin and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is unclear. The present study investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of scutellarin on cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP 1A2) metabolism. According to in vitro experiments, scutellarin (10-250 µM) decreased the formation of 4-acetamidophenol in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC₅₀ value of 108.20 ± 0.657 µM. Furthermore, scutellarin exhibited a weak mixed-type inhibition against the activity of CYP1A2 in rat liver microsomes, with a K(i) value of 95.2 µM. Whereas in whole animal studies, scutellarin treatment for 7 days (at 5, 15, 30 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased the clearance (CL), and increased the T(1/2) (at 15, 30 mg/kg, i.p.), it did not affect the V(d) of phenacetin. Scutellarin treatment (at 5, 15, 30 mg/kg, i.p.) increased the AUC(0-∞) by 14.3%, 67.3% and 159.2%, respectively. Scutellarin at 30 mg/kg also weakly inhibited CYP1A2 activity, in accordance with our in vitro study. Thus, the results indicate that CYP1A2 is inhibited directly, but weakly, by scutellarin in vivo, and provide useful information on the safe and effective use of scutellarin in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tun-Yu Jian
- Department of Pharmacy, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, 212 Da-Guan Road, Kunming 650032, PR China
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Ulbricht C, Seamon E, Windsor RC, Armbruester N, Bryan JK, Costa D, Giese N, Gruenwald J, Iovin R, Isaac R, Grimes Serrano JM, Tanguay-Colucci S, Weissner W, Yoon H, Zhang J. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Cinnamon (Cinnamomumspp.) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl 2011; 8:378-454. [DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2011.627783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Djuv A, Nilsen OG. Aloe vera juice: IC₅₀ and dual mechanistic inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Phytother Res 2011; 26:445-51. [PMID: 21842479 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory potency (IC₅₀ values) of ethanol extracts of two commercially available aloe vera juice (AVJ) products, on CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 activities in vitro and to determine if such inhibitions could be mechanism-based. Recombinant human CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 enzymes were used and the activities were expressed by the metabolism of testosterone and dextromethorphan with ketoconazole and quinidine as positive inhibitor controls, respectively. The formed metabolites were quantified by validated HPLC techniques. Time- and NADPH- dependent inhibition assays were performed to evaluate a possible mechanism-based inhibition. One of the AVJ extracts showed about twice the inhibitory potency towards both CYP enzymes over the other with IC₅₀ values of 8.35 ± 0.72 and 12.5 ± 2.1 mg/mL for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, respectively. The AVJ was found to exert both CYP mediated and non-CYP mediated inhibition of both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. This dual mechanistic inhibition, however, seems to be governed by different mechanisms for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Estimated IC₅₀ inhibition values indicate no major interference of AVJ with drug metabolism in man, but the dual mechanistic inhibition of both enzymes might be of clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Djuv
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology-Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Trondheim, Norway.
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Ponnusankar S, Pandit S, Venkatesh M, Bandyopadhyay A, Mukherjee PK. Cytochrome P450 Inhibition Assay for Standardized Extract of Terminalia chebula
Retz. Phytother Res 2010; 25:151-4. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Tarirai C, Viljoen AM, Hamman JH. Herb-drug pharmacokinetic interactions reviewed. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:1515-38. [PMID: 21067427 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2010.529129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD the global increase in the popularity of alternative medicines has raised renewed concerns regarding herb-drug interactions. These interactions are especially important for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices and may either be pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic in nature. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW pharmacokinetic interactions which may exist between herbs and drugs, and the mechanisms of these interactions with appropriate examples based on primary and secondary data in publications are discussed. The mechanisms covered include those that affect oral drug absorption (e.g., modulation of efflux and uptake transporters, complex formation, gastrointestinal motility and pH) and drug biotransformation (e.g., inhibition or induction of enzymes). WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN knowledge on the mechanisms of herb-drug pharmacokinetic interactions supported by an extended list of these types of interactions for quick reference. A critical evaluation of certain herb-drug pharmacokinetic interactions reported in the scientific literature. TAKE HOME MESSAGE as the incidence and severity of herb-drug pharmacokinetic interactions increase due to a worldwide rise in the use of herbal preparations, more clinical data regarding herb-drug pharmacokinetic interactions are needed to make informed decisions regarding patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemence Tarirai
- Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pretoria, South Africa
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Hanapi N, Azizi J, Ismail S, Mansor S. Evaluation of Selected Malaysian Medicinal Plants on Phase I Drug Metabolizing Enzymes, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 Activities in vitro. INT J PHARMACOL 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2010.494.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Qiu F, Zhang R, Sun J, Jiye A, Hao H, Peng Y, Ai H, Wang G. Inhibitory effects of seven components of danshen extract on catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 enzyme in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:1308-14. [PMID: 18411400 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.021030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential for herb-drug interactions has recently received greater attention worldwide, considering the fact that the use of herbal products becomes more and more widespread. The goal of this work was to examine the potential for the metabolism-based drug interaction arising from seven active components (danshensu, protocatechuic aldehyde, protocatechuic acid, salvianolic acid B, tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, and cryptotanshinone) of danshen extract. Probe substrates of cytochrome P450 enzymes were incubated in human liver microsomes (HLMs) with or without each component of danshen extract. IC(50) and K(i) values were estimated, and the types of inhibition were determined. Among the seven components of danshen extract, tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, and cryptotanshinone were potent competitive inhibitors of CYP1A2 (K(i) = 0.48, 1.0, and 0.45 microM, respectively); danshensu was a competitive inhibitor of CYP2C9 (K(i) = 35 microM), and cryptotanshinone was a moderate mixed-type inhibitor of CYP2C9 (K(i) = 8 microM); cryptotanshinone inhibited weakly and in mixed mode against CYP2D6 activity (K(i) = 68 microM), and tanshinone I was a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6 (IC(50) = 120 microM); and protocatechuic aldehyde was a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4 (IC(50) = 130 and 160 microM for midazolam and testosterone, respectively). These findings provided some useful information for safe and effective use of danshen preparations in clinical practice. Our data indicated that it was necessary to study the in vivo interactions between drugs and pharmaceuticals with danshen extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210038, China
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Zaidi SFH, Kadota S, Tezuka Y. Inhibition on human liver cytochrome P450 3A4 by constituents of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare): identification and characterization of a mechanism-based inactivator. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:10162-10167. [PMID: 17988092 DOI: 10.1021/jf0713253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fennel, a seed of Foeniculum vulgare, is used as a culinary spice and traditional medicine. The methanolic extract of fennel showed a characteristic of mechanism-based inactivation on erythromycin N-demethylation mediated by human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). The present study was conducted to identify the fennel constituent having the inhibition. Thirteen compounds have been isolated from a methanol extract of fennel and tested for their inhibition on CYP3A4. Among them, 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) showed the strongest inhibition with an IC50 value of 18.3 microM and a mixed type of inhibition. In addition, with the preincubation time of 20 min only 5-MOP showed preincubation time dependency; the IC50 value decreased from 18.3 microM with a preincubation time of 0 min to 4.6 microM with a preincubation time of 20 min. Further investigation on 5-MOP showed the characteristics of time-dependent inhibition, requirement of NADPH, lack of protecting effect of nucleophiles, and recovery of CYP3A4 activity by the competitive inhibitor. This result suggests that the inhibitory activity of CYP3A4 by 5-MOP was a mechanism-based inactivation. The kinetic parameter for mechanism-based inactivation was characterized by a KI value of 15.0 microM and a kinact value of 0.098 min(-1).
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Hellum BH, Nilsen OG. The in vitro Inhibitory Potential of Trade Herbal Products on Human CYP2D6-Mediated Metabolism and the Influence of Ethanol. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 101:350-8. [PMID: 17910620 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The six commonly used trade herbal products, St. John's wort, common valerian, common sage, Ginkgo biloba, Echinacea purpurea and horse chestnut, and ethanol, were investigated for their in vitro inhibitory potential of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)-mediated metabolism. Herbal components were extracted from commercially available products in a way that ensured the same composition of constituents in the extract as in the original trade products. c-DNA baculovirus expressed CYP2D6 was used with dextromethorphan as substrate. Quinidine was included as a positive control inhibitor. A validated high performance liquid chromatography methodology was used to quantify the formation of dextrorphan (product of dextromethorphan O-demethylation). Ethanol showed a biphasic effect on CYP2D6 metabolism, increasing initially the CYP2D6 activity with 175% of control up to a concentration of 1.1%, where after ethanol linearly inhibited the CYP2D6 activity. All the investigated herbs inhibited CYP2D6 activity to some extent, but only St. John's wort, common sage and common valerian were considered possible candidates for in vivo clinically significant effects. They showed IC50 values of 0.07 +/- 7 x 10(-3) mg/ml, 0.8 +/- 0.05 mg/ml and 1.6 +/- 0.2 mg/ml, respectively. St. John's wort inhibited CYP2D6-mediated metabolism in an uncompetitive manner, while common valerian and common sage in a non-competitive manner demonstrated interherb differences in inhibition patterns and differences when compared to the more homogenous competitive inhibitor quinidine. Common valerian was the only herb that showed a mechanistic inhibition of CYP2D6 activity and attention should be paid to a possible toxicity of this herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bent H Hellum
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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