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Cai X, Lin Z, Zheng Q, Liao M, Li H, Feng H, Chen H, Zhang Y, Chen X, Liang D. Major Bitter-Tasting Compounds from the Dichloromethane Fraction of Bitter Gourd (Fruit of Momordica charantia L.) Extract and Their Precursors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:22237-22249. [PMID: 39327224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c06506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
The unripe fruit of the plant Momordica charantia L., commonly known as bitter gourd or bitter melon, is a popular vegetable and medical herb in many parts of the world and is characterized by its strong bitter taste. In our endeavor to decode its bitter taste, the dichloromethane fraction of 75% methanol extract of bitter gourd was found to be intensely bitter. Combining sensory analysis-guided fractionation and newly developed comparative high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis-guided purification led to the isolation of five known compounds including momordicoside L (1), (23E)-3β-O-malonyl-7β,25-dihydroxycucurbita-5,23-dien-19-al (2), 3-O-β-d-allopyranosyl-7β,25-dihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al (3), momordicine IV (5), and charantoside B (6) and three new compounds 3-O-β-d-3-ketoglucopyranosly-7β,25-dihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al (4), 6'-O-malonylmomordicoside L (7), and 6'-O-malonylmomordicine IV (8) from bitter gourd. Sensory analysis revealed compounds 3-8 had strong bitter taste with their bitter taste recognition thresholds in the range between 3.6 (4) and 13.6 ppm (6) in 3% ethanol. UPLC-MS/MS quantification showed that their concentration in bitter gourd ranged from 16.5 ± 1.3 mg/kg (4) to 214.8 ± 14.0 mg/kg (6) on a dry weight basis. Calculation of the dose-over-threshold (DoT) factor showed that momordicine IV (5) and charantoside B (6) should be considered as bitter principles of bitter gourd. In addition, the study also demonstrated the ubiquity of the isomerization reaction in the side chain of cucurbitane-type triterpenoids. Many isolated compounds were the isomerized products of their natural precursors, and these precursors should be the primary bitterness contributors of fresh fruits. In addition, comparative HPLC analysis-guided purification could be a practical approach for the fast isolation of acid-labile precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Cai
- School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Ziqiang Lin
- School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Qihong Zheng
- School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Mengzhen Liao
- School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Hongfu Li
- School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Hanxiao Feng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Huan Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 501640, China
| | - Dong Liang
- School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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Yen S, Wang Y, Liao LD. Investigating cerebral neurovascular responses to hyperglycemia in a rat model of type 2 diabetes using multimodal assessment techniques. iScience 2024; 27:110108. [PMID: 38952685 PMCID: PMC11215308 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
To study neurovascular function in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), we established a high-fat diet/streptozotocin (HFD/STZ) rat model. Electrocorticography-laser speckle contrast imaging (ECoG-LSCI) revealed that the somatosensory-evoked potential (SSEP) amplitude and blood perfusion volume were significantly lower in the HFD/STZ group. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) velocity was used as a measure of neurovascular function, and the results showed that the blood flow velocity and the number of CSD events were significantly lower in the HFD/STZ group. In addition, to compare changes during acute hyperglycemia and hyperglycemia, we used intraperitoneal injection (IPI) of glucose to induce transient hyperglycemia. The results showed that CSD velocity and blood flow were significantly reduced in the IPI group. The significant neurovascular changes observed in the brains of rats in the HFD/STZ group suggest that changes in neuronal apoptosis may play a role in altered glucose homeostasis in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyu Yen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | - Yuhling Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National United University, No. 2, Lianda, Nanshili, Miaoli City 36063, Taiwan
| | - Lun-De Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
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Liu X, Liu Y, Xu X, Huang W, Yan Y, Wang Y, Tian W, Mo T, Cui X, Li J, Shi SP, Tu P. Molecular characterization and structure basis of a malonyltransferase with both substrate promiscuity and catalytic regiospecificity from Cistanche tubulosa. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2333-2348. [PMID: 38799633 PMCID: PMC11121200 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic malonylation of natural glycosides provides a promising alternative method for drug-like malonylated glycosides supply. However, the catalytic potential and structural basis of plant malonyltransferase are far from being fully elucidated. This work identified a new malonyltransferase CtMaT1 from Cistanche tubulosa. It displayed unprecedented mono- and/or di-malonylation activity toward diverse glucosides with different aglycons. A "one-pot" system by CtMaT1 and a malonyl-CoA synthetase was established to biosynthesize nine new malonylated glucosides. Structural investigations revealed that CtMaT1 possesses an adequately spacious acyl-acceptor pocket capable of accommodating diverse glucosides. Additionally, it recognizes malonyl-CoA through strong electrotactic and hydrogen interactions. QM/MM calculation revealed the H167-mediated SN2 reaction mechanism of CtMaT1, while dynamic simulations detected the formation of stable hydrogen bonds between the glucose-6-OH group and H167, resulting in its high malonylation regiospecificity. Calculated energy profiles of two isomeric glycosides highlighted lower reaction energy barriers towards glucoside substrates, emphasizing CtMaT1's preference for glucosides. Furthermore, a mutant CtMaT1H36A with notably increased di-malonylation activity was obtained. The underlying molecular mechanism was illuminated through MM/GBSA binding free energy calculation. This study significantly advances the understanding of plant acyltransferases from both functional and protein structural perspectives, while also providing a versatile tool for enzymatic malonylation applications in pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuyu Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiping Xu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenqian Huang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yaru Yan
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yingxia Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weisheng Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ting Mo
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoxue Cui
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - She-Po Shi
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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Rami M, Ahmadi Hekmatikar A, Rahdar S, Marashi SS, Daud DMA. Highlighting the effects of high-intensity interval training on the changes associated with hypertrophy, apoptosis, and histological proteins of the heart of old rats with type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7133. [PMID: 38531890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
T2DM is known to cause disturbances in glucose homeostasis and negative changes in the heart muscle, while aging and diabetes are recognized risk factors for CVD. Given this, our study aims to investigate a method for controlling and managing CVDs induced by T2DM in elderly populations. To achieve this, we categorized 40 rats into 5 groups, including HAD (n = 8), HA (n = 8), AD (n = 8), AHT (n = 8), and ADT (n = 8). The exercise protocol consisted of eight weeks of HIIT (three sessions per week) performed at 90-95% of maximal speed. Following cardiac tissue extraction, we assessed the levels of IGF-1, PI3K, and AKT proteins using Western blot technique, and analyzed the histopathological variations of the heart tissue using H&E, Sudan Black, and Masson's trichrome tissue staining. The histological findings from our study demonstrated that T2DM had a significant impact on the development of pathological hypertrophy and fibrosis in the heart tissue of elderly individuals. However, HIIT not only effectively controlled pathological hypertrophy and fibrosis, but also induced physiological hypertrophy in the AHT and ADT groups compared to the HA and AD groups. Results from Sudan Black staining indicated that there was an increase in lipid droplet accumulation in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes and their nuclei in the HA and AD groups, while the accumulation of lipid droplets decreased significantly in the AHT and ADT groups. In both the AHT group and the ADT group, a single HIIT session led to a reduction in collagen fiber accumulation and fibrotic frameworks. Our research also revealed that diabetes caused a significant elevation in the levels of IGF-1, PI3K, and AKT proteins, but after eight weeks of HIIT, the levels of these proteins decreased significantly in the training groups. Overall, our findings suggest that HIIT may be a suitable non-pharmacological approach for improving histological and physiological changes in elderly individuals with T2DM. However, we recommend further research to examine the impact of HIIT training on both healthy and diseased elderly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rami
- Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Ahmadi Hekmatikar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 10600, Iran
| | - Samaneh Rahdar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Histology Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sayed Shafa Marashi
- Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - D Maryama Awang Daud
- Health Through Exercise and Active Living (HEAL) Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Sabah, Malaysia.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, 88450, Sabah, Malaysia.
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Wal P. Phytochemicals and their Potential Mechanisms against Insulin Resistance. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e081123223322. [PMID: 37946350 DOI: 10.2174/0115733998262924231020083353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Insulin's inception dates back to 1921 and was unveiled through a momentous revelation. Diabetes is a dangerous, long-term disease in which the body fails to generate enough insulin or utilize the insulin it creates adequately. This causes hyperglycemia, a state of high blood sugar levels, which can even put a person into a coma if not managed. Activation of the insulin receptor corresponds to two crucial metabolic functions, i.e., uptake of glucose and storage of glycogen. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exists as one of the most challenging medical conditions in the 21st century. The sedentary lifestyle and declining quality of food products have contributed to the rapid development of metabolic disorders. Hence, there is an urgent need to lay some reliable, significant molecules and modalities of treatment to combat and manage this epidemic. In this review, we have made an attempt to identify and enlist the major phytoconstituents along with the associated sources and existing mechanisms against insulin resistance. The conducted study may offer potential sustainable solutions for developing and formulating scientifically validated molecules and phytoconstituents as formulations for the management of this metabolic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Wal
- PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (PHARMACY), NH19 Kanpur, Agra Highway, Bhauti Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 209305, India
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Zhao M, Lu M, Zeng Y, He S, Feng Y, Yang S, Jang W. Taraxasterol Inhibits Hepatic Gluconeogenesis and Increases Glycogen Synthesis via the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Nat Prod Commun 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x231154068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Taraxasterol (TS) is the main active compound of Taraxacum, which plays a significant role in the treatment of diabetes in many classic prescriptions. However, the mechanisms of TS in the treatment of diabetes remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism of TS in hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis in HepG2 cells with insulin resistance (IR). Methods: Molecular docking was conducted by using Discovery Studio (DS) to predict the target of TS in the treatment of diabetes. Then we treated HepG2 cells with glucosamine for 18 h. After the cells were treated with TS, the glucose consumption was examined. Oil red O staining was used to detect the lipid accumulation of HepG2 cells, and cellular glucose uptake levels were assessed using fluorescent 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino)-2-deoxy-D-glucose. The expression of the related proteins of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the HepG2 cells was evaluated by western blot assay. Results: The molecular docking analysis revealed a good binding pose between the insulin receptor and TS. Furthermore, TS administration significantly enhanced glucose uptake and consumption, and reduced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells with IR. The results of pharmacological mechanism study showed that TS up-regulated glycogenesis by PI3K/Akt/GSK3-motivated GS activation, and down-regulated gluconeogenesis by PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 expression of PEPCK and G6Pase in HepG2 cells with IR. Conclusions: Molecular docking and in vitro experimental results indicate that TS suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis and augments glycogen synthesis by the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and it may have similar effects as insulin in regulating blood glucose.
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Bioactive Compounds as Inhibitors of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Dysfunctions via Regulation of Cellular Redox Balance and Histone Acetylation State. Foods 2023; 12:foods12050925. [PMID: 36900446 PMCID: PMC10000917 DOI: 10.3390/foods12050925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive compounds (BCs) are known to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties by regulating the cellular redox balance and histone acetylation state. BCs can control chronic oxidative states caused by dietary stress, i.e., alcohol, high-fat, or high-glycemic diet, and adjust the redox balance to recover physiological conditions. Unique functions of BCs to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) can resolve the redox imbalance due to the excessive generation of ROS. The ability of BCs to regulate the histone acetylation state contributes to the activation of transcription factors involved in immunity and metabolism against dietary stress. The protective properties of BCs are mainly ascribed to the roles of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). As a histone deacetylase (HDAC), SIRT1 modulates the cellular redox balance and histone acetylation state by mediating ROS generation, regulating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)/NADH ratio, and activating NRF2 in metabolic progression. In this study, the unique functions of BCs against diet-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysfunction have been considered by focusing on the cellular redox balance and histone acetylation state. This work may provide evidence for the development of effective therapeutic agents from BCs.
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Kazemi Pordanjani M, Banitalebi E, Roghani M, Hemmati R. Ursolic acid enhances the effect of exercise training on vascular aging by reducing oxidative stress in aged type 2 diabetic rats. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:696-708. [PMID: 36789048 PMCID: PMC9922143 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) mediates the vasorelaxant activity via nitric oxide (NO) release, and upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in endothelial cells (ECs) in disease conditions with increased oxidative stress (OS). The present study aimed to reflect on the impact of 8 weeks of a combination of UA supplementation and resistance/endurance training in old male Wistar rats having a high-fat diet and/or low-dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes (HFD/STZ-induced T2D), with an emphasis on Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) axis and OS indices in their aortic tissues. A total number of56 21-month-old male Wistar rats with HFD/STZ-induced T2D were randomized into seven groups (n = eight animals per group): (1) sedentary old nondiabetic (Control [C]); (2) sedentary HFD/STZ-induced T2D (Diabetic [D]); (3) sedentary HFD/STZ-induced T2D plus UA (Diabetic + Ursolic Acid [DU]); (4) endurance-trained HFD/STZ-induced T2D (Diabetic + Endurance Training [DE]); (5) resistance-trained HFD/STZ-induced T2D (Diabetic + Resistance Training [DR]); (6) endurance-trained HFD/STZ-induced T2D plus UA (Diabetic + Endurance Training + Ursolic Acid [DEU]); and (7) resistance-trained STZ-diabetic plus UA (Diabetic + Resistance Training + Ursolic Acid [DRU]) rats. The ladder-based resistance training group performed the ladder resistance training at 60% of the maximum voluntary carrying capacity (MVCC), 14-20 climbs in each session, with a one-min rest between each two trials, 5 days a week. The treadmill-based endurance exercise training protocol consisted of repeated bouts of high- and low-intensity training with 60-75% maximal running speed and 30%-40% maximal running speed in the course of 8 weeks, respectively. The animals in the supplement groups also took 500 mg of UA/kg of high-fat diet/day, resulting in a daily UA intake of approximately 250 mg UA per kg of body weight rat/day. The resistance/endurance training plus the UA consumption could partially reverse the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC). It was concluded that oral 0.5% UA supplementation can prevent vascular aging biomarkers in a HFD/STZ-induced T2D model. Further studies are also required to clarify how chronic consumption of UA with/without training protocols reverses vascular aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Department of Physiology, Neurophysiology Research CenterShahed UniversityTehranIran
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Farsani MA, Banitalebi E, Faramarzi M, Bakhtiari N, Rahimi M, Duque G. Bone-muscle crosstalk following exercise plus Ursolic acid by myomiR-133a/Cx43-Runx2 axis in aged type 2 diabetes rat models. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 370:110315. [PMID: 36535313 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Natural bioactive compound, Ursolic acid (UA), plus different types of exercise may exert the action on glycemic control, leading to clinical benefits in the prevention and treatment of aging/diabetes-associated complications. So, this study examined the effects of eight weeks combination of 250 mg of UA per day per kilogram of body weight of rat as well as resistance/endurance training on miR-133a expression across serum, bone marrow, skeletal muscle, and Connexin 43 (Cx43)-Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) signaling axis in high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin-induced T2D (here, HFD/STZ-induced T2D). The study was conducted on 56 male Wistar rats (427 ± 44 g, 21 months old), having HFD/STZ-induced T2D randomly assigned into 7 groups of 8 including (1) sedentary non-diabetic old rats (C); (2) sedentary type 2 diabetes animal model (D); (3) sedentary type 2 diabetes animal model + UA (DU); (4) endurance-trained type 2 diabetes animal model (DE); (5) resistance-trained type 2 diabetes animal model (DR); (6) endurance-trained type 2 diabetes animal model + UA (DEU); and (7) resistance-trained type 2 diabetes animal model + UA (DRU). Resistance training included a model of eight weeks of ladder resistance training at 60-80% maximal voluntary carrying capacity (MVCC) for five days/week. Treadmill endurance exercise protocol included eight weeks of repetitive bouts of low-/high-intensity training with 30%-40% and 60%-75% maximal running speed for five days/week, respectively. UA Supplementary groups were treated with 500 mg of UA per kg of high-fat diet per day. The results revealed significant supplement and exercise interaction effects for the BM miR-133a (p = 0.001), the bone marrow Runx2 (p = 0.002), but not the serum miR-133a (p = 0.517), the skeletal muscle miR-133a (p = 0.097) and the Cx43 (p = 0.632). In conclusion, only eight weeks of resistance-type exercise could affect miR-133a profile in muscles and osteoblast differentiation biomarker RUNX2 in aged T2D model of rats. 250 mg of UA per kilogram of body weight rat per day was administered orally, less than the sufficient dose for biological and physiological impacts on osteoblast differentiation biomarkers in aged T2D model of rats following eight weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Faramarzi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nuredin Bakhtiari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rahimi
- Department of Sport Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Dr. Joseph Kaufmann Chair in Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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10
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Exploring the mechanism of active components from ginseng to manage diabetes mellitus based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Sci Rep 2023; 13:793. [PMID: 36646777 PMCID: PMC9842641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of literature has shown that ginseng had a role in diabetes mellitus management. Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng. But what ginsenosides can manage in diabetic are not systematic. The targets of these ginsenosides are still incomplete. Our aim was to identify which ginsenosides can manage diabetes mellitus through network pharmacology and molecular docking. To identify the targets of these ginsenosides. In this work, we retrieved and screened ginsenosides and corresponding diabetes mellitus targets across multiple databases. PPI networks of the genes were constructed using STRING, and the core targets were screened out through topological analysis. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed by using the R language. Finally, molecular docking was performed after bioinformatics analysis for verification. Our research results showed that 28 ginsenosides in ginseng might be against diabetes mellitus by modulating related proteins such as VEGFA, Caspase 3, and TNF-α. Among the 28 ginsenosides, 20(R)-Protopanaxatriol, 20(R)-Protopanaxadiol, and Ginsenoside Rg1 might play a significant role. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that the management of diabetes mellitus by ginsenosides may be related to the positive regulation of reactive oxygen metabolic processes, associated with the insulin signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and AMPK signaling pathway. Molecular docking results and molecular dynamics simulation showed that most ginsenosides could stably bind to the core target, mainly hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic bond. This study suggests the management of ginseng on diabetes mellitus. We believe that our results can contribute to the systematic study of the mechanism of ginsenosides for the management of diabetes mellitus. At the same time, it can provide a theoretical basis for subsequent studies on the management of ginsenosides in diabetes mellitus.
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Al Mouslem AK, Khalil HE, Emeka PM, Alotaibi G. Investigation of the Chemical Composition, Antihyperglycemic and Antilipidemic Effects of Bassia eriophora and Its Derived Constituent, Umbelliferone on High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27206941. [PMID: 36296534 PMCID: PMC9611308 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the chemical profile, antihyperglycemic and antilipidemic effect of total methanolic extract (TME) of Bassia eriophora and isolated pure compound umbelliferone (UFN) in high-fat diet (HFD)- and streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetic rats. TME was subjected to various techniques of chromatography to yield UFN. Diabetes was induced after eight weeks of HFD by administration of STZ (40 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, and experimental subjects were divided into five groups. The diabetic control showed an increase in levels of blood glucose throughout the experiment. Treatments were initiated in the other four groups with glibenclamide (GLB) (6 mg/kg), TME (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) and isolated UFN (50 mg/kg) orally. The effect on blood glucose, lipid profile and histology of the pancreatic and adipose tissues was assessed. Both 200 and 400 mg/kg of TME produced a comparably significant decrease in blood glucose levels and an increase in insulin levels with GLB. UFN began to show a better blood sugar-lowering effect after 14 days of treatment, comparatively. However, both 400 mg/kg TME and UFN significantly returned blood glucose levels in diabetic rats compared to normal rats. Analysis of the lipid profile showed that while HFD + STZ increased all lipid profile parameters, TME administration produced a significant decrease in their levels. Histopathological examinations showed that treatment with TME and UFN revealed an improved cellular architecture, with the healthy islets of Langerhans and compact glandular cells for pancreatic cells distinct from damaged cells in non-treated groups. Conversely, the adipose tissue displayed apparently normal polygonal fat cells. Therefore, these results suggest that TME has the potential to ameliorate hyperglycemia conditions and control lipid profiles in HFD + STZ-induced diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz K. Al Mouslem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Hany Ezzat Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Promise Madu Emeka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghallab Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Zolfaghari M, Faramarzi M, Hedayati M, Ghaffari M. The effect of resistance and endurance training with ursolic acid on atrophy-related biomarkers in muscle tissue of diabetic male rats induced by streptozotocin and a high-fat diet. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14202. [PMID: 35593021 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of resistance and endurance training with/without ursolic acid supplementation was evaluated to identify atrophy-related biomarkers in elderly rats induced by diabetes and a high-fat diet (HFD) based on in silico analysis algorithms and pharmaceutical methods. The visualizer software found differential gene expression levels in skeletal muscle atrophy via computed hub gene network parameters. Also, the impact of ursolic acid, as a potent inducer of the Trp53 protein in ameliorating decreased muscle mass, was analyzed in diabetic rats. Fifty-six-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into seven groups, including healthy control (Control), diabetic control (DM), Ursolic acid supplementation (UA), resistance training (RT), endurance training (ET), resistance training+ Ursolic acid supplementation (RT + U), and endurance training in combination with Ursolic acid supplementation (ET + U). Exercise intervention included 8 weeks of resistance or endurance training programs. Biomedical informatic outputs determined the P53 signaling pathway as a remarkable causative factor in the pathomechanism of atrophy. In addition, the results demonstrated that exercise and supplementation of UA impeded the interactions among p53/ATF4/p21. Moreover, ET and ursolic acid had a synergetic effect on the signaling pathway of p53/ATF4/p21 and probably could inhibit the aging process and modulate the p53/ATF4/p21 molecular pathway. The interaction between UA and endurance exercise significantly modified the activity of the p53/ATF4/p21 signaling pathway. Based on in silico studies, the p53/ATF4/p21 pathway plays an essential role in aging, and the inhibition of this pathway would be beneficial in decelerating the aging process. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Ursolic acid (UA) is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid found in apples (a major compound of apple wax) and other fruits; it is known to improve skeletal muscle function and reduce the muscular atrophy pathways. We indicated that p53/ATF4/p21 signaling is an essential factor in aging, and the suppression of this pathway could be beneficial in the deceleration of the aging process. Therefore, this work would shed light on understanding the effect of exercise and nutrition interventions on preventing atrophy markers of skeletal muscle in diabetic rats. Further studies are needed to seek the precise mechanism of the synergism between UA and exercise in ameliorating atrophy markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zolfaghari
- Department of Sport Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad Faramarzi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghaffari
- Department of Sport Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Chkheidze N, Giorgadze E, Nikolaishvili M, Malazonia A. The Effect of Low Doses of Radon on Ghrelin and Glucose Levels in Rats with Multiple Low-Dose Streptozotoccin-induced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: The aim of our research was to identify the ghrelin concentration in experimental animals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to study the effect of radon hormesis balneotherapy using natural thermal waters of Tskaltubo spring, practically, its effect on ghrelin and glucose metabolism.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: To study the effect of radon in balneotherapy, group of experimental animals (multiple low doses streptozotocin-induced T2DM Wistar rats were used) went through the procedure of inhalation of radon by the Tskaltubo mineral water pool, once daily, during 10 days. In animals of the control groups, inhalation with radon was not used. The experimental group and the control group were brought from Tskaltubo to Tbilisi to the Ivane Beritashvili experimental biomedicine center, where the blood of the rats was analyzed.
RESULTS: After radon inhalation therapy with Tskaltubo mineral water, a normalization of the ghrelin levels was observed in the experimental group and despite the different body weight, the levels were approximately the same and close to those of the control group. In the experimental group, ghrelin level normalization was accompanied by glycemia normalization.
CONCLUSION: This research showed that Tskaltubo mineral water radon inhalation caused hormesis, which consequently decreased ghrelin levels in rodents with T2DM and obesity and the result was stable during 3 months. Ghrelin level stabilization positively influenced on glucose levels. The result of our experiment gives us a stimulus to continue future research to find more specific neurochemical mechanisms participating in radon hormesis processes and positively influencing on glucose levels and T2DM outcome.
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Wang DS, Wang JM, Zhang FR, Lei FJ, Wen X, Song J, Sun GZ, Liu Z. Ameliorative Effects of Malonyl Ginsenoside from Panax ginseng on Glucose-Lipid Metabolism and Insulin Resistance via IRS1/PI3K/Akt and AMPK Signaling Pathways in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 50:863-882. [PMID: 35282802 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x22500367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has revealed that malonyl-ginsenosides from Panax ginseng (PG-MGR) play a crucial role in the treatment of T2DM. However, its potential mechanism was still unclear. In this study, we investigated the anti-diabetic mechanisms of action of PG-MGR in high fat diet-fed (HFD) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and determined the main constituents of PG-MGR responsible for its anti-diabetic effects. Our results showed that 16 malonyl ginsenosides were identified in PG-MGR by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. PG-MGR treatment significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and improved insulin resistance and glucose tolerance. Simultaneously, PG-MGR treatment improved liver injury by decreasing aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) expression. Furthermore, Western blot analysis demonstrated that the protein expression levels of p-PI3K/PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, p-AMPK/AMPK, p-ACC/ACC and GLUT4 in liver and skeletal muscle were significantly up-regulated after PG-MGR treatment, and the protein expression levels of p-IRS-1/IRS-1, Fas and SREBP-1c were significantly reduced. These findings revealed that PG-MGR has the potential to improve glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin resistance by activating the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT and AMPK signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Mei Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Rui Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Jie Lei
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Jia Song
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Zhi Sun
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
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Green Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Taverniera couneifolia Elicits Effective Anti-Diabetic Effect in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12071035. [PMID: 35407153 PMCID: PMC9000644 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Using a variety of chemical compounds and biomolecules, researchers have been working on new antidiabetic drugs for many years. Anti-diabetic research is increasingly using nanomaterials because of their unique qualities, such as their tiny size, biocompatibility, and ability to penetrate cell membranes for drug delivery. Using extract of T. couneifolia coated with silver nanoparticles as a model for diabetes mellitus research was one of the goals of this work. Methods: Uv-Vis spectroscopy was used to measure the TAgNPs surface plasmon resonance. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the attached functional groups, XRD analysis confirmed the size and crystallinity, scanning electron microscopy revealed that the majority of the particles were spherical, and EDX performed the elemental analysis. For 21 days, alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats (N = 25, n = 5/group) were administered 10 mg/kg body weight of photosynthesized AgNPs as a standard animal model, while those in the untreated normal control group C, received distilled water as a control, diabetics who were treated with 0.5 mg/kg of body weight of glibenclamide, 10 mg/kg of methanolic T. couneifolia extract, and diabetics who were given 10 mg/kg of body weight of synthetic AgNPs derived from T. couneifolia in the DAgNPs group. At the conclusion of the treatment, lipid, liver and kidney profiles were re-examined to determine whether or not the treatment had been effective (day 21). Oral glucose doses of 2 g/kg of body weight were administered to each group, and blood glucose levels were measured at various intervals (day 21). Fasting glucose levels were measured using a glucometer. Each animal's urine was tested for leukocytes, nitrites, and bilirubin using lab-made prepared assay kits. One-way ANOVA and Dunnett's test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The surface plasmon resonance effect was examined with UV-vis, it showed a sharp peak at 412 nm. X-ray diffraction measurements indicated that the produced nanoparticles were between 15 to 31.44 nm in size. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were fed AgNPs derived from phytosynthesized AgNPs, compared to diabetic control rats, diabetic rats treated with AgNPs showed a considerable improvement in their dyslipidemia status. Over the course of the days, it also lowered blood glucose levels. A reduction in blood glucose levels, a rise in body weight, and significant improvements in the lipid, liver, and renal profiles were also seen. Conclusions: The present findings revealed that plant mediated silver nanoparticles significantly improved the alloxan induced diabetic changes in various treated rats and might be used for the treatment of diabetes.
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Rai V, Moellmer R, Agrawal DK. Clinically relevant experimental rodent models of diabetic foot ulcer. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:1239-1247. [PMID: 35089527 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04372-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic wounds are a substantial clinical problem in diabetes and nearly 6% of diabetics suffer from foot disease including ulceration, infection, and tissue necrosis. Wound healing in diabetes is impaired and delayed and is augmented by diabetic complications. Wound healing involves complex cellular, molecular, and biochemical processes and animal models are the most suitable prototype to investigate and understand the underlying pathological changes in the process of wound healing. Animal models are also useful in evaluating the safety and efficacy of newer therapeutic agents and improving the clinical approaches for human patients with chronic ulcers. The wound healing strategies get more complicated in the presence of diabetes and its associated complication. Despite the advancement in methods of wound healing, the healing of the chronic diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) remains an important clinical problem resulting in costly and prolonged treatment and poses a risk for major amputation. Saying that it is important to elucidate the newer therapeutic targets and strategies via an in-depth understanding of the complicated cascade of the chronic DFU. A major challenge in translating lab findings to clinics is the lack of an optimal preclinical model capable of properly recapitulating human wounds. Both small and large animal models of wound healing involving rodents, rabbits, and pigs have been discussed. Mouse and rats as small animal models and pig as large animal models have been discussed in association with the diabetic wound but there are advantages and limitations for each model. In this review, we critically reviewed the pros and cons of experimental models of diabetic wound healing with a focus on type II diabetes rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Rai
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766-1854, USA.
| | - Rebecca Moellmer
- Western University College of Podiatric Medicine, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766-1854, USA
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Alam S, Sarker MMR, Sultana TN, Chowdhury MNR, Rashid MA, Chaity NI, Zhao C, Xiao J, Hafez EE, Khan SA, Mohamed IN. Antidiabetic Phytochemicals From Medicinal Plants: Prospective Candidates for New Drug Discovery and Development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:800714. [PMID: 35282429 PMCID: PMC8907382 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.800714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, a chronic physiological dysfunction affecting people of different age groups and severely impairs the harmony of peoples' normal life worldwide. Despite the availability of insulin preparations and several synthetic oral antidiabetic drugs, there is a crucial need for the discovery and development of novel antidiabetic drugs because of the development of resistance and side effects of those drugs in long-term use. On the contrary, plants or herbal sources are getting popular day by day to the scientists, researchers, and pharmaceutical companies all over the world to search for potential bioactive compound(s) for the discovery and development of targeted novel antidiabetic drugs that may control diabetes with the least unwanted effects of conventional antidiabetic drugs. In this review, we have presented the prospective candidates comprised of either isolated phytochemical(s) and/or extract(s) containing bioactive phytoconstituents which have been reported in several in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies possessing noteworthy antidiabetic potential. The mode of actions, attributed to antidiabetic activities of the reported phytochemicals and/or plant extracts have also been described to focus on the prospective phytochemicals and phytosources for further studies in the discovery and development of novel antidiabetic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaet Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Division, Health Med Science Research Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker, ; ; orcid.org/0000-0001-9795-0608; Isa Naina Mohamed, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-8891-2423
| | | | | | - Mohammad A. Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Chao Zhao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Elsayed E. Hafez
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, ALCRI (Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shah Alam Khan
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science & Technology, Muscat, Oman
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Pharmacology Department, Medicine Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker, ; ; orcid.org/0000-0001-9795-0608; Isa Naina Mohamed, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-8891-2423
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18
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Antidiabetic activity of phytosynthesized Ag/CuO nanocomposites using Murraya koenigii and Zingiber officinale extracts. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Animal models of diabetic microvascular complications: Relevance to clinical features. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112305. [PMID: 34872802 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has become more common in recent years worldwide, and this growth is projected to continue in the future. The primary concern with diabetes is developing various complications, which significantly contribute to the disease's mortality and morbidity. Over time, the condition progresses from the pre-diabetic to the diabetic stage and then to the development of complications. Years and enormous resources are required to evaluate pharmacological interventions to prevent or delay the progression of disease or complications in humans. Appropriate screening models are required to gain a better understanding of both pathogenesis and potential therapeutic agents. Different species of animals are used to evaluate the pharmacological potentials and study the pathogenesis of the disease. Animal models are essential for research because they represent most of the structural, functional, and biochemical characteristics of human diseases. An ideal screening model should mimic the pathogenesis of the disease with identifiable characteristics. A thorough understanding of animal models is required for the experimental design to select an appropriate model. Each animal model has certain advantages and limitations. The present manuscript describes the animal models and their diagnostic characteristics to evaluate microvascular diabetic complications.
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Mansour SW, Hasan MM, Salah HE, El-Deep T, Hussein S, El-Malkey NF. Effect of irisin on metabolic and platelet functions in type 2 diabetic rats: role of soluble receptor of advanced glycation end products (sRAGE). BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-021-00148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Irisin is an adipomyokine with a promising potential for the treatment of metabolic disturbances and endothelial dysfunction. This study aimed to explore the effect of irisin on metabolic and platelet functions, and to explore the possible involvement of soluble receptor of advanced glycation end product (sRAGE) in the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat model. Thirty-three adult male albino rats were divided into three groups: normal control, vehicle-treated T2DM group, and irisin-treated T2DM. At the end of the study period, metabolic parameters, platelet count, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, plateletcrit, and serum sRAGE were determined.
Results
Irisin significantly improved platelet function and metabolic derangements induced by T2DM and significantly increased sRAGE. sRAGE was significantly negatively associated with platelet function parameters and some glucometabolic parameters. Additionally, mean platelet volume showed a significant predictive value for the change in serum sRAGE.
Conclusions
Irisin could have a protective role against diabetes-induced platelet dysfunction by increasing sRAGE levels, indicating the potential beneficial effects of sRAGE in the type 2 diabetic rat model.
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21
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Aminifard T, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. The effects of ginseng on the metabolic syndrome: An updated review. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5293-5311. [PMID: 34532035 PMCID: PMC8441279 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors including high blood glucose, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and high body weight. It can increase the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disorders, which are the important reasons for death around the world. Nowadays, there are numerous demands for herbal medicine because of less harmful effects and more useful effects in comparison with chemical options. Ginseng is one of the most famous herbs used as a drug for a variety of disorders in humans. The antihyperlipidemia, antihypertension, antihyperglycemic, and anti-obesity effects of ginseng and its active constituents such as ginsenosides have been shown in different studies. In this review article, the different in vitro, in vivo, and human studies concerning the effects of ginseng and its active constituents in metabolic syndrome have been summarized. According to these studies, ginseng can control metabolic syndrome and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Aminifard
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and ToxicologySchool of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and ToxicologySchool of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research CenterPharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and ToxicologySchool of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Pharmaceutical Research CenterPharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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22
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Long X, Liao S, Li E, Pang D, Li Q, Liu S, Hu T, Zou Y. The hypoglycemic effect of freeze-dried fermented mulberry mixed with soybean on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:3641-3654. [PMID: 34262724 PMCID: PMC8269569 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mulberry has significant hypoglycemic effect and can be used as an auxiliary food for people with type 2 diabetes. However, it is rich in carbohydrate and cannot be consumed directly by diabetic patients. In the study, we fermented the mulberry to reduce the content of glucose and fructose, and added the soybean to reduce the loss of probiotics during fermentation and then determined its hypoglycemic effect. We induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice by streptozotocin and measured its blood glucose, serum biochemistry, hepatic and pancreatic histopathology, and the diversity of the gut microbiota. After 5 weeks of oral DFMS administration, the glucose tolerance was improved significantly in T2DM mice. Furthermore, there were also significant increases in superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione concentration, and marked reductions in the concentrations of malondialdehyde and free fatty acids. Moreover, DFMS also prevented histopathological changes and the increases in the activities of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase. DFMS treatment also markedly increased the richness of the gut microbial community. The abundance of Bacteroidetes was increased, and those of Proteobacteria, Escherichia-Shigella, and Lactobacillus were reduced. In summary, DFMS has a clear hypoglycemic effect in mice with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Shan Long
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional FoodsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products ProcessingSericultural & Agri‐Food Research InstituteGuangzhouChina
- College of Food Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutionGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and SafetyGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Sen‐Tai Liao
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional FoodsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products ProcessingSericultural & Agri‐Food Research InstituteGuangzhouChina
| | - Er‐Na Li
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional FoodsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products ProcessingSericultural & Agri‐Food Research InstituteGuangzhouChina
| | - Dao‐Rui Pang
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional FoodsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products ProcessingSericultural & Agri‐Food Research InstituteGuangzhouChina
| | - Qian Li
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional FoodsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products ProcessingSericultural & Agri‐Food Research InstituteGuangzhouChina
| | - Shu‐Cheng Liu
- College of Food Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutionGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and SafetyGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Teng‐Gen Hu
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional FoodsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products ProcessingSericultural & Agri‐Food Research InstituteGuangzhouChina
- South China University of Technology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product SafetySchool of Food Science and EngineeringGuangzhouChina
| | - Yu‐Xiao Zou
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional FoodsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products ProcessingSericultural & Agri‐Food Research InstituteGuangzhouChina
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23
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Qu ZY, Wang HC, Jin YP, Li YL, Wang YP. Isolation, identification, and quantification of triterpene saponins in the fresh fruits of Panax notoginseng. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:5319-5329. [PMID: 34121538 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1938038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study is to develop a method for isolation, identification, and quantitative determination of dammarane-type triterpene saponins in the Panax notoginseng fruits (PNF). The saponins were isolated by a serious of chromatographic methods, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence and comparison with those of literature reports. Quantitative assay was performed on an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-UV (UPLC-UV) method. As a result, 22 saponins were isolated from the extract of PNF, among them, compound 1 was a new saponin, named as malonylgypenoside IX, compounds 3-10, and 14-18 were isolated from the PNF for the first time. As to quantitative analysis, the calibration curves showed good linearity (r > 0.998) within the concentration range, and the method validation provided good reproducibility and sensitivity for the quantification of eight major saponins with precision and accuracy of less than 3.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yi Qu
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - He-Cheng Wang
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Ping Jin
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Li Li
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, P.R. China
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Li S, Wang P, Yang W, Zhao C, Zhang L, Zhang J, Qin Y, Xu H, Huang L. Characterization of the Components and Pharmacological Effects of Mountain-Cultivated Ginseng and Garden Ginseng Based on the Integrative Pharmacology Strategy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:659954. [PMID: 33981239 PMCID: PMC8108004 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.659954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng C. A. Mey (PGCAM) is a herbaceous perennial belonging to the Araliaceae family, mainly including Mountain-Cultivated Ginseng (MCG) and Garden Ginseng (GG) on the market. We aimed to establish a rapid, accurate and effective method to distinguish 15-year-old MCG and GG using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS), and also explored the pharmacological mechanisms of the main components using the Integrative Pharmacology-based Network Computational Research Platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCMIP V2.0; http://www.tcmip.cn/). Altogether, 23 potential quality markers were characterized to distinguish 15-year-old MCG and GG, including ginsenosides Ra2, Rg1, and Ra1, and malonyl-ginsenoside Ra3, etc. The contents of 19 constituents (mainly protopanaxadiol-type) were higher in MCG compared with that in GG, and four constituents (mainly carbohydrate compounds) were higher in GG. The 105 putative targets corresponding to 23 potential quality markers were mainly involved in 30 pathways, which could be divided into 10 models, such as immune regulation, systems (metabolic, nervous, cardiovascular, reproductive), blood-pressure regulation, as well as antitumor, antiaging, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, the potential quality markers of MCG and GG could inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer by regulating the mRNA expression of PSA, S6K, MDM2, and P53 genes by acting on AR, MTOR, PI3K and other targets. The Integrative Pharmacology Strategy may provide an efficient way to identify chemical constituents and explore the pharmacological actions of TCM formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunhui Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Luoqi Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yuewen Qin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Haiyu Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Qu ZY, Zong Y, Zheng PH, Jin YP, Li W, Wang HC, Li YL, Wang YP. New malonylginsenosides from the fresh fruits of Panax notoginseng. Fitoterapia 2021; 150:104844. [PMID: 33548359 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Four new malonylginsenosides, malonylnotoginsenoside Fe (1), malonylnotoginsenoside Ra1 (2), malonylgypenoside LXXV (3), and malonylginsenoside Mc (4), together with two known analogues, malonylfloralginsenoside Rc1 (5) and malonylginsenoside Rc (6), were isolated from the fresh fruits of Panax notoginseng. Their structures were determined by MS and NMR experiments. The anti-proliferative activities of the malonylginsenosides (1-6) against SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line were evaluated using the MTT assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yi Qu
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, PR China
| | - Yu Zong
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology. Panjin, 124221, PR China
| | - Pei-He Zheng
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, PR China
| | - Yin-Ping Jin
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - He-Cheng Wang
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology. Panjin, 124221, PR China
| | - Ya-Li Li
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, PR China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
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Role of pectin in the current trends towards low-glycaemic food consumption. Food Res Int 2021; 140:109851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Liu H, Lu X, Hu Y, Fan X. Chemical constituents of Panax ginseng and Panax notoginseng explain why they differ in therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105263. [PMID: 33127555 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng (Meyer) and Panax notoginseng (Burkill), belonging to the family Araliaceae, are used worldwide as medicinal and functional herbs. Numerous publications over the past decades have revealed that both P. notoginseng and P. ginseng contain important bioactive ingredients such as ginsenosides and exert multiple pharmacological effects on nervous system and immune diseases. However, based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, their applications clearly differ as ginseng reinforces vital energy and notoginseng promotes blood circulation. In this article, we review the similarities and differences between ginseng and notoginseng in terms of their chemical composition and pharmacological effects. Their chemical comparisons indicate that ginseng contains more polysaccharides and amino acids, while notoginseng has more saponins, volatile oil, and polyacetylenes. Regarding pharmacological effects, ginseng exhibits better protective effects on cardiovascular disease, nerve disease, cancer, and diabetes mellitus, whereas notoginseng displays a superior protective effect on cerebrovascular disease. The evidence presented in this review facilitates further research and clinical applications of these two herbs, and exploration of the relationship between the chemical components and disease efficacy may be the critical next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Giri TK, Roy P, Maity S. Formulation and Characterization of Solid Dispersion Containing Capsaicin for the Treatment of Diabetes. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666190916152432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Chili peppers are widely used in many cuisines as a spice, and capsaicin is
the main component. It has been reported that capsaicin acts as an antihyperglycemic agent. However,
it shows poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability.
Objective:
The is to enhance the aqueous solubility and antihyperglycemic activity of capsaicin
through solid dispersion formulation.
Methods:
Solid dispersions were prepared by the solvent evaporation method using polyethylene
glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) as a hydrophilic carrier. Polymer-drug miscibility and drug crystallinity
were characterized through the differential thermal analysis and X-ray powder patterns analysis.
Solid dispersions were evaluated for solubility, in vitro drug dissolution and in vivo animal study in
rats.
Results:
Results of x-ray powder patterns analysis showed a considerable reduction of drug crystallinity
in solid dispersion. Differential thermal analysis result revealed a complete disappearance of
capsaicin melting onset temperature in solid dispersion. From the phase solubility data, it was observed
that the aqueous solubility of capsaicin was increased with increasing concentration of PEG
6000. Solid dispersion formulation showed considerable enhancement of in vitro release of drugs in
comparison to pure capsaicin. In vivo animal study in rats shows that the solid dispersion containing
capsaicin significantly reduced the blood glucose level in comparison to the free capsaicin.
Conclusion:
Higher anti-hyperglycemic effect of capsaicin loaded solid dispersion in comparison to
the pure drug may be due to the enhancement of aqueous solubility of capsaicin. Thus, the solid
dispersion of capsaicin showed a simple approach for capsaicin delivery with improved antidiabetic
activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Kumar Giri
- NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata Group of Institutions, 124 BL Saha Road, Kolkata-700053, West Bengal, India
| | - Payel Roy
- NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata Group of Institutions, 124 BL Saha Road, Kolkata-700053, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhasis Maity
- NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata Group of Institutions, 124 BL Saha Road, Kolkata-700053, West Bengal, India
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Jiang S, Wu X, Wang Y, Zou J, Zhao X. The potential DPP-4 inhibitors from Xiao-Ke-An improve the glucolipid metabolism via the activation of AKT/GSK-3β pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 882:173272. [PMID: 32535096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is a specific enzyme hydrolyzing the incretin hormone glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) to reduce insulin secretion, meanwhile DPP-4 inhibitors play an important role in diabetic therapy. In present study, 14 potential inhibitors were screened with an inhibition over 50% on DPP-4 activity from Xiao-Ke-An formula (XKA) and 12 of them exhibited a dose-dependently inhibitory effect at concentrations of 5-50 μmol/l. We found 10 DPP-4 inhibitors restrained differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes as well as reducing the triglycerides and total cholesterol content in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, 7 DPP-4 inhibitors promoted the glucose consumption in insulin-resistance BNL CL.2 cells. Thereinto, ginsenoside Rk1 up-regulated the protein kinase B (AKT) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3β) phosphorylation expression, while kukoamine B and coptisine hydrochloride obviously increased the phosphorylation of AKT protein and columbamine, panaxadiol, ginsenoside Ro, timosaponin AI significantly promoted the phosphorylation of GSK-3β protein. It's our first effort to confirm those seven compounds could serve as DPP-4 inhibitors to attenuate DPP-4 activities, accompanied with the ability to adjust glucolipid metabolism. Moreover, activating the AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway to ameliorate insulin resistant may be the anti-diabetic mechanism of XKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Xueli Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jingtao Zou
- Tonghua Huaxia Pharmaceutical Company, JiLin, 134000, China.
| | - Xiaoping Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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Pan L, Li Z, Wang Y, Zhang B, Liu G, Liu J. Network pharmacology and metabolomics study on the intervention of traditional Chinese medicine Huanglian Decoction in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 258:112842. [PMID: 32333952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is currently one of the most prominent and global chronic conditions. Huanglian Decoction (HLD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation that has been used to treat T2DM for thousands of years in China. However, its mechanism of action at the metabolic level is still unclear. The purpose of this work is to study the mechanism of HLD in treating T2DM based on metabolomics and network pharmacology. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, metabolomics combined with network pharmacology was used to elucidate the therapeutic mechanism of HLD in T2DM. Serum samples were collected from rats with T2DM, induced by a high-sugar and high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin (STZ), to measure the levels of biochemical markers. Urinary metabolomics-based analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was conducted to evaluate the differential metabolites from multiple metabolic pathways. RESULTS After treatment with HLD for 4 weeks, biochemical indicators, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood lipid, fasting insulin (FINS), insulin sensitivity index (ISI), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), were significantly improved. Metabolomics results revealed that HLD regulated the biomarkers, such as cytosine, L-carnitine, betaine, phenylalanine, glucose, citrate, phenylpyruvate, and hippuric acid in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The combination of network pharmacology, metabolomics, western blot, and PCR showed that HLD can treat T2DM by enhancing the gene and protein expression levels of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), insulin receptor (INSR), and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) to interfere with glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. CONCLUSIONS The study based on metabolomics and network pharmacology indicated that HLD can improve T2DM through multiple targets and pathways, and it may be a useful alternative therapy for the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Pan
- Department of Chinese Medicine Literature and Culture, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China.
| | - Zhuangzhuang Li
- Ocean University of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China.
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Chinese Medicine Literature and Culture, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China.
| | - Bingyu Zhang
- Department of Chinese Medicine Literature and Culture, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China.
| | - Guirong Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China.
| | - Juhai Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China.
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Karunasagara S, Hong GL, Park SR, Lee NH, Jung DY, Kim TW, Jung JY. Korean red ginseng attenuates hyperglycemia-induced renal inflammation and fibrosis via accelerated autophagy and protects against diabetic kidney disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 254:112693. [PMID: 32112899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. (Korean ginseng) has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes mellitus for thousands of years. It also plays a key role in health maintenance owing to its anti-oxidant and anti-fatigue properties, and is quite popular as a dietary supplement. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was designed to offer a complementary and alternative medicine to manage the diabetic kidney disease (DKD), which causes long-term damage to the renal structure. We also investigated the regulation of the autophagy mechanism, which is the underlying the pathogenesis of DKD. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on DKD was evaluated using human kidney proximal tubular cells and streptozotocin (STZ)-treated Sprague-Dawley rat models. In vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the proteins related to fibrosis and autophagy. This was followed by in vivo experiments involving rats treated with single intraperitoneal administration of STZ (60 mg/kg) and then with KRG solution orally for 4 weeks. Proteins related to renal injury, fibrosis, and autophagy were determined by immunoblotting. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Sirius red, and immunostaining were processed for histological studies. RESULTS KRG diminished the levels of metabolic measurements and blood parameters. Western blotting showed a decreased expression of proteins, such as TGF-β1, KIM1, and AGE, which are responsible for renal inflammation, injury, and fibrosis. Histological studies also supported these results and revealed that the KRG-treated groups recovered from renal injury and fibrosis. Furthermore, the autophagy marker, LC3, was upregulated, whereas p62 was downregulated. The levels of proteins related to the autophagy mechanism, such as ATG7, increased, while mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) decreased with the KRG treatment and exhibited accelerated autophagy compared to the STZ alone group. CONCLUSIONS KRG can suppress renal inflammation, injury, and fibrosis by blocking TGF-β1 activation and can induce cellular autophagy. Therefore, this study strongly suggests that KRG exhibits a renoprotective effect against the STZ-induced DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanika Karunasagara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Lan Hong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Ra Park
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Hyun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Young Jung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Won Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Jung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Long XS, Liao ST, Wen P, Zou YX, Liu F, Shen WZ, Hu TG. Superior hypoglycemic activity of mulberry lacking monosaccharides is accompanied by better activation of the PI3K/Akt and AMPK signaling pathways. Food Funct 2020; 11:4249-4258. [PMID: 32356550 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00427h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mulberry has been used as a functional food to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it contains relatively high levels of fructose and glucose, which are not suitable for excess consumption by diabetic patients. In this study we used microbial fermentation to remove fructose and glucose from mulberry fruit, and then determined the effects on glycemia, the phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxykinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways and their downstream effectors in T2DM mice. After 5 weeks of administration, fermented mulberry (FM) significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, and also improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, more effectively than unfermented mulberry (MP). Moreover, compared with MP, FM had a more marked effect on the protein expression of intermediates in the PI3K/Akt and AMPK signaling pathways and their effectors: insulin receptor, phosphorylated Akt (Ser 308), phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (Ser 9), glycogen synthetase, phosphorylated forkhead transcription factor 1 (Ser 256), pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, lipoprotein lipase, and phosphorylated AMPK (Thr 172), glucose transporter 4 and pyruvate kinase. These findings indicate that mulberry fruit modified to remove fructose and glucose may be more promising than whole mulberry as a treatment for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shan Long
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, No. 133 Yiheng St., Dongguanzhuang Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510610, P.R. China.
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Analysis of the Rule of TCM Compatibility in TCM Prescriptions Containing Ginseng Radix ET Rhizoma in Ancient Books for Xiaoke Bing. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9472304. [PMID: 32308724 PMCID: PMC7140142 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9472304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background TCM considers that diabetes belongs to the scope of Xiaoke Bing. Compound prescriptions are characteristics of TCM. For a certain medicine, its compatibility with different medicines can exert different efficacies in different prescriptions. Using the TCM compound prescriptions containing Ginseng Radix ET Rhizoma in ancient books for Xiaoke Bing as an example, this study introduces new methods to investigate the rule of TCM compatibility. Methods Frequency analysis was accomplished by programs written in Perl. The R, Cytoscape, and DpClus software were used to carry out the association rules analysis, the construction of the TCM interconnection network, and the graph clustering analysis, respectively. Results Frequency analysis ranked the frequencies of medicine, medicinal flavors, properties, and meridian attributions, and it was found that some of them are significantly higher than others. Six association rules were obtained. The TCM interconnection network showed that there are close medicine associations among prescriptions, and we got 17 categories of closely related prescriptions from the network. Conclusions Ginseng Radix ET Rhizoma was widely used in treating Xiaoke Bing. Our results are consistent with the understanding of Xiaoke Bing in TCM; hence, it is demonstrated that the methods are effective for exploring the rule of TCM usage in prescriptions. This analysis could provide references for the treatment of diabetes.
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Jo YH, Lee H, Oh MH, Lee GH, Lee YJ, Lee JS, Kim MJ, Kim WY, Kim JS, Yoo DS, Cho SW, Cha SW, Pyo MK. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Korean ginseng extract GS-KG9 in a D-galactosamine-induced liver damage animal model. Nutr Res Pract 2020; 14:334-351. [PMID: 32765814 PMCID: PMC7390743 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2020.14.4.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES This study was designed to investigate the improvement effect of white ginseng extract (GS-KG9) on D-galactosamine (Ga1N)-induced oxidative stress and liver injury. SUBJECTS/METHODS Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups. Rats were orally administrated with GS-KG9 (300, 500, or 700 mg/kg) or silymarin (25 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. The rats of the GS-KG9- and silymarin-treated groups and a control group were then intraperitoneally injected Ga1N at a concentration of 650 mg/kg for 4 days. To investigate the protective effect of GS-KG9 against GalN-induced liver injury, blood liver function indicators, anti-oxidative stress indicators, and histopathological features were analyzed. RESULTS Serum biochemical analysis indicated that GS-KG9 ameliorated the elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in GalN-treated rats. The hepatoprotective effects of GS-KG9 involved enhancing components of the hepatic antioxidant defense system, including glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). In addition, GS-KG9 treatment inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by GalN treatment in hepatocytes and significantly increased the expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) proteins, which are antioxidant proteins. In particular, by histological analyses bases on hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, α-smooth muscle actin, and transforming growth factor-β1 staining, we determined that the administration of 500 mg/kg GS-KG9 inhibited hepatic inflammation and fibrosis due to the excessive accumulation of collagen. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that GS-KG9 improves GalN-induced liver inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis by attenuating oxidative stress. Therefore, GS-KG9 may be considered a useful candidate in the development of a natural preventive agent against liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ho Jo
- International Ginseng & Herb Research Institute, Geumsan 32724, Korea
| | - Hwan Lee
- International Ginseng & Herb Research Institute, Geumsan 32724, Korea
| | - Myeong Hwan Oh
- International Ginseng & Herb Research Institute, Geumsan 32724, Korea
| | - Gyeong Hee Lee
- International Ginseng & Herb Research Institute, Geumsan 32724, Korea
| | - You Jin Lee
- International Ginseng & Herb Research Institute, Geumsan 32724, Korea
| | - Ji Sun Lee
- International Ginseng & Herb Research Institute, Geumsan 32724, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- International Ginseng & Herb Research Institute, Geumsan 32724, Korea
| | - Won Yong Kim
- International Ginseng & Herb Research Institute, Geumsan 32724, Korea
| | - Jin Seong Kim
- International Ginseng & Herb Research Institute, Geumsan 32724, Korea
| | - Dae Seok Yoo
- International Ginseng & Herb Research Institute, Geumsan 32724, Korea
| | - Sang Won Cho
- International Ginseng & Herb Research Institute, Geumsan 32724, Korea
| | - Seon Woo Cha
- International Ginseng & Herb Research Institute, Geumsan 32724, Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Pyo
- International Ginseng & Herb Research Institute, Geumsan 32724, Korea
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Oza MJ, Kulkarni YA. Trifolium pratense (Red Clover) Improve SIRT1 Expression and Glycogen Content in High Fat Diet-Streptozotocin Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Rats. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000019. [PMID: 32187456 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Flowering tops of Trifolium pratense L. (Fabaceae) are known for its traditional medicinal values. In present study, our aim was to investigate effect of standardized aqueous extract of flowering tops of Trifolium pratense L. on insulin resistance and SIRT1 expression in type 2 diabetic rats. Type 2 diabetes was induced by feeding high fat diet and administering low dose of streptozotocin. Diabetic animals were treated with standardized aqueous extract at three different doses. Parameters such as blood glucose, lipid profile, glycohemoglobin, insulin sensitivity, HOMA-IR and liver glycogen content were measured. Changes in morphology and expression of SIRT1 in pancreatic tissue were measured in histopathological and immunohistological studies. Aqueous extract treatment showed reduction in hyperglycemia and improved insulin sensitivity. Extract treatment also showed reduction in formation of glycated hemoglobin and improved liver glycogen level. Histopathological study revealed protecting effect of extract in pancreatic tissue against hyperglycemia induced damage. Treatment increased expression of SIRT1 in rat pancreatic tissue. Results indicate that the aqueous extract of Trifolium pratense had beneficial role in improving insulin sensitivity and SIRT1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha J Oza
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L.Mehta road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India.,SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L.Mehta road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
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Noshahr ZS, Salmani H, Khajavi Rad A, Sahebkar A. Animal Models of Diabetes-Associated Renal Injury. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:9416419. [PMID: 32566684 PMCID: PMC7256713 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9416419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the main factor leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and subsequent morbidity and mortality. Importantly, the prevalence of DN is continuously increasing in developed countries. Many rodent models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes have been established to elucidate the pathogenesis of diabetes and examine novel therapies against DN. These models are developed by chemical, surgical, genetic, drug, and diet/nutrition interventions or combination of two or more methods. The main characteristics of DN including a decrease in renal function, albuminuria and mesangiolysis, mesangial expansion, and nodular glomerulosclerosis should be exhibited by an animal model of DN. However, a rodent model possessing all of the abovementioned features of human DN has not yet been developed. Furthermore, mice of different genetic backgrounds and strains show different levels of susceptibility to DN with respect to albuminuria and development of glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions. Therefore, the type of diabetes, development of nephropathy, duration of the study, cost of maintaining and breeding, and animals' mortality rate are important factors that might be affected by the type of DN model. In this review, we discuss the pros and cons of different rodent models of diabetes that are being used to study DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Samadi Noshahr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Salmani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Khajavi Rad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Review of Ginseng Anti-Diabetic Studies. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244501. [PMID: 31835292 PMCID: PMC6943541 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is one of the most valuable and commonly used Chinese medicines not only in ancient China but also worldwide. Ginsenosides, also known as saponins or triterpenoids, are thought to be responsible for the beneficial effects of ginseng. In this review, we summarize recent publications on anti-diabetic studies of ginseng extracts and ginsenosides in cells, animals, and humans. It seems that the anti-diabetic effect of ginseng is positive for type 2 diabetic patients but has no significant impact on prediabetes or healthy adults. Regulation of insulin secretion, glucose uptake, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory pathways may be the mechanisms involved with ginseng's anti-diabetic effects. Taken together, this summary provides evidence for the anti-diabetes effects of ginseng extracts and ginsenosides as well as the underlying mechanisms of their impact on diabetes.
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Urinary Metabolomics Study of the Intervention Effect of Hypoglycemic Decoction on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rats Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:1394641. [PMID: 31885637 PMCID: PMC6925725 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1394641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The hypoglycemic decoction (HD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM), with a remarkable therapeutic effect. However, its mechanism of action is still unclear at the metabolic level. In this study, the biochemical markers from type 2 DM (T2DM) rats, induced by a high-sugar and high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin (STZ), were detected. The metabolomics-based analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was conducted to evaluate urine samples from control, model, metformin, and HD groups. After oral administration of HD for 28 days, the general state, weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood lipid level, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), fasting insulin (FINS), insulin sensitivity index (ISI), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly improved (P < 0.01). The western blotting showed that HD can enhance the protein expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The metabolomics results revealed that after treatment with HD, the levels of L-carnitine, 1-methyladenosine, 1-methylhistamine, and 3-indoleacrylic acid were upregulated and the levels of riboflavin, phenylalanine, atrolactic acid, 2-oxoglutarate, citrate, isocitrate, cortisol, and glucose were downregulated. The main mechanism may be closely related to the regulation of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, phenylalanine metabolism, glyoxylate metabolism, and dicarboxylate metabolism. Additionally, it was also found that HD can regulate the protein expression of GLUT4 and AMPK to interfere with TCA cycle and carbohydrate metabolism to treat T2DM.
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Zhang C, Zuo T, Wang X, Wang H, Hu Y, Li Z, Li W, Jia L, Qian Y, Yang W, Yu H. Integration of Data-Dependent Acquisition (DDA) and Data-Independent High-Definition MS E (HDMS E) for the Comprehensive Profiling and Characterization of Multicomponents from Panax japonicus by UHPLC/IM-QTOF-MS. Molecules 2019; 24:E2708. [PMID: 31349632 PMCID: PMC6695638 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of herbal matrix necessitates the development of powerful analytical strategies to enable comprehensive multicomponent characterization. In this work, targeting the multicomponents from Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer, both data dependent acquisition (DDA) and data-independent high-definition MSE (HDMSE) in the negative electrospray ionization mode were used to extend the coverage of untargeted metabolites characterization by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to a VionTM IM-QTOF (ion-mobility/quadrupole time-of-flight) high-resolution mass spectrometer. Efficient chromatographic separation was achieved by using a BEH Shield RP18 column. Optimized mass-dependent ramp collision energy of DDA enabled more balanced MS/MS fragmentation for mono- to penta-glycosidic ginsenosides. An in-house ginsenoside database containing 504 known ginsenosides and 60 reference compounds was established and incorporated into UNIFITM, by which efficient and automated peak annotation was accomplished. By streamlined data processing workflows, we could identify or tentatively characterize 178 saponins from P. japonicus, of which 75 may have not been isolated from the Panax genus. Amongst them, 168 ginsenosides were characterized based on the DDA data, while 10 ones were newly identified from the HDMSE data, which indicated their complementary role. Conclusively, the in-depth deconvolution and characterization of multicomponents from P. japonicus were achieved, and the approaches we developed can be an example for comprehensive chemical basis elucidation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Tiantian Zuo
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Li Jia
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yuexin Qian
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Heshui Yu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
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Remarkable impact of amino acids on ginsenoside transformation from fresh ginseng to red ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:424-434. [PMID: 32372864 PMCID: PMC7195590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amino acids are one of the major constituents in Panax ginseng, including neutral amino acid, acidic amino acid, and basic amino acid. However, whether these amino acids play a role in ginsenoside conversion during the steaming process has not yet been elucidated. Methods In the present study, to elucidate the role of amino acids in ginsenoside transformation from fresh ginseng to red ginseng, an amino acids impregnation pretreatment was applied during the steaming process at 120°C. Acidic glutamic acid and basic arginine were used for the acid impregnation treatment during the root steaming. The ginsenosides contents, pH, browning intensity, and free amino acids contents in untreated and amino acid–treated P. ginseng samples were determined. Results After 2 h of steaming, the concentration of less polar ginsenosides in glutamic acid–treated P. ginseng was significantly higher than that in untreated P. ginseng during the steaming process. However, the less polar ginsenosides in arginine-treated P. ginseng increased slightly. Meanwhile, free amino acids contents in fresh P. ginseng, glutamic acid-treated P. ginseng, and arginine-treated P. ginseng significantly decreased during steaming from 0 to 2h. The pH also decreased in P. ginseng samples at high temperatures. The pH decrease in red ginseng was closely related to the decrease in basic amino acids levels during the steaming process. Conclusion Amino acids can remarkably affect the acidity of P. ginseng sample by altering the pH value. They were the main influential factors for the ginsenoside transformation. These results are useful in elucidating why and how steaming induces the structural change of ginsenoside in P. ginseng and also provides an effective and green approach to regulate the ginsenoside conversion using amino acids during the steaming process.
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Njume C, Donkor O, McAinch AJ. Predisposing factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the potential protective role of native plants with functional properties. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Yang X, Lu F, Li L, Li J, Luo J, Zhang S, Liu X, Chen G. Wu-Mei-wan protects pancreatic β cells by inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome activation in diabetic mice. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:35. [PMID: 30704457 PMCID: PMC6357370 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Wu-Mei-Wan (WMW) is a traditional Chinese herbal formulation that is clinically prescribed to treat diabetes mellitus in China. WMW has been shown to alleviate damage in pancreatic β cells, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aims to explore how WMW plays a protective role in pancreatic islets. Methods Drug testing and mechanism analyses were performed on mice treated with three concentrations of WMW (4800, 9600, and 19,200 mg/kg/bw) for four consecutive weeks. Blood was collected from both db/db and wild-type mice to determine fasting blood glucose (FBG) and serum insulin levels. The expression of proteins related to apoptosis, cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase 12 (caspase-12) and B-cell leukemia 2 (Bcl-2), was measured by western blot. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-18 (IL-18), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1α (MCP-1α), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the pancreas were tested with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunohistochemistry staining of F4/80 was performed to measure the pancreatic infiltration of macrophages. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining of the NLRP3 inflammasome were used to measure the expression of proteins related to apoptosis and inflammation. Results WMW dose-dependently reduced FBG and promoted serum insulin secretion in db/db mice compared to the wild-type controls. WMW protected pancreatic β cells with a pattern of decreasing caspase-12 and increasing Bcl-2 expression. WMW also reversed the upregulated production of IL-1β, IL-18, MCP-1α, and macrophage-specific surface glycoprotein F4/80 in diabetic mice. In addition, the protein expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome components NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 (P20) were higher in db/db mice than in wild-type controls. Conclusions WMW inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome to protect pancreatic β cells and prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-019-2443-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Wang L, Zhou X, Yin Y, Mai Y, Wang D, Zhang X. Hyperglycemia Induces Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Formation Through an NADPH Oxidase-Dependent Pathway in Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3076. [PMID: 30671057 PMCID: PMC6331470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), the product of NETosis, is found to localize pathogens and crystals in immune response. Recent studies have found that excessive NETs lead to disease conditions such as diabetes and its complications like diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, the correlation between NETs and high glucose or DR remains unclear. Here, we found NETs level was significantly increased in the serum of diabetic patients, especially in proliferation diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients. High glucose dramatically increased NETs production in diabetic individuals with time prolonging. The activation of NADPH oxidase was involved in the NETs process which is triggered by high glucose. Moreover, we verified the infiltration of neutrophils in the eyes and adhesion to vascular endothelial cells in diabetic rat models. NETs formation was observed in the vitreous bodies and retinas of diabetic individuals, which indicates NETs may play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Furthermore, anti-VEGF therapy downregulates NETs production indicating that NADPH oxidase-derived ROS may be another signaling pathway involved in anti-VEGF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoziyi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yizhou Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuxin Mai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Desai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuedong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
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Semi-synthesis and anti-tumor activity of novel 25-OCH3-PPD derivatives incorporating aromatic moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:189-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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45
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Karmazyn M, Gan XT. Ginseng for the treatment of diabetes and diabetes-related cardiovascular complications: a discussion of the evidence 1. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 97:265-276. [PMID: 30395481 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with elevated blood glucose levels due either to insufficient insulin production (type 1 DM) or to insulin resistance (type 2 DM). The incidence of DM around the world continues to rise dramatically with more than 400 million cases reported today. Among the most serious consequences of chronic DM are cardiovascular complications that can have deleterious effects. Although numerous treatment options are available, including both pharmacological and nonpharmacological, there is substantial emerging interest in the use of traditional medicines for the treatment of this condition and its complications. Among these is ginseng, a medicinal herb that belongs to the genus Panax and has been used for thousands of years as a medicinal agent especially in Asian cultures. There is emerging evidence from both animal and clinical studies that ginseng, ginseng constituents including ginsenosides, and ginseng-containing formulations can produce beneficial effects in terms of normalization of blood glucose levels and attenuation of cardiovascular complications through a multiplicity of mechanisms. Although more research is required, ginseng may offer a useful therapy for the treatment of diabetes as well as its complications.
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Jiao Y, Hua D, Huang D, Zhang Q, Yan C. Characterization of a new heteropolysaccharide from green guava and its application as an α-glucosidase inhibitor for the treatment of type II diabetes. Food Funct 2018; 9:3997-4007. [PMID: 29975387 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00790j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Psidium guajava fruit is a subtropical fruit, functional food and traditional medicine for the adjuvant treatment of diabetes mellitus in China. To investigate the active components responsible for its health benefits, a novel heteropolysaccharide GP70-3 was purified by water extraction, ethanol precipitation and column chromatography. Structural characterization of GP70-3 was elucidated for the first time by monosaccharide composition assay, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), methylation analysis, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The data revealed that GP70-3 contained a backbone of 1→3,6)-linked β-d-Galp, 1→5)-linked α-l-Araf, 1→6)-linked β-d-Galp and 1→3)-linked β-d-Galp, branched with 1→2,3,5)-linked α-l-Araf, 1→3)-linked α-l-Araf, 1→3)-linked α-l-Rhap, 1→3)-linked β-d-GlcpA, 1→3)-linked β-d-GalpA and terminated with →1)-linked β-d-Galp. Advanced structure studies showed GP70-3 consisted of irregular flakes with rounded-spherical pores. Moreover, GP70-3 exhibited outstanding α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro, with an IC50 value of 2.539 ± 0.144 μM, which was 1867 times higher than that of the positive control acarbose (IC50 value of 4.744 ± 0.026 mM). Therefore, consumption of guava polysaccharides may be beneficial as an α-glucosidase inhibitor for reducing the postprandial blood glucose level and treating type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Jiao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Mabhida SE, Dludla PV, Johnson R, Ndlovu M, Louw J, Opoku AR, Mosa RA. Protective effect of triterpenes against diabetes-induced β-cell damage: An overview of in vitro and in vivo studies. Pharmacol Res 2018; 137:179-192. [PMID: 30315968 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accumulative evidence shows that chronic hyperglycaemia is a major factor implicated in the development of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in diabetic patients. Furthermore, most of these patients display impaired insulin signalling that is responsible for accelerated pancreatic β-cell damage. Indeed, prominent pathways involved in glucose metabolism such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ protein kinase B (PI3-K/AKT) and 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are impaired in an insulin resistant state. The impairment of this pathway is associated with over production of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory factors that supersede pancreatic β-cell damage. Although several antidiabetic drugs can improve β-cell function by modulating key regulators such as PI3-K/AKT and AMPK, evidence of their β-cell regenerative and protective effect is scanty. As a result, there has been continued exploration of novel antidiabetic therapeutics with abundant antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties that are essential in protecting against β-cell damage. Such therapies include triterpenes, which have displayed robust effects to improve glycaemic tolerance, insulin secretion, and pancreatic β-cell function. This review summarises most relevant effects of various triterpenes on improving pancreatic β-cell function in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models. A special focus falls on studies reporting on the ameliorative properties of these compounds against insulin resistance, oxidative stress and inflammation, the well-known factors involved in hyperglycaemia associated tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihle E Mabhida
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa; Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.
| | - Phiwayinkosi V Dludla
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, 60121, Italy; Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Musawenkosi Ndlovu
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa; Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Andy R Opoku
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
| | - Rebamang A Mosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
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Effect of Red Ginseng Extract on the Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of Metformin in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030080. [PMID: 29970815 PMCID: PMC6161147 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of red ginseng extract on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and efficacy of metformin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The diabetes mellitus rat model was established by intraperitoneally administering multiple doses of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg, twice on day 1 and 8), and diabetic rats received metformin 50 mg/kg with or without single or multiple administration of Korean red ginseng extract (RGE, 2 g/kg/day, once or for 1 week). RGE administration did not affect the plasma concentration and renal excretion of metformin. Further, diabetic rats were administered metformin (50 mg/kg) and RGE (2 g/kg) alone or concomitantly for 5 weeks, and both regimens decreased the fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (Hb-A1c) levels. Furthermore, fasting blood glucose levels were reduced by metformin or RGE administered alone but recovered to the control level following co-administration, suggesting that the effect was additive. However, triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were not different with metformin and RGE treatment alone or in combination. Biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were not different among the three treatment groups. In conclusion, RGE and metformin showed an additive effect in glycemic control. However, the co-administration of RGE and metformin did not cause PK interactions or affect biochemical parameters including the free fatty acid, triglyceride, AST, ALT, or cholesterol levels.
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Bai L, Gao J, Wei F, Zhao J, Wang D, Wei J. Therapeutic Potential of Ginsenosides as an Adjuvant Treatment for Diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:423. [PMID: 29765322 PMCID: PMC5938666 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, one of the oldest traditional Chinese medicinal herbs, has been used widely in China and Asia for thousands of years. Ginsenosides extracted from ginseng, which is derived from the roots and rhizomes of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, have been used in China as an adjuvant in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Owing to the technical complexity of ginsenoside production, the total ginsenosides are generally extracted. Accumulating evidence has shown that ginsenosides exert antidiabetic effects. In vivo and in vitro tests revealed the potential of ginsenoside Rg1, Rg3, Rg5, Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, compound K, Rk1, Re, ginseng total saponins, malonyl ginsenosides, Rd, Rh2, F2, protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type saponins to treat diabetes and its complications, including type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cognitive dysfunction, type 2 diabetes mellitus with fatty liver disease, diabetic cerebral infarction, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and diabetic erectile dysfunction. Many effects are attributed to ginsenosides, including gluconeogenesis reduction, improvement of insulin resistance, glucose transport, insulinotropic action, islet cell protection, hepatoprotective activity, anti-inflammatory effect, myocardial protection, lipid regulation, improvement of glucose tolerance, antioxidation, improvement of erectile dysfunction, regulation of gut flora metabolism, neuroprotection, anti-angiopathy, anti-neurotoxic effects, immunosuppression, and renoprotection effect. The molecular targets of these effects mainly contains GLUTs, SGLT1, GLP-1, FoxO1, TNF-α, IL-6, caspase-3, bcl-2, MDA, SOD, STAT5-PPAR gamma pathway, PI3K/Akt pathway, AMPK-JNK pathway, NF-κB pathway, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Rg1, Rg3, Rb1, and compound K demonstrated the most promising therapeutic prospects as potential adjuvant medicines for the treatment of diabetes. This paper highlights the underlying pharmacological mechanisms of the anti-diabetic effects of ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Bai
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jialiang Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Danwei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junping Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Eom SJ, Kim KT, Paik HD. Microbial bioconversion of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng and their improved bioactivities. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2018.1424183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Eom
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee-Tae Kim
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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