The suppressive effects of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Fangfeng) chromone extract on rheumatoid arthritis via inhibition of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen activated proteinkinases activation on collagen-induced arthritis model

Fengshi Liuhe Decoction treatment for rheumatoid arthritis via the Fzd6/NF-κB signaling axis

To explore whether Fengshi Liuhe Decoction (FLD) alleviates rheumatoid arthritis (RA) via the Fzd6/NF-κB signaling axis. We used real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blotting (WB) to determine the genes of the frizzled (Fzd) protein 1- Fzd protein 10 that are significantly differentially expressed between normal rat fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) and collagen II-induced arthritis (CIA) rat FLS. Next, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate the levels of inflammatory factors in cell culture supernatant to determine the ability of FLD to ameliorate RA. Finally, we employed WB to detect the key gene expression in protein levels of the Fzd6/NF-κB signaling axis among normal rat FLS, CIA rat FLS, and FLD-treated CIA rat FLS. Our results showed that Fzd6 expression was significantly higher in CIA rat FLS at both the mRNA and protein levels than in normal rat FLS. FLD was found to downregulate Fzd6 and inflammatory factors, including COX-2, IL-8, and TNF-α, at both the mRNA and protein levels. FLD was also found to downregulate the total protein levels of Fzd6 and the NF-κB signaling pathway key gene phosphorylation of p-p65/p65 and p-IκBα/IκBα. Moreover, FLD inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in CIA rat FLS. FLD can alleviate inflammation of CIA rat FLS via the Fzd6/NF-κB signaling axis.

Genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses provide insights into the evolution and development of a medicinal plant Saposhnikovia divaricata (Apiaceae)

Saposhnikovia divaricata, 2n = 2x = 16, as a perennial species, is widely distributed in China, Mongolia, Russia, etc. It is a traditional Chinese herb used to treat tetanus, rubella pruritus, rheumatic arthralgia, and other diseases. Here, we assembled a 2.07 Gb and N50 scaffold length of 227.67 Mb high-quality chromosome-level genome of S. divaricata based on the PacBio Sequel II sequencing platform. The total number of genes identified was 42 948, and 42 456 of them were functionally annotated. A total of 85.07% of the genome was composed of repeat sequences, comprised mainly of long terminal repeats (LTRs) which represented 73.7% of the genome sequence. The genome size may have been affected by a recent whole-genome duplication event. Transcriptional and metabolic analyses revealed bolting and non-bolting S. divaricata differed in flavonoids, plant hormones, and some pharmacologically active components. The analysis of its genome, transcriptome, and metabolome helped to provide insights into the evolution of bolting and non-bolting phenotypes in wild and cultivated S. divaricata and lays the basis for genetic improvement of the species.

Chemical constituents from the Saposhnikovia divaricata and their antiproliferative activity

Nine compounds were isolated and identified from ethanolic extracts of Saposhnikovia divaricata, including one new alkaloid (1), one new pentacyclic triterpenoid (9), and seven known alkaloids (2-8). Structural elucidation of compounds 1 and 9 was established by 1D and 2D NMR spectra referring to the literature, together with high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis. All compounds were evaluated for antiproliferative activity against two cancer cell lines (LN229, A549) in vitro. Compounds (1-9) showed no significant antiproliferative activity.

A new 3,4-dihydroisocoumarin and an antiinflammatory coumarin from the roots of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk

Phytochemical investigation of the roots of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk resulted in the isolation of twelve coumarin derivatives including one new 3,4-dihydroisocoumarin (1) and eleven known 3,4-unsubstituted coumarins (2-12). Structural elucidation of compounds 1-12 was established by 1D and 2D NMR spectra referring to the literature, together with high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis. LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory cell model was used to determine the potential antiinflammation activity of all the isolated compounds in vitro. The results showed that compound 3 significantly inhibited the production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO in macrophages (IC50 = 4.54 ± 1.71 μM), more active than the positive control (L-NMMA).

Study on the mechanism of action of Saposhnikovia divaricata and its key phytochemical on rheumatoid arthritis based on network pharmacology and bioinformatics

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk (SD; called "fangfeng" in China) has been widely used in the clinical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and has shown well therapeutic effects, but the specific mechanisms of action of its bioactive phytochemicals remain unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the molecular biological mechanism of SD in treating RA through a pharmacology-based strategy. The SD-specific core ingredient Prangenidin was screened for further in-depth study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The bioactive phytochemicals of SD and potential targets for the treatment of RA were screened by network pharmacology, and phytochemicals-related parameters such as pharmacology, and toxicology were evaluated. The protein interaction network was established to screen the core targets, and the correlation between the core targets and RA was further validated by bioinformatics strategy. Finally, molecular docking of core components and corresponding targets was performed. The in vitro experiments were performed to elucidate the regulation of Prangenidin on MH7A cells and on the PI3K/AKT pathway, and the in vivo therapeutic effect of Prangenidin was validated in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice.

RESULTS

A total of 18 bioactive phytochemicals and 66 potential target genes intersecting with the screened RA disease target genes were identified from SD. Finally, core ingredients such as wogonin, beta-sitosterol, 5-O-Methylvisamminol, and prangenidin and core targets such as PTGS2, RELA, and AKT1 were obtained. The underlying mechanism of SD in treating RA might be achieved by regulating pathways such as PI3K/AKT, IL-17 pathway, apoptosis, and multiple biological processes to exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Molecular docking confirmed that all core ingredients and key targets had great docking activity. Prangenidin inhibited viability, migration, and invasion, and induced apoptosis in MH7A cells. Prangenidin also reduced the production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1, and MMP-3. Molecular analysis showed that Prangenidin exerts its regulatory effect on MH7A cells by inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway. Treatment with Prangenidin ameliorated synovial inflammation in the joints of mice with CIA.

CONCLUSION

Our findings provide insights into the therapeutic effects of SD on RA, successfully predicting the effective ingredients and potential targets, which could suggest a novel theoretical basis for further exploration of its molecular mechanisms. It also revealed that Prangenidin inhibited viability, migration, invasion, cytokine, and MMPs expression, and induced apoptosis in RA FLSs via the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Lei's formula attenuates osteoarthritis mediated by suppression of chondrocyte senescence via the mTOR axis: in vitro and in vivo experiments

Lei's formula (LSF), a traditional Chinese herbal remedy, is recognized for its remarkable clinical effectiveness in treating osteoarthritis (OA). Despite its therapeutic potential, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying LSF's action in OA have remained enigmatic. Existing research has shed light on the role of the mTOR signaling pathway in promoting chondrocyte senescence, a central factor in OA-related cartilage degeneration. Consequently, targeting mTOR to mitigate chondrocyte senescence presents a promising avenue for OA treatment. The primary objective of this study is to establish LSF's chondroprotective potential and confirm its anti-osteoarthritic efficacy through mTOR inhibition. In vivo assessments using an OA mouse model reveal substantial articular cartilage degeneration. However, LSF serves as an effective guardian of articular cartilage, evidenced by reduced subchondral osteosclerosis, increased cartilage thickness, improved surface smoothness, decreased OARSI scores, elevated expression of cartilage anabolic markers (Col2 and Aggrecan), reduced expression of catabolic markers (Adamts5 and MMP13), increased expression of the chondrocyte hypertrophy marker (Col10), and decreased expression of chondrocyte senescence markers (P16 and P21). In vitro findings demonstrate that LSF shields chondrocytes from H2O2-induced apoptosis, inhibits senescence, enhances chondrocyte differentiation, promotes the synthesis of type II collagen and proteoglycans, and reduces cartilage degradation. Mechanistically, LSF suppresses chondrocyte senescence through the mTOR axis, orchestrating the equilibrium between chondrocyte anabolism and catabolism, ultimately leading to reduced apoptosis and decelerated OA cartilage degradation. LSF holds significant promise as a therapeutic approach for OA treatment, offering new insights into potential treatments for this prevalent age-related condition.

An integrated strategy for rapid discovery and identification of the potential effective fragments of polysaccharides from Saposhnikoviae Radix

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Saposhnikoviae Radix (SR) is a traditional Chinese medicine, known as "Fangfeng". As one of the main active components, Saposhnikoviae Radix polysaccharides (SP) demonstrated a range of biological activities, especially immunity regulation activity.

AIMS OF THE STUDY

This study aimed at exploring whether polysaccharides have activity after degradation, then discovering the potential effective fragments of SP.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Here we establish the chromatographic fingerprints method for 32 batches of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) derivatives of oligosaccharides by HPLC, meanwhile evaluating its immunomodulatory activity in vivo. Then, the potential effective fragments of SP were screened out based on the spectrum-effect relationship analysis between fingerprints and the pharmacological results. Besides, liquid chromatography ion trap-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-IT-TOF MS) coupled with multiple data-mining techniques was used to identify the potential effective oligosaccharides.

RESULTS

These findings showed that the hydrolysate of SP have significant immunomodulatory, and the immunity regulation activity varies under different hydrolysis conditions. The 4 potential effective peaks of the hydrolysate of SP were mined by spectrum-effect relationship. Finally, the chemical structure of 4 potential effective oligosaccharide fragments of SP was elucidated based on LC-IT-TOF MS. F10 was inferred tentatively to be Hex1→6Hex1→6Hex1→6Hex1→6Hex1→6Gal; F18 was confirmed to be Rhamnose; F14 was inferred tentatively to be Hex1→4Hex1→ 4Hex1→4Gal and F25 was tentatively inferred to be Ara1→6Gal.

CONCLUSIONS

This study may provide a sound experimental foundation in the exploration of the active fragments from macromolecular components with relatively complex structures such as polysaccharides.

Open tubular capillary electrochromatography with dual-responsive polymer as coating for separation of chromones

Fabricating polymeric coatings that are responsive to multiple/dual stimuli is crucial and remains a major challenge in the development of highly efficient open tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC). In this study, a pH and temperature-responsive block copolymer, poly(styrene-maleic anhydride 2-dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate), P(St-MAn-DMAEMA), was designed and synthesized. Using P(St-MAn-DMAEMA) as the coating, an OT-CEC protocol was constructed for the analysis of chromones. The morphology and hydrophobicity-hydrophilicity of the polymeric coating could change via varying the environmental conditions, affecting the separation efficiency of OT-CEC. Interestingly, the best performance of OT-CEC was achieved at pH 9.7 and 45 °C via tuning the interactions between the coating and the analytes. Additionally, the proposed OT-CEC method exhibited a good linear range for the detection of the three test chromones from 10.0 to 100.0 μM, with all correlation coefficients (R2) >0.997. The coatings also had good stability and reusability. This work provides an approach for the preparation of new multiple-stimuli-responsive polymeric coatings for the establishment of OT-CEC systems.

Effects and potential mechanisms of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. On type I allergy and pseudoallergic reactions in vitro and in vivo

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The incidence of allergic disease is constantly increasing, but its pathogenesis is not fully understood. Saposhnikovia divaricata (SD), called 'Fangfeng' in China, not only can be used for antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory as a traditional Chinese medicine, but also as an active ingredient in about 8% prescriptions. However, its effects on type I allergy and pseudoallergy have not been clarified.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To explore the treatment and potential mechanisms of SD and its major bioactive component Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin (POG) on type I allergy and pseudoallergy in vitro and in vivo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The inhibitory effect of SD decoction and POG on type I allergy and its possible mechanism were evaluated by using RBL-2H3 cells model in vitro and the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) mouse model in vivo. The cell degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells induced by DNP-IgE/DNP-BSA and Compound 48/80 (C48/80) was investigated, and the molecules of degranulation related signaling pathway was further detected by qRT-PCR and Western Blot analysis. Meanwhile, therapeutic effect of SD Decoction and POG were evaluated using PCA models in vivo. The molecular docking technology was conducted to explore the potential mechanisms.

RESULTS

In cells model induced by DNP-IgE/DNP-BSA, the release rate of β-Hex in high dose of SD and POG groups were 43.79% and 57.01%, and the release amount of HA in high dose of SD and POG groups were 26.19 ng/mL and 24.20 ng/mL. They were significantly lower than that in the model group. Besides, SD decoction and POG could significantly inhibit intracellular Ca2+ increasing and cell apoptosis. But there is no obvious effect on cells degranulation induced by C48/80. The molecular docking results showed that 5-O-Methylvisamioside and POG could bind with FcεRI α with stronger binding ability, but weak binding ability to Mrgprx2. Moreover, qPCR and Western blot analyses indicated that SD could down-regulate Lyn/Syk/PLCγ, MAPK and PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signal pathway to inhibit IgE-dependent cell degranulation. In mice PCA model, both SD and POG could dose-dependently attenuate the Evans Blue extravasation, paw and ear swelling induced by DNP-IgE/DNP-BSA, but no significant inhibition under the PCA models induced by C48/80.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, SD is effective for the therapeutic of type I allergies, suggesting that SD is a potential candidate for the treatment of type I allergy, and the underlying mechanism of these effects needs to be further studied.

Advances in Phytochemistry and Modern Pharmacology of Saposhnikovia Divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk

Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk (S. divaricata, Fangfeng) is a herb in the Apiaceae family, and its root has been used since the Western Han Dynasty (202 B.C.). Chromones and coumarins are the pharmacologically active substances in S. divaricata. Modern phytochemical and pharmacological studies have demonstrated their antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and anticoagulant activities. Technological and analytical strategy theory advancements have yielded novel results; however, most investigations have been limited to the main active substances-chromones and coumarins. Hence, we reviewed studies related to the chemical composition and pharmacological activity of S. divaricata, analyzed the developing trends and challenges, and proposed that research should focus on components' synergistic effects. We also suggested that, the structure-effect relationship should be prioritized in advanced research.

Research on the improvement effect of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Trucz.) Schischk on rheumatoid arthritis based on the "component-target-pathway" association

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of the traditional Chinese medicine Saposhnikovia divaricata (Trucz.) Schischk in rats with complete Freund's adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHODS

The chemical targets and RA targets of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Trucz.) Schischk were acquired by the network pharmacological method. The complete Freund's adjuvant-induced rat RA model was used to further explore the mechanism of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Trucz.) Schischk in improving RA. Pathological changes in the volume of toes, body weight and synovial tissues of joints as well as serum inflammatory factor levels before and after the intervention of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Trucz.) Schischk were investigated. The key metabolic pathways were screened by correlations between metabolites and key targets. Finally, a quantitative analysis of key targets and metabolites was experimentally validated.

RESULTS

Saposhnikovia divaricata (Trucz.) Schischk administration increased body weight, mitigated foot swelling and downregulated inflammatory cytokine levels in model rats. The histopathology showed that treatment with Saposhnikovia divaricata (Trucz.) Schischk can induce inflammatory cell infiltration and synovial hyperplasia and obviously reduce cartilage injuries, thus improving arthritis symptoms in rats. According to the network pharmacology-metabonomics association analysis results, the purine metabolic signaling pathway might be the key pathway for RA intervention with Saposhnikovia divaricata (Trucz.) Schischk. Targeted metabonomics, Western blotting (WB) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT‒PCR) assays showed that the recombinant adenosine deaminase (ADA) mRNA expression level and metabolic level of inosine in Saposhnikovia divaricata (Trucz.) Schischk administration group were lower than those of the model group. This reflected that Saposhnikovia divaricata (Trucz.) Schischk could improve RA by downregulating ADA mRNA expression levels and the metabolic level of inosine in the purine signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

Based on the "component-disease-target" association analysis, this study concludes that Saposhnikovia divaricata (Trucz.) Schischk improves complete Freund's adjuvant-induced RA symptoms in rats mainly by downregulating ADA mRNA expression levels in the purine metabolic signaling pathway, mitigating foot swelling, improving the levels of serum inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α), and decreasing the ADA protein expression level to intervene in purine metabolism.

Ocimum sanctum L water extract: In-situ green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: Preclinical study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic progressive autoimmune disorder, characterised by destruction of cartilage and under line bones. Though exact etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains unknown. It is believed that alteration in control of cellular or molecular responses is involved in the chronic inflammation. Earlier in RA patients it was observed the circulating RA specific biomarkers and immunoglobulin deposits in the synovial joints. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) is used as an anti-inflammatory and anticancer agent, however there is nil/very less scientific data shows the anti-arthritic activity of green synthesis ZnO nanoparticles (Ocimum sanctum water extract in-situ synthesis of ZnO NPs having active compound Caffeic acid and Rosmerinic acid). Hence, the present activity was planned to assess the anti-arthritic activity of ZnO NPs in CIA rats.

METHODS

Arthritis in rats were induced by subcutaneous injection of collagen type II (CII) (200 µl) at the base of tail on day 0 followed by booster dose on day 14. ZnO NPs were given (2 mg/kg b.wt./day) orally for 20 days. At the end of the study serum, joint homogenate was used to assess the level of biomarkers (RF, a-CCP, a-CII and CRP) and inflammatory mediators. In addition, m-RNA expression of various genes such as Nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), inflammatory mediators like tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) etc. were assayed in joint tissue. Finally all these biochemical and molecular results were confirmed by microscopic study of joint tissue.

RESULTS

ZnO NPs, treated rats showed decrease in inflammation and clinical severity. This was related with decrease in the level of biomarkers (like RF, a-CCP and CRP), inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, COX-2) and activity of transcription factor NF-kB. All these findings were positively correlated with microscopic analysis of joint tissue that showed reduced inflammation and bone erosion in treated group.

CONCLUSION

This study validates the anti-arthritic activity of ZnO NPs as it mitigates the arthritis related symptoms in CIA rats.

Transcriptomics explores the potential of flavonoid in non-medicinal parts of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk

INTRODUCTION

Saposhnikovia divaricata is a traditional Chinese medicine in China, which is widely used in clinic. The root of S. divaricata is often used as medicine, but little research has been done on its other tissues.

METHODS

In this study, the contents of root and leaf of S. divaricata were determined by HPLC, the differentially expressed genes were screened by transcriptome sequencing at molecular level, and then verified by network pharmacology.

RESULTS

The results showed that the content of 4'-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol in the leaves was significantly higher than that in the roots, which was about 3 times higher than that in the roots. In addition, 10 differentially expressed key enzyme genes were screened in plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. C4H and CYP98A were up-regulated in root, while F3H was down-regulated in root. They can be used as important candidate genes for the mechanism of quality difference of S. divaricata. Finally, network pharmacological validation showed that 5-O-methylvesamitol plays an important role in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

DISCUSSION

These findings not only provide insight into flavonoid biosynthesis in S. divaricata associated molecular regulation, but also provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of S. divaricata.

New chromones from the roots of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk with anti-inflammatory activity

Fifteen new chromones, sadivamones A-E (1-5), cimifugin monoacetate (6), sadivamones F-N (7-15), together with fifteen known chromones (16-30), were isolated from the ethyl acetate portions of 70% ethanol extract of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk roots. The structures of the isolates were determined using 1D/2D NMR data and electron circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Meanwhile, LPS induced RAW264.7 inflammatory cell model was used to determine the potential anti-inflammatory activity of all the isolated compounds in vitro. The results showed that compounds 2, 8, 12-13, 18, 20-22, 24, and 27 significantly inhibited the production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO in macrophages. To determine the signaling pathways involved in the suppression of NO production by compounds 8, 12 and 13, we investigated ERK and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) expression by western blot analysis. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that compounds 12 and 13 inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK and the activation of ERK and JNK signaling in RAW264.7 cells via MAPK signaling pathways. Taken together, compounds 12 and 13 may be valuable candidates for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Electroacupuncture Alleviates Pain Responses and Inflammation in Collagen-Induced Arthritis Rats via Suppressing the TLR2/4-MyD88-NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Results

EA intervention and OxPAPC injection could relieve mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia caused by CIA. Paw edema and pathological damage of synovium were significantly ameliorated after EA intervention and OxPAPC injection. Furthermore, EA intervention and OxPAPC injection markedly reduced the contents of serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, as well as the protein expression levels of synovial TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB p-p65. In particular, the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 on synovial fibroblasts and macrophages in synovium was significantly reduced by EA intervention.

Conclusions

Repeated EA stimulation at ST36 and SP6 can effectively relieve joint pain and synovial inflammation caused by RA in CIA rats. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of EA may be closely related to the inhibition of innate immune responses driven by the TLR2/4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway in the synovium.

Network pharmacology-based analysis of the mechanism of Saposhnikovia divaricata for the treatment of type I allergy

CONTEXT

Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk (Apiaceae) (SD) has various pharmacological activities, but its effects on type I allergy (TIA) have not been comprehensively studied.

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluates the treatment and molecular mechanisms of SD against TIA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The effective components and action targets of SD were screened using TCMSP database, and allergy-related targets of SD were predicted using GeneCards and OMIM database. The obtained target intersections were imported into David database for GO analysis, and used R software to perform KEGG analysis. The RBL-2H3 cells sensitised by DNP-IgE/DNP-BSA were treated with different concentrations of SD (root decoction, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL), prim-O-glucosylcimifugin (POG, 10, 40, and 80 μg/mL) and the positive control drug-ketotifen fumarate (KF, 30 μM) for 12 h, then subjected to cell degranulation and qPCR analysis.

RESULTS

Eighteen active compounds of SD and 38 intersection targets were obtained: TIA-related signal pathways mainly include calcium signal pathway, PI3K-Akt signal pathway and MAPK signal pathway. Taking the β-Hex release rate of the model group as the base, the release rate of SD and POG in high dose groups were 43.79% and 57.01%, respectively, which were significantly lower than model group (p < 0.01), and significantly lower than KF group (63.83%, p < 0.01, p < 0.05). SD and POG could down-regulate the expression of related proteins in the Lyn/Syk, PI3K/AKT and MAPK signalling pathways.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Saposhnikovia divaricata could inhibit IgE-induced degranulation of mast cells, providing a scientific basis for further research and clinical applications of SD in TIA treatment.

Ecological roles of secondary metabolites of Saposhnikovia divaricata in adaptation to drought stress

Saposhnikovia divaricata is a traditional Chinese herb that mainly grows in arid grasslands and strongly adapts to various stresses. Drought is not only a major abiotic stress factor but also a typical feature conducive to producing high-quality medicinal material. The present study investigated by treating S. divaricata plants with polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000). Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) identified 146 compounds from the roots of S. divaricata, among which seven primary metabolites and 28 secondary metabolites showed significant changes after drought treatment. UV-Vis spectrophotometer detected the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of superoxide anion (O2 -.) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The differential primary metabolites revealed that drought promotes glycolysis, reducing primary metabolism and enhancing secondary metabolism. Meanwhile, the differential secondary metabolites showed an increase in the content of compounds upstream of the secondary metabolic pathway, and other glycosides and increased that of the corresponding aglycones. The activities of antioxidant enzymes and the content of O2 -. and MDA shown different changes duing the drought treatment. These observations indicate that drought promotes the biosynthesis and transformation of the secondary metabolites and activity of antioxidant enzymes, improving plant adaptability. The present study also analyzed a few primary and secondary metabolites of S. divaricata under different degrees and durations of drought and speculated on the metabolic pathways in an arid environment. The findings indicate the biological nature, diversity, and complexity of secondary metabolites and the mechanisms of plant adaptation to ecological stress.

Multiple Fingerprints and Spectrum-Effect Relationship of Polysaccharides from Saposhnikoviae Radix

PMP-HPLC, FT-IR, and HPSEC fingerprints of 10 batches of polysaccharides from Saposhnikoviae Radix with different production areas and harvest times have been prepared, and the chemometrics analysis was performed. The anti-allergic activity of 10 batches of Saposhnikoviae Radix polysaccharide (SP) was evaluated, and the spectrum-effect relationship of the 10 batches of SP was analyzed by gray correlation degree with the chromatographic fingerprint as the independent variable. The results showed that the PMP-HPLC, HPSEC, and FT-IR fingerprints of 10 batches of SP had a high similarity. Two monosaccharides (rhamnose and galactose), the polysaccharide fragment Mn = 8.67 × 106~9.56 × 106 Da, and the FT-IR absorption peak of 892 cm−1 can be used as the quality control markers of SPs. All 10 batches of SP could significantly inhibit the release of β-HEX in RBL-231 cells, and the polysaccharides harvested from Inner Mongolia in the winter had the best anti-allergic activity. The spectrum-effect relationship model showed that the monosaccharide composition and molecular weight were related to the anti-allergic activity of the SPs. Multiple fingerprints combined with spectrum-effect relationship analysis can evaluate and control the quality of SPs from the aspects of overall quality and efficacy, which has more application value.

QiangGuYin Modulates the OPG/RANKL/RANK Pathway by Increasing Secretin Levels during Treatment of Primary Type I Osteoporosis

QiangGuYin (QGY) is a common Traditional Chinese medicine prescription for the treatment of osteoporosis. Previous clinical studies have found that QGY effectively improves bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. The osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK) pathway is a classic pathway involved in osteoporosis. Secretin levels are a serum marker of osteoporosis, but their effect on the OPG/RANKL/RANK pathway has not been reported. Hence, we investigated the relationship between the OPG/RANKL/RANK pathway and secretin and further revealed the mechanism underlying the effect of QGY in the treatment of osteoporosis. Mice were divided into secretin knockdown, secretin overexpression, and corresponding control groups. Micro-computed tomography was used to detect BMD in different groups, and the results show that QGY significantly improved BMD in mice of the secretin knockdown group. To further verify this, the serum levels of OPG, RANKL, RANK, and secretin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and femur levels of OPG, RANKL, RANK, and secretin were evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting. The results show that the expression of OPG was inhibited and that of RANKL and RANK was increased in mice from the secretin knockdown group, whereas the expression of OPG was upregulated and that of RANKL and RANK was downregulated after QGY intervention. Therefore, QGY inhibited bone resorption by promoting the expression of secretin and modulating the OPG/RANKL/RANK pathway. In addition to the effect of QGY, we also revealed the general regulatory effect of secretin on the OPG/RANKL/RANK pathway. We conclude that QGY modulates the OPG/RANKL/RANK pathway by increasing secretin levels during treatment of primary type I osteoporosis. This work provides a theoretical basis for the clinical use of QGY in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Non-target metabolomic analysis reveals the therapeutic effect of Saposhnikovia divaricata decoction on collagen-induced arthritis rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Saposhnikovia divaricata (SD), a Chinese crude drug, has long been recognized for therapeutic effect to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). At present, the mechanisms of SD treatment in RA have not been fully understood especially on the perspective of metabolomics.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To study the pharmacodynamic effects of Saposhnikovia divaricata decoction on CIA rats, and explore the therapeutic mechanism by metabolomics methods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal group, CIA model group, dexamethasone group and SD decoction groups (10 g crude drug/kg, 5 g crude drug/kg and 2.5 g crude drug/kg of SDD). Body weight, arthritis scores, serum cytokine levels and histopathological parameters of rats were assessed. A metabolomics method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOFMS) was established to collect the metabolic profiles of rats and explore the metabolic changes that occurred after SDD treatment.

RESULTS

SDD showed its protective effect on the affected joints, especially in the middle dosage group of SDD. Eighteen and 13 potential biomarkers for the SDD treatment of CIA rats were identified in the plasma and urine, respectively. SDD could regulate the disturbed metabolic pathways including tryptophan metabolism, glycerophospholipid catabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, SDD treatment could effectively alleviate symptoms of RA and regulate metabolic disorders in CIA rats.

Frutescone O from Baeckea frutescens Blocked TLR4-Mediated Myd88/NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways in LPS Induced RAW264.7 Macrophages

Frutescone O was isolated from the aerial parts of Baeckea frutescens L., which was commonly used as a folk medicinal material for treating anti-inflammatory disease in South East Asia. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity and related signaling cascade of Frutescone O (Fru) in LPS induced RAW264.7 cells. The anti-inflammation activity of Frutescone O was determined according to the inhibitory effects on the secretion of nitric oxide (NO), expression of inducible NO synthase, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The regulation of Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88), inhibition of NF-κB, and MAPK pathways were further investigated for molecular mechanisms. Fru significantly decreased the expression of iNOS and the production of NO in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. It also dose-dependently suppressed LPS induced expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Furthermore, Fru remarkably inhibited the upregulation of NF-κB (p50) expression in the nucleus and the phosphorylation ratio of p38, JNK, ERK, and Myd88 signaling protein. The molecular docking and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) results indicated that Fru participated in a robust and stable interaction with the active site of TLR4-MD2. Thus, Fru suppressed the LPS induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells by blocking the TLR4 mediated signal transduction through the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and inhibiting the Myd88 and iNOS expression.

Four new polyacetylenes from the roots of Saposhnikovia divaricata

Four new polyacetylene substances, sadivaethynes A-D, were isolated from the ethanol extract of the roots of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk using repeated column chromatography. Structural elucidation of compounds 1-4 was established by 1D and 2D NMR spectra referring to the literature, together with high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis. All compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity against two human cancer cell lines (MGC-803, Ishikawa) in vitro.

Chromones and coumarins from Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. Growing in Buryatia and Mongolia and their cytotoxicity

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Saposhnikovia divaricata (family Apiaceae) a traditional medicinal plant distributed in many provinces of China, is well known for the pharmaceutical value and has been used for rheumatic arthritis, and anxiety in children. Antiviral, antioxidant and antiproliferative activities were also mentioned. The application of this plant are recorded in the Chinese Medicine (CM) classical text the Shen Nong's Materia Medica (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing). In this monograph S. divaricata (syn Radix Ledebouriella divaricata) is graded as a premium-grade herb, with their broad-spectrum of therapeutic applications for the treatment of cough, common cold, arthralgia, as well as in rheumatic disorders.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To isolate and identify chemical constituents (chromones and coumarins) from S. divaricata, collected in Buryatia and Mongolia and to study their in vitro anticancer activity against MEL-8, U-937, DU-145, MDA-MB-231 and ВТ-474 cell lines.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An 40% aqueous ethanol extract of the roots of S. divaricata was prepared and further successively fractionated by extraction with petroleum ether, diethyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether and ethyl acetate. The obtained extracts were subjected to a series of chromatographic separations on silica gel for isolation of individual compounds. Isolated compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity with respect to model cancer cell lines using the conventional MTT assays.

RESULTS

Total of 15 individual compounds: coumarins scopoletin 2, bergapten 3, isoimperatorin 4, marmesin 5, (+)-decursinol 9, (-)-praeruptorin B 10, oxypeucedanin hydrate 11, chromones: hamaudol 6, cimifugin 7, 5-О-methylvisamminol 8, chromone glycosides: prim-O-glucosylcimifugin 12, sec-O-glucosylhamaudol 13, 4'-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5-О-methylvisamminol 14, 4'-O-β-D-glucopyranosylvisamminol (15) and also polyyne compound panaxinol 1 were isolated and characterized. The structure of dihydropyranocoumarin 10 was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analyses. HPLC-UV method was used for determination of the content of most abundant chromones 7, 12 and 14 in the roots of S. divaricata, collected in Mongolia. Compounds 3-11 and 13, 14 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity with respect to model cancer cell lines. All the compounds were non-toxic in the hemolysis test.

CONCLUSION

This report about the phytochemical profiles of S. divaricata growing in Mongolia and Buryatia led to the identification of 14 compounds including coumarins and chromones. The available coumarins and chromones may serve as new leads for the discovery of anticancer drugs.

Active Ingredients and Anti-Arthritic Mechanisms of Ba-Wei-Long-Zuan Granule Revealed by 1 H-NMR-Based Metabolomics Combined with Network Pharmacology Analysis

Ba-Wei-Long-Zuan granule (BWLZ) is a traditional herbal preparation. It has been widely used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, its active ingredients and mechanisms of action are still unclear. The present study aims to reveal the active compounds and anti-arthritic mechanisms of BWLZ against collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) by using ¹ H-NMR-based metabolomics, molecular docking and network pharmacology methods. After 30 days of administration, BWLZ could effectively improve the metabolic disorders in CIA rats. The anti-arthritic effect of BWLZ was related to its restoration of 16 disturbed serum metabolites. Molecular docking and network analysis showed that 20 compounds present in BWLZ could act on multiple targets. Among them, coclaurine and hesperidin showed the highest hit rates for target proteins related to both metabolic regulation and RA, indicating that these two compounds might be potential active ingredients of BWLZ. Moreover, pathway enrichment analysis suggested that the anti-arthritic mechanisms of BWLZ might be attributed to its network regulation of several biological processes, such as steroid hormone biosynthesis, mTOR signaling pathway, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies. These results provide further evidence for the anti-arthritic properties of BWLZ and are beneficial for its quality control and clinical application. The potential targets and biological processes found in this study may provide valuable information for further studying the molecular mechanisms of BWLZ against RA. In addition, our work provides new insights for revealing the active ingredients and regulatory mechanisms of complex herbal preparations.

Chinese Herbal Medicines for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Text-Mining the Classical Literature for Potentially Effective Natural Products

Background

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multijoint swelling, pain, and destruction of the synovial joints. Treatments are available but new therapies are still required. One source of new therapies is natural products, including herbs used in traditional medicines. In China and neighbouring countries, natural products have been used throughout recorded history and are still in use for RA and its symptoms. This study used text-mining of a database of classical Chinese medical books to identify candidates for future clinical and experimental investigations of therapeutics for RA.

Methods

The database Encyclopaedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Zhong Hua Yi Dian) includes the full texts of over 1,150 classical books. Eight traditional terms were searched. All citations were assessed for relevance to RA. Results and Conclusions. After removal of duplications, 3,174 citations were considered. After applying the exclusion and inclusion criteria, 548 citations of traditional formulas were included. These derived from 138 books written from 206 CE to 1948. These formulas included 5,018 ingredients (mean, 9 ingredients/formula) comprising 243 different natural products. When these text-mining results were compared to the 18 formulas recommended in a modern Chinese Medicine clinical practice guideline, 44% of the herbal formulas were the same. This suggests considerable continuity in the clinical application of these herbs between classical and modern Chinese medicine practice. Of the 15 herbs most frequently used as ingredients of the classical formulas, all have received research attention, and all have been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. Two of these 15 herbs have already been developed into new anti-RA therapeutics—sinomenine from Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd. & Wils and total glucosides of peony from Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Nevertheless, there remains considerable scope for further research. This text-mining approach was effective in identifying multiple natural product candidates for future research.

Identifying the compounds that can distinguish between Saposhnikovia root and its substitute, Peucedanum ledebourielloides root, using LC-HR/MS metabolomics

Previously, we established a ¹H NMR metabolomics method using reversed-phase solid-phase extraction column (RP-SPEC), and succeeded in distinguishing wild from cultivated samples of Saposhnikoviae radix (SR), and between SR and its substitute, Peucedanum ledebourielloides root (PR). Herein, we performed LC-HR/MS metabolomics using fractions obtained via RP-SPEC to identify characteristic components of SR and PR. One and three characteristic components were respectively found for SR and PR; these components were isolated with their m/z values and retention times as a guide. The characteristic component of SR was identified as 4'-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol (1), an indicator component used to identify SR in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. In contrast, the characteristic components of PR were identified as xanthalin (2), 4'-O-β-D-apiosyl (1 → 6)-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol (3), and 3'-O-β-D-apiosyl (1 → 6)-β-D-glucosylhamaudol (4) based on spectroscopic data such as 1D- and 2D-NMR, MS, and specific optical rotation. Among them, 4 is a novel compound. For the correlation between the NMR metabolomics results in the present and our previous report, only 1 and 2 were found to correlate with the chemical shifts, and the other compounds had no correlation. As the chemical shifts for compounds 1, 3, and 4 were similar to each other, especially for the aglycone moiety, they could not be distinguished because of the sensitivity and resolution of ¹H NMR. Accordingly, combining NMR and LC/MS metabolomics with their different advantages is considered useful for metabolomics of natural products. The series of methods used in our reports could aid in quality evaluations of natural products and surveying of marker components.

Saposhnikovia divaricata-An Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review

Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk., a perennial herb belonging to the family Umbelliferae, is widely distributed in Northeast Asia. Its dried root (Radix Saposhnikoviae) is used as a Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of immune system, nervous system, and respiratory diseases. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies have shown that the main constituents of S. divaricata are chromones, coumarins, acid esters, and polyacetylenes, and these compounds exhibited significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antiproliferative, antitumor, and immunoregulatory activities. The purpose of this review is to provide comprehensive information on the botanical characterization and distribution, traditional use and ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of S. divaricata for further study concerning its mechanism of action and development of better therapeutic agents and health products from S. divaricata.

Simultaneous Determination of Six Chromones in Saposhnikoviae Radix via Quantitative Analysis of Multicomponents by Single Marker

A method, quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker (QAMS), was established and fully verified based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for simultaneous determination of six chromone indicators of Saposhnikoviae Radix (SR). In the present study, cimifugin (C), 5-O-methylvisamminol (V), hamaudol (H), and their corresponding glycosides, prim-O-glucosylcimifugin (GC), 4'-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol (GV), and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol (GH), were selected as bioactive constituents and indicators for the quality evaluation of SR. GV was chosen as the unique reference standard, and relative correction factors (RCF) between GV and the other five chromones were calculated. The feasibility of QAMS for the analysis of chromones was investigated by comparing with the traditional external standard method (ESM). Furthermore, the method was proven to have accuracy (96.98%-102.50%), repeatability (RSD <3%), stability (RSD <3%), precision (RSD <3%), and desirable linearity (R 2 ≧0.9999). Subsequently, 55 batches of commercial SR from different regions were determined by QAMS, and their contents were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), respectively. Based on the results, a more refined quality standard of commercial SR was proposed: SR was qualified when the total contents of six chromones were greater than 3 mg·g-1. Furthermore, SR could initially be regarded as a superior medicine when it satisfied both conditions at the same time: the total content of GC, C, GV, V, GH, and H was greater than 8 mg·g-1, and the proportion of the total content of C, V, and H was greater than 10%. This study demonstrated that the quality of SR could be successfully evaluated by the developed QAMS method; meanwhile, valuable information was provided for improving the quality standard of SR.

Wang-Bi Capsule Alleviates the Joint Inflammation and Bone Destruction in Mice with Collagen-Induced Arthritis

Wang-Bi Capsule (WB), a traditional Chinese medicine- (TCM-) based herbal formula, is currently used in clinic for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with positive clinical effects. However, its pharmacological mechanism of action in RA is still obscure. Therefore, this study established a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice model to examine the efficacy of WB by using arthritis score, histological analysis, and micro-CT examination. Proinflammatory cytokines expression, osteoclast number, OPG/RANKL system, and NF-κB activation were then detected to further investigate the mechanism of WB in RA treatment. The results indicated that WB could alleviate the erythema and swelling of paws in CIA mice. It also inhibited the infiltration of inflammatory cells and bone destruction and increased bone density in joints of CIA mice. Mechanistic studies showed that WB treatment decreased the production of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in serum and joints of CIA mice. Moreover, it reduced the osteoclast number, increased OPG level, decreased RANKL level, and inhibited the activation of NF-κB in joints of CIA mice. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that WB could effectively alleviate disease progression of CIA mice by decreasing the IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels, modulating the OPG/RANKL system, and inhibiting the activation of NF-κB.

Adjunctive Chinese Herbal Products Therapy Reduces the Risk of Ischemic Stroke Among Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis

We performed a retrospective cohort study to investigate the association between the risk of ischemic stroke (IS) and the use of Chinese herbal products (CHP) in combination with western medicine (WM) among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The data were sourced from the registry for beneficiaries, inpatient and ambulatory care claims, and Registry for Catastrophic Illness from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) in Taiwan between 1997 and 2011. Patients, who were newly diagnosed with RA between 1997 and 2010, were classified as the CHP group or non-CHP group depending on the presence of absence the adjunctive use of CHP following a diagnosis of RA. A total of 4,148 RA patients were in both the CHP and non-CHP groups after 1:1 matching. Patients in the CHP group had a significantly lower risk of IS compared to patients in the non-CHP group (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52-0.86). In the CHP group, patients who used CHP for more than 30 days had a lower risk of IS than their counterparts (aHR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.40-0.91). Gui-Zhi-Shao-Yao-Zhi-Mu-Tang, Shu-Jin-Huo-Xie-Tang, and Du-Huo-Ji-Sheng-Tang might be associated with a lower risk of IS. Finally, the use of CHP in combination with WM was associated with a decreased risk of IS in patients with RA, especially among those who had used CHP for more than 30 days. A further randomized control trial is required to clarify the casual relationship between these results.

The role of Chinese herbal medicine in the management of adverse drug reactions of leflunomide in treating rheumatoid arthritis

BACKGROUND

The high discontinuation rate in RA patients who use LEF might be attributed to their intolerance rather than irresponsibility. The concomitant administration of Leflunomide (LEF) with Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) provides a potential solution to preventing the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) induced by LEF during the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

PURPOSE

To investigate whether co-administration of LEF with CHM could bring in both increased therapeutic outcomes and reduced ADRs due to the framework of treatment at the level of entire body.

STUDY DESIGN

The mechanism of LEF in RA treatment and the ADRs it induced was introduced based on recent papers. Reported clinical examples of CHM concurrent use with LEF was revealed to provide more evidence. The management of the ADRs caused by LEF was suggested by current researches on the concomitant therapy of CHM with LEF.

RESULTS

The active ingredients, compounds and medicinal herbs all demonstrated properties in relieving toxicities and reducing ADRs when used with LEF and reported in several clinical cases. The wide application of concurrent use of CHM with LEF is however hindered by the complex pathogenesis of RA which requires further scientific grounds for diagnosis and treatment.

CONCLUSION

This review introduced that the adoption of CHM is emerging as a novel strategy for the management of ADRs caused by LEF.

The Role of NF-κB in Physiological Bone Development and Inflammatory Bone Diseases: Is NF-κB Inhibition "Killing Two Birds with One Stone"?

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of various genes involved in inflammation and the immune response. The activation of NF-κB occurs via two pathways: inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, activate the "classical pathway", and cytokines involved in lymph node formation, such as CD40L, activate the "alternative pathway". NF-κB1 (p50) and NF-κB2 (p52) double-knockout mice exhibited severe osteopetrosis due to the total lack of osteoclasts, suggesting that NF-κB activation is required for osteoclast differentiation. These results indicate that NF-κB may be a therapeutic target for inflammatory bone diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease. On the other hand, mice that express the dominant negative form of IκB kinase (IKK)-β specifically in osteoblasts exhibited increased bone mass, but there was no change in osteoclast numbers. Therefore, inhibition of NF-κB is thought to promote bone formation. Taken together, the inhibition of NF-κB leads to "killing two birds with one stone": it suppresses bone resorption and promotes bone formation. This review describes the role of NF-κB in physiological bone metabolism, pathologic bone destruction, and bone regeneration.

Purification, structure characterization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Saposhnikovia divaricata

Polysaccharide from traditional Chinese herb, Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. (SD) was extracted, fractionated and characterized in this work. Four fractions were prepared. Their molecular weight, monosaccharide compositions, linkage modes and structural properties were characterized with SEC-MALS-RI, HPAEC-PAD, GC-MS and NMR. SDP1 was assigned as a 1, 4-α-glucan with small amount of O-6 linked branches. SDP2 contained a big amount of the 1, 4-α-glucan and a small amount of arabinogalactan, while SDP3 possessed relatively lower amount of the 1, 4-α-glucan and a big amount of the arabinogalactan. SDP4 was defined as a pectic arabinogalactan. Four fractions showed antioxidant activities in both molecular and cellular levels and their activity was ranked as SDP4 ≈ SDP3>SDP2>SDP1. The 1, 4-α-glucan in SDP1 had the weakest, while SDP3 and SDP4 showed similar and the highest antioxidant activity. The arabinogalactan was the major component of both SDP3 and SDP4, which significantly contributed to the antioxidant activity of SDP.

Huangqi-Fangfeng protects against allergic airway remodeling through inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition process in mice via regulating epithelial derived TGF-β1

BACKGROUND

Long-term exposure to aeroallergens such as house dust mite (HDM) could result in airway inflammation and airway remodeling, characteristic features of allergic asthma. Huangqi-Fangfeng (HF), an important "couplet medicines" of Yu-Ping-Feng-San (YPFS), mediates allergen-induced airway inflammation in mice, but its role in the airway remodeling is not known.

PURPOSE

To evaluate the effects of HF on airway remodeling of allergic asthma in a murine model and to investigate the underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro.

METHODS

The main components of HF were analyzed by HPLC. The HDM-induced asthma mice model was established to study the effects of HF on airway inflammation and airway remodeling in vivo. Enhanced pause (Penh) index value was used as an indicator of airway hyper-reactivity. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was processed for differential cell counting and determination of cytokines production. The lungs were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for histological examination after staining with H&E, trichrome and IHC. Production of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) in BALF and lung tissues, IgE in serum were measured by ELISAs. Expression of epithelial markers and mesenchymal markers were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blots. The effects of HF and its components on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were detected in human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) treated with TGF-β1 and HDM.

RESULTS

The main components of Huangqi-Fangfeng detected by HPLC were Calycosin, Formononetin and Cimifugin. In HDM-induced allergic asthma mice model, respiratory exposure to HDM lead to airway hyperresponsiveness and thickening of the smooth muscle layer in the airway. TGF-β1 levels increased in mice airways while epithelial cells lost expression of E-cadherin and gained expression of the mesenchymal proteins N-cadherin, α-SMA and collagen І. These changes were relieved by treatment with HF. Furthermore, restored epithelial markers expression treated with individual components were also detectable in 16HBE cells.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrated that Huangqi-Fangfeng protected against allergic airway remodeling through inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition process in mice via regulating epithelial derived TGF-β1.

Effect of Juice and Extracts from Saposhnikovia divaricata Root on the Colon Cancer Cells Caco-2

Colorectal cancer ranks 3rd in terms of cancer incidence. Growth and development of colon cancer cells may be affected by juice and extracts from Saposhnikovia divaricata root. The objective of the research was to analyze the effect of S. divaricata juice and extracts on the viability, membrane integrity and types of cell death of Caco-2 cells. Juice and extracts were analyzed using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) and in respect of the presence of antioxidants, total carbohydrates, protein, fat and polyphenols. The contents of cimifugin β-D-glucopyranoside, cimifugin, 4′-O-glucopyranosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol, imperatorin and protein were the highest in juice. 50% Hydroethanolic extract had the greatest antioxidant potential, concentration of polyphenols and fat. Water extract was characterized by the highest content of glutathione. Juice and 75% hydroethanolic extract contained the most carbohydrates. After the application of juice, 50% extract and the juice fraction containing the molecules with molecular weights >50 kDa, a decrease of the cell viability was noted. Juice and this extract exhibited the protective properties in relation to the cell membranes and they induced apoptosis. The knowledge of further mechanisms of anticancer activity of the examined products will allow to consider their use as part of combination therapy.

Evaluation of the therapeutic effect against benign prostatic hyperplasia and the active constituents from Epilobium angustifolium L

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Plants of Epilobium angustifolium are popular in China to treatment of traumatic injury, subduing inflammation and menstrual disorders. In European, the preparations or extracts containing E. angustifolium are popular to treat prostate diseases. Recent research suggested that E. angustifolium showed therapeutic effects in early stage of BPH, inflammation of urethra and prostate, as well as micturition problems. And the related researches were focus on aqueous extract and its main constituent of oenothein B.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effect against BPH of the ethyl acetate extracts (EAE) and n-butanol extracts (BUE) from E. angustifolium and to chemical investigation of the active constituents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The in vitro anti-BPH activity was assessed by determining the benign prostatic hyperplasia epithelial-1 (BPH-1) cell viability using MTT assay as well as suppressing of prostate specific antigen (PSA) secretion in prostate epithelial cancer hormone-dependent (LNCaP) cells measured by ELISA method. The in vivo anti-BPH was evaluated by testosterone propionate induced BPH SD rats. After oral administration of BUE at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg B.W. for 28 days, the prostate weight and index, plasma androgen level, histopathological alteration, oxidative and inflammatory-related factors in prostate were assessed. Phytochemical investigation on active extracts was carried by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Anti-BPH activities of the isolates were evaluated in vitro.

RESULTS

BUE and EAE from E. angustifolium exhibited significant anti-BPH effect in vitro. Further in vivo study demonstrated that BUE exhibited therapeutic effects against TP-induced BPH in SD rats via down-regulating of the androgen level, suppressing the expression of NF-κB and eventually alleviating the inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. Phytochemical research on BUE and EAE extracts led to the isolation and identification of 50 compounds. In vitro anti-BPH screening revealed that 26 compounds exhibited anti-proliferation in BHP-1 cell and 36 compounds showed PSA inhibition in LNCap cell, in which 7 compounds exhibited very significant anti-BPH activities in both two cell lines (P < 0.01), 5 compounds with extremely significant activities in one of the cell lines (P < 0.001), and compound 25 exhibited the most potent anti-BPH activity (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

E. angustifolium exhibited the therapeutic potential against BPH, and its active compounds may be used as candidate for treatment of BPH.

Therapeutic effect of Parmotrema tinctorum against complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats and identification of novel Isophthalic ester derivative

The present study reveals the anti-arthritic potential of traditionally used Parmotrema tinctorum (Pt) on experimental rats and purification of novel Isophthalic ester derivative. Arthritis was induced in rats using Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) and subsequently treated with Pt extract (100 & 200 mg/kg.b.w). Assessment of antiarthritic activity was carried out using paw volume, arthritic score, haematological, biochemical, tissue antioxidant, histopathology and radiological analyses of ankle joints. The results revealed that continuous administration of Pt reduces the complication associated with arthritis by inhibiting the edema formation and arthritic score significantly (P < 0.05). The altered changes in biochemical parameters were brought back with an improvement in free radical scavenging ability after treatment with Pt significantly. Further purification of Pt using conventional column chromatography led to the isolation of four compounds and the structure of these isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral data's FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, DEPT-NMR spectroscopy, COSY & HSQC-NMR spectroscopy and LC-MS. The spectral data revealed that the three compounds were found to be Methyl-γ-Orsellinate, Atranorin, and usnic acid (CI-III) along with a novel secondary metabolite, (C-IV)4-Hydroxy-5-methyl-isophthalicacid3-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methyl-phenyl)ester (C₁₆H₁₄O₇,318.1amu). The present study reveals that Parmotrema tinctorum reduces complications associated with arthritis and the compounds were isolated for the first time.

Simultaneous Determination of Five Chromones of Radix Saposhnikoviae Extract in Rat Plasma by UPLC-MS/MS: Application to a Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study in Normal and Febrile Rats

A rapid and sensitive quantitative analytical method was established for the simultaneous determination of five chromones (prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, cimifugin, 4'-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol, 5-O-methylvisammiol, and sec-o-glucosylhamaudol) in the plasma of RS-treated rats for the first time using ultra performance liquid chromatography- (UPLC-) tandem mass spectrometry. The Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) was used as the chromatographic column, 0.1% formic acid water and 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile comprised the mobile phases, and all samples were determined under positive ion mode. The results showed that all analytes had good linearity (r > 0.9902), between-day and within-day precisions less than 15%, accuracy between -5.50% and 5.53%, and extraction recovery between 88.26% and 97.65%. Both the matrix effect and stability met the requirements. This method was successfully applied for the comparative pharmacokinetics of five active components of RS in normal and febrile rats. The results showed that the pharmacokinetic behavior of RS extract significantly differed between the two types of rats.

Effects of YuPingFeng granules on acute exacerbations of COPD: a randomized, placebo-controlled study

Purpose

Recurrence of acute exacerbations has a major impact on patients with COPD. Therefore, effective prevention and treatment of exacerbation is crucial in the management of COPD, especially for patients with moderate to severe disease. This study evaluated the effectiveness of YuPingFeng granule administration in preventing exacerbation and improving symptom score, as well as its long-term (1 year) safety profile, in patients with COPD.

Patients and methods

This was a randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled study of 240 patients from eight centers in China. Participants were eligible if they had mild to severe COPD as defined by Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, had a history of at least two COPD exacerbations or one hospitalization within the previous year, and had remained clinically stable for over 4 weeks before the study. They were randomly assigned to receive 5 g of YuPingFeng or placebo, three times per day, for 1 year. The primary end point was the exacerbation rate over 1 year, and the analysis was by intention to treat. Secondary end points included symptom score, which was assessed by COPD assessment test (CAT) score and safety profiles. This trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn; registration number: ChiCTR-IPR-15007023).

Results

The YuPingFeng group had a significantly lower exacerbation rate than the placebo group (1.15 vs 1.55; risk ratio=0.677 [95% CI 0.531–0.863]; P=0.002) and a significantly reduced risk of second exacerbation (95% CI 0.326–0.772; P=0.002). After treatment, the mean change in the CAT score in the YuPingFeng group (−4.41±7.01) differed significantly from that in the placebo group (−2.49±5.31; P=0.001). YuPingFeng was well tolerated.

Conclusion

YuPingFeng granules can be considered as a treatment option for COPD; this treatment prevents acute exacerbations of COPD and has a good safety profile.

The Effect of Prim-O-Glucosylcimifugin on Tryptase-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Caco-2 Cells

The intestinal barrier dysfunction is a critical pathological change in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin (POG) on intestinal barrier dysfunction and reveal possible molecular mechanisms. Human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2) cell monolayers induced by tryptase (TRYP) were used to establish an intestinal barrier dysfunction model. Caco-2 cell monolayers from both functional and dysfunctional samples were treated with POG (30, 60 and 120 µg/mL) for 2, 8, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h. The Caco-2 cell monolayers were assessed by measurement of trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and percentage of fluorescein permeation (PFP). The expression of Protease Activated Receptor 2 (PAR-2) and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) mRNA was analyzed by RT-PCR and the level of Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) protein expression was determined by Western blot. In addition, the impact of POG on the distribution of the tight juction protein of Occludin was performed by immunofluorescence. Our results showed that POG elevated the TEER and decreased the PFP of the functional Caco-2 cell monolayers, as well as the dysfunctional Caco-2 cell monolayers. Furthermore, POG inhibited the expression of PAR-2 mRNA and MLCK mRNA and increased the level of ZO-1 protein expression in dysfunctional Caco-2 cells. The distribution of the Occludin proteins was ameliorated simultaneously. This study demonstrates that POG can enhance the intestinal barrier function of Caco-2 cell monolayers by inhibiting the expression of PAR-2 and MLCK and up-regulating the expression of ZO-1 protein, and ameliorated the distribution of Occludin protein.