Banana (Musa spp) from peel to pulp: ethnopharmacology, source of bioactive compounds and its relevance for human health

What does it mean when the pleasant smells come and go? Correlation between UPSIT odor identification status and fluctuation of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, including olfactory dysfunction. Prior studies have shown that olfaction deteriorates with disease progression, however fluctuations in olfaction and related PD symptoms have been less explored. This study aimed to investigate correlations between changes in odor identification ability and PD symptoms. PD patients recruited from Taichung Veterans General Hospital underwent at least two consecutive Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) and University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) evaluations. The patients were grouped based on changes in olfactory identification ability between evaluations, and fluctuations in PD symptoms were compared between groups. Ninety-seven PD patients with 114 complete sets of data were analyzed. Significant divergent results were observed between changes in five MDS-UPDRS non-motor subscores and the conversion status of five pleasant odors, including anxiety vs. bubble gum, apathy vs. banana, dizziness vs. coconut, urination vs. root beer, and dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) vs. grape. Fluctuations in the ability to detect pleasant odors, may have a complex interaction with other non-motor symptoms, including in the neurobehavioral and autonomic domains. Serial monitoring of olfactory function, particularly with pleasant odors, may provide valuable insights for tracking non-motor symptoms in PD and warrants further investigation into their therapeutic implications.

The impact of abandoned iron ore on the endophytic bacterial communities and functions in the root systems of three major crops in the local area

Introduction

Global mining activities have significant impacts on ecosystems, but most studies have focused only on the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and microbial diversity in soils. The present study provides an insight into the effects of mining activities on soil physico-chemical properties and endophytic bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere of three different crops.

Methods

Musa basjoo Siebold L., Amygdalus persica L., and Triticum aestivum L. were collected from the inter-root soils and plant roots to determine the soil physicochemical properties and endophytic bacterial communities in the root system.

Results

The results showed that mining resulted in soil acidification, altered trace element content and increased organic carbon. There was an increase in the Ascomycota and Actinobacteria phylum of crop root bacteria. Interestingly, the chao1 and shannon indices of the root endophytes of the mining crop were significantly elevated compared to the contro (p < 0.05). Among them, Musa basjoo Siebold showed the highest level of community richness in the mining environment. The mining environment resulted in functional enrichment of histidine kinases and oxidoreductases in the bacterial community. The total potassium (TK) content in the soil, as well as the Fe and Pb content, were positively correlated with the α-diversity index and Streptomyces. Zn and Ti content were significantly negatively correlated with the α-diversity index.

Discussion

This study provides data support for exploring the mechanisms of plant response to the mining environment and developing ecological restoration strategies for mining areas.

Physical, textural, and sensory characteristics of gluten-free cupcakes developed with native and modified by hydrothermal treatment green plantain flours

Gluten-free diets are characterized by lower nutritional quality. The use of green plantain flour in gluten-free formulations appears as an alternative to overcome this deficiency, considering that green plantains have a relevant content of bioactive compounds, dietary fiber, including resistant starch. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the addition of native and modified by hydrothermal treatment green plantain whole flours in the form of gluten-free cupcakes. The density, yield, and microstructure of the dough, specific volume (SV), height, crumb analysis, color, texture, and sensory acceptability of the cupcakes were evaluated. Partial replacement (40%) of rice flour by native and modified flours produced darker, redder cupcakes, less yellowish and with less color intensity. Sensory analysis revealed higher acceptance for cupcakes with native and modified flours, compared to the control, for appearance, flavor, texture, aroma, and overall acceptance. The native flour was the most viable option, as the cupcake produced with it showed the best values for hardness and chewiness, without changing elasticity and SV, in addition to superior sensory acceptance than the control and similar to cupcakes with other modified flours. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Pursuing to meet the market demand for gluten-free products, with the cake being one of the most requested products in this market, and taking in account that green banana, from different cultivars, has gained interest for the production of flours. The production of flour and bakery products is of great interest to the food industry, not only because of its flavor and properties but also due to the economic and sustainable viability of producing whole green plantain flour with the potential for application, promoting diversification and innovation in the gluten-free functional products market.

Characterization and potential health benefits of millet flour and banana peel mixtures on rats fed with a high-fat diet

Millet (M) and banana peel (Bp) possess significant nutritional qualities and have been shown to reduce obesity resulting from a high-fat diet (HFD). The present research assessed the effect of millet flour and banana peel mixtures on lipid profiles, liver and kidney functions, and characterized food products derived from these mixtures. Thirty-five male albino rats were allocated into five groups for a biochemical analysis. The control group (n = 7) received a basal diet, while the remaining 28 rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks to induce obesity. These rats were then separated into four sub-groups (n = 7 each): sub-group 1 as the positive control (+ve) receiving only HFD, while sub-groups 2, 3, and 4 were administered HFD supplemented with millet flour and banana peel mixtures (M90+Bp10 %, M80+Bp20 %, and M70+Bp30 %), respectively for an additional 8 weeks. The chemical composition analysis showed that banana peel (Bp) has higher levels of fat, ash, fiber, magnesium, and potassium, while millet flour is richer in carbohydrates. Bp also had superior antioxidant activity and total phenol content (13.32 % and 10.54 mg/100g) compared to millet flour (3.75 % and 4.55 mg/100g). Biochemical tests on the HFD plus (M70+Bp30 %) group revealed improved lipid profiles, leptin, antioxidant enzymes, and kidney and liver functions. Glucose levels were higher in the HFD group (137.33 mg/dl) than in the control (85.70 mg/dl), but these levels were reduced with millet and banana peel treatment. The histology of liver tissues confirmed the biochemical results. Sensory evaluation of pancakes and toast from the (M70+Bp30 %) mixture by forty panelists showed high acceptability, aligning with the biochemical outcomes. This study suggests that a banana peel and millet flour mixture could help reduce obesity.

The multifactorial phenomenon of enzymatic hydrolysis resistance in unripe banana flour and its starch: A concise review

Unripe banana flour starch possesses a high degree of resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis, a unique and desirable property that could be exploited in the development of functional food products to regulate blood sugar levels and promote digestive health. However, due to a multifactorial phenomenon in the banana flour matrix-from the molecular to the micro level-there is no consensus regarding the complex mechanisms behind the slow enzymatic hydrolysis of unripe banana flour starch. This work therefore explores factors that influence the enzymatic hydrolysis resistance of raw and modified banana flour and its starch including the proportion and distribution of the amorphous and crystalline phases of the starch granules; granule morphology; amylose-amylopectin ratio; as well as the presence of nonstarch components such as proteins, lipids, and phenolic compounds. Our findings revealed that the relative contributions of these factors to banana starch hydrolytic resistance are apparently dependent on the native or processed state of the starch as well as the cultivar type. The interrelatability of these factors in ensuring amylolytic resistance of unripe banana flour starch was further highlighted as another reason for the multifactorial phenomenon. Knowledge of these factors and their contributions to enzymatic hydrolysis resistance individually and interconnectedly will provide insights into enhanced ways of extraction, processing, and utilization of unripe banana flour and its starch.

Fermentation impact: A comparative study on the functional and biological properties of Banana peel waste

Banana fruit is a highly consumed and widely cultivated world food crop that generates plenty of waste globally. In this work, the phytochemical, nutritional, scavenging and therapeutic potentials of banana peel (BP) extracts were compared before and after fermentation. Halophilic fungi (Alternaria alternata, Pleosporaceae spp., Fusarium culmorum) were used in fermentation media designated as fermented banana peel FBP1, FBP2, and FBP3, respectively. Phytochemical coumarins, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins and steroids were found in all extracts while anthraquinone was identified in BP extracts only. Fermented extracts showed less quantity of Carbohydrate, compared to BP (477.1 ± 28.93 mg/g). Fermentation influenced the protein concentration as FBP1 showed a maximum protein of 56.9 ± 8.91 mg/g. Decreased quantities of Total Phenolic Contents (TPC), Total Flavonoid contents (TFC), and Vitamin C were noted in fermented products. The BP contained TPC (18 ± 2.59 mg GAE/g), TFC (20.5 ± 2.11 mg QE/g), carotenoid (1.03 ± 0.19 mg/g) and vitamin C (33.46 ± 2.63 mg/L). For BP, high antioxidant activity was observed, IC50 values of DPPH scavenging and FRAP assay were 2.01 ± 0.06 mg/mL and 12.81 ± 0.03 mg/mL, respectively. All the extracts were potentially active against the Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli BP extract showed high antibacterial activity than the fermented products. Among all the above, S. aureus showed high sensitivity to BP and FBP2 with 26.33 ± 2.49 and 26.33 ± 0.97 mm zone of inhibition and S. typhi was highly inhibited by BP and FBP1 with 26.26 ± 1.77 and 26.66 ± 2.63 mm. BP was highly active against K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa with 31.33 ± 1.74 and 32.33 ± 1.59 mm zone of inhibition and E. coli was sensitive to FBP2 with 25.7 ± 2.33 mm zone, respectively. The BP extract possessed potent antifungal activity against Mucor mucedo (84 %), Aspergillus niger (72 %) and Aspergillus flavus (83 %), which was higher than the fermented products. The antileishmanial assay was undertaken for all extracts against promastigotes of Leishmania major, BP showed good activity IC50 = 0.763 ± 0.01 mg/g. In the anti-inflammatory assays the BP showed lowest IC50 values by protein denaturing (0.612 ± 0.01), proteinase inhibitory (0.502 ± 0.01) and blood hemolysis assay (0.515 ± 0.01 mg/g). The minimum concentration indicated that BP was highly potent in response to antileishmanial and inflammation activity.

Biosynthesis and characterizations of silver nanoparticles by using green banana peel extract: Evaluation of their antibacterial and electrical performances

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) hold tremendous promise in nano-bioscience, with applications spanning engineering, science, and industry. This study delves into their fabrication process, crystallographic characteristics, and nanostructures. Employing green banana peel extract (GBPE), Ag NPs were synthesized. Various analytical techniques, such as UV-Vis absorption spectrophotometry (UV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) elucidate their attributes. UV-visible analysis reveals a 413 nm absorption band due to surface plasmon resonance. The Ag NPs exhibit a face-centered cubic structure with an average crystallite size of 45.87 nm. Lattice parameters and dislocation density are also determined. When tested against harmful bacteria, such as E. coli and S. epidermidis, advanced microscopy reveals a median size of particles of 55.12 nm and demonstrates their antibacterial characteristics. These environmentally benign Ag NPs also improve the efficiency of bio-electrochemical cells (BECs), opening the door to large-scale manufacturing at a reasonable cost and broadening the range of possible uses.

Banana Lectin: A Novel Immunomodulatory Strategy for Mitigating Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Compared to the general population, patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are less likely to be vaccinated, putting them at an increased risk of vaccine-preventable illnesses. This risk is further compounded by the immunosuppressive therapies commonly used in IBD management. Therefore, developing new treatments for IBD that maintain immune function is crucial, as successful management can lead to better vaccination outcomes and overall health for these patients. Here, we investigate the potential of recombinant banana lectin (rBanLec) as a supporting therapeutic measure to improve IBD control and possibly increase vaccination rates among IBD patients. By examining the therapeutic efficacy of rBanLec in a murine model of experimental colitis, we aim to lay the foundation for its application in improving vaccination outcomes. After inducing experimental colitis in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, we treated animals orally with varying doses of rBanLec 0.1-10 µg/mL (0.01-1 µg/dose) during the course of the disease. We assessed the severity of colitis and rBanLec's modulation of the immune response compared to control groups. rBanLec administration resulted in an inverse dose-response reduction in colitis severity (less pronounced weight loss, less shortening of the colon) and an improved recovery profile, highlighting its therapeutic potential. Notably, rBanLec-treated mice exhibited significant modulation of the immune response, favoring anti-inflammatory pathways (primarily reduction in a local [TNFα]/[IL-10]) crucial for effective vaccination. Our findings suggest that rBanLec could mitigate the adverse effects of immunosuppressive therapy on vaccine responsiveness in IBD patients. By improving the underlying immune response, rBanLec may increase the efficacy of vaccinations, offering a dual benefit of disease management and prevention of vaccine-preventable illnesses. Further studies are required to translate these findings into clinical practice.

The Mediterranean Diet, Its Microbiome Connections, and Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative Review

The Mediterranean diet (MD), rich in minimally processed plant foods and in monounsaturated fats but low in saturated fats, meat, and dairy products, represents one of the most studied diets for cardiovascular health. It has been shown, from both observational and randomized controlled trials, that MD reduces body weight, improves cardiovascular disease surrogates such as waist-to-hip ratios, lipids, and inflammation markers, and even prevents the development of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and other diseases. However, it is unclear whether it offers cardiovascular benefits from its individual components or as a whole. Furthermore, limitations in the methodology of studies and meta-analyses have raised some concerns over its potential cardiovascular benefits. MD is also associated with characteristic changes in the intestinal microbiota, mediated through its constituents. These include increased growth of species producing short-chain fatty acids, such as Clostridium leptum and Eubacterium rectale, increased growth of Bifidobacteria, Bacteroides, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii species, and reduced growth of Firmicutes and Blautia species. Such changes are known to be favorably associated with inflammation, oxidative status, and overall metabolic health. This review will focus on the effects of MD on cardiovascular health through its action on gut microbiota.

Recent advancements in the taste transduction mechanism, identification, and characterization of taste components

In the realm of human nutrition, the phenomenon known as taste refers to a distinctive sensation elicited by the consumption of food and various compounds within the oral cavity and on the tongue. Moreover, taste affects the overall comfort in the oral cavity, and is a fundamental attribute for the assessment of food items. Accordingly, clarifying the material basis of taste would be conducive to deepening the cognition of taste, investigating the mechanism of taste presentation, and accurately covering up unpleasant taste. In this paper, the basic biology and physiology of transduction of bitter, umami, sweet, sour, salty, astringent, as well as spicy tastes are reviewed. Furthermore, the detection process of taste components is summarized. Particularly, the applications, advantages, and distinctions of various isolation, identification, and evaluation methods are discussed in depth. In conclusion, the future of taste component detection is discussed.

Anti-inflammatory effects of banana (Musa balbisiana) peel extract on acne vulgaris: In vivo and in silico study

Objective

Acne vulgaris (AV) is a common problem with a relatively high incidence rate among Asian people. The potential antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of banana peels have been demonstrated in previous studies but have not been studied in cases of AV. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the protective effects of banana (Musa balbisiana) peel extract (MBPE) against AV.

Methods

Thirty rats were divided into five groups (n = 6 rats per group): an AV group, AV group treated with 0.15% MBPE, AV group administered 0.30% MBPE, AV group administered 0.60% MBPE, and AV group administered clindamycin (the standard drug treatment). We assessed nodule size, bacterial count, histopathology, and cytokine levels (IL-1α, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-8). Enzyme linked immunoassays were used to measure the cytokine levels. In addition, we performed molecular docking studies to determine the interactions between phytochemicals (trigonelline, vanillin, ferulic acid, isovanillic acid, rutin, and salsolinol) via the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways.

Results

All MBPE treatment groups, compared with the AV group, showed suppression of both bacterial growth and proinflammatory cytokine production, as well as resolved tissue inflammation. The nodule size was significantly suppressed in the groups receiving the two highest doses of MBPE, compared with the AV group. However, the pharmacological action of MBPE remained inferior to that of clindamycin. Docking studies demonstrated that rutin was the phytocompound with the most negative interaction energy with TLR2 or NF-κB.

Conclusions

Our results indicated that MBPE has anti-inflammatory effects against AV, by suppressing nodule formation, inhibiting bacterial growth, and decreasing proinflammatory cytokine production.

Macro and trace element compositions and physicochemical parameters of guajiru fruits (Chrysobalanus icaco l.) from two Brazilian states

Chrysobalanus icaco L. is a tree found in America and Africa. In Brazil it can be found in the biome along the coast. It has great food potential and its fruits, named guajiru, are consumed by fishing communities in natura and processed as jams and jellies. However, the literature on this tree species is limited. This study aims to describe the element contents and physicochemical characteristics of the C. icaco fruits from two regions in Brazil and investigate if they influence its sensory characteristics. The fruits were collected in the Northeastern region of Brazil in Maracajaú, State of Rio Grande do Norte (RN) and in Salvador, Bahia (BA). The morphometric characteristics, color, texture, and sensory analyses were carried out on the fruits in natura, and the physicochemical analyses and mineral profile on the pulp homogenized with the peel. The mineral profile showed K > Na > Mn > Mg > Ca > Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn > Ni > Cr, varying from 206 mg/100g (K) to 0.87 μg/100 g (Cr). The fruits from RN presented higher levels of trace and macronutrients, which affected the sensory characteristics, mainly the flavor, and led to better acceptance of these samples as compared to those from BA. The results suggest that C. icaco fruits present a good nutritional profile and sensory acceptance and hence their commercialization could be stimulated as a table fruit or mixed with other fruits.

Banana MKK1 modulates fruit ripening via the MKK1-MPK6-3/11-4-bZIP21 module

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade consisting of MKKK, MKK, and MPK plays an indispensable role in various plant physiological processes. Previously, we showed that phosphorylation of MabZIP21 by MaMPK6-3 is involved in banana fruit ripening, but the regulatory mechanism by which MKK controls banana fruit ripening remains unclear. Here, ripening-induced MaMKK1 from banana fruit is characterized, and transiently overexpressing and silencing of MaMKK1 in banana fruit accelerates and inhibits fruit ripening, respectively, possibly by influencing phosphorylation and activity of MPK. MaMKK1 interacts with and phosphorylates MaMPK6-3 and MaMPK11-4 mainly at the pTEpY residues, resulting in MPK activation. MaMPK11-4 phosphorylates MabZIP21 to elevate its transcriptional activation ability. Transgenic tomato fruit expressing MabZIP21 ripen quickly with a concomitant increase in MabZIP21 phosphorylation. Additionally, MabZIP21 activates MaMPK11-4 and MaMKK1 transcription to form a regulatory feedback loop. Collectively, here we report a regulatory pathway of the MaMPK6-3/11-4-MabZIP21 module in controlling banana fruit ripening.

Not Just a Banana: The Extent of Fruit Cross-Reactivity and Reaction Severity in Adults with Banana Allergy

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of cross-reactivity and co-allergy to other plant foods among adult patients with IgE-mediated banana allergy in Thailand. A structured questionnaire was used to assess clinical reactivity, and cross-reactivity diagnoses were based on reactions occurring within 2 years of banana allergy onset, within 3 h of intake, and confirmed by allergists. Among the 133 participants, the most commonly associated plant foods with clinical reactions were kiwi (83.5%), avocado (71.1%), persimmon (58.8%), grapes (44.0%), and durian (43.6%). Notably, 26.5% of the reported reactions to other plant foods were classified as severe. These findings highlight the common occurrence of cross-reactivity/co-allergy to other plant foods in banana-allergic patients, with a significant proportion experiencing severe reactions. Travelers to tropical regions should be aware of this risk and advised to avoid specific banana cultivars and plant foods with reported high cross-reactivity. The inclusion of self-injectable epinephrine in the management plan for patients with primary banana allergy should be considered due to the substantial proportion of reported severe reactions and the wide range of clinical cross-reactivity and co-allergy observed.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Compounds from Edible Plants with Anti-Cancer Activity and Their Potential Use as Drugs

Food is our daily companion, performing numerous beneficial functions for our bodies. Many of them can help to alleviate or prevent ailments and diseases. In this review, an extensive bibliographic search is conducted in various databases to update information on unprocessed foods with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that can aid in treating diseases such as cancer. The current state of knowledge on inflammatory processes involving some interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is reviewed. As well as unprocessed foods, which may help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which are important factors in cancer development. Many studies are still needed to take full advantage of the food products we use daily.

Supplementation of banana peel powder for the development of functional broiler nuggets

Banana peel powder is considered one of the most nutritive and effective waste product to be utilized as a functional additive in the food industry. This study aimed to determine the impact of banana peel powder at concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6% on the nutritional composition, physicochemical parameters, antioxidant potential, cooking properties, microbial count, and organoleptic properties of functional nuggets during storage at refrigeration temperature for 21 days. Results showed a significant increase in nutritional content including ash and crude fiber ranging from 2.52 ± 0.017% to 6.45 ± 0.01% and 0.51 ± 0.01% to 2.13 ± 0.01%, respectively, whereas a significant decrease was observed in crude protein and crude fat ranging from 13.71 ± 0.02% to 8.92 ± 0.02% and 9.25 ± 0.02% to 4.51 ± 0.01%, respectively. The incorporation of banana peel powder significantly improved the Water Holding Capacity from 5.17% to 8.37%, cooking yield from 83.20 ± 0.20% to 87.73 ± 0.16% and cooking loss from 20.19 ± 0.290% to 13.98 ± 0.15%. Antioxidant potential was significantly improved as TPC of functional nuggets increased ranging from 3.73 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g to 8.53 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g while a decrease in TBARS (0.18 ± 0.02 mg malonaldehyde/kg to 0.14 ± 0.02 mg malonaldehyde/kg) was observed. Furthermore, functional broiler nuggets depicted a significantly reduced total plate count (3.06-4.20 × 10⁵ CFU/g) than control, which is likely due to high amounts of phenolic compounds in BPP. Broiler nuggets supplemented with 2% BPP (T1) received the greatest sensory scores in terms of flavour, tenderness, and juiciness. Results of current study revealed the potential of BPP to be utilized as an effective natural source of fibre supplementation in food products along with enhanced antioxidant and anti-microbial properties.

A review on the gastrointestinal protective effects of tropical fruit polyphenols

Tropical fruits are popular because of their unique, delicious flavors and good nutritional value. Polyphenols are considered to be the main bioactive ingredients in tropical fruits, and these exert a series of beneficial effects on the human gastrointestinal tract that can enhance intestinal health and prevent intestinal diseases. Moreover, they are distinct from the polyphenols in fruits grown in other geographical zones. Thus, the comprehensive effects of polyphenols in tropical fruits on gut health warrant in-depth review. This article reviews, first, the biological characteristics of several representative tropical fruits, including mango, avocado, noni, cashew apple, passion fruit and lychee; second, the types and content of the main polyphenols in these tropical fruits; third, the effects of each of these fruit polyphenols on gastrointestinal health; and, fourth, the protective mechanism of polyphenols. Polyphenols and their metabolites play a crucial role in the regulation of the gut microbiota, increasing intestinal barrier function, reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory factors and regulating immune function. Thus, review highlights the value of tropical fruits, highlighting their significance for future research on their applications as functional foods that are oriented to gastrointestinal protection.

Active compounds in kepok banana peel as anti-inflammatory in acne vulgaris: Review article

Background

Acne vulgaris (AV) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition affecting the pilosebaceous units characterized by recurrent comedones, erythematous papules and pustules. The disease is benign however may produce scarring, erythema, and hyperpigmentation resulting in physical and psychological problems. Conventional therapy may reduce the symptoms of AV nevertheless, has a possibility of resistance, unwanted side effects, and has high cost. Thus, utilizing natural remedies may be a useful.

Methods

The data in this study were collect by search the keyword combinations of medical subject heading (mesh) of "inhibition", "antimicrobial", "banana peel", "acne vulgaris" and "antiinflammation" and relevant reference lists were manually searched in PubMed, EMBRASE and Scopus database. All relevant articles in data base above were included and narratively discussed in this review article.

Objective

To discuss the bioactive potential of banana peel as an inflammatory modulator in acne vulgaris.

Results

Banana peel contains many bioactive compounds, particularly phenolic and non-phenolic antioxidants (ascorbic acid, carotene, and cyanidin) which are pivotal in removing inflammatory products by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS), protecting protease inhibitors from oxidative damage, and preventing fibroblasts degradation. Banana peel also contains anti-inflammatory agents such as trigonelline which inhibits bacterial enzymes and nucleic acid synthesis; isovanillic acid which suppresses TNF-α production; and ferulic acid which inhibits the production of proinflammatory signaling and cytokines.

Conclusion

Banana peel contains many bioactive compounds which demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties through several processes of the inflammatory pathway. However further research is needed to confirm this finding.

The Valorization of Banana By-Products: Nutritional Composition, Bioactivities, Applications, and Future Development

Bananas are among the world’s main economic crops and one of the world’s most-selling fresh fruits. However, a great deal of waste and by-products is produced during banana harvesting and consumption, including stems, leaves, inflorescences, and peels. Some of them have the potential to be used to develop new foods. Furthermore, studies have found that banana by-products contain many bioactive substances that have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties and other functions. At present, research on banana by-products has mainly focused on various utilizations of banana stems and leaves, as well as the extraction of active ingredients from banana peels and inflorescences to develop high-value functional products. Based on the current research on the utilization of banana by-products, this paper summarized the composition information, functions, and comprehensive utilization of banana by-products. Moreover, the problems and future development in the utilization of by-products are reviewed. This review is of great value in expanding the potential applications of banana stems, leaves, inflorescences, and peels, which will not only help to reduce waste of agricultural by-product resources and ecological pollution but will also be useful for the development of essential products as alternative sources of healthy food in the future.

Potential use of banana peel (Musa cavendish) as ingredient for pasta and bakery products

The consumption of fruits and vegetables involves the disposal of the inedible parts, conveying challenges such as waste management and environment pollution. In recent years, there have been multiple studies aimed at finding alternatives that reduce the negative impact of food/agricultural waste. Since most studies done with by-products recommend their careful selection, the aim of this study was to verify if discarded banana peels could be disinfected until microbiologically safe and to determine if they could still provide nutrients to formulate food products with sensory characteristics acceptable to a consumer market after disinfection. Banana peels were collected from markets, restaurants, and greengrocers. They were disinfected, dried, and pulverized to obtain a flour which was subjected to microbiological and proximal analysis. Once its microbial safety was assured, this flour was incorporated into bakery and pasta products, replacing wheat flour with 5–20% banana peel flour (BPF). The sensory evaluation of the different products was carried out and, after verifying that the products were sensory acceptable, the proximal analysis was implemented. The formulated products were suitable for the addition of BPF up to 10%, in which the Acceptability Index was higher than 80% and significant increases in fiber and fat were achieved. We conclude that waste banana peel flour can be incorporated into bread and pasta products for human consumption to provide nutrients which might contribute to reduce this type of waste and to recover nutrients from otherwise disposed banana peels.

Spatially resolved metabolomics reveals variety-specific metabolic changes in banana pulp during postharvest senescence

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Both post-ripening stages and banana varieties contribute to metabolite variation.

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AuNP-assisted LDI-MSI was firstly used in mapping functional metabolites in pulps.

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AAs and monoamines exclusively accumulated in the middle region near the seed zone.

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Monosaccharides locate in whole pulps but enrich in the intermediate microregion.

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Di/trisaccharides exhibit different accumulation patterns as monosaccharides.

Banana is one of most popular fruits globally due to health-promoting and disease-preventing effects, yet little is known about in situ metabolic changes across banana varieties. Here, we integrated gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (LDI-MSI) and metabolomics to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution and levels of metabolites within Brazil and Dongguan banana pulps during postharvest senescence. Metabolomics results indicated that both postripening stages and banana varieties contribute to metabolite levels. Benefiting from improved ionization efficiency of small-molecule metabolites and less peak interference, we visualized the spatiotemporal distribution of sugars, amino acids (AAs) and monoamines within pulps using AuNP-assisted LDI-MSI for the first time, revealing that AAs and monoamines exclusively accumulated in the middle region near the seed zone. Monosaccharides and di/trisaccharides were generally distributed across entire pulps but exhibited different accumulation patterns. These findings provide a guide for breeding new varieties and improving extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds.

Synbiotic Musa acuminata skin extract and Streptococcus salivarius K12 inhibit candida species biofilm formation

This study aimed to determine the effect of synbiotic Musa acuminata skin extract (MASE) and Streptococcus salivarius K12 (K12) on Candida species biofilm formation. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight (LC-Q-TOF-MS) was conducted to characterize MASE. To determine the effect of synbiotic on Candida biofilm, 200 µL of RPMI-1640 containing Candida, K12, and MASE were pipetted into the same well and incubated at 37 °C for 72 h. A similar protocol was repeated with K12 or MASE to determine the probiotic and prebiotic effects, respectively. Dimorphism, biofilm biomass, and Candida total cell count (TCC) were determined. A total of 60 compounds were detected in MASE. C. albicans (ALT5) and Candida lusitaniae exhibited the highest reduction in biofilm biomass when co-cultured with prebiotic (77.70 ± 7.67%) and synbiotic (97.73 ± 0.28%), respectively. All Candida spp. had decreased TCC and hyphae when co-cultured with synbiotic. In conclusion, MASE and K12 inhibit Candida biofilm formation.

Whitening efficacy of popular natural products on dental enamel

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of natural bleaching products on the color, whiteness, and superficial properties of dental enamel. Seventy fragments of bovine teeth were obtained (6mm x 6mm x 2mm). Initial surface roughness (Surfcorder SE1700, Kosakalab), microhardness (HMV-2, Shimadzu), color (EasyShade, VITA), and surface gloss (Micro-Gloss 45º BYK, Gardner) readings were done. Samples were separated into five groups (n=14) according to the treatments used: CT-conventional toothpaste (negative control); CH-charcoal; TU-turmeric; BP-banana peel, and CP16%-16% carbamide peroxide gel (positive control, 4 h/day for 14 days), and then brushed for 560 cycles (T1) and 1200 cycles (T2), equivalent to 14 and 30 days of brushing. New measurements were performed after T1 and T2. The whiteness index for dentistry change (∆WID) and Weight loss (Wl) were calculated. CP16% demonstrated the highest (p<.05) color change (ΔE00) and ∆WID (2-way ANOVA, Bonferroni, p<.05). Surface gloss alterations were lower for TU, CP16%, and BP. CT and CH increased surface roughness (p<.05). CP16% decreased enamel microhardness. CH presented medium abrasiveness, and CT and TU, low abrasiveness. The popular bleaching products were not efficient for tooth whitening. Furthermore, brushing with charcoal increased the enamel surface roughness, and CP16% decreased enamel microhardness over time.

Assessment of antidiabetic potential of Musa acuminata peel extract and its fractions in experimental animals and characterisation of its bioactive compounds by HPTLC

Musa acuminata is a rich source of nutritional food with acclaimed therapeutic uses. Banana pulp has been reported to possess antidiabetic properties. The present study aimed to investigate antidiabetic potential of Musa acuminata peels and its fractions along with diabetic complications. Animals were divided into various groups (n = 6), EMA 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day and various fractions 50 and 100 mg/kg/day along with vehicle administered orally to alloxan-induced diabetic rats (n = 6) for 21 days for extract and for 7 days for fractions. Musa acuminata possess antidiabetic potential by reducing plasma glucose by utilising glucose in the periphery and production of hepatic glycogen and further reduce protein catabolism which is responsible for improvement in body weight along with reduction in diabetic complications such as dyslipidemia, peripheral neuropathy and nephropathy. Protective role of Musa acuminata in treatment of diabetes and its complications.

Reinventing Plantain as a Functional Food: A Processing Based Approach

Abstract:

Plantains are termed as ‘culinary bananas’ due to the fact that they are only consumed after cooking or other forms of processing. Providing good nutritional value and versatility in diet, it is considered as an important commercial crop and efficient dietary staple in Africa. However, irrespective of geographical locations and economic status of diverse ethnic groups plantains are consumed extensively due to its easy availability and preparation. They are prepared and consumed in numerous forms between the green and yellow stages of maturity and ripeness. The nutritional composition of plantains provides several health benefits and therapeutic applications, making it preferable for consumption. They are processed for the further development of a variety of products like biscuits, baby foods, bread, etc. The present review aims to enlist various traditional dishes and the value added products prepared from plantains after processing. It also highlights other diverse uses of plantain where all the parts of the crop are functional and demonstrates its potential in future scope.

Realizing the Potential of Neglected and Underutilized Bananas in Improving Diets for Nutrition and Health Outcomes in the Pacific Islands

Pacific Island countries are undergoing rapid food system transformation. This has led to a deterioration in diet quality with decreased consumption of traditional, fresh foods, and increasing consumption of imported, ultra-processed foods. Consequently, the triple burden of malnutrition is a now a major issue in the region. It is estimated that Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is widespread, particularly in Kiribati, Vanuatu, and Solomon Islands. Rates of overweight, obesity, and diet-related non-communicable disease (DR-NCD) are high. Increasing consumption of local, traditional fruits and vegetables, particularly those that have high nutritional value like Pacific Island bananas, could play an important role in improving diets and health outcomes of Pacific Islander populations. Many of the banana cultivars found in the Pacific Islands region are high in carotenoids, an important precursor to Vitamin A. Fe'i bananas, such as Utin Iap, have been shown to contain much higher amounts of carotenoids than that of the commonly consumed Cavendish banana. As a traditional, starchy staple food, bananas are a good source of carbohydrate, including resistant starch, with small amounts of protein and little fat. These characteristics also lend themselves to being part of a healthy diet. The promotion of neglected and underutilized banana cultivars in the Pacific region provides a food-based and low-cost solution that simultaneously supports healthy diets and good nutrition, local farming systems and livelihood opportunities. However, to realize this potential, more work is required to understand the availability of nutrient rich banana in the region, current consumption patterns and drivers of consumption.

Kluai Hin (Musa sapientum Linn.) peel as a source of functional polyphenols identified by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and its potential antidiabetic function

To date, information on the polyphenolic composition of Kluai Hin banana peel and pulp and the potential antidiabetic activity of its major active compounds is limited. This study aimed to identify polyphenols in extracts of fresh and freeze-dried Kluai Hin banana peel and pulp (methanol:water; M:W, 80:20 for flavonoids and acetone:water:acetic acid; A:W:A, 50:49:1 for phenolic acids) by RP-HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. Additionally, inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities was investigated with crude extracts from Kluai Hin banana peel and pulp, and compared with its major polyphenols ((+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin and gallic acid) and the antidiabetic drug acarbose. (-)-Gallocatechin was the most abundant polyphenol and was detected in all fresh and freeze-dried pulp and peel extracts by RP-HPLC-DAD. Furthermore, unidentified polyphenol peaks of Kluai Hin were further explored by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. The A:W:A fresh peel extract contained more total phenolic content (811.56 mg GAE/100 g) than the freeze-dried peel (565.03 mg GAE/100 g). A:W:A extraction of the fresh and freeze-dried peel of exhibited IC₅₀ values for α-amylase activity 2.66 ± 0.07 mg/ml and 2.97 ± 0.00 mg/ml, respectively, but its inhibitory activity was lower than acarbose (IC₅₀ = 0.25 ± 0.01 mg/ml). Peel extracts inhibited α-glucosidase activity, whereas pulp extracts had no effect. In addition, all standards, except gallocatechin, activated α-amylase activity, while, gallocatechin inhibited α-glucosidase activity better than acarbose. Therefore, we propose a further investigation into the use of Kluai Hin banana peel as a potential functional food for the management of postprandial glycaemic response to reduce diabetes risk and in the management of diabetes with a commercial drug.

Unveiling the Bioactive Potential of Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Waste in Human Health from a Consumer Perspective

Food supply disruption and shortage verified during the current pandemic events are a scenario that many anticipate for the near future. The impact of climate changes on food production, the continuous decrease in arable land, and the exponential growth of the human population are important drivers for this problem. In this context, adding value to food waste is an obvious strategy to mitigate food shortages, but there is a long way to go in this field. Globally, it is estimated that one-third of all food produced is lost. This is certainly due to many different factors, but the lack of awareness of the consumer about the nutritional value of certain foods parts, namely peels and seeds, is certainly among them. In this review, we will unveil the nutritional and bioactive value of the waste discarded from the most important fresh fruit and vegetables consumed worldwide as a strategy to decrease food waste. This will span the characterization of the bioactive composition of selected waste from fruits and vegetables, particularly their seeds and peels, and their possible uses, whether in our diet or recycled to other ends.

Antioxidant activity of banana flesh and antiproliferative effect on breast and pancreatic cancer cells

Bananas, one of the most widely consumed fruits worldwide, are a rich source of valuable phytochemicals. In this study, the antioxidant and the anticancer potential of banana flesh was investigated. Of the four kinds of banana flesh extracts, the hexane extract (HE) had the highest total polyphenol content (2.54 ± 0.60 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (1.69 ± 0.34 mg RE/g), followed by the chloroform fraction, total ethanol extract, and ethanol fraction. HE was found to exert a strong radical scavenging activity on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) (ABTS•) free radicals. According to the IC50 values in various cancer cell lines, HE was found to possess the greatest cell growth inhibitory potential in human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells and human triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. HE induced apoptosis in PANC-1 and MDA-MB-231 cells, as evidenced by the appearance of condensation of chromatin, proteolytic activation of caspase-3 and 7, and increase in the level of the cleaved form of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase protein. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of HE identified several anticancer compounds including palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, campesterol, stigmasterol, and γ-sitosterol, supporting the anticancer potential of HE. Our investigation provides a rationale for the use of banana flesh to minimize the risk of cancer-like diseases.

Profiling of Phenolic Compounds of Fruit Peels of Different Ecotype Bananas Derived from Domestic and Imported Cultivars with Different Maturity

Banana is one of the most produced and consumed fruits in the world and its fruit peel accounts for about 40% of the total fresh quantity of ripe fruit, which is usually regarded as waste and poses serious environmental hazards. However, it is a promising source of natural bioactive compounds including phenolic compounds. Determination of the phenolic compounds in fruit peel from different cultivars and subgroups over a range of maturities provides convincing information for making full use of them. This study developed a sensitive and reliable analytical method—ultra-high performance liquid chromatography—coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for measuring phenolic compounds in fruit peel from different ecotype cultivars and subgroups with different maturity. The results showed that quinic acid had the highest concentration ratio among the main phenolic compounds in the green/ripe peel of all banana cultivars; among all banana cultivars, the total phenolic compound contents of green banana peel were significantly higher than that of ripe banana peel; the total phenolic compound contents in the green/ripe fruit peel of non-dessert bananas were significantly higher than that of dessert bananas (green: non-dessert banana 1.48 ± 0.44 mg/g vs. dessert banana 0.97 ± 0.12 mg/g; ripe: non-dessert banana 0.26 ± 0.13 mg/g vs. dessert banana 0.19 ± 0.06 mg/g). These data provide a basis for the rational utilization of phenolic compound extractions from banana peel with huge biomass in the next step.

Phytowaste as nutraceuticals in boosting public health

The utilization of bioactive constituent of peels and seeds provide an effective, environment friendly and inexpensive therapy for different forms of human disease, and the production, improvement and documentation of novel nutraceuticals. This review systematically presents findings and further understanding of the reported benefits and therapeutic applications of peel and seed extracts on innovative cell culture and animal studies, as well as phased clinical human trial research. The extracts of seed and peels were reported to possess high quantities of bioactive substances with antioxidative, antidiabetic, hepatorenal protective, antithyroidal, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, cardiovascular protective, neuro-protective effects, anticancer and wound healing activities. Therapeutic activities of the bioactive substances of peel and seed extracts include elevation of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), GSH-Px, t-GPx, Catalase and GST activities, with the suppression of MDA levels, hydroperoxide generation and lipid peroxidized products, the extracts also regulate inflammatory mediators and cytokines as they are reported to suppress the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, which include; IL-1β, PGE2, TGF-β and TNF-α and induces apoptosis and cell differentiation. This review revealed the therapeutic importance and best utilization of peels and seed extracts of fruits and vegetables.

Pharmacological potentials and Nutritional values of Tropical and Sub-tropical Fruits of India: Emphasis on their anticancer bioactive components

BACKGROUND

Fruits are an important dietary component, which supply vitamins, minerals, as well as dietary fiber. In addition, they are rich sources of various biological and pharmacologically active compounds. Among these, temperate fruits are well studied for their pharmacological potentials, whereas tropical/subtropical fruits are less explored for their health impacts. In India, most of the consumed fruits are either tropical or subtropical.

OBJECTIVES

The present review aims to provide a health impact of major tropical and sub-tropical fruits of India, emphasizing their anticancer efficacy. In addition, the identified bioactive components from these fruits exhibiting anticancer efficacy are also discussed along with the patent literature published.

METHODS

The literature was collected from various repositories, including NCBI, ScienceDirect, Eurekaselect, and Web of Science; literature from predatory journals was omitted during the process. Patent literature was collected from google patents and similar patent databases.

RESULTS

Tropical fruits are rich sources of various nutrients and bioactive components including polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanin, etc. By virtue of these biomolecules, tropical fruits have been shown to interfere with various steps in carcinogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. Their mode of action is either by activation of apoptosis, regulation of cell cycle, inhibition of cell survival and proliferation pathways, increased lipid trafficking or inhibiting inflammatory pathways. Several molecules and combinations have been patented for their anticancer and chemoprotective properties.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the present concludes that Indian tropical/ subtropical fruits are nutritionally and pharmacologically active and may serve as a source of novel anticancer agents in the future.

Molecular Insights into SARS-CoV2-Induced Alterations of the Gut/Brain Axis

For a yet unknown reason, a substantial share of patients suffering from COVID-19 develop long-lasting neuropsychiatric symptoms ranging from cognitive deficits to mood disorders and/or an extreme fatigue. We previously reported that in non-neural cells, angiotensin-1 converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the gene coding for the SARS-CoV2 host receptor, harbors tight co-expression links with dopa-decarboxylase (DDC), an enzyme involved in the metabolism of dopamine. Here, we mined and integrated data from distinct human expression atlases and found that, among a wide range of tissues and cells, enterocytes of the small intestine express the highest expression levels of ACE2, DDC and several key genes supporting the metabolism of neurotransmitters. Based on these results, we performed co-expression analyses on a recently published set of RNA-seq data obtained from SARS-CoV2-infected human intestinal organoids. We observed that in SARS-CoV2-infected enterocytes, ACE2 co-regulates not only with DDC but also with a specific group of genes involved in (i) the dopamine/trace amines metabolic pathway, (ii) the absorption of microbiota-derived L-DOPA and (iii) the absorption of neutral amino acids serving as precursors to neurotransmitters. We conclude that in patients with long COVID, a chronic infection and inflammation of small intestine enterocytes might be indirectly responsible for prolonged brain alterations.

Screening and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Australian Grown Bananas and Their Antioxidant Capacity

Bananas are an essential source of staple food and fruit worldwide and are widely regarded as the world's largest fruit crop, with more than 100 million tons total annual production. Banana peel, a by-product that represents about 40% of the entire banana's weight, and pulp are rich in bioactive compounds and have a high antioxidant capacity. As the production of polyphenols in fruit and vegetables is highly dependent on environmental conditions, genetic factors, and the level of maturity, this study aims to characterize six Australian banana cultivars in various stages of ripening for their phenolic compounds using the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS), polyphenols quantification with the high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA), and their antioxidant capacity. All bananas were analysed for total polyphenols content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and total tannin content (TTC) and their antioxidant activities. Ripe Ducasse peel and pulp contained the highest amounts of total polyphenols content (1.32 and 1.28 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of sample), total tannin contents (3.34 mg catechin equivalent (CE) per gram of sample), and free radical scavenging capacity (106.67 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) per g of sample). In contrast, ripe Plantain peel had the greatest total flavonoids (0.03 mg quercetin equivalent (QE) per g of sample). On the other hand, unripe Ladyfinger pulp possessed the highest total antioxidant activity (1.03 mg AAE/g of sample). There was a positive correlation between flavonoids and antioxidant activities. By using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, a total of 24 phenolic compounds were tentatively characterized in this research, including six phenolic acids, 13 flavonoids, and five other polyphenols. Quantification of phenolic compounds by the high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) revealed a higher content of phenolic acids. These findings confirmed that banana peel and pulp have considerable antioxidant activity and can be employed in human food and animal feed for variant health enhancement uses.

Antimicrobial Activity against Oral Pathogens Confirms the Use of Musa paradisiaca Fruit Stalk in Ethnodentistry

Background

Ethnodentistry is the use of indigenous oral cleansing agents such as plant parts by local folks not only to maintain oral hygiene but also to treat oral infections. Mostly, ethnodentistry is inspired by traditions and belief systems of local communities. Musa paradisiaca is extensively cultivated and used in many cultures for its nutritional and medicinal values. In Ghana, the fruit stalk of Musa paradisiaca is used as an oral cleansing agent to maintain oral hygiene; yet this folk claim remains to be ascertained scientifically.

Objective

The study assessed the antibacterial and antifungal effects of three extract fractions (aqueous, ethanol, and ethyl acetate fractions) of Musa paradisiaca fruit stalk against Lactobacillus acidophilus, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Candida albicans, common oral pathogens implicated in dental caries and periodontitis.

Materials and Methods

Aqueous, ethanol, and ethyl acetate fractions of Musa paradisiaca fruit stalk were prepared by cold maceration and qualitatively screened for their phytochemical composition. Antimicrobial effects of the three extract fractions were assessed by using serial broth dilutions at increasing concentrations (62.5, 125, 250, 500, and 1000 µg/ml) and compared to standard antimicrobial agents (erythromycin, doxycycline, and fluconazole). Subsequently, the absorbances of the microbial suspensions treated with increasing concentrations of the extract fractions were measured at 450 nm, and the cell densities were determined.

Results

Except for the aqueous extract, which was less effective in decreasing microbial growth, the ethyl acetate and the ethanol extract fractions demonstrated antimicrobial efficacies comparable to those of the standard drugs. All three extract fractions demonstrated concentration-dependent growth inhibitory effects on the tested oral pathogens although not as effective as the standard drugs used.

Conclusion

Musa paradisiaca fruit stalk has demonstrated antimicrobial effects against Lactobacillus acidophilus, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Candida albicans, common oral pathogens implicated in dental caries and periodontitis, and this finding confirms in part folk use of Musa paradisiaca fruit stalk as a traditional dental care agent. Thus, the fruit stalk of Musa paradisiaca could be explored for use as a cheap and readily available dental care agent for people entrapped in the poverty line.

Banana Lectin from Musa paradisiaca Is Mitogenic for Cow and Pig PBMC via IL-2 Pathway and ELF1

The aim of the study was to gain deeper insights in the potential of polyclonal stimulation of PBMC with banana lectin (BanLec) from Musa paradisiaca. BanLec induced a marked proliferative response in cow and pig PBMC, but was strongest in pigs, where it induced an even higher proliferation rate than Concanavalin A. Molecular processes associated with respective responses in porcine PBMC were examined with differential proteome analyses. Discovery proteomic experiments was applied to BanLec stimulated PBMC and cellular and secretome responses were analyzed with label free LC-MS/MS. In PBMC, 3955 proteins were identified. After polyclonal stimulation with BanLec, 459 proteins showed significantly changed abundance in PBMC. In respective PBMC secretomes, 2867 proteins were identified with 231 differentially expressed candidates as reaction to BanLec stimulation. The transcription factor “E74 like ETS transcription factor 1 (ELF1)” was solely enriched in BanLec stimulated PBMC. BanLec induced secretion of several immune regulators, amongst them positive regulators of activated T cell proliferation and Jak-STAT signaling pathway. Top changed immune proteins were CD226, CD27, IFNG, IL18, IL2, CXCL10, LAT, ICOS, IL2RA, LAG3, and CD300C. BanLec stimulates PBMC of cows and pigs polyclonally and induces IL2 pathway and further proinflammatory cytokines. Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD027505.

Random mutagenesis in vegetatively propagated crops: opportunities, challenges and genome editing prospects

In order to meet the growing human food and nutrition demand a perpetual process of crop improvement is idealized. It has seen changing trends and varying concepts throughout human history; from simple selection to complex gene-editing. Among these techniques, random mutagenesis has been shown to be a promising technology to achieve desirable genetic gain with less time and minimal efforts. Over the decade, several hundred varieties have been released through random mutagenesis, but the production is falling behind the demand. Several food crops like banana, potato, cassava, sweet potato, apple, citrus, and others are vegetatively propagated. Since such crops are not propagated through seed, genetic improvement through classical breeding is impractical for them. Besides, in the case of polyploids, accomplishment of allelic homozygosity requires a considerable land area, extensive fieldwork with huge manpower, and hefty funding for an extended period of time. Apart from induction, mapping of induced genes to facilitate the knowledge of biological processes has been performed only in a few selected facultative vegetative crops like banana and cassava which can form a segregating population. During the last few decades, there has been a shift in the techniques used for crop improvement. With the introduction of the robust technologies like meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) more and more crops are being subjected to gene editing. However, more work needs to be done in case of vegetatively propagated crops.

Consumer Preferences and Socioeconomic Factors Decided on Plantain and Plantain-Based Products in the Central Region of Cameroon and Oyo State, Nigeria

Plantain is a key staple food in Central and West Africa, but there is limited understanding of its market in Africa. In addition, the cooking methods for enhancing the nutritional value, consumer preference, and willingness to pay for plantain and plantain-based products are not well understood. The knowledge gaps in the market and consumer dimension of the food chain need to be known to increase plantain utilization and guide breeding efforts. This research contributes by examining the cooking methods, consumer preference, and willingness to pay for plantain and plantain-based products in Cameroon and Nigeria. A household survey sample of 454 Cameroonian consumers in four divisions of Central Region and 418 Nigerian consumers in seven government areas of Oyo State in southwest Nigeria was the basis for the analysis. The results showed some levels of similarity and difference in the consumption and cooking of boiled, roasted, and fried plantain in both countries. The trend in consumption of all plantain-based products was constant in Cameroon but increased in Nigeria. The most important factor influencing Cameroonian consumers’ choice of plantain and its products was taste, while the nutrition trait influenced Nigerian consumers. Both Cameroonian and Nigerian consumers considered packaging, location of produce, and size and quantity as the least important factors. In addition, socioeconomic characteristics were significant determinants of consumers’ choices to consume plantain and its products. Gender significantly influenced (p < 0.05) taste, while nutrition was significantly driven (p < 0.05) by education and annual income. Household size played a significant role (p < 0.05) in consumers’ choices when the price was considered. These findings serve as a guideline to improve existing products to match the needs of consumers in each country and develop products for different consumer segments and potentially increase production.

Pleurotus highking mushrooms potentiate antiproliferative and antimigratory activity against triple-negative breast cancer cells by suppressing Akt signaling

In this study, we evaluated the antiproliferative and antimetastatic effects of the Pleurotus highking mushroom on the human triple-negative breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and HCC-1937 and attempted to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The antiproliferative effects of P. highking purified fraction-III (PEF-III) were investigated using colony formation and MTS assays. The antimigratory effects of PEF-III were determined by wound healing, transwell migration, and matrigel cell invasion assays. The protein expression levels were evaluated using Western blot analysis. The effect of PEF-III on tumor-sphere formation was examined in a 3D sphere-forming medium, and the mRNA expressions of proliferation- and migration-related genes in the cells from the tumor spheres were determined using RT-qPCR. PEF-III treatment caused a potent and concentration-dependent decrease in the numbers of colonies and viable cells. It also remarkably suppressed the migratory ability of the cells. Mechanistically, PEF-III treatment reduced the expression of pAkt, matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), and vimentin. Furthermore, PEF-III reduced the number and size of the tumor spheres in the 3D culture system. It also significantly reduced the mRNA expression of Ki-67, MMP-9, and vimentin in the PEF-III-treated tumor-sphere cells. PEF-III exerted promising antiproliferative and antimigratory effects in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines by suppressing Akt signaling. Therefore, P. highking mushrooms may be considered a potential source for the development of potent anticancer drug(s) for the treatment of breast cancer.

The Ethanol Extract of Musa sapientum Linn. Peel Inhibits Melanogenesis through AKT Signaling Pathway

Hyperpigmentation caused by melanin overproduction can be induced by UV radiation. The quest for effective depigmenting agents continues because many anti-melanin agents have restricted use and/or produce side-effects. The present study was aimed to investigate the inhibitory activity of Musa sapientum Linn. (AA group) peel ethanol extracts (MPE) on α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanin production. In addition, the molecular mechanism related to this process was examined in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. The results indicated that MPE remarkably inhibited melanogenesis in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase expressions were suppressed by MPE in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, MPE significantly decreased the expression of melanosome transfer protein markers (Rab27a and Pmel17) in a dose-dependent manner. This study found that the elevated phosphorylation of AKT in the B16F10 cells was diminished by MPE treatment. Furthermore, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II and p62 (autophagy markers) were affected after the B16F10 cells were treated with MPE. This study demonstrated that MPE might be an effective agent for anti-melanogenesis through the AKT pathway, subsequently diminishing MITF expression and tyrosinase enzyme family production. The findings indicated that MPE could potentially serve as a depigmenting agent in cosmeceuticals.