Structure and function of blueberry anthocyanins: A review of recent advances

Ultrasound-assisted glycosylation of ovalbumin and dextran conjugate carrier for anthocyanins and their stability evaluation

Anthocyanins (AC) are vulnerable to degradation when affected by external factors. The present study employed ultrasound-assisted glycosylation of ovalbumin (OVA) and dextran (Dex) to generate conjugate carrier for AC to improve its stability. The results showed that sonication significantly improved the progression of Maillard reaction to OVA. Compared to traditional glycosylation, ultrasound treatment showed a higher degree of grafting, a lower number of free-SH, and smaller particle size and uniform distribution. The SDS-PAGE results indicated covalent interaction. Intrinsic fluorescence (INF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Circular dichroism (CD) analysis results suggested that ultrasound-assisted glycosylation altered the OVA structure. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) observed that the ultrasound-assisted complex had a more compact and smoother structure and protein unfolding were better. The protein solubility increased significantly after glycosylation. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that the glycosylated conjugates can significantly improve the thermal stability of AC In addition, the AC showed an improved processing and storage stability when conjugated with glycosylated carrier. The glycosylated protein-anthocyanins complex may help provide new ideas and scientific basis for the development of naturally sourced anthocyanins-relevant products in pharmaceutical and food industry applications.

Rhizobacterial diversity, community composition, and the influence of keystone taxa on O'Neal blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)

Rhizosphere microbiotas play vital roles in resisting environmental stress, transforming soil nutrients, and promoting plant health, growth, and productivity. The effects of rhizosphere microbial community shaping and the characteristics and functions of keystone taxa on blueberries were comprehensively studied by examining the rhizobacteria of healthy old trees (O), young seedlings (OG), and poorly growing seedlings (OB) of O'Neal blueberries. Our results showed that rhizobacterial diversity followed the order OB > > OG > O, and the microbial community of OG was similar to that of O, while that of OB was distinctly different. The predominant rhizobacteria identified included Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteria. Firmicutes were highly enriched in healthy blueberries, with Bacillus identified as a key genus that significantly enhanced blueberry growth when inoculated. Bradyrhizobium and Gaiellales were common core bacteria in the blueberry rhizosphere. In contrast, Acidobacteria were the predominant phylum in poorly growing OB, with the specific Vicinamibacterales-related and Latescibacterota-related genera acting as keystone taxa that shaped the microbial community. In addition, bacterial species in Vicinamibacterales might act as a potential pathogen predicted by BugBase. Taken together, these findings provide fundamental insights into the development of the blueberry rhizosphere microbial community and highlight the role of beneficial rhizobacteria, such as Bacillus, in enhancing blueberry growth. This knowledge could contribute to the exploitation of beneficial rhizobacteria and the prevention of pathogens in modern agriculture.

Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Anthocyanins and Their Functions, Stability, Bioavailability, and Applications

Blueberry fruits are rich in anthocyanins. There are 25 known anthocyanidins found in blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) until now. Anthocyanins found in blueberries have attracted considerable interest for their outstanding abilities as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and neuroprotection compounds, as well as their potential for preventing cardiovascular diseases, protecting vision, and inhibiting cancer development. However, their application is constrained by issues related to instability and relatively low bioavailability. Thus, this review provides a detailed overview of categories, functions, stability, and bioavailability of blueberry anthocyanins and their practical applications. The available studies indicate that there is more potential for the industrial production of blueberry anthocyanins.

Blueberry bruise non-destructive detection based on hyperspectral information fusion combined with multi-strategy improved Beluga Whale Optimization algorithm

Introduction

Mechanical damage significantly reduces the market value of fruits, making the early detection of such damage a critical aspect of agricultural management. This study focuses on the early detection of mechanical damage in blueberries (variety: Sapphire) through a non-destructive method.

Methods

The proposed method integrates hyperspectral image fusion with a multi-strategy improved support vector machine (SVM) model. Initially, spectral features and image features were extracted from the hyperspectral information using the successive projections algorithm (SPA) and Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), respectively. Different models including SVM, RF (Random Forest), and PLS-DA (Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis) were developed based on the extracted features. To refine the SVM model, its hyperparameters were optimized using a multi-strategy improved Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO) algorithm.

Results

The SVM model, upon optimization with the multi-strategy improved BWO algorithm, demonstrated superior performance, achieving the highest classification accuracy among the models tested. The optimized SVM model achieved a classification accuracy of 95.00% on the test set.

Discussion

The integration of hyperspectral image information through feature fusion proved highly efficient for the early detection of bruising in blueberries. However, the effectiveness of this technology is contingent upon specific conditions in the detection environment, such as light intensity and temperature. The high accuracy of the optimized SVM model underscores its potential utility in post-harvest assessment of blueberries for early detection of bruising. Despite these promising results, further studies are needed to validate the model under varying environmental conditions and to explore its applicability to other fruit varieties.

Quality Evaluation of Muffins Enriched With Blueberry and Cranberry Powders

The use of plant extracts to enhance the nutritional profile and consumer appeal of food products has attracted considerable attention within the food industry. This is due to the fact that its high composition with bioactive ingredients affects the increase in nutritional value and the general acceptability of the product. The main focus of the food industry and researchers remains bakery products due to their high level of consumption and the suitability of combining them with different fruits. Given the prominence of bakery products in consumption and their compatibility with various fruits, investigating the enrichment of muffins with plant extracts is crucial. This was the main objective of this study, to improve the nutritional profile of muffins through berries' incorporation and evaluate the consumers' acceptability for these novel products. In this study, the muffins were enriched with cranberries and blueberries in powder form at concentrations of 3%, 6%, and 9%. Physicochemical parameters (such as weight, height, specific gravity, moisture, water activity, pH, and acidity), color, texture, and sensory parameters were analyzed in these samples, which were also compared with control samples without blueberry and cranberry powder. The results showed that pH and acidity were significantly different (p < 0.05) by the addition of blueberry powder, with pH values getting decreased and acidity values getting increased. The pH of the 9% enriched muffins measuring 5.38 and the acidity reaching 2.47 indicated a notable impact of extracts on the overall acidity level of the products showing comparable results to control samples. Hardness and gumminess as the main texture properties showed notable increase with the addition of blueberry and cranberry powders. Compared to control samples with 8.79 value of hardness, they achieved much higher values, 15.32 for cranberry and 10.58 for blueberry muffins, respectively. Similarly, they scored significantly higher values for gumminess, where cranberry muffins scored the value of 4.39 and blueberry muffins scored the value of 3.38, while control samples scored the value of 3.02. Furthermore, a direct relationship was observed between the concentration of these extracts and redness (a ∗), while the ratio is inverse for the parameters of lightness (L ∗), yellowness (b ∗), chroma (C ∗), and the value of hue angle (h). This factor is crucial to fulfill consumers' requests for more attractive attributes of such products not only in taste but also in their physical appearance. Therefore, even the sensory evaluation has shown that consumers like samples with higher amounts of cranberry and blueberry, respectively, with 6% (51.7% for blueberry muffins) and 9% (43.3% for cranberry muffins). The evaluation of blueberry samples revealed that the control sample was not the least preferred, primarily due to the lack of a well-defined taste in muffins with 3% extract; however, in the case of cranberry muffin evaluation, the control sample emerged as the least liked, indicating consumers' acceptance of the changes in muffin formulation. This shows the impact of enriching such bakeries with berries for empowering the consumers' attitudes and such product functionality in markets. Exploring the previously unaddressed area of enriching muffins with these berry powders, this research provides crucial information on the advantages, challenges, and nutritional enhancements associated with such formulations, filling a significant gap in the existing literature.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activities, Antidepressant Effect, and Lipid Peroxidation of Peruvian Blueberry: Molecular Docking Studies on Targets Involved in Oxidative Stress and Depression

Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) are cultivated worldwide and are among the best dietary sources of bioactive compounds with beneficial health effects. This study aimed to investigate the components of Peruvian blueberry using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS), identifying 11 compounds. Furthermore, we assessed in vitro the antioxidant activity and in vivo the antidepressant effect using a rat model and protective effect on lipid peroxidation (in the serum, brain, liver, and stomach). We also conducted molecular docking simulations with proteins involved in oxidative stress and depression for the identified compounds. Antioxidant activity was assessed by measuring total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazin (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS•+), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Peruvian blueberries demonstrated higher antioxidant activity than Vaccinium corymbosum fruits from Chile, Brazil, the United States, Turkey, Portugal, and China. The results showed that oral administration of Peruvian blueberries (10 and 20 mg/kg) for 28 days significantly (p < 0.001) increased swimming and reduced immobility in the forced swimming test (FST). Additionally, at doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg, oxidative stress was reduced in vivo (p < 0.001) by decreasing lipid peroxidation in brain, liver, stomach, and serum. Molecular docking and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) predictions were performed. In the molecular docking studies, quercitrin and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid showed the best docking scores for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, superoxide dismutase, and xanthine oxidase; while 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester and caffeoyl coumaroylquinic acid had the best docking scores for monoamine oxidase and serotonin receptor 5-HT2. In summary, our results suggest that the antidepressant and protective effects against lipid peroxidation might be related to the antioxidant activity of Peruvian Vaccinium corymbosum L.

Compressed fluid-based technology for downstream isolation of bluish anthocyanin-derived pigments obtained from blueberry surplus

A dynamic compressed fluid-based separation process combining carbon dioxide and ethanol was explored to isolate portisins previously hemi-synthesized from blueberry surplus anthocyanins. The influence of process parameters such as pressure (100-500 bar), temperature (40-60 °C), and ethanol content in the compressed fluid mixture (20-50 wt%) on extraction yield, portisins yield, and portisins content in the extract was investigated. The two-step isolation process includes (1) a first step at 100 bar, 60 °C, and 20 wt% ethanol content in the compressed fluid mixture to remove the low polarity compounds; and (2) a second step at 500 bar, 40 °C, and 100 wt% ethanol to recover portisins, resulting in a 1.5-fold increase in portisins content. The performance of the two-step separation process was compared to centrifugal partitional chromatography and conventional reverse phase liquid chromatography already reported in terms of portisins content in the extract, process throughput, process efficiency, and total solvent used. The two-step separation process decreased the total solvent used, although with a decrease in the throughput and efficiency. Nevertheless, the choice of the best separation technology depends on the application, as these techniques result in different portisins purities. Overall, this study contributed to a scalable and more sustainable process for natural colorant production, specifically focusing on blue pigments, with several industrial applications.

Therapeutic Effects of Plant Anthocyanin against Alzheimer's Disease and Modulate Gut Health, Short-Chain Fatty Acids

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and neurogenerative disease (NDD), and it is also one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The number of AD patients is over 55 million according to 2020 Alzheimer's Disease International (ADI), and the number is increasing drastically without any effective cure. In this review, we discuss and analyze the potential role of anthocyanins (ACNs) against AD while understanding the molecular mechanisms. ACNs have been reported as having neuroprotective effects by mitigating cognitive impairments, apoptotic markers, neuroinflammation, aberrant amyloidogenesis, and tauopathy. Taken together, ACNs could be an important therapeutic agent for combating or delaying the onset of AD.

Overview of the distinctive characteristics of strawberry, raspberry, and blueberry in berries, berry wines, and berry spirits

Red berries have gained popularity as functional and nutritious food due to their health benefits, leading to increased consumer demand and higher production, totaling over 11,000 ktons for strawberries, raspberries, and blueberries combined in 2021. Nutritionally, strawberries, raspberries, and blueberries present high levels of vitamin C (9.7-58.8 mg/100 g dry weight [dw]), folates (6-24 µg/100 g dw), and minerals (96-228 mg/100 g dw). Due to their perishable nature, producers have utilized alcoholic fermentation to extend their shelf life, not only increasing the lifespan of red berries but also attracting consumers through the production of novel beverages. Strawberry, blueberry, and raspberry wines possess low alcohol (5.5-11.1% v/v), high acidity (3.2-17.6 g/L), and interesting bioactive molecules such as phenolic compounds, carotenoids, polysaccharides, and melatonin. Distillation holds tremendous potential for reducing food waste by creating red berry spirits of exceptional quality. Although research on red berry spirits is still in the early stages, future studies should focus on their production and characterization. By incorporating these factors, the production chain would become more sustainable, profitable, and efficient by reducing food waste, capitalizing on consumer acceptance, and leveraging the natural health-promoting characteristics of these products. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the characteristics of strawberry, blueberry, and red raspberry in berries, wines, and spirits, with a focus on their chemical composition and production methods.

Tunable interactions in starch-anthocyanin complexes switched by high hydrostatic pressure

Native starches usually have poor polyphenol-binding efficiency despite remarkable architectural structures. In this study, the interaction between cyandin-3-O-glucose (C3G) and three starches under high hydrostatic pressure was investigated. Pressure (200-550 MPa) was found to promote the binding rate of potato starch from 31.6% to 47.0% but reduced that of corn and pea starch to below 10% at 550 MPa. Microscopy results showed that pressurized corn and pea starch-C3G complexes partially or completely lost spatial structures, whereas potato starch-C3G complexes retained structural integrity. The former had decreased zeta potentials and increased particle sizes at 550 MPa, suggesting surface charges and specific surface area losses caused poor binding. Potato starch-C3G complexes, however, exhibited unchanged zeta potential and particle size but the strongest fluorescence at 200 MPa, indicating a positive binding shift from surface to interior. Overall, high hydrostatic pressure can regulate the interactions of native starches with anthocyanins via spatial structural changes.

Guabijú (Myrcianthes pungens): A comprehensive evaluation of anthocyanins and free, esterified, glycosylated, and insoluble phenolic compounds in its peel, pulp, and seeds

Guabijú (Myrcianthes pungens) is a Brazilian native fruit from the Myrtaceae family, with few studies on the presence of phenolic compounds. Free, esterified, glycosylated, and insoluble phenolic compounds were studied for the first time in guabijú peel, pulp, and seed, by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and LC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS). Eighty-one phenolic compounds were tentatively identified in the three fractions, and eighteen were quantified using authentic standards. Furthermore, six anthocyanins were quantified in guabijú peel. Among the tentatively identified phenolic compounds, most belonged to the flavonols class. Major compounds quantified in the different fractions were ellagic and gallic acids, mainly in the hydrolyzed fractions. The peel presented the highest contents for most phenolic compounds, followed by the seed and pulp. This new data will add value to the fruit and facilitate the development of new products, as well as favoring and stimulating the consumption of the fruit.

Blueberry anthocyanins extract inhibits advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) production and AGEs-stimulated inflammation in RAW264.7 cells

BACKGROUND

Pharmacological interference is considered to be a successful approach to inhibit advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) production and to block AGEs-induced diseases. Some synthetic medicines are effective for inhibiting the glycation reaction, but they cannot be widely applied in clinical as a result of their side effects and security concerns. The present study uses blueberry anthocyanins extract (BAE) to attenuate AGEs formation and AGEs-induced inflammatory response in vitro.

RESULTS

In a bovine serum albumin-glucose model, BAE showed similar inhibitory activity on AGEs compared to the synthetic anti-glycation agent (aminoguanidine). The results showed that BAE exhibit strong anti-glycative action by scavenging glycosylated intermediates (Schiff base, fructosamine and α-dicarbonyl compounds), attenuating the molecular aggregation and amyloid-like fibrils formation, and preventing conformational modification. Additionally, BAE was found to dose-dependently inhibit the AGEs-induced secretions of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α) in RAW264.7 cells. The anti-inflammation activity of BAE was mediated by down-regulating the expressions of critical inflammatory markers, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, through nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathways inhibition.

CONCLUSION

BAE could serve as a natural inhibitor for controlling AGEs and AGEs-induced chronic inflammation. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

In situ Raman characterization of the stability of blueberry anthocyanins in aqueous solutions under perturbations in temperature, UV, pH

Blueberry anthocyanin (BA) is a functional ingredient to enhance the biological activity of food, and the stability of BA is of great interest. BA stability in aqueous solutions stored in polypropylene and glass bottles was analyzed in-situ using confocal Raman spectroscopy, and the acceptable depth of focus was optimized. The Raman characteristics of BA degradation were explained by multivariate analysis. The degradation rate of BA was significantly accelerated by heating above 65 °C for 2 h or ultraviolet irradiation (10 W) for 96 h. The first order kinetic reaction rate was accelerated with the increase of pH value and temperature and the prolongation of ultraviolet irradiation time. The synergistic effect of multiple factors promoted BA degradation. This study provides an in-situ, nondestructive method for the analysis of anthocyanin stability, which has great utility in the food industry to optimize processing, storage, and transportation measures to reduce the degradation of BA.

Enhancing nutritional value and health benefits of gluten-free confectionery products: innovative pastilles and marshmallows

Introduction

The research focuses on enhancing the nutritional value and potential health benefits of gluten-free confectionery products, developing innovative pastilles and marshmallows enriched with medicinal herb extracts, probiotics, and bioactive compounds from natural sources.

Methods

Physicochemical properties, including water activity, texture, and color, are assessed to evaluate the quality of the final products. Moreover, in vitro digestibility of the confectionery products is also investigated, with a focus on the release of bioactive compounds such as total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total anthocyanin (TAC) during simulated gastrointestinal digestion.

Results and discussion

Results indicate that the addition of specific ingredients to pastille samples does not lead to variations in water activity (~0.44), preserving the original properties, quality, and stability of the food. In contrast, the incorporation of additives in marshmallow products significantly increases water activity (p ≤ 0.05), attributed to their moisture-retaining effect. In general, our findings reveal that texture properties and color parameters are significantly affected by different formulations (p ≤ 0.05) for both confectionery products. Notably, the use of fruit and berries puree, along with the incorporation of additives, improves the functionality of confectionary products in terms of consumer acceptance (harder pastilles and softer marshmallow) and product quality. Furthermore, the study reveals that bioactive compounds are released and become more bioaccessible during digestion, particularly in the intestinal phase, with a maximum release exceeding 97% of TPC and TAC for both pastille and marshmallow samples. These findings pave the way for the development of a new category of gluten-free confectionery products, enriched with functional ingredients that offer potential health benefits, aligning with consumer preferences for natural, functional, and health-conscious treats. This research contributes to the evolving the landscape of functional confectionery products and underscores their potential as immune-boosting and naturally based food options.

The structure of anthocyanins and the copigmentation by common micromolecular copigments: A review

Under natural physiological conditions, anthocyanins can keep bright and stable color for a long time due to the relatively stable acid-base environment of plant vacuoles and the copigmentation from various copigment substances, such as polyphenols, nucleotides, metallic ions and other substances. Therefore, the copigmentation caused by copigments is considered an effective way to stabilize anthocyanins against adverse environmental conditions. This is attributed to the covalent and noncovalent interactions between colored forms of anthocyanins (flavylium ions and quinoidal bases) and colorless or pale yellow organic molecules (copigments). These interactions are usually manifested in both hyperchromic effect and bathochromic shifts. In addition to making anthocyanins more stable, the copigmentation also could make an important contribution to the diversification of their tone. Based on the molecular structure of anthocyanins, this review focuses on the interaction mode of auxochrome groups or copigments with anthocyanins and their effects on the chemical and color stability of anthocyanins.

Gastrointestinal fate of blueberry anthocyanins in ferritin-based nanocarriers

Blueberries contain an important amount of anthocyanins, which possess numerous biological properties. Nonetheless, the potential applications of anthocyanins may be constrained due to their limited stability and bioavailability. This study aimed to evaluate the stability and absorption of blueberry anthocyanin extracts (BAE) and anthocyanin standards (malvidin and cyanidin glycosides) when encapsulated using ferritin (FR) nanocarriers or a combination of FR and sodium alginate (SA) under simulated gastrointestinal conditions and Caco-2 cell monolayers. These results indicate that the use of FR nanocarriers resulted in an extended-release of anthocyanins during simulated digestion. Particularly, it was observed that after a period of 2 h in the intestinal phase, the anthocyanin concentration in BAE was greater (38.01 μg/mL, P < 0.05) when FR nanocarriers were employed, in comparison to untreated BAE (4.12 μg/mL). Furthermore, outcomes obtained from the Caco-2 cell monolayer assay revealed that FR-anthocyanin encapsulation resulted in substantially higher (P < 0.05) absorption rates ranging from 25.09 to 44.59 % compared to untreated anthocyanins (10.61-22.95 %). These findings provide evidence of an innovative approach for enhancing the stability and bioavailability of blueberry anthocyanins.

Advances and prospects of natural dietary polyphenols as G-quadruplex stabilizers in biomedical applications

G-quadruplexes (G4s) have arrested continuous interest in cancer research, and targeting G4s with small molecules has become an ideal approach for drug development. Plant-based dietary polyphenols have attracted much attention for their remarkable anti-cancer effects. Studies have suggested that polyphenols exhibit interesting scaffolds to bind G4s, which can effectively downregulate the proto-oncogenes by stabilizing those G4 structures. Therefore, this review not only summarizes studies on natural dietary polyphenols (including analogs) as G4 stabilizers, but also reveals their anti-cancer activities. Furthermore, the structural and antioxidant insights of polyphenols with G4s are discussed, and future development is proposed. These insights may pave the way for the development of the next generation of anti-cancer drugs targeting nucleic acids.

Comparisons in phytochemical components and in vitro digestion properties of corresponding peels, flesh and seeds separated from two blueberry cultivars

Highbush blueberries (HB) and rabbiteye blueberries (RB) were separated into peels, flesh, and seeds to assess the compositions of nutriment, anthocyanins, soluble sugars and fatty acids, and the in vitro digesting abilities. Total phenolics contents (TPC) of 51-56 mg GAE/g DW were found in blueberry peels. Compared with HB peels, RB peels showed much higher TPC, but only contained 35 phenolics and lacked peonidin-3-O-rutinoside. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose were all present in HB and RB, but RB flesh had a higher acid-sugar ratio. Unsaturated fatty acid concentrations in HB and RB seeds were comparable (26.65 and 26.43 mg/g, respectively). However, HB seeds have 35 fatty acids, but RB seeds lacked cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid and cis-10-pentadecenoic acid. The in vitro digestion test showed that the whole fruit/peels/flesh of RB had a higher recovery and bioavailability index of phenolics and anthocyanins. Therefore, the reuse of blueberry pomace needs to be emphasized.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01326-w.

Mechanism of action of anthocyanin on the detoxification of foodborne contaminants-A review of recent literature

Foodborne contaminants refer to substances that are present in food and threaten food safety. Due to the progress in detection technology and the rising concerns regarding public health, there has been a surge in research focusing on the dangers posed by foodborne contaminants. These studies aim to explore and implement strategies that are both safe and efficient in mitigating the associated risks. Anthocyanins, a class of flavonoids, are abundantly present in various plant species, such as blueberries, grapes, purple sweet potatoes, cherries, mulberries, and others. Numerous epidemiological and nutritional intervention studies have provided evidence indicating that the consumption of anthocyanins through dietary intake offers a range of protective effects against the detrimental impact of foodborne contaminants. The present study aims to differentiate between two distinct subclasses of foodborne contaminants: those that are generated during the processing of food and those that originate from the surrounding environment. Furthermore, the impact of anthocyanins on foodborne contaminants was also summarized based on a review of articles published within the last 10 years. However, further investigation is warranted regarding the mechanism by which anthocyanins target foodborne contaminants, as well as the potential impact of individual variations in response. Additionally, it is important to note that there is currently a dearth of clinical research examining the efficacy of anthocyanins as an intervention for mitigating the effects of foodborne pollutants. Thus, by exploring the detoxification effect and mechanism of anthocyanins on foodborne pollutants, this review thereby provides evidence, supporting the utilization of anthocyanin-rich diets as a means to mitigate the detrimental effects of foodborne contaminants.

Anthocyanins-natural pigment of colored rice bran: Composition and biological activities

Rice by-products are a potential source of various bioactive substances with great processing potential, which are receiving increasing attention. Among them, rice bran is a by-product of rice milling, with high nutritional value and health benefits. Colored rice bran contains a large amount of anthocyanins responsible for color and bioactivities. And anthocyanins are often added to foods as a natural pigment, serving to enhance both the visual appeal and nutritional value. Recent advances in the composition and bioactivities of four common colored rice bran anthocyanins (black, purple, red, and purple red rice) are reviewed in this paper. Rice bran anthocyanins have been confirmed to exhibit biological potential for human health, with their main biological activities being antioxidant, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, retinoprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-aging and anti-obesity effects. The structure of anthocyanins determines their biological activities. The anthocyanins composition of rice bran with different colors varied greatly, while that of rice bran with the same color is also slightly different, which is attributed to the rice varieties, growing environment and cropping conditions. However, it remains necessary to conduct further clinical studies to support the health activities of anthocyanins. The present review provides information value for the further development and comprehensive utilization of rice bran anthocyanins.

Plant bioactive compounds alleviate photoinduced retinal damage and asthenopia: Mechanisms, synergies, and bioavailability

The retina, an important tissue of the eye, is essential in visual transmission and sustaining adequate eyesight. However, oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions can harm retinal structure and function. Recent studies have demonstrated that exposure to light can induce oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions in retinal cells, thereby facilitating the progression of retinal damage-related diseases and asthenopia. Plant bioactive compounds such as anthocyanin, curcumin, resveratrol, lutein, zeaxanthin, epigallocatechin gallate, and quercetin are effective in alleviating retinal damage and asthenopia. Their strong oxidation resistance and unique chemical structure can prevent the retina from producing reactive oxygen species and regulating eye muscle relaxation, thus alleviating retinal damage and asthenopia. Additionally, the combination of these active ingredients produces a stronger antioxidant effect. Consequently, understanding the mechanism of retinal damage caused by light and the regulation mechanism of bioactive compounds can better protect the retina and reduce asthenopia.

Antitumoral properties of the pomegranate peel and blueberry extracts against tongue carcinoma (in vitro study)

Background

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common cancers globally. Considering the drawbacks of the traditional treatment phytochemicals have been introduced to the research field with consideration of their minimal, or no side effects and good efficacy against cancer cells. Pomegranate peel and blueberries are very well-known phytochemicals in this context.

Material and methods

Methanolic extracts are prepared from both pomegranate peel (PPE) and blueberry (BE) dried powders. The antioxidant content was determined by ORAC assay for both extracts. The cytotoxic levels of the extracts and IC50 on the HNO-97 cell line were defined using the colorimetric SRB assay. Then flow cytometric apoptosis analysis of the IC50 of both extracts was performed. Finally, an investigation of the metastasis through the wound healing assay was performed for both extracts.

Results

A significant difference in the antioxidant content was found between PPE and BE ethanolic extracts. The Ic50 for the PPE-treated cell line was 73.35 µg/ml while the BE showed it at 525.38 µg/ml with a significant difference between them. Both PPE and BE showed significant induction of cancer cell apoptosis with much better results with PPE treatment. The wound healing assay showed significant inhibition of cell migration when treated with PPE while there was not any significant effect on cell migration when treated with BE.

Conclusion

With the consideration that, the Phytochemicals used are well-known fruits with no harm on normal tissues. Low doses of PPE exert incredibly significant alteration in the HNO-97 tongue cancer cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and inhibition of cancer cell migration. Meanwhile, treatment with BE needs much higher doses for showing anti-proliferative properties of cancer cells and induce cancer cell apoptosis. This gives promising results for further investigations about using them as a treatment or adjunctive treatment for oral cancer cases.

Genome-Wide Analysis of the Universal Stress Protein Gene Family in Blueberry and Their Transcriptional Responses to UV-B Irradiation and Abscisic Acid

Universal stress proteins (USPs) play essential roles in plant development, hormonal regulation, and abiotic stress responses. However, the characteristics and functional divergence of USP family members have not been studied in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). In this study, we identified 72 VcUSP genes from the Genome Database for Vaccinium. These VcUSPs could be divided into five groups based on their phylogenetic relationships. VcUSPs from groups Ⅰ, Ⅳ, and Ⅴ each possess one UspA domain; group Ⅰ proteins also contain an ATP-binding site that is not present in group Ⅳ and Ⅴ proteins. Groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ include more complex proteins possessing one to three UspA domains and UspE or UspF domains. Prediction of cis-regulatory elements in the upstream sequences of VcUSP genes indicated that their protein products are likely involved in phytohormone signaling pathways and abiotic stress responses. Analysis of RNA deep sequencing data showed that 21 and 7 VcUSP genes were differentially expressed in response to UV-B radiation and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatments, respectively. VcUSP41 and VcUSP68 expressions responded to both treatments, and their encoded proteins may integrate the UV-B and ABA signaling pathways. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed that VcUSP22, VcUSP26, VcUSP67, VcUSP68, and VcUSP41 were co-expressed with many transcription factor genes, most of which encode members of the MYB, WRKY, zinc finger, bHLH, and AP2 families, and may be involved in plant hormone signal transduction, circadian rhythms, the MAPK signaling pathway, and UV-B-induced flavonoid biosynthesis under UV-B and exogenous ABA treatments. Our study provides a useful reference for the further functional analysis of VcUSP genes and blueberry molecular breeding.

Influence of Different Drying Techniques on the Drying Kinetics, Total Bioactive Compounds, Anthocyanin Profile, Color, and Microstructural Properties of Blueberry Fruit

In this study, four different drying techniques, namely, hot air drying (HAD), vacuum drying (VD), ultrasound-assisted vacuum drying (UAVD), and freeze-drying (FD), were applied to blueberries. The drying times of blueberries were 1290, 1050, and 990 min for HAD, VD, and UAVD, respectively, meaning that ultrasound application significantly reduced the drying time. All dried samples except those with FD showed lower total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity than fresh samples. Samples dried with FD had a higher content of bioactive compounds than those dried with other techniques followed by UAVD. The malvidin-3-O-galactoside was the most abundant anthocyanin in the blueberries and was significantly reduced after drying with HAD, VD, and UAVD. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the blueberries dried with FD and UAVD exhibited less shrinkage and cell disruption and more structure. The color parameters L*, a*, and b* values of the samples were significantly affected by the drying technique (p < 0.05). According to the findings of this study, ultrasound-assisted drying technology could be employed to shorten the drying time and improve bioactive retention in blueberry fruits.

Microcapsules and Nanoliposomes Based Strategies to Improve the Stability of Blueberry Anthocyanins

Blueberry anthocyanins are water-soluble natural pigments that can be used as both natural antioxidants and natural colorants. However, their structural instability greatly limits their application in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. In this study, blueberry anthocyanin microcapsules (BAM) and blueberry anthocyanin liposomes (BAL) were fabricated based on blueberry anthocyanins. Film dispersion methods were used to prepare the BAL. Their preparation processes were optimized and compared to improve the stability of the blueberry anthocyanins following exposure to light and high temperatures. The BAM were prepared through complex phase emulsification. The blueberry anthocyanins were protected by the shell materials composed of sodium alginate after being formed into BAM. Under the optimal conditions, the embedding rate of BAM and BAL can reach as high as 96.14% and 81.26%, respectively. In addition, the particle size, zeta potential, microtopography, and structure feature information of the BAM and BAL were compared. The average particle sizes of the BAM and BAL were 9.78 μm and 290.2 nm, respectively, measured using a laser particle size analyzer, and the zeta potentials of the BAM and BAL were 34.46 mV and 43.0 mV, respectively. In addition, the optimal preparation processes were determined through single-factor and response surface optimization experiments. The most important factors in the single-factor experiment for the preparation of microcapsules and liposomes were the content of CaCl2 and the amount of anthocyanin. The preservation rates in the light and dark were also compared, and the thermal stabilities of the BAM and BAL were characterized through differential thermal scanning. The results showed that both the BAM and BAL maintained the stability of blueberry anthocyanins, and no significant difference was found between the indices used to evaluate their stability. The results of this study provide theoretical support for the development of effective systems to maintain the stability of anthocyanins, thereby improving their bioavailability after ingestion by humans.

Attenuation of amyloid-β-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by active components of anthocyanins in HT22 neuronal cells

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common form of neurodegenerative disease in the elderly. Amyloid-β (Aβ)-associated neurotoxicity is an important component of the neurodegenerative change in AD. Recent studies have revealed a beneficial effect of anthocyanins in improving learning and memory in AD animal models. Using cultured HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells as an in vitro model, we examined in this study the protective effect of ten pure components of anthocyanins against Aβ 42-induced cytotoxicity and also investigated the mechanism of their protective effects. We found that treatment of HT22 cells with the pure components of anthocyanins dose-dependently rescued Aβ 42-induced cytotoxicity, with slightly different potencies. Using petunidin as a representative compound, we found that it enhanced mitochondrial homeostasis and function in Aβ 42-treated HT22 cells. Mechanistically, petunidin facilitated β-catenin nuclear translocation and enhanced the interaction between β-catenin and TCF7, which subsequently upregulated mitochondrial homeostasis-related protein Mfn2, thereby promoting restoration of mitochondrial homeostasis and function in Aβ 42-treated HT22 cells. Together, these results reveal that the pure components of anthocyanins have a strong protective effect in HT22 cells against Aβ 42-induced cytotoxicity by ameliorating mitochondrial homeostasis and function in a β-catenin/TCF-dependent manner.

Translocation and dissipation of thiamethoxam applied by root irrigation in tomato plant-soil system

Thiamethoxam (TMX) has been registered for use on a wide range of crops due to its versatile application methods, however, there is limited literature evaluating the residue behaviors of TMX applied through root irrigation. In this study, the uptake and translocation of TMX, its degradation to clothianidin (CLO), and dissipation in the tomato plant-soil system were conducted. TMX applied by root irrigation was transferable within the tomato plant, including stems, leaves, and fruits at different heights. TMX concentrations in the four sections of stems were ordered as Clower > Cmid > Cupper > Ctop, while in the leaves were ordered as Ctop > Cupper > Cmid > Clower. The degradation product CLO was detected in the tomato plant, and concentrations of CLO were even higher than those of TMX in the leaves. The translocation factor (TF) of TMX in the same section generally followed the order of TFleaf > TFstem > TFfruit. Residues of TMX and CLO in tomato on 7 days after application were below maximum residue limits (MRLs) in China and Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). This study promotes the evaluation of TMX applied through root irrigation for use in the tomato system from a dietary safety perspective.

Quality analysis and metabolomic profiling of the effects of exogenous abscisic acid on rabbiteye blueberry

Blueberry is a characteristic berry fruit shrub of the genus Vaccinium in the Rhododendron family. The fruit is rich in anthocyanins and has a variety of nutritional and health functions. This study aimed to systematically study the effect of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) application on ripening and metabolites in blueberry fruits. Blueberry fruit ripening was divided into six stages for further analysis. In this study, nontarget metabolomics was performed to demonstrate the effect on metabolite levels. The results showed that 1000 mg/L ABA significantly promoted fruit ripening and increased anthocyanin content. Moreover, exogenous ABA treatment can affect endogenous ABA levels and improve its antioxidant capacity. Important metabolites of the flavonoid pathway were detected, and the results showed that anthocyanin synthesis increased, and some other bioactive metabolite levels decreased. After comprehensive assessments, we believe that 1000 mg/L exogenous ABA application will have positive impacts on blueberry fruit quality and economic benefits.

Are the Blueberries We Buy Good Quality? Comparative Study of Berries Purchased from Different Outlets

Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) are becoming increasingly popular for their nutritional and health benefits, and their economic value is therefore increasing. The loss of quality that can occur due to softening and fungal attack is an important consideration when marketing blueberries. Despite the added value of blueberries, no studies have been carried out on how the fruit arrives at the outlets just before purchase by the consumer in terms of firmness, physico-chemical parameters, phenolic compounds, and fungal growth. The aim of this work has been, therefore, to investigate possible differences in quality parameters between blueberries purchased from ten different outlets, regardless of the supplier. The results showed that all the samples were of acceptable quality, although they all had a low maturity index at the point of sale. None of the samples studied showed clear signs of fungal decay at the time of purchase, although we were able to grow and identify some pathogen specimens after cultivation. In terms of total phenolic and anthocyanin content, as well as antioxidant activity, all the samples showed low values, possibly due to their postharvest storage, but they were within the expected range for this fruit. On the other hand, differences in the measured parameters were observed between samples of the same cultivar while no differences were found between conventionally and organically grown blueberries. This suggests that preharvest (such as edaphoclimatic conditions, agricultural practices, and cultivars) and postharvest factors (such as treatments used, storage, and transport temperatures) could influence the berry quality when they reach the consumer.

Blueberry Supplementation and Skin Health

Environmental stressors such as air pollutants, ozone, and UV radiation are among the most noxious outdoor stressors affecting human skin and leading to premature skin aging. To prevent the extrinsic aging, the skin is equipped with an effective defensive system. However, cutaneous defense mechanisms can be overwhelmed through chronic exposure to environmental pollutants. Recent studies have suggested that the topical usage of natural compounds, such as blueberries, could be a good strategy to prevent skin damage from the environment. Indeed, blueberries contain bioactive compounds found to induce an active skin response against the environmental noxious effects. In this review, results from recent studies on this topic are discussed in order to build the argument for blueberries to possibly be an effective agent for skin health. In addition, we hope to highlight the need for further research to elucidate the mechanisms behind the use of both topical application and dietary supplementation with blueberries to bolster cutaneous systems and defensive mechanisms.

Interactions between zein and anthocyanins at different pH: Structural characterization, binding mechanism and stability

Zein-anthocyanin nanoparticles (ZACNPs) at different pH values were successfully developed to stabilize anthocyanins based on the self-assembly properties of zein. The structural characterization by the Fourier infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and molecular docking analysis showed that the interactions between anthocyanins and zein were driven by the hydrogen bonds formed between the hydroxyl and carbonyl oxygen groups on anthocyanin glycoside groups and the amino acid residues (glutamine and serine), as well as the hydrophobic interactions from the A or B ring of anthocyanins and the amino acid residues of zein. The binding energy of zein to two anthocyanin monomers cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and delphinidin 3-O-glucoside was 8.2 and 7.4 kcal/mol. Further property examinations of ZACNPs showed that the thermal stability of anthocyanins at a ratio of zein:ACN = 1:0.3 was improved by 56.64 % (90 °C, 2 h), and the storage stability increased by up to 31.11 % at pH 2. In addition, the antioxidant activity of ZACNPs (zein:ACN = 1:0.3) was significantly enhanced, and the DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activities, FRAP and ORAC value reached 87.73 %, 87.89 %, 435.5 μg/mL, 90.58 μmol/mL at pH 4, respectively. These results suggested that combining zein to anthocyanins is a feasible method to stabilize anthocyanins.

The Antioxidant Activity and Protection of Probiotic Bacteria in the In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion of a Blueberry Juice and Whey Protein Fermentation System

Blueberries have received great attention due to the health effects of their bioactive compounds, such as antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-obesity properties. Probiotics also have these health-promoting benefits. However, these biological activities may be affected by the processs of gastrointestinal digestion, which decreases their functionality. This study aimed to use a more convenient method to improve the blueberries’ antioxidant activity and protective effects on probiotic cells by fermentation with whey protein, and to explore the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. This result showed that the total phenolic content, anthocyanin content, reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and probiotic cells’ survival in a blueberry juice and whey protein fermentation system were enhanced in a model of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The bioactive compounds in blueberry juice interacted with whey protein, as shown through FTIR. The stability of phenolic compounds was enhanced, and the release of functional compounds in the mixture fermentation system was delayed through CLSM. Interactions between bioactive compounds in blueberries, whey protein, and bacterial surface proteins, glycoproteins or polysaccharides during fermentation were studied by SDS-PAGE. Thus, the stability of bioactive activities in the mixed system after fermentation was strengthened by the interaction. The mixed fermentation system has promising potential for improving antioxidant activity and protecting probiotic cells.

The Extraction and High Antiproliferative Effect of Anthocyanin from Gardenblue Blueberry

Blueberries are rich in flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and other bioactive substances. Anthocyanins are important functional components in blueberries. We collected 65 varieties of blueberries to investigate their nutritional and functional values. Among them, Gardenblue had the highest anthocyanin content, with 2.59 mg/g in fresh fruit. After ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction and macroporous resin absorption, the content was increased to 459.81 mg/g in the dried powder. Biological experiments showed that Gardenblue anthocyanins (L¹) had antiproliferative effect on cervical cancer cells (Hela, 51.98 μg/mL), liver cancer cells (HepG2, 23.57 μg/mL), breast cancer cells (MCF-7, 113.39 μg/mL), and lung cancer cells (A549, 76.10 μg/mL), and no apparent toxic effects were indicated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, especially against HepG2 cells both in vitro and in vivo. After combining it with DDP (cisplatin) and DOX (doxorubicin), the antiproliferative effects were enhanced, especially when combined with DOX against HepG2 cells; the IC₅₀ value was 0.02 μg/mL. This was further evidence that L¹ could inhibit cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis. The detailed mechanism might be L¹ interacting with DNA in an intercalation mode that changes or destroys DNA, causing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. The findings of this study suggest that L¹ extract can be used as a functional agent against hepatoma carcinoma cells.

Sucrose non-fermenting1-related protein kinase VcSnRK2.3 promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis in association with VcMYB1 in blueberry

Sucrose non-fermenting1-related protein kinase-2 (SnRK2) is a plant-specific protein kinase family and an important component of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway. However, there is a lack of relevant studies in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). In this study, we identified six SnRK2 family members (from VcSnRK2.1 to VcSnRK2.6) in blueberries for the first time. In addition, we found that VcSnRK2.3 expression was not only positively correlated with fruit ripening but was also induced by ABA signaling. Transient expression in blueberry fruits also proved that VcSnRK2.3 promoted anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of anthocyanin synthesis-related genes such as VcF3H, VcDFR, VcANS, and VcUFGT. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seeds and seedlings overexpressing VcSnRK2.3 showed anthocyanin pigmentation. Yeast two-hybrid assays (Y2H) and Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays (BiFC) demonstrated that VcSnRK2.3 could interact with the anthocyanin positive regulator VcMYB1. Finally, VcSnRK2.3 was able to enhance the binding of VcMYB1 to the VcDFR promoter. Via regulation transcription of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, VcSnRK2.3 promoted anthocyanin accumulation in blueberry. The above results suggest that VcSnRK2.3 plays an important role in blueberry anthocyanin synthesis, is induced by ABA, and can interact with VcMYB1 to promote anthocyanin biosynthesis in blueberry.

Polyvinyl alcohol film with chlorine dioxide microcapsules can be used for blueberry preservation by slow-release of chlorine dioxide gas

Introduction

Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) is a safe and efficient bactericide with unique advantages in reducing foodborne illnesses, inhibiting microbial growth, and maintaining the nutritional quality of food. However, gaseous ClO₂ is sensitive to heat, vibration, and light, which limits its application.

Methods

In this study, a ClO₂ precursor-stabilized ClO₂ aqueous solution was encapsulated by the double emulsion method, and a high-performance ClO₂ self-releasing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film was prepared to investigate its performance and effect on blueberry quality during storage.

Results

The self-releasing films had the best overall performance when the microcapsule content was 10% as the film's mechanical properties, thermal stability, and film barrier properties were significantly improved. The inhibition rates of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli were 93.69% and 95.55%, respectively, and the mycelial growth of Staphylococcus griseus was successfully inhibited. The resulting ClO₂ self-releasing films were used for blueberry preservation, and an experimental study found that the ClO₂ self-releasing antimicrobial film group delayed the quality decline of blueberries. During the 14-day storage period, no mold contamination was observed in the ClO₂ self-releasing film group, and blueberries in the antibacterial film group had higher anthocyanin accumulation during the storage period.

Discussion

Research analysis showed that films containing ClO₂ microcapsules are promising materials for future fruit and vegetable packaging.

The effect of supercritical carbon dioxide on the physiochemistry, endogenous enzymes, and nutritional composition of fruit and vegetables and its prospects for industrial application: a overview

Consumers have an increasing demand for fruit and vegetables with high nutritional value worldwide. However, most fruit and vegetables are vulnerable to quality loss and spoilage during processing, transportation, and storage. Among the recently introduced emerging technologies, supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) has been extensively utilized to treat and maintain fruit and vegetables mainly due to its nontoxicity, safety, and environmentally friendly. SCCO2 technology generates low processing costs and mild processing conditions (temperature and pressure) that allow for the application of CO2 at a supercritical state. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the influence of SCCO2 technology on the quality attributes of fruit and vegetable products, such as physicochemical properties (pH, color, cloud, particle size distribution, texture), sensory quality, and nutritional composition (ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and betalains). In addition, the effects and mechanisms of the SCCO2 technique on endogenous enzyme inactivation (polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and pectin methylesterase) were also elucidated. Finally, the prospects of the SCCO2 technique for industrial application was discussed from the economic and regulatory aspect.

Pectin-based color indicator films incorporated with spray-dried Hibiscus extract microparticles

Colorimetric films incorporated with anthocyanins as an indicator for freshness monitoring have aroused growing interest recently. The pH-sensing colorimetric film were developed based on pectin (HM), containing aqueous hibiscus extract microparticles (HAE). HAE microparticles were obtained by spray drying with different wall materials (Inulin -IN, maltodextrin- MD and their combination). The films were obtained on large scale by continuous casting. These films were characterized for physicochemical analysis, morphological structure, thermal and barrier properties, antioxidant activity, and color change at different pH. The addition of HAE microparticles caused relevant changes to HM-based films, such as in mechanical behavior and improved barrier property (11-22% WVTR reduction) depending on the type of wall material used and the concentration added. It was verified with the thermal stability of films, with a slight increase being observed. The color variation of smart films was entirely pH-dependent. Overall, the proposed color indicator films showed unique features and functionalities and could be used as an alternative natural pH indicator in smart packaging systems.

Blueberry Anthocyanins from Commercial Products: Structure Identification and Potential for Diabetic Retinopathy Amelioration

The aim of the present study was to determine the major anthocyanins of blueberry extracts from northeast China and explore their vision health improvement effects. HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS results suggested that six different anthocyanins were accurately identified, among which the Cy-3-glu (C3G) was the most abundant, ranging from 376.91 ± 7.91 to 763.70 ± 4.99 μM. The blueberry extract contained a higher purity of anthocyanins, and the anthocyanosides reached 342.98 mg/kg. The anti-oxidative stress function of C3G on HG-treated ARPE-19 cells were evaluated, and showed that the GSSG level of HG-cells pretreated with 10 μM C3G was significantly decreased, while the Nrf2 and NQO1 gene expression levels were increased. Further molecular docking (MD) results indicated that the C3G displayed favorable binding affinity towards REDD1, and only the B-ring of the C3G molecule displayed binding interactions with the CYS-140 amino acids within the REDD1 protein. It implied that the oxidative stress amelioration effects of C3G on the ARPE-19 cells were related to the REDD1 protein, which was probably via the Nrf2 pathways, although further studies are needed to provide mechanism evidence. The present study provides novel insights into understanding the roles of blueberry anthocyanins in ameliorating oxidative stress-induced BRB damage in the retina.

The Role of Anthocyanin in Modulating Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease and Its Potential to Be Developed as a Nutraceutical

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is directly linked to diabetes mellitus (DM), and its morbidity and mortality are rising at an alarming rate. Individuals with DM experience significantly worse clinical outcomes due to heart failure as a CVD consequence than non-diabetic patients. Hyperglycemia is the main culprit that triggers the activation of oxidative damage, inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis pathways that aggravate diabetic CVD progression. In recent years, the development of phytochemical-based nutraceutical products for diabetic treatment has risen due to their therapeutic properties. Anthocyanin, which can be found in various types of plants, has been proposed for preventing and treating various diseases, and has elicited excellent antioxidative, anti-inflammation, anti-fibrosis, and anti-apoptosis effects. In preclinical and clinical studies, plants rich in anthocyanin have been reported to attenuate diabetic CVD. Therefore, the development of anthocyanin as a nutraceutical in managing diabetic CVD is in demand. In this review, we unveil the role of anthocyanin in modulating diabetic CVD, and its potential to be developed as a nutraceutical for a therapeutic strategy in managing CVD associated with DM.

Recovering high value-added anthocyanins from blueberry pomace with ultrasound-assisted extraction

•

Food waste blueberry pomace offers a high potential to recover anthocyanins.

•

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of anthocyanins was optimized by Box-Behnken design.

•

The optimal parameters of ultrasonic treatment were 40 °C and 400 W for 40 min.

•

Highly purified blueberry anthocyanins were obtained after SCX cation exchange.

•

Malvidin was the main anthocyanins in the purified fractions from blueberry pomace.

Food waste is a potential source to replace fresh materials for obtaining functional ingredients. Blueberry pomace contains considerable amounts of anthocyanins. In this study, we investigated ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of anthocyanins from blueberry pomace. We used a Box-Behnken design (BBD) to screen and optimize the important factors influencing yield. The optimum extraction conditions were a temperature of 40 °C, an ultrasonic power of 400 W and an extraction time of 40 min. The optimum yield was 108.23 mg/100 g DW. In addition, we used a cation column to separate anthocyanins, and optimized the chromatographic conditions of HPLC to analyze and identify the main anthocyanins. Thirteen anthocyanins were found in blueberry pomace, of which Malvidin-3-Galactoside (22.65 %) was the highest. These findings provide a theoretical basis and optimized process parameters for the recovery of high value-added anthocyanins from blueberry pomace with ultrasound-assisted extraction, thus facilitating the comprehensive utilization of blueberry pomace.

A dark purple multifunctional ingredient from blueberry pomace enhanced with lactic acid bacteria for various applications

Nowadays, large quantities of berries are still being dumped or used for composting and animal feeding. The objective of this study was to customize a technological design for appropriate valorization of blueberry pomace into a shelf-life-stable, dark purple multifunctional ingredient, containing lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus casei), by freeze-drying. The main anthocyanins in blueberries freeze-dried inoculated pomace are malvidin 3-O-glucoside, peonidin 3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside. A viable cells content of 4.75×10⁸ CFU/g DW was found after freeze-drying and the ability of the freeze-dried powder to inhibit the DPPH radical was 171.98 ± 1.73 mMol Trolox/g DW. The results obtained from CIElab analysis show a tendency to red and blue, characteristic of blueberry anthocyanins. The bioaccesibility of anthocyanins from blueberry powder was 37.8% and the probiotic survival rate after passing through the digestion process was 49.56%. The inhibitory potential of the obtained powder on α-amylase, pancreatic lipase, and α-glucosidase and tyrosinase was assessed. A significant antidiabetic potential of the powder was found, with IC50 values for α-amylase of 2.61 ± 0.24 mg/ml and for α-glucosidase of 1.37 ± 0.01 mg/ml, significantly lower when compared to corresponding drugs used in current practices. The powder also showed a significant potential to inhibit tyrosinase, supporting the hypothesis that the pomace resulting from juice and wine manufacturing may be successfully used to develop multifunctional ingredients with significant health benefits. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Nowadays, food scientists and industry are seeking technological alternatives to obtain functional ingredients, due to the global interest in translating and applying scientific knowledge to address consumers' health issues. In our study, a freeze-drying customized design involving the use of the blueberry pomace, pectin, and Lactobacillus casei was applied to develop an ingredient with multiple functions. Besides a remarkable color, the powder showed good antioxidant activity, in vitro cells viability, and inhibitory activity against some metabolic syndrome-associated enzymes.

Extracts of Common Vegetables Inhibit the Growth of Ovary Cancer Cells

There is recent interest in a diet that can be recommended for patients suffering from cancer. In this respect, the effects were studied of the extracts of several common fruits, herbs and vegetables on the viability of two human ovary cancer cell lines (SKOV-3 and PEO1) in vitro. Normal human MRC-5 fibroblasts were used as a control cell line. The extracts of garlic, horseradish and curly kale as well as green and black tea were the most effective in lowering the viability of ovarian cancer cells, while not affecting the viability of MRC-5 fibroblasts. Except for garlic and horseradish, the cytotoxic effects of the extracts correlated with their polyphenol content. The examination of changes in the content of ATP and glutathione, in the level of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial potential and mitochondrial mass did not show a consistent pattern, suggesting that various extracts may act via different mechanisms. Although the extracts’ toxicity to cells in vitro is a first and direct suggestion concerning their possible anticancer effects in vivo, these results point to potential vegetable candidates to become diet components recommended for ovary cancer patients.

Onion anthocyanins: Extraction, stability, bioavailability, dietary effect, and health implications

Anthocyanins are high-value compounds, and their use as functional foods and their natural colorant have potential health benefits. Anthocyanins seem to possess antioxidant properties, which help prevent neuronal diseases and thereby exhibit anti-inflammatory, chemotherapeutic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. They also show different therapeutic effects against various chronic diseases. Anthocyanins are present in high concentrations in onion. In recent years, although both conventional and improved methods have been used for extraction of anthocyanins, nowadays, improved methods are of great importance because of their higher yield and stability of anthocyanins. In this review, we compile anthocyanins and their derivatives found in onion and the factors affecting their stability. We also analyze different extraction techniques of anthocyanins. From this point of view, it is very important to be precisely aware of the impact that each parameter has on the stability and subsequently potentiate its bioavailability or beneficial health effects. We present up-to-date information on bioavailability, dietary effects, and health implications of anthocyanins such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancerous, antiobesity, cardioprotective, and hepatoprotective activities.

Study of Antioxidant Activity of Garden Blackberries (Rubus fruticosus L.) Extracts Obtained with Different Extraction Solvents

Blackberries are rich in antioxidants due to their high polyphenol and vitamin content, making them an excellent source of health protection. It is well known that good quality juices and fruit extracts can be obtained only from high quality fruits. The aim of this research is to characterize the antioxidant properties of garden blackberries fruits grown in Turia (Romania). Extracts were made from blackberry fruits with four different solvents, and the antioxidant capacity was studied by applying DPPH and FRAP assay. The total phenolic content (with Folin–Ciocâlteu reagent), total anthocyanin content (with the pH differential method), and total flavonoid content (with aluminum chloride colorimetric method) were also measured. The quercetin and gallic acid content were also determined by HPLC-DAD. As the best results were obtained with 90% v/v acidified acetonitrile, the Hansen parameters analysis was performed for the acetonitrile-water solvent mixture as a solvent and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside as a solute.

Up-To-Date Analysis of the Extraction Methods for Anthocyanins: Principles of the Techniques, Optimization, Technical Progress, and Industrial Application

Nowadays, food industries are concerned about satisfying legal requirements related to waste policy and environmental protection. In addition, they take steps to ensure food safety and quality products that have high nutritional properties. Anthocyanins are considered high added-value compounds due to their sensory qualities, colors, and nutritional properties; they are considered bioactive ingredients. They are found in high concentrations in many by-products across the food industry. Thus, the non-conventional extraction techniques presented here are useful in satisfying the current food industry requirements. However, selecting more convenient extraction techniques is not easy. Multiple factors are implicated in the decision. In this review, we compile the most recent applications (since 2015) used to extract anthocyanins from different natural matrices, via conventional and non-conventional extraction techniques. We analyze the main advantages and disadvantages of anthocyanin extraction techniques from different natural matrices and discuss the selection criteria for sustainability of the processes. We present an up-to-date analysis of the principles of the techniques and an optimization of the extraction conditions, technical progress, and industrial applications. Finally, we provide a critical comparison between these techniques and some recommendations, to select and optimize the techniques for industrial applications.

Changes in phenolic complex of table grapes of ‘Italia’ cultivar during long-term storage

This work presents characteristics of qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic compounds and their changes during long-term storage of ‘Italia’ table grapevine cultivar. The studies were carried out using method of HPLC on a Shimadzu LC 20 Prominence chromatograph with diode-array detector of ultraviolet and visible range. Grapes were sampled fresh and after long-term storage (60 days). Three groups of phenolic compounds were identified: hydroxycinnamic acids, procyanidins, and flavonols. It is established that major components of phenolic complex of ‘Italia’ grapes are procyanidins, specifically d-catechin and epicatechin, amounting 33% and 34%, respectively, and also procyanidin B2 with high proportion of 19%. At the end of long-term storage, a decrease in the mass concentration of phenolic compounds was revealed, the content of hydroxycinnamic acids decreased by 62,3%, procyanidins by 50,1%, and flavonols by 51,0%. A decrease in the activity of polyphenoloxidase enzyme to 60th day of storage by 8,53%, relative to the control, was established. In the process of analysis of variance, statistically significant differences in the components of phenolic profile in grapes of ‘Italia’ cultivar between the beginning and end of storage were established using Student's t-test, which varied from 4,43*10-15 to 6,07*10-7, being so significantly less than 0,05.