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Saedi Y, Batista JR, Britto R, Grady D. Impacts of co-contaminants and dilution on perchlorate biodegradation using various carbon sources. Biodegradation 2023; 34:301-323. [PMID: 36598629 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-022-10013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This research investigates the biodegradation of perchlorate in the presence of the co-contaminants nitrate and chlorate using soluble and slow-release carbon sources. In addition, the impact of bio-augmentation and dilution, which results in lower total dissolved salts (TDS) and contaminant levels, is examined. Laboratory microcosms were conducted using actual groundwater and soils from a contaminated aquifer. The results revealed that both soluble and slow-release carbon sources support biodegradation of contaminants in the sequence nitrate > chlorate > perchlorate. Degradation rates, including and excluding lag times, revealed that the overall impact of the presence of co-contaminants depends on degradation kinetics and the relative concentrations of the contaminants. When the lag time caused by the presence of the co-contaminants is considered, the degradation rates for chlorate and perchlorate were two to three times slower. The results also show that dilution causes lower initial contaminant concentrations, and consequently, slower degradation rates, which is not desirable. On the other hand, the dilution resulting from the injection of amendments to support remediation promotes desirably lower salinity levels. However, the salinity associated with the presence of sulfate does not inhibit biodegradation. The naturally occurring bacteria were able to support the degradation of all contaminants. Bio-augmentation was effective only in diluted microcosms. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla identified in the microcosms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Saedi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4015, USA
| | - Jacimaria R Batista
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4015, USA.
| | - Ronnie Britto
- Tetra Tech Inc, 720 Coleherne Road, Collierville, TN, 38017, USA
| | - Dana Grady
- Tetra Tech Inc, 720 Coleherne Road, Collierville, TN, 38017, USA
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2
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Zhao B, Sun Z, Liu Y. An overview of in-situ remediation for nitrate in groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:149981. [PMID: 34517309 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Faced with the increasing nitrate pollution in groundwater, in-situ remediation has been widely studied and applied on field-scale as an efficient, economical and less disturbing remediation technology. In this review, we discussed various in-situ remediation for nitrate in groundwater and elaborate on biostimulation, phytoremediation, electrokinetic remediation, permeable reactive barrier and combined remediation. This review described principles of each in-situ remediation, application, the latest progress, problems and challenges on field-scale. Factors affecting the efficiency of in-situ remediation for nitrate in groundwater are also summarized. Finally, this review presented the prospect of in-situ remediation for nitrate pollution in groundwater. The objective of this review is to examine the state of knowledge on in-situ remediation for nitrate in groundwater and critically evaluate factors which affect the up-scaling of laboratory and bench-scale research to field-scale application. This helps to better understand the control mechanisms of various in-situ remediation for nitrate pollution in groundwater and the design options available for application to the field-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhao
- China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhanxue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Yajie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
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3
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Stein N, Podder A, Lee Weidhaas J, Goel R. Simultaneous reduction of perchlorate and nitrate using fast-settling anoxic sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131788. [PMID: 34375826 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fast-settling, anoxic sludge (FAS) was cultivated and utilized in this study to simultaneously reduce elevated levels of perchlorate and nitrate in an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (AnSBR). Average perchlorate and nitrate removal efficiencies of 96.5 ± 8.44 % and 99.8 ± 0.32 %, respectively, were achieved from an average perchlorate and nitrate loading rate of 159 ± 101 g ClO4-/m3·d and 10.8 ± 7.25 g NO3--N/m3·d, respectively, throughout long-term operation (>500-d). Batch activity tests revealed a preferential utilization of nitrate over perchlorate, where significant perchlorate reduction inhibition occurred when nitrate was present as a competing electron acceptor under carbon-limiting conditions. Specific perchlorate and nitrate reduction rates were shown to increase as the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the AnSBR was step-wise decreased and subsequently the perchlorate and nitrate loading rates were step-wise increased. Functional, mRNA-based expression of the nitrite reductase (nirS and nirK), nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ), perchlorate reductase subunit A (pcrA), and the chlorite dismutase (cld) genes illustrated the simultaneous activity of heterotrophic denitrification and perchlorate reduction occurring throughout a complete standard reactor operational cycle, and allowed for expression trends to be documented as the HRT of the AnSBR was reduced from 5-d to 1.25-d. Nitrous oxide (N2O) production was detected as a result of incomplete denitrification, where the largest N2O production occurred at the highest nitrate loading rates investigated in this study. Thauera species were heavily enriched at a longer HRT of 5-d, but were out-competed by Dechloromonas species as the HRT of the AnSBR was step-wise reduced to 1.25-d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Stein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Aditi Podder
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Jennifer Lee Weidhaas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ramesh Goel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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4
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Wang B, Zhai Y, Li S, Li C, Zhu Y, Xu M. Catalytic enhancement of hydrogenation reduction and oxygen transfer reaction for perchlorate removal: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131315. [PMID: 34323780 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is the main contaminant in surface water and groundwater, and it is of current urgency to remove due to its high water solubility, mobility, and endocrine-disrupting properties. The conversion of perchlorate into harmless chloride ions by using appropriate catalysts is the most promising and effective route to overcome its high activation energy and kinetic stability. Perchlorate is usually reduced in two ways: (1) indirect reduction via oxygen atom transfer (OAT) reaction or (2) hydrodeoxygenation through highly active reducing H atoms. This paper discusses the mechanisms underlying both the OAT reaction catalyzed by homogenous rhenium-oxo complexes or biological Mo-based enzymes and the heterogeneous hydrogenation for perchlorate reduction. Particular emphasis is placed on the factors affecting the catalytic process and the synergy between the (1) and (2) reactions. For completeness, the applicability of different electrolysis devices, electrodes, and bioreactors is also illustrated. Finally, this article gives prospects for the synthesis and application of catalysts in different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yunbo Zhai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Shanhong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Caiting Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Min Xu
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Yu X, Zhang J, Zheng Y. Perchlorate adsorption onto epichlorohydrin crosslinked chitosan hydrogel beads. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143236. [PMID: 33187716 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO4-) in water is an emerging contaminant that threatens human health by inhibiting the uptake of iodine in the thyroid gland. Biopolymer adsorbents including chitosan hydrogel beads (CSBs) have attracted increasing attentions in water treatment for their low costs, ease in preparation, and environmental friendliness. However, the adsorption capacity for ClO4- by several crosslinked CSBs has been shown to be low. To overcome this, epichlorohydrin (ECH) crosslinked CSBs (ECH-CSBs) that preserved -NH2 functional groups as potential sites for adsorption are synthesized and characterized, followed by batch adsorption experiments to evaluate adsorption and desorption reactions. The point of zero charge is determined to be 5.1 ± 0.1. Both XPS spectra and DFT calculations support that electrostatic interaction between ClO4- and protonated -NH3+ functional groups is responsible for adsorption that reaches a capacity of 63.4 to 76.3 mg/g between pH of 4.0-10.0 at 303.15 K that follows Langmuir isotherm. ECH crosslinking also enhances hydrophilicity of CSBs to allow for increased adsorption for ClO4-. Adsorption of ClO4- (10 and 100 mg/L) follows a pseudo-first order kinetics with equilibrium time of 2-6 h but is limited by intra-particle diffusion. Anions common in natural waters exhibit interference effects due to similar electrostatic attraction mechanism, thus HCO3- and SO42- with high abundance in natural waters need pre-treatment. Regeneration of the adsorbents to 100% of its adsorption capacity by rinsing with 0.1 M NaOH is demonstrated for 12 cycles due to complete desorption of ClO4- via electrostatic repulsion, assuring reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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6
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Carbon Source Competition in Biological Selenate Reduction under Other Oxyanions Contamination. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8121645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenate removal in drinking water is being vigorously debated due to the various health issues concerned. As a viable treatment option, this study investigated a fixed-bed biofilm reactor (FBBR) with internal recycling. The experimental design tested how hydraulic loading rate and electron donor affect selenate reduction together with other oxyanions. The tested accompanying oxyanions were nitrate and perchlorate and experiments were designed to test how an FBBR responded to the limited electron donor condition. The results showed that the reactor achieved almost complete selenate reduction with the initial hydraulic loading rate of 12 m3/m2/day (influent concentration of 1416 µg SeO42−/L). Increasing the hydraulic loading rates to 16.24 and 48 m3/m2/day led to a gradual decline in selenate removal efficiency. A sufficient external carbon source (C:N of 3.3:1) achieved an almost complete reduction of nitrate as well as selenate. The FBBR acclimated to selenate instantaneously and reduced nitrate via synergistic denitrification. An experiment with another oxyanion addition, perchlorate (459 µg ClO4−/L), revealed that perchlorate-reducing bacteria were more strongly associated with carbon limitation than selenate-reducing bacteria, which can help us to understand parallel reactions in FBBRs. This research provides a framework to further study the use of electron donor-controlled FBBRs for simultaneous reduction of selenate and other oxyanions threatening the drinking water-related environment and public health.
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Lv PL, Shi LD, Dong QY, Rittmann B, Zhao HP. How nitrate affects perchlorate reduction in a methane-based biofilm batch reactor. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 171:115397. [PMID: 31875569 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) affected perchlorate (ClO4-) reduction in a membrane batch biofilm reactor (MBBR), even though the electron donor, CH4, was available well in excess of its demand. For example, the perchlorate-reduction rate was 1.7 mmol/m2-d when perchlorate was the sole electron acceptor, but it dropped to 0.64 mmol/m2-d when nitrate also was present. The perchlorate-reduction rate returned to 1.60 mmol/m2-d after all nitrate was consumed. Denitratisoma and Azospirillum were main genera involved in perchlorate and nitrate reduction, and both could utilize NO3- and ClO4- as electron acceptors. Results of the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that transcript abundances of nitrate reductase (narG), nitrite reductase (nirS), and perchlorate reductase (pcrA) increased when the perchlorate and nitrate concentrations were higher. Specifically, pcrA transcripts correlated to the sum of perchlorate and nitrate, rather than perchlorate individually. Analysis based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) suggests that bacteria able to utilize both acceptors, preferred NO3- over ClO4- due to nitrate reduction having lower energy barriers for proton and electron transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Long Lv
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Province Key Lab Water Pollut Control & Envi, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Ling-Dong Shi
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Province Key Lab Water Pollut Control & Envi, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Qiu-Yi Dong
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Province Key Lab Water Pollut Control & Envi, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Bruce Rittmann
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5701, USA
| | - He-Ping Zhao
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Province Key Lab Water Pollut Control & Envi, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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8
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Li H, Zhou L, Lin H, Zhang W, Xia S. Nitrate effects on perchlorate reduction in a H 2/CO 2-based biofilm. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133564. [PMID: 31400688 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The H2/CO2-based membrane biofilm reactor (H2/CO2-MBfR) that effectively combines microporous diffusions of H2 and CO2 is efficient in removing perchlorate (ClO4-). Nitrate (NO3-) is a common oxidized contaminant frequently coexists with ClO4- in water, with the NO3- concentration in most ClO4--contaminated waters being several orders of magnitude higher than ClO4-. Determining the effect of NO3- on ClO4- reduction is a critical issue in practice. The ClO4- reduction performance, biofilm microbial community and influencing mechanism were investigated under a series of feed NO3- loadings in this work. ClO4- reduction was slightly promoted when NO3--N levels were <10 mg/L and inhibited at higher NO3--N levels. Denitrification competed more strongly for H2 than ClO4- reduction, regardless of H2 availability. A higher NO3--N loading was a strong driving force to change the biofilm microbial community. Betaproteobacteria were the dominant bacteria at all stages, and the biofilm reactor was enriched in Methyloversatilis and Zoogloea (31.9-56.5% and 10.6-25.8%, respectively). Changes in the relative amounts of Methyloversatilis and Zoogloea coincided with changes in the ClO4- fluxes and removal efficiencies and the relative abundances of nitrogen cycle functional genes. These results suggest that Methyloversatilis and Zoogloea likely follow independent reduction mechanisms for ClO4- removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Li
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Lijie Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Hua Lin
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Siqing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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He L, Zhong Y, Yao F, Chen F, Xie T, Wu B, Hou K, Wang D, Li X, Yang Q. Biological perchlorate reduction: which electron donor we can choose? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:16906-16922. [PMID: 31020520 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biological reduction is an effective method for removal of perchlorate (ClO4-), where perchlorate is transformed into chloride by perchlorate-reducing bacteria (PRB). An external electron donor is required for autotrophic and heterotrophic reduction of perchlorate. Therefore, plenty of suitable electron donors including organic (e.g., acetate, ethanol, carbohydrate, glycerol, methane) and inorganic (e.g., hydrogen, zero-valent iron, element sulfur, anthrahydroquinone) as well as the cathode have been used in biological reduction of perchlorate. This paper reviews the application of various electron donors in biological perchlorate reduction and their influences on treatment efficiency of perchlorate and biological activity of PRB. We discussed the criteria for selection of appropriate electron donor to provide a flexible strategy of electron donor choice for the bioremediation of perchlorate-contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control Technology, Hunan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Changsha, 410004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fubing Yao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ting Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunjie Hou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongbo Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Yin P, Guo J, Xiao S, Chen Z, Song Y, Ren X. Rapid of cultivation dissimilatory perchlorate reducing granular sludge and characterization of the granulation process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 276:260-268. [PMID: 30640020 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To remove high-strength perchlorate, dissimilatory perchlorate reducing granular sludge (DPR-GS) was first cultivated. Three identical UASB reactors were set up under different seed sludge and up-flow velocities (RAS: active sludge (AS) and constant up-flow velocities; RDGS: denitrifying granular sludge (DGS) and constant up-flow velocities; RDGS-f: DGS and fluctuating up-flow velocities). The AS in the RAS was completely granulated by day 117, while the DGS in the RDGS and RDGS-f were both shortened the granulation time to 99 days. In addition, the fluctuating up-flow velocity can better ensure rapid cultivation of DPR-GS. Removal of ClO4- loading rate with 7.20 kg/(m3·d) occurred in all three reactors. The results of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) composition analysis indicated the polysaccharose (PS) promoted the formation of bio-aggregates, while the protein (PN) benefited the granulation of sludge. The analyses of the microbial communities indicated that Sulfurospirillum and Acinetobacter were the dominant dissimilatory perchlorate reducing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengna Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26#, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Jianbo Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26#, Tianjin 300384, PR China.
| | - Shumin Xiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26#, Tianjin 300384, PR China.
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Building, Civil, and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26#, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Xiaoning Ren
- Department of Building, Civil, and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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11
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Engelbrektson A, Briseno V, Liu Y, Figueroa I, Yee M, Shao GL, Carlson H, Coates JD. Mitigating Sulfidogenesis With Simultaneous Perchlorate and Nitrate Treatments. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2305. [PMID: 30337913 PMCID: PMC6180152 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfide biogenesis (souring) in oil reservoirs is an extensive and costly problem. Nitrate is currently used as a souring inhibitor but often requires high concentrations and yields inconsistent results. Recently, perchlorate has displayed promise as a more potent inhibitor in lab scale studies. However, combining the two treatments to determine synergy and effectiveness in a dynamic system has never been tested. Nitrate inhibits perchlorate consumption by perchlorate reducing bacteria, suggesting that the combined treatment may allow deeper penetration of the perchlorate into the reservoir matrix. Furthermore, the metabolic intermediates of perchlorate and nitrate reduction (nitrite and chlorite, respectively) are synergistic with the primary electron acceptors for inhibition of sulfate reduction. To assess the possible synergies between nitrate and perchlorate treatments, triplicate glass columns packed with pre-soured marine sediment were flushed with media containing sulfate and an inhibitor treatment [(i) perchlorate; (ii) nitrate; (iii) perchlorate and nitrate; or (iv) none]. Internal geochemistry and microbial community changes were monitored along the length of the columns during six phases of increasing treatment concentrations. In a final phase all treatments were removed. Sulfide production decreased in all treated columns in conjunction with increased inhibitor concentrations relative to the untreated control. Interestingly, the potency of the "mixed" treatment was additive relative to the individual treatments suggesting no interaction. Microbial community analyses indicated community shifts and clustering by treatment. The mixed treatment column community's trajectory closely resembled that of the community found in the perchlorate only treatment, suggesting that perchlorate was the dominant control on the "mixed" community structure. In contrast, the nitrate and untreated column communities had unique trajectories. This study indicates that concurrent nitrate and perchlorate treatment is not more effective than perchlorate treatment alone but is more effective than nitrate treatment. As such, treatment decisions may be based on economic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Engelbrektson
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Vanessa Briseno
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yi Liu
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Israel Figueroa
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Megan Yee
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Gong Li Shao
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Hans Carlson
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - John D Coates
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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12
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Kinetic competition between microbial anode respiration and nitrate respiration in a bioelectrochemical system. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 123:241-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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13
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Shang Y, Wang Z, Xu X, Gao B, Ren Z. Bio-reduction of free and laden perchlorate by the pure and mixed perchlorate reducing bacteria: Considering the pH and coexisting nitrate. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 205:475-483. [PMID: 29705638 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pure bacteria cell (Azospira sp. KJ) and mixed perchlorate reducing bacteria (MPRB) were employed for decomposing the free perchlorate in water as well as the laden perchlorate on surface of quaternary ammonium wheat residuals (QAWR). Results indicated that perchlorate was decomposed by the Azospira sp. KJ prior to nitrate while MPRB was just the reverse. Bio-reduction of laden perchlorate by Azospira sp. KJ was optimal at pH 8.0. In contrast, bio-reduction of laden perchlorate by MPRB was optimal at pH 7.0. Generally, the rate of perchlorate reduction was controlled by the enzyme activity of PRB. In addition, perchlorate recovery (26.0 mg/g) onto bio-regenerated QAWR by MPRB was observed with a small decrease as compared with that (31.1 mg/g) by Azospira sp. KJ at first 48 h. Basically, this study is expected to offer some different ideas on bio-regeneration of perchlorate-saturated adsorbents using biological process, which may provide the economically alternative to conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Shang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Recycling (Shandong), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Ziyang Wang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Xing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Recycling (Shandong), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Recycling (Shandong), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Zhongfei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Recycling (Shandong), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
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14
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Wang O, Melnyk RA, Mehta-Kolte MG, Youngblut MD, Carlson HK, Coates JD. Functional Redundancy in Perchlorate and Nitrate Electron Transport Chains and Rewiring Respiratory Pathways to Alter Terminal Electron Acceptor Preference. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:376. [PMID: 29559962 PMCID: PMC5845722 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most dissimilatory perchlorate reducing bacteria (DPRB) are also capable of respiratory nitrate reduction, and preferentially utilize nitrate over perchlorate as a terminal electron acceptor. The similar domain architectures and phylogenetic relatedness of the nitrate and perchlorate respiratory complexes suggests a common evolutionary history and a potential for functionally redundant electron carriers. In this study, we identify key genetic redundancies in the electron transfer pathways from the quinone pool(s) to the terminal nitrate and perchlorate reductases in Azospira suillum PS (hereafter referred to as PS). We show that the putative quinol dehydrogenases, (PcrQ and NapC) and the soluble cytochrome electron carriers (PcrO and NapO) are functionally redundant under anaerobic growth conditions. We demonstrate that, when grown diauxically with both nitrate and perchlorate, the endogenous expression of NapC and NapO during the nitrate reduction phase was sufficient to completely erase any growth defect in the perchlorate reduction phase caused by deletion of pcrQ and/or pcrO. We leveraged our understanding of these genetic redundancies to make PS mutants with altered electron acceptor preferences. Deletion of the periplasmic nitrate reductase catalytic subunit, napA, led to preferential utilization of perchlorate even in the presence of equimolar nitrate, and deletion of the electron carrier proteins napQ and napO, resulted in concurrent reduction of nitrate and perchlorate. Our results demonstrate that nitrate and perchlorate respiratory pathways in PS share key functionally redundant electron transfer proteins and that mutagenesis of these proteins can be utilized as a strategy to alter the preferential usage of nitrate over perchlorate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouwei Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ryan A Melnyk
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Misha G Mehta-Kolte
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Matthew D Youngblut
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Hans K Carlson
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - John D Coates
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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15
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Zhang C, Guo J, Lian J, Lu C, Ngo HH, Guo W, Song Y, Guo Y. Characteristics of electron transport chain and affecting factors for thiosulfate-driven perchlorate reduction. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:539-547. [PMID: 28719873 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism for perchlorate reduction was investigated using thiosulfate-driven (T-driven) perchlorate reduction bacteria. The influences of various environmental conditions on perchlorate reduction, including pH, temperature and electron acceptors were examined. The maximum perchlorate removal rate was observed at pH 7.5 and 40 °C. Perchlorate reduction was delayed due to the coexistence of perchlorate-chlorate and perchlorate-nitrate. The mechanism of the T-driven perchlorate reduction electron transport chain (ETC) was also investigated by utilizing different inhibitors. The results were as follows: firstly, the NADH dehydrogenase was not involved in the ETC; secondly, the FAD dehydrogenase and quinone loop participated in the ETC; and thirdly, cytochrome oxidase was the main pathway in the ETC. Meanwhile, microbial consortium structure analysis indicated that Sulfurovum which can oxidize sulfur compounds coupled to the reduction of nitrate or perchlorate was the primary bacterium in the T-driven and sulfur-driven consortium. This study generates a better understanding of the mechanism of T-driven perchlorate reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26#, Tianjin 300384, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering & Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road 70#, Shijiazhuang 050018, PR China
| | - Jianbo Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26#, Tianjin 300384, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering & Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road 70#, Shijiazhuang 050018, PR China.
| | - Jing Lian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering & Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road 70#, Shijiazhuang 050018, PR China
| | - Caicai Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26#, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26#, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Yankai Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering & Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road 70#, Shijiazhuang 050018, PR China
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16
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Wan D, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Xiao S. Simultaneous bio-autotrophic reduction of perchlorate and nitrate in a sulfur packed bed reactor: Kinetics and bacterial community structure. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 108:280-292. [PMID: 27838020 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the simultaneous removal of perchlorate and nitrate from aqueous solution in an up-flow sulfur autotrophic reduction reactor. A nitrate and perchlorate containing pollution solution was treated with a remarkable removal efficiency greater than 97%. The concentration of nitrate was 22.03 ± 1.07 mg-N/L coexisting with perchlorate either 21.87 ± 1.03 mg/L or 471.7 ± 50.3 μg/L, in this case the reactor could be operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) ranging from 12.00 h to 0.75 h. Half-order kinetics model fit the experimental data well; this indicates that diffusion in the biofilm was the limiting step. Perchlorate reduction required a longer reaction time than the coexisting nitrate, regardless of the perchlorate concentration. Sulfur (S) disproportionation was inhibited when nitrate was not completely removed; whereas it was accelerated when perchlorate decreased to low concentrations. This process therefore generated excessive sulfate and consumed much more alkalinity. High-throughput sequencing method was used to analyze bacterial community spatial distribution in the reactor under different operational conditions. The reduction of the two contaminants was accompanied by a decrease in biodiversity. The results indicated that Sulfuricella, Sulfuritalea Thiobacillus, and Sulfurimonas are effective DB (denitrification bacteria)/PRB (perchlorate reduction bacteria). The Chlorobaculum genus was the dominant bacteria associated with S disproportionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjin Wan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
| | - Yongde Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yiyi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuhu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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17
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Zhu Y, Wu M, Gao N, Chu W, Wang S. Impacts of nitrate and electron donor on perchlorate reduction and microbial community composition in a biologically activated carbon reactor. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 165:134-143. [PMID: 27643659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of perchlorate reduction and microbial composition to varied nitrate and acetate loadings was studied in a biologically activated carbon reactor with perchlorate loading and empty bed contact time fixed at 5 mg/L and 226 min, respectively. In stage 1, the sole electron acceptor ClO4- realized complete removal with ≥21.95 mg C/L of acetate supply. As nitrate loading gradually increased to 5 mg/L (stage 2), perchlorate reduction was slightly promoted and both ClO4- and NO3- were completely removed at an acetate loading of 29.7 mg C/L. When nitrate loading continued increasing to 10-60 mg/L (stage 3), perchlorate reduction converted to be inhibited, along with nondetectable NO3- and approximately exhausted DOC in effluent. When acetate loading increased to 43.9 mg C/L in stage 4, both ClO4- and NO3- were again removed, though lags still existed in perchlorate reduction. β-Proteobacteria accounted for about 60%, 55%, 58%, 61% and 12% in samples from the base and top of the filter in stage 1 and those from the base, middle and top in stage 4, respectively. These findings implied that ratio of NO3- to ClO4- loadings and acetate loading were two key factors impacting ClO4- reduction and microbial structure along the filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shuaifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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18
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Zhu Y, Gao N, Chu W, Wang S, Xu J. Bacterial reduction of highly concentrated perchlorate: Kinetics and influence of co-existing electron acceptors, temperature, pH and electron donors. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 148:188-194. [PMID: 26807938 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate reduction kinetics and effects of various environmental conditions on removal of perchlorate from synthetic water were investigated to seek high-strength perchlorate removal using mixed perchlorate reducing bacteria. Results demonstrated that perchlorate (50-1500 mg L(-1)) could be degraded rapidly within 28 h under the optimal conditions. The maximum specific perchlorate reduction rate (qmax) and half saturation constant (Ks) were 0.92 mg-perchlorate (mg-dry weight)(-1) h(-1) and 157.7 mg L(-1), respectively. In the ClO4(-)-NO3(-) systems obvious but recoverable lags were caused in perchlorate reduction and the lag time increased with the ratio of nitrate to perchlorate concentration increasing from 0.5 to 3. While in the ClO4(-)-SO4(2-) systems inhibitions didn't occur until the ratio of sulfate to perchlorate concentration exceeded 10. The optimum temperature and pH value were 35 °C and 6.85, respectively. The optimal acetate-to-perchlorate ratio that could consume all perchlorate and acetate simultaneously was about 2. Dechloromonas, one of the most prominent perchlorate reducing bacteria, was identified as the dominant bacterium in the acclimated culture (69.33% of the whole clones). The study demonstrated that the perchlorate-acclimated mixed microorganisms can readily and efficiently realize reduction of highly concentrated perchlorate in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuaifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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19
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A novel perchlorate- and nitrate-reducing bacterium, Azospira sp. PMJ. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6055-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Fox S, Bruner T, Oren Y, Gilron J, Ronen Z. Concurrent microbial reduction of high concentrations of nitrate and perchlorate in an ion exchange membrane bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1881-91. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shalom Fox
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben Gurion University of the Negev Sede Boqer Campus; Midreshet Ben Gurion Israel
| | - Tali Bruner
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben Gurion University of the Negev Sede Boqer Campus; Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990 Israel
| | - Yoram Oren
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben Gurion University of the Negev Sede Boqer Campus; Midreshet Ben Gurion Israel
| | - Jack Gilron
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben Gurion University of the Negev Sede Boqer Campus; Midreshet Ben Gurion Israel
| | - Zeev Ronen
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben Gurion University of the Negev Sede Boqer Campus; Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990 Israel
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21
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Wu M, Wang S, Gao N, Zhu Y, Li L, Niu M, Li S. Removal of perchlorate from water using a biofilm magnetic ion exchange resin: feasibility and effects of dissolved oxygen, pH and competing ions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10553j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A biofilm magnetic ion exchange (BMIEX) resin was obtained by mixing a magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) resin with perchlorate-acclimated cultures and was first proposed to remove perchlorate from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Shuaifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Mingxing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
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22
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Ucar D, Cokgor EU, Sahinkaya E. Heterotrophic-autotrophic sequential system for reductive nitrate and perchlorate removal. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 37:183-191. [PMID: 26102288 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1065009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate and perchlorate were identified as significant water contaminants all over the world. This study aims at evaluating the performances of the heterotrophic-autotrophic sequential denitrification process for reductive nitrate and perchlorate removal from drinking water. The reduced nitrate concentration in the heterotrophic reactor increased with increasing methanol concentrations and the remaining nitrate/nitrite was further removed in the following autotrophic denitrifying process. The performances of the sequential process were studied under varying nitrate loads of [Formula: see text] at a fixed hydraulic retention time of 2 h. The C/N ratio in the heterotrophic reactor varied between 1.24 and 2.77 throughout the study. Nitrate and perchlorate reduced completely with maximum initial concentrations of [Formula: see text] and 1000 µg/L, respectively. The maximum denitrification rate for the heterotrophic reactor was [Formula: see text] when the bioreactor was fed with [Formula: see text] and 277 mg/L methanol. For the autotrophic reactor, the highest denitrification rate was [Formula: see text] in the first period when the heterotrophic reactor performance was low. Perchlorate reduction was initiated in the heterotrophic reactor, but completed in the following autotrophic process. Effluent sulphate concentration was below the drinking water standard level of 250 mg/L and pH was in the neutral level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Ucar
- a Environmental Engineering Department , Faculty of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University , Maslak, Istanbul 34469 , Turkey
- b Environmental Engineering Department , Faculty of Engineering, Harran University , Sanlıurfa 63100 , Turkey
| | - Emine Ubay Cokgor
- a Environmental Engineering Department , Faculty of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University , Maslak, Istanbul 34469 , Turkey
| | - Erkan Sahinkaya
- c Bioengineering Department , Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Istanbul Medeniyet University , Goztepe, Istanbul 34730 , Turkey
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23
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Guan X, Xie Y, Wang J, Wang J, Liu F. Electron donors and co-contaminants affect microbial community composition and activity in perchlorate degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:6057-6067. [PMID: 25382499 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although microbial reduction of perchlorate (ClO4(-)) is a promising and effective method, our knowledge on the changes in microbial communities during ClO4(-) degradation is limited, especially when different electron donors are supplied and/or other contaminants are present. Here, we examined the effects of acetate and hydrogen as electron donors and nitrate and ammonium as co-contaminants on ClO4(-) degradation by anaerobic microcosms using six treatments. The process of degradation was divided into the lag stage (SI) and the accelerated stage (SII). Quantitative PCR was used to quantify four genes: pcrA (encoding perchlorate reductase), cld (encoding chlorite dismutase), nirS (encoding copper and cytochrome cd1 nitrite reductase), and 16S rRNA. While the degradation of ClO4(-) with acetate, nitrate, and ammonia system (PNA) was the fastest with the highest abundance of the four genes, it was the slowest in the autotrophic system (HYP). The pcrA gene accumulated in SI and played a key role in initiating the accelerated degradation of ClO4(-) when its abundance reached a peak. Degradation in SII was primarily maintained by the cld gene. Acetate inhibited the growth of perchlorate-reducing bacteria (PRB), but its effect was weakened by nitrate (NO3(-)), which promoted the growth of PRB in SI, and therefore, accelerated the ClO4(-) degradation rate. In addition, ammonia (NH4(+)), as nitrogen sources, accelerated the growth of PRB. The bacterial communities' structure and diversity were significantly affected by electron donors and co-contaminants. Under heterotrophic conditions, both ammonia and nitrate promoted Azospira as the most dominant genera, a fact that might significantly influence the rate of ClO4(-) natural attenuation by degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Guan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
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24
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Xu X, Gao B, Jin B, Zhen H, Wang X, Dai M. Study of microbial perchlorate reduction: considering of multiple pH, electron acceptors and donors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 285:228-235. [PMID: 25497314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bioremediation of perchlorate-cotaminated water by a heterotrophic perchlorate reducing bacterium creates a multiple electron acceptor-donor system. We experimentally determined the perchlorate reduction by Azospira sp. KJ at multiple pH, electron acceptors and donors systems; this was the aim of this study. Perchlorate reduction was drastically inhibited at the pH 6.0, and the maximum reduction of perchlorate by Azospira sp. KJ was observed at pH value of 8.0. Perchlorate reduction was retarded in ClO4(-)-ClO3(-), ClO4(-)-ClO3(-)-NO3(-),and ClO4(-)-NO3(-) acceptor systems, while being completely inhibited by the additional O2 in the ClO4(-)-O2 acceptor system. The reduction proceeded as an order of ClO3(-), ClO4(-), and NO3(-) in the ClO4(-)-ClO3(-)-NO3(-) system. K(S), v(max), and q(max) obtained at different e(-) acceptor and donor conditions are calculated as 140.5-190.6 mg/L, 8.7-13.2 mg-perchlorate/L-h, and 0.094-0.16 mg-perchlorate/mg-DW-h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Recycling (Shandong), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Recycling (Shandong), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Bo Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005,Australia
| | - Hu Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Recycling (Shandong), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- CSIRO Land and Water, Gate 5, Waite Road, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Ming Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005,Australia
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25
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Phenotypic and genotypic description of Sedimenticola selenatireducens strain CUZ, a marine (per)chlorate-respiring gammaproteobacterium, and its close relative the chlorate-respiring Sedimenticola strain NSS. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2717-26. [PMID: 25662971 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03606-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two (per)chlorate-reducing bacteria, strains CUZ and NSS, were isolated from marine sediments in Berkeley and San Diego, CA, respectively. Strain CUZ respired both perchlorate and chlorate [collectively designated (per)chlorate], while strain NSS respired only chlorate. Phylogenetic analysis classified both strains as close relatives of the gammaproteobacterium Sedimenticola selenatireducens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) preparations showed the presence of rod-shaped, motile cells containing one polar flagellum. Optimum growth for strain CUZ was observed at 25 to 30 °C, pH 7, and 4% NaCl, while strain NSS grew optimally at 37 to 42 °C, pH 7.5 to 8, and 1.5 to 2.5% NaCl. Both strains oxidized hydrogen, sulfide, various organic acids, and aromatics, such as benzoate and phenylacetate, as electron donors coupled to oxygen, nitrate, and (per)chlorate or chlorate as electron acceptors. The draft genome of strain CUZ carried the requisite (per)chlorate reduction island (PRI) for (per)chlorate respiration, while that of strain NSS carried the composite chlorate reduction transposon responsible for chlorate metabolism. The PRI of strain CUZ encoded a perchlorate reductase (Pcr), which reduced both perchlorate and chlorate, while the genome of strain NSS included a gene for a distinct chlorate reductase (Clr) that reduced only chlorate. When both (per)chlorate and nitrate were present, (per)chlorate was preferentially utilized if the inoculum was pregrown on (per)chlorate. Historically, (per)chlorate-reducing bacteria (PRB) and chlorate-reducing bacteria (CRB) have been isolated primarily from freshwater, mesophilic environments. This study describes the isolation and characterization of two highly related marine halophiles, one a PRB and the other a CRB, and thus broadens the known phylogenetic and physiological diversity of these unusual metabolisms.
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Zhao HP, Ontiveros-Valencia A, Tang Y, Kim BO, Vanginkel S, Friese D, Overstreet R, Smith J, Evans P, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Rittmann B. Removal of multiple electron acceptors by pilot-scale, two-stage membrane biofilm reactors. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 54:115-122. [PMID: 24565802 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We studied the performance of a pilot-scale membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) treating groundwater containing four electron acceptors: nitrate (NO3(-)), perchlorate (ClO4(-)), sulfate (SO4(2-)), and oxygen (O2). The treatment goal was to remove ClO4(-) from ∼200 μg/L to less than 6 μg/L. The pilot system was operated as two MBfRs in series, and the positions of the lead and lag MBfRs were switched regularly. The lead MBfR removed at least 99% of the O2 and 63-88% of NO3(-), depending on loading conditions. The lag MBfR was where most of the ClO4(-) reduction occurred, and the effluent ClO4(-) concentration was driven to as low as 4 μg/L, with most concentrations ≤10 μg/L. However, SO4(2-) reduction occurred in the lag MBfR when its NO3(-) + O2 flux was smaller than ∼0.18 g H2/m(2)-d, and this was accompanied by a lower ClO4(-) flux. We were able to suppress SO4(2-) reduction by lowering the H2 pressure and increasing the NO3(-) + O2 flux. We also monitored the microbial community using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction targeting characteristic reductase genes. Due to regular position switching, the lead and lag MBfRs had similar microbial communities. Denitrifying bacteria dominated the biofilm when the NO3(-) + O2 fluxes were highest, but sulfate-reducing bacteria became more important when SO4(2-) reduction was enhanced in the lag MBfR due to low NO3(-) + O2 flux. The practical two-stage strategy to achieve complete ClO4(-) and NO3(-) reduction while suppressing SO4(2-) reduction involved controlling the NO3(-) + O2 surface loading between 0.18 and 0.34 g H2/m(2)-d and using a low H2 pressure in the lag MBfR.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Ping Zhao
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA.
| | - Aura Ontiveros-Valencia
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
| | - Youneng Tang
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Bi-O Kim
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
| | - Steven Vanginkel
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 790 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0355, USA
| | - David Friese
- APTwater Inc., 2516 Verne Roberts Circle, Suite H-102, Antioch, CA 94509, USA
| | - Ryan Overstreet
- APTwater Inc., 2516 Verne Roberts Circle, Suite H-102, Antioch, CA 94509, USA
| | - Jennifer Smith
- CDM Smith, 14432 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - Patrick Evans
- CDM Smith, 14432 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
| | - Bruce Rittmann
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
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Robertson WD, Roy JW, Brown SJ, Van Stempvoort DR, Bickerton G. Natural attenuation of perchlorate in denitrified groundwater. GROUND WATER 2014; 52:63-70. [PMID: 23448242 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of a well-defined septic system groundwater plume and groundwater discharging to two urban streams located in southern Ontario, Canada, provided evidence of natural attenuation of background low level (ng/L) perchlorate (ClO4⁻) under denitrifying conditions in the field. The septic system site at Long Point contains ClO4⁻ from a mix of waste water, atmospheric deposition, and periodic use of fireworks, while the nitrate plume indicates active denitrification. Plume nitrate (NO3⁻ -N) concentrations of up to 103 mg/L declined with depth and downgradient of the tile bed due to denitrification and anammox activity, and the plume was almost completely denitrified beyond 35 m from the tile bed. The ClO4⁻ natural attenuation occurs at the site only when NO3⁻ -N concentrations are <0.3 mg/L, after which ClO4⁻ concentrations decline abruptly from 187 ± 202 to 11 ± 15 ng/L. A similar pattern between NO3⁻ -N and ClO4⁻ was found in groundwater discharging to the two urban streams. These findings suggest that natural attenuation (i.e., biodegradation) of ClO4⁻ may be commonplace in denitrified aquifers with appropriate electron donors present, and thus, should be considered as a remediation option for ClO4⁻ contaminated groundwater.
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Xiao Y, Roberts DJ. Kinetics analysis of a salt-tolerant perchlorate-reducing bacterium: effects of sodium, magnesium, and nitrate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8666-8673. [PMID: 23789987 DOI: 10.1021/es400835t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Salt-tolerant perchlorate-reducing bacteria can be used to regenerate ion-exchange brines or resins exhausted with perchlorate. A salt-tolerant perchlorate-reducing Marinobacter vinifirmus strain P4B1 was recently purified. This study determined the effects of Na(+) and Mg(2+) concentrations on the perchlorate reduction rate of P4B1. The results showed that strain P4B1 could utilize perchlorate and grow in the presence of 1.8% to 10.2% NaCl. Lower NaCl concentrations allowed faster perchlorate reduction. The addition of Mg(2+) to the culture showed significant effects on perchlorate reduction when perchlorate was the sole electron acceptor. A molar Mg(2+)/Na(+) ratio of ∼0.11 optimized perchlorate degradation and cell growth. When perchlorate and nitrate were both present, nitrate reduction did not start significantly until perchlorate was below 100 mg/L. Tests with washed cell suspensions indicated that strain P4B1 had both perchlorate and nitrate reduction enzymes. When the culture was exposed to both perchlorate and nitrate, the nitrate reduction enzyme activity was low. The maximum specific substrate utilization rate (Vm) and the half saturation coefficient (KS) for P4B1 (30 g/L NaCl) determined in this study were 0.049 ± 0.003 mg ClO4(-)/mg VSS-h and 18 ± 4 mg ClO4(-)/L, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyuan Xiao
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia (Okanagan), 4261 EME Building, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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Nadaraja AV, Veetil PGP, Vidyadharan A, Bhaskaran K. Kinetics of chlorite dismutase in a perchlorate degrading reactor sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2013; 34:2353-2359. [PMID: 24350491 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2013.770557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Kinetics of chlorite dismutase (CD), the terminal enzyme involved in the perchlorate (ClO4(-)) reduction pathway, in a ClO4(-)-degrading bioreactor are reported in this study. Enzyme activity was determined from dissolved oxygen released during disproportionation of chlorite (ClO2(-)). CD activity was in the range 29.8-36.4 U/mg dry weight sludge, and kinetic constants Vmax and K(m) of the enzyme were 37.83 U/mg dry weight and 0.28 mM, respectively. Among reactor operational conditions, enzyme activity was observed at pH 4.0-9.0, with an optimum at pH 6.0. Redox potential in the range -50 to +120mV and NaCl up to 3.5 g/L had no significant effect on CD activity. However, co-occurring pollutants such as ammonium at 10 ppm, nitrite at 50 ppm and EDTA at 100 microM reduced CD activity substantially. The present study highlights ideal bioreactor conditions to avoid ClO2(-) toxicity, while indicating the buffering potential of a mixed microbial system against inhibiting factors to maintain stable CD activity in bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Vijaya Nadaraja
- Environmental Technology, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-19, India
| | | | - Athira Vidyadharan
- Environmental Technology, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-19, India
| | - Krishnakumar Bhaskaran
- Environmental Technology, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-19, India
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Zhao HP, Ontiveros-Valencia A, Tang Y, Kim BO, Ilhan ZE, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Rittmann B. Using a two-stage hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) to achieve complete perchlorate reduction in the presence of nitrate and sulfate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:1565-72. [PMID: 23298383 DOI: 10.1021/es303823n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated a strategy for achieving complete reduction of perchlorate (ClO(4)(-)) in the presence of much higher concentrations of sulfate (SO(4)(2-)) and nitrate (NO(3)(-)) in a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR). Full ClO(4)(-) reduction was achieved by using a two-stage MBfR with controlled NO(3)(-) surface loadings to each stage. With an equivalent NO(3)(-) surface loading larger than 0.65 ± 0.04 g N/m(2)-day, the lead MBfR removed about 87 ± 4% of NO(3)(-) and 30 ± 8% of ClO(4)(-). This decreased the equivalent surface loading of NO(3)(-) to 0.34 ± 0.04-0.53 ± 0.03 g N/m(2)-day for the lag MBfR, in which ClO(4)(-) was reduced to nondetectable. SO(4)(2-) reduction was eliminated without compromising full ClO(4)(-) reduction using a higher flow rate that gave an equivalent NO(3)(-) surface loading of 0.94 ± 0.05 g N/m(2)-day in the lead MBfR and 0.53 ± 0.03 g N/m(2)-day in the lag MBfR. Results from qPCR and pyrosequencing showed that the lead and lag MBfRs had distinctly different microbial communities when SO(4)(2-) reduction took place. Denitrifying bacteria (DB), quantified using the nirS and nirK genes, dominated the biofilm in the lead MBfR, but perchlorate-reducing bacteria (PRB), quantified using the pcrA gene, became more important in the lag MBfR. The facultative anaerobic bacteria Dechloromonas, Rubrivivax, and Enterobacter were dominant genera in the lead MBfR, where their main function was to reduce NO(3)(-). With a small NO(3)(-) surface loading and full ClO(4)(-) reduction, the dominant genera shifted to ClO(4)(-)-reducing bacteria Sphaerotilus, Rhodocyclaceae, and Rhodobacter in the lag MBfR.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Ping Zhao
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Ricardo AR, Carvalho G, Velizarov S, Crespo JG, Reis MAM. Kinetics of nitrate and perchlorate removal and biofilm stratification in an ion exchange membrane bioreactor. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:4556-4568. [PMID: 22748328 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The biological degradation of nitrate and perchlorate was investigated in an ion exchange membrane bioreactor (IEMB) using a mixed anoxic microbial culture and ethanol as the carbon source. In this process, a membrane-supported biofilm reduces nitrate and perchlorate delivered through an anion exchange membrane from a polluted water stream, containing 60 mg/L of NO₃⁻ and 100 μg/L of ClO₄⁻. Under ammonia limiting conditions, the perchlorate reduction rate decreased by 10%, whereas the nitrate reduction rate was unaffected. Though nitrate and perchlorate accumulated in the bioreactor, their concentrations in the treated water (2.8 ± 0.5 mg/L of NO₃⁻ and 7.0 ± 0.8 μg/L of ClO₄⁻, respectively) were always below the drinking water regulatory levels, due to Donnan dialysis control of the ionic transport in the system. Kinetic parameters determined for the mixed microbial culture in suspension showed that the nitrate reduction rate was 35 times higher than the maximum perchlorate reduction rate. It was found that perchlorate reduction was inhibited by nitrate, since after nitrate depletion perchlorate reduction rate increased by 77%. The biofilm developed in the IEMB was cryosectioned and the microbial population was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The results obtained seem to indicate that the kinetic advantage of nitrate reduction favored accumulation of denitrifiers near the membrane, whereas per(chlorate) reducing bacteria were mainly positioned at the biofilm outer surface, contacting the biomedium. As a consequence of the biofilm stratification, the reduction of perchlorate and nitrate occur sequentially in space allowing for the removal of both ions in the IEMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Ricardo
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Department of Chemistry, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caprarica, P-2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Tang Y, Zhao H, Marcus AK, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Rittmann BE. A steady-state biofilm model for simultaneous reduction of nitrate and perchlorate, part 1: model development and numerical solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:1598-1607. [PMID: 22191376 DOI: 10.1021/es203129s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A multispecies biofilm model is developed for simultaneous reduction of nitrate and perchlorate in the H(2)-based membrane biofilm reactor. The one-dimension model includes dual-substrate Monod kinetics for a steady-state biofilm with five solid and five dissolved components. The solid components are autotrophic denitrifying bacteria, autotrophic perchlorate-reducing bacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, inert biomass, and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The dissolved components are nitrate, perchlorate, hydrogen (H(2)), substrate-utilization-associated products, and biomass-associated products (BAP). The model explicitly considers four mechanisms involved in how three important operating conditions (H(2) pressure, nitrate loading, and perchlorate loading) affect nitrate and perchlorate removals: (1) competition for H(2), (2) promotion of PRB growth due to having two electron acceptors (nitrate and perchlorate), (3) competition between nitrate and perchlorate reduction for the same resources in the PRB: electrons and possibly reductase enzymes, and (4) competition for space in the biofilm. Two other special features are having H(2) delivered from the membrane substratum and solving directly for steady state using a novel three-step approach: finite-difference for approximating partial differential and/or integral equations, Newton-Raphson for solving nonlinear equations, and an iterative scheme to obtain the steady-state biofilm thickness. An example result illustrates the model's features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youneng Tang
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Ave., Tempe, Arizona 85287-5701, United States
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Tang Y, Zhao H, Marcus AK, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Rittmann BE. A steady-state biofilm model for simultaneous reduction of nitrate and perchlorate, part 2: parameter optimization and results and discussion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:1608-1615. [PMID: 22191805 DOI: 10.1021/es203130r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Part 1 of this work developed a steady-state, multispecies biofilm model for simultaneous reduction of nitrate and perchlorate in the H(2)-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) and presented a novel method to solve it. In Part 2, the half-maximum-rate concentrations and inhibition coefficients of nitrate and perchlorate are optimized by fitting data from experiments with different combinations of influent nitrate and perchlorate concentrations. The model with optimized parameters is used to quantitatively and systematically explain how three important operating conditions (nitrate loading, perchlorate loading, and H(2) pressure) affect nitrate and perchlorate reduction and biomass distribution in these reducing biofilms. Perchlorate reduction and accumulation of perchlorate-reducing bacteria (PRB) in the biofilm are affected by four promotion or inhibition mechanisms: simultaneous use of nitrate and perchlorate by PRB and competition for H(2), the same resources in PRB, and space in a biofilm. For the hydrogen pressure evaluated experimentally, a low nitrate loading (<0.1 g N/m(2)-d) slightly promotes perchlorate removal, because of the beneficial effect from PRB using both acceptors. However, a nitrate loading of >0.6 g N/m(2)-d begins to inhibit perchlorate removal, as the competition effects become dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youneng Tang
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Ave., Tempe, Arizona 85287-5701, United States
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Zhao HP, Van Ginkel S, Tang Y, Kang DW, Rittmann B, Krajmalnik-Brown R. Interactions between perchlorate and nitrate reductions in the biofilm of a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:10155-10162. [PMID: 22017212 DOI: 10.1021/es202569b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We studied the microbial functional and structural interactions between nitrate (NO(3)(-)) and perchlorate (ClO(4)(-)) reductions in the hydrogen (H(2))-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR). When H(2) was not limiting, ClO(4)(-) and NO(3)(-) reductions were complete, and the MBfR's biofilm was composed mainly of bacteria from the ε- and β-proteobacteria classes, with autotrophic genera Sulfuricurvum, Hydrogenophaga, and Dechloromonas dominating the biofilm. Based on functional-gene and pyrosequencing assays, Dechloromonas played the most important role in ClO(4)(-) reduction, while Sulfuricurvum and Hydrogenophaga were responsible for NO(3)(-) reduction. When H(2) delivery was insufficient to completely reduce both electron acceptors, NO(3)(-) reduction out-competed ClO(4)(-) reduction for electrons from H(2), and mixotrophs become important in the MBfR biofilm. β-Proteobacteria became the dominant class, and Azonexus replaced Sulfuricurvum as a main genus. The changes suggest that facultative, NO(3)(-)-reducing bacteria had advantages over strict autotrophs when H(2) was limiting, because organic microbial products became important electron donors when H(2) was severely limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Ping Zhao
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5701, United States.
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