1
|
Al-Hazmi HE, Hassan GK, Kurniawan TA, Śniatała B, Joseph TM, Majtacz J, Piechota G, Li X, El-Gohary FA, Saeb MR, Mąkinia J. Technological solutions to landfill management: Towards recovery of biomethane and carbon neutrality. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120414. [PMID: 38412730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Inadequate landfill management poses risks to the environment and human health, necessitating action. Poorly designed and operated landfills release harmful gases, contaminate water, and deplete resources. Aligning landfill management with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reveals its crucial role in achieving various targets. Urgent transformation of landfill practices is necessary to address challenges like climate change, carbon neutrality, food security, and resource recovery. The scientific community recognizes landfill management's impact on climate change, evidenced by in over 191 published articles (1998-2023). This article presents emerging solutions for sustainable landfill management, including physico-chemical, oxidation, and biological treatments. Each technology is evaluated for practical applications. The article emphasizes landfill management's global significance in pursuing carbon neutrality, prioritizing resource recovery over end-of-pipe treatments. It is important to note that minimizing water, chemical, and energy inputs in nutrient recovery is crucial for achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. Water reuse, energy recovery, and material selection during manufacturing are vital. The potential of water technologies for recovering macro-nutrients from landfill leachate is explored, considering feasibility factors. Integrated waste management approaches, such as recycling and composting, reduce waste and minimize environmental impact. It is conclusively evident that the water technologies not only facilitate the purification of leachate but also enable the recovery of valuable substances such as ammonium, heavy metals, nutrients, and salts. This recovery process holds economic benefits, while the conversion of CH4 and hydrogen into bioenergy and power generation through microbial fuel cells further enhances its potential. Future research should focus on sustainable and cost-effective treatment technologies for landfill leachate. Improving landfill management can mitigate the adverse environmental and health effects of inadequate waste disposal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein E Al-Hazmi
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland.
| | - Gamal K Hassan
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St, Giza, Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Egypt.
| | | | - Bogna Śniatała
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
| | - Tomy Muringayil Joseph
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Majtacz
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Piechota
- GPCHEM. Laboratory of Biogas Research and Analysis, ul. Legionów 40a/3, Toruń, 87-100, Poland
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Donghua Univerisity, Dept Env. Room 4155, 2999 North Renmin Rd, Songjiang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Fatma A El-Gohary
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St, Giza, Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Mąkinia
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kundu A, Reddy CV, Singh RK, Kalamdhad AS. Critical review with science mapping on the latest pre-treatment technologies of landfill leachate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 336:117727. [PMID: 36924707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The most frequent strategy for solid waste management, adopted across the globe is landfill. Through microbial decomposition municipal solid waste degrades, producing end products such as carbon dioxide, methane, volatile organic compounds, and leachate. High levels of organic waste and heavy metals content in leachate can cause pervasive damage to the ecosystem and contaminate groundwater. Leachate requires extensive treatment before being released into the environment because of its complex chemical composition and identifying the appropriate technologies for leachate treatment remains a key problem for municipal landfill operations. Given the possible harm caused by substantially contaminated leachate, it should adhere to stricter quality criteria for direct disposal of leachate and one treatment method cannot efficiently tackle all the pollutants. In order to reduce the landfill leachates high fouling power, pre-treatment of landfill leachate is necessary. The study provides a comprehensive review of pre-treatment technologies, as well as a critical assessment of strengths and limitations. Current review-based analysis was undertaken based on the filtered 395 papers published for science mapping and to evaluate the qualitative studies in the area of pre-treatment of Landfill Leachate till 2022. A three-step process was employed to conduct bibliometric analysis, qualitative valuation, and identification of influential and productive journals, countries, researchers and articles, emerging technology, and outlining some of the major research gaps in the research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashmita Kundu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.
| | | | - Ratnesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ajay S Kalamdhad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lindamulla LMLKB, Jayawardene NKRN, Wijerathne WSMSK, Othman M, Nanayakkara KGN, Jinadasa KBSN, Herath GBB, Jegatheesan V. Treatment of mature landfill leachate in tropical climate using membrane bioreactors with different configurations. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:136013. [PMID: 35973495 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the collection of landfill leachate from seven sites in different climatic zones of Sri Lanka and characterizes the landfills through the analyses of leachate quality. Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) with different configurations were employed to treat some of those leachates. An aerobic MBR (AMBR) system was operated in three Phases. In the first Phase, an AMBR alone, in the second Phase an anaerobic reactor followed by an anoxic reactor and an AMBR and in the third Phase an anoxic reactor followed by an AMBR were operated. In Phases I and II, the sludge retention time (SRT) and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) were kept at infinite (as no intentional wasting of sludge was made) and 96 h; in Phase III, the SRT was varied from 60, 30, 20 to 10 days and under each SRT, the HRT was varied from 96, 48, 24 and 12 h. The optimum operating conditions for the configuration used in Phase III was established through extensive experiments which had a SRT. The three MBR configurations removed more than 93%, 64.8% and 59% of BOD5, COD and total nitrogen respectively. They also removed large amounts of slowly biodegradable substances and nitrogenous compounds other than NH4+, NO3- and NO2-. Relationships between SRT and MLSS as well as SRT and fouling rate of membrane have been found. The study illustrates the capabilities of MBR in treating landfill leachate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M L K B Lindamulla
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka; School of Engineering and Water: Effective Technologies and Tools (WETT) Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - N K R N Jayawardene
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - W S M S K Wijerathne
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - M Othman
- School of Engineering and Water: Effective Technologies and Tools (WETT) Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - K G N Nanayakkara
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - K B S N Jinadasa
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - G B B Herath
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - V Jegatheesan
- School of Engineering and Water: Effective Technologies and Tools (WETT) Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tałałaj IA. Performance of integrated sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and reverse osmosis (RO) process for leachate treatment: effect of pH. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 20:419-429. [PMID: 35669807 PMCID: PMC9163213 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-022-00788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this paper the performance and effectiveness of the reverse osmosis (RO) process for the biologically pretreated leachate was investigated. The RO process was carried out separately for two different pH: 8.0 and 9.3. METHODS A general pollution parameters as well as organic and inorganic indicators were determined in raw, biologically pretreated and RO treated leachate. The performance characteristics of the reverse osmosis system were made on the basis of permeate flux, electroconductivity removal rate, concentration factor and efficiency in removal of analyzed parameters. RESULTS The use of SBR pretreatment had very good efficiency in BOD (97.3%) and ammonia nitrogen (95.4%) removal. The lowest effectivity was observed for chloride (11.6%), boron (3.9%) and TDS (1.2%). Pretreated leachate was subjected to RO system. The normalized average flux was 0.53 (42.3 L/m2·h) for pH = 8.0 and 0.68 (33.5 L/m2·h) for pH = 9.3. The lower membrane fouling at higher pH can be explained by electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged membrane surface and organic substances. Independently of the process pH, a two-step membrane fouling was observed. The greatest differences in removal rates were observed for boron, which had a higher retention rate at higher pH, and ammonia nitrogen, whose removal rate decreased at higher pH. The obtained permeate pH after RO process was lower than the feed pH in two analyzed value of pH. CONCLUSIONS The higher flux value at pH = 9.3 is result of high content of organic matter in leachate, which is better rejected at higher pH because of higher electrostatic repulsion between organic matter and membrane surface. This indicates that the organic matter content should be taken into account when determining the operating parameters (pH values) of the RO system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Anna Tałałaj
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Design and annual operation of full scale landfill leachate plant in Iran: focus on multistage membrane technology. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
6
|
Saleem S, Zeshan, Iftikhar R, Zafar MI, Sohail NF. Growth kinetics of microalgae cultivated in different dilutions of fresh leachate for sustainable nutrient recovery and carbon fixation. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
7
|
Li Y, Liu Y, Luo J, Li YY, Liu J. Emerging onsite electron donors for advanced nitrogen removal from anammox effluent of leachate treatment: A review and future applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125905. [PMID: 34523566 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Partial nitrification-anammox process is promising in leachate treatment, but the 11% residue nitrate limits the total nitrogen removal efficiency. Denitrification or partial denitrification and anammox are both practical polishing processes of anammox effluent, requiring extra electron donors. Fortunately, there are organic matter, sulfide and methane in leachate or produced by leachate treatment, which can serve as onsite electron donors. In this review, the mechanisms and processes using these three kinds of electron donors for residue nitrate reduction in anammox effluent of leachate are systematically summarized and discussed. It can be concluded that, biodegradable organic matter is an effective electron donor, sulfide is a promising electron donor, methane is a potential electron donor. Two possible applications in future based on anammox treatment of fresh and mature leachate using sulfide and methane as onsite electron donors are proposed. Through sulfide reutilization, energy-saving with about 14% of aeration reduction can be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yanxu Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jinghuan Luo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu-You Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Jianyong Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Babaei S, Sabour MR, Moftakhari Anasori Movahed S. Combined landfill leachate treatment methods: an overview. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59594-59607. [PMID: 34510344 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate is commonly heavily contaminated and consists of high amount of organic compounds, inorganic salts, toxic gases, halogenated hydrocarbons, and heavy metals that exerts a serious threat to public health and the environment. Thus, it requires treatments before direct release into receiving waters. Selecting the efficient method for leachate treatment is still a major challenge. While physicochemical treatment methods such as coagulation-flocculation, adsorption, membrane filtration, ozonation, air stripping, and advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are appropriate for mature leachate, young leachate requires biological treatments including membrane bioreactor (MBR), activated sludge (AS), upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), and rotational biological contactor (RBC). Recently, the integration of biological processes and physicochemical methods has been demonstrated to be very efficient. It is found that combined coagulation-flocculation/nanofiltration and activated sludge/reverse osmosis are more efficacious than other integrated physicochemical methods and combined physicochemical/biological methods, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamimeh Babaei
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sabour
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Passarini MRZ, Moreira JVF, Gomez JAM, Bonugli-Santos RC. DNA metabarcoding of the leachate microbiota from sanitary landfill: potential for bioremediation process. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:4847-4858. [PMID: 34228134 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Leachate generation contains a variety of toxic compounds, and is a major problem for municipal solid waste (MSW). Microbial profile knowledge is essential to new alternatives and improvements in current treatments of these effluents. In this respect, the microbial community in the leachate from the sanitary landfill of the city of Foz do Iguaçu was analyzed. The 16S rDNA metabarcoding suggested the dominance of fermenting bacteria belonging to Firmicutes phylum, followed by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Synergistetes. The most abundant genera were Sedimentibacter, Vulcanibacillus, and Anaerovorax. However, 60% of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were not classified taxonomically. In addition, an expressive abundance was attributed to the superphylum known as PVC group, little studied and with unknown scientific potential. The leachate acidogenic phase was masked in the chemical and physical analyzes. Nevertheless, it was evidenced in the metabarcoding methodology. No specifically methanogenic group was detected in significant abundance. Therefore, from bacterial community identification, a bioremediation process can be designed. Enriched culture media can be developed and targeted to the recovery of specific groups which may be involved in leachate biodegradation. What is more, the results expand the knowledge of bacterial diversity, especially from the presence of unknown genera in this habitat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Rodrigo Zambrano Passarini
- Institute Latin American of Nature and Life Sciences (ILACNV), Interdisciplinary Center of Life Sciences (CICV), Federal University of Latin American Integration (UNILA), 1000 Tarquínio Joslin dos Santos Av., Jardim Universitário, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, 85870-901, Brazil
| | - João Victor Fonseca Moreira
- Institute Latin American of Nature and Life Sciences (ILACNV), Interdisciplinary Center of Life Sciences (CICV), Federal University of Latin American Integration (UNILA), 1000 Tarquínio Joslin dos Santos Av., Jardim Universitário, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, 85870-901, Brazil
| | - Jose Alejandro Morales Gomez
- Institute Latin American of Nature and Life Sciences (ILACNV), Interdisciplinary Center of Life Sciences (CICV), Federal University of Latin American Integration (UNILA), 1000 Tarquínio Joslin dos Santos Av., Jardim Universitário, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, 85870-901, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Costa Bonugli-Santos
- Institute Latin American of Nature and Life Sciences (ILACNV), Interdisciplinary Center of Life Sciences (CICV), Federal University of Latin American Integration (UNILA), 1000 Tarquínio Joslin dos Santos Av., Jardim Universitário, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, 85870-901, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lebron YAR, Moreira VR, Brasil YL, Silva AFR, Santos LVDS, Lange LC, Amaral MCS. A survey on experiences in leachate treatment: Common practices, differences worldwide and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 288:112475. [PMID: 33823445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The necessity for landfill leachate treatment is a requisite to reduce the environmental impact related to municipal solid waste landfills and different aspects must be considered while deciding for an appropriate treatment process. For example, it was demonstrated that the landfill leachate stabilization in tropical regions is achieved right after its first year of operation, requiring technologies capable of treating leachates of a higher recalcitrant character if compared to those leachates from temperate regions and same landfill age. In view of its complexity and variability, stand-alone processes (either biological or physicochemical) are often ineffective in attaining the threshold values for its discharge in receiving bodies. Due to that fact, full-scale facilities have adopted integrated routes, harvesting the benefits of both biological and physicochemical processes. The implementation of membrane bioreactors followed by polishing membrane separation process (nanofiltration and reverse osmosis) seems to be a trend in leachate treatment by full-scale treatment plants. This technology is widely employed in China, European countries, and tropical countries as Brazil, generally with a treatment cost lower than the costs related to its disposal in domestic effluent collection systems. From the technologies already employed by full-scale facilities, four integrated routes were proposed for a sensitive analysis considering the treatment of a landfill leachate of different physicochemical characteristics. From all routes, those employing the membrane separation process as a polishing step had a better efficacy in attaining the threshold values for leachate disposal, being that an interesting alternative for leachate polishing by full-scale facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Abner Rocha Lebron
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, MG, Brazil.
| | - Victor Rezende Moreira
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, MG, Brazil.
| | - Yara Luiza Brasil
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Rezende Silva
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucilaine Valéria de Souza Santos
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, MG, Brazil
| | - Liséte Celina Lange
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, MG, Brazil
| | - Míriam Cristina Santos Amaral
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu C, Chen W, Gu Z, Li Q. A review of the characteristics of Fenton and ozonation systems in landfill leachate treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:143131. [PMID: 33129548 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development and application of Fenton and ozonation systems in landfill leachate treatment over the last 20 years, and the current research status are reviewed in this paper, with an emphasis on the technical and economic characteristics of Fenton and ozonation systems used to treat different types of landfill leachate. To date, a total of 101 and 78 articles have been published regarding leachate treatment by Fenton and ozonation systems, respectively. These articles considered the use of two systems to treat aged leachate, biologically treated leachate and leachate comprising the concentrated solution resulting from reverse osmosis (RO). The oxidization mechanisms of the two systems used to treat landfill leachate significantly differed in terms of their optimal process parameters (e.g., initial pH value, reagent dosage, and reaction time) and removal efficiency. The Fenton and ozonation systems outperformed persulfate-based advanced oxidation technology in terms of their improved biodegradability of landfill leachate and engineering practicability. The cost of the reagents required to treat landfill leachate by Fenton and ozonation systems accounted for at least 85% of the total operating cost. In contrast to the ozonation system, the Fenton system was more cost-effective when both systems were used to treat the same type of landfill leachate. This study provides a theoretical basis for the operation of Fenton and ozonation systems and also offers technical support for landfill leachate disposal companies that opt to use these technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanwei Wu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Weiming Chen
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Zhepei Gu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Qibin Li
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Makhatova A, Mazhit B, Sarbassov Y, Meiramkulova K, Inglezakis VJ, Poulopoulos SG. Effective photochemical treatment of a municipal solid waste landfill leachate. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239433. [PMID: 32960913 PMCID: PMC7508382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed at studying the photochemical treatment of a landfill leachate using ultraviolet light, hydrogen peroxide, and ferrous or ferric ions, in a batch recycle photoreactor. The effect of inorganic carbon presence, pH, initial H2O2 amount (0-9990 mg L-1) as well as Fe(II) (200-600 ppm) and Fe(III) (300-700 ppm) concentrations on the total carbon removal and color change was studied. Prior to the photochemical treatment, a pretreatment process was applied; inorganic nitrogen and inorganic carbon were removed by means of air stripping and initial pH regulation, respectively. The leachate sent subsequently for photochemical treatment was free of inorganic carbon and contained only organic carbon with concentration 1200±100 mg L-1 at pH 5.1-5.3. The most favorable concentrations of H2O2 and ferric ions for carbon removal were 6660 mg L-1 and 400 ppm, respectively. Adjusting the initial pH value in the range of 2.2-5.3 had a significant effect on the organic carbon removal. The photo-Fenton-like process was more advantageous than the photo-Fenton one for leachate treatment. By applying the most favorable operating conditions, 88.7% removal of total organic carbon, 100% removal of total inorganic carbon, 96.5% removal of total nitrogen, and 98.2% color removal were achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ardak Makhatova
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), The Environment & Resource Efficiency Cluster (EREC), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Birzhan Mazhit
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), The Environment & Resource Efficiency Cluster (EREC), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerbol Sarbassov
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), The Environment & Resource Efficiency Cluster (EREC), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Kulyash Meiramkulova
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Vassilis J. Inglezakis
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), The Environment & Resource Efficiency Cluster (EREC), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stavros G. Poulopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), The Environment & Resource Efficiency Cluster (EREC), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bai F, Tian H, Ma J. Landfill leachate treatment through the combination of genetically engineered bacteria Rhodococcus erythropolis expressing Nirs and AMO and membrane filtration processes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114061. [PMID: 32268229 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study developed a process of genetically engineered bacteria Rhodococcus erythropolis expressing Nirs and AMO combined with membrane bioreactor (MBR), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane (pRho-NA-MNR) for advanced treatment of landfill leachate. Results demonstrated that pRho-NA-MNR presented higher removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia nitrogen (N-NH4), total nitrogen (TN) and total organic carbon (TOC) than activated sludge (AS-MNR) system. Administration of pRho-NA increased nitrification by converting N-NH4 to nitrite (N-NO2) and Nitrate (N-NO3), and promoting denitrification by converting N-NO2 to nitrogen (N2) in the landfill leachate treatment, promoted the pH control, increased sludge activity and effluent yield, shortened phase length adaptation under alternating aerobic-anoxic conditions. pRho-NA increased the nitration and denitrifying rate in the aerobic and anaerobic stage in the system by increasing Cyt cd1 and Cyt c expression in the activated sludge. Nitrogen removal by nitrification and denitrification was positively correlated to the concentration of Nirs and AMO expression. Treatment with pRho-NA promoted pollutant removal efficiency of membrane bioreactor, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membrane processes in landfill leachate. In conclusion, data suggest that pRho-NA-MNR facilitates the formation of granular sludge and enhances comparable removal of nitrogen and organic compounds, indicating the practice of this process should be considered in landfill leachate treatment system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuliang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China; Lubin Environmental Protection Equipment (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hui Tian
- School of Life Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Burman I, Sinha A. Anaerobic hybrid membrane bioreactor for treatment of synthetic leachate: Impact of organic loading rate and sludge fractions on membrane fouling. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 108:41-50. [PMID: 32335487 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the treatment of synthetic landfill leachate was carried out using a lab-scale anaerobic hybrid membrane bioreactor (An-HMBR). The reactor was operated for 250 days at two days of hydraulic retention time (HRT). Average chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was ≥ 88% at steady-state conditions at 100% raw leachate. As organic loading rate (OLR) increased from 1.6 to 13.9 Kg COD m-3 d-1, flux gradually declined from 70 to 52 L/m2 h (LMH) within 250 days. Chemical membrane cleaning enhanced the flux up to 75% of the initial flux at the final stage of the reactor. Reversible fouling (>90%) dominated over irreversible fouling (<8%). Membrane fouling was mainly caused by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) fraction, which resulted in cake layer formation on the ceramic membrane used in the An-HMBR system. Membrane resistance increased with variables in the following order OLR > MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solids) > EPS > SMP (soluble microbial products). A nonlinear regression model developed for prediction of membrane resistance at different OLR can predict with an error of ±7%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isha Burman
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Alok Sinha
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ozonation Pretreatment for Reduction of Landfill Leachate Fouling on Membranes: A Response Surface Methodology Analysis. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8050506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Batch ozonation was performed to assess its efficacy as a pretreatment for reverse osmosis (RO) membranes for treating leachate with high concentrations of recalcitrant organic compounds. Leachate samples from two different landfills were collected and characterized. The modified fouling index (MFI) was used to estimate the fouling potential of raw and ozonized leachates. A response surface experimental design was applied to optimize operational pH and ozone dose. The results demonstrate that the best operational conditions are 1.5 g/L of O3 at pH 12.0 and 1.5 g/L of O3 at pH 9.0 for Landfills 1 and 2, which reduce MFI by 96.22% and 94.08%, respectively. Additionally, they show toxicity factor decays of 98.44% for Landfill 1 and 93.75% for Landfill 2. These results, along with the similar behavior shown by leachate samples from distinct landfills, suggest that ozonation is a promising technology to fit this kind of wastewater into the requirements of RO membranes, enabling their use in such treatment.
Collapse
|
16
|
Prospects of integrating algae technologies into landfill leachate treatment. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:39. [PMID: 32095995 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-2810-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Landfilling of municipal waste, an environmental challenge worldwide, results in the continuous formation of significant amounts of leachate, which poses a severe contamination threat to ground and surface water resources. Landfill leachate (LL) is generated by rainwater percolating through disposed waste materials and must be treated effectively before safe discharge into the environment. LL contains numerous pollutants and toxic substances, such as dissolved organic matter, inorganic chemicals, heavy metals, and anthropogenic organic compounds. Currently, LL treatment is carried out by a combination of physical, chemical, and microbial technologies. Microalgae are now viewed as a promising sustainable addition to the repertoire of technologies for treating LL. Photosynthetic algae have been shown to grow in LL under laboratory conditions, while some species have also been employed in larger-scale LL treatments. Treating leachate with algae can contribute to sustainable waste management at existing landfills by remediating low-quality water for recycling and reuse and generating large amounts of algal biomass for cost-effective manufacturing of biofuels and bioproducts. In this review, we will examine LL composition, traditional leachate treatment technologies, LL toxicity to algae, and the potential of employing algae at LL treatment facilities. Emphasis is placed on how algae can be integrated with existing technologies for biological treatment of LL, turning leachate from an environmental liability to an asset that can produce value-added biofuels and bioproducts for the bioeconomy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Taşdemir A, Cengiz İ, Yildiz E, Bayhan YK. Investigation of ammonia stripping with a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 60:104741. [PMID: 31494465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is a commonly used compound in the domestic and industrial fields. If ammonia found in wastewater after use is not treated, even at low concentrations it may cause toxic effects in the receiving environment. In this study, a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor (HDC) was designed with the aim of removing ammonia. The effect of parameters like different cavitation numbers, airflow, temperature and initial concentration on NH3 removal was researched. The potential of hydrodynamic cavitation for removal of volatile gases, like NH3, was assessed with the aid of two film theory mathematical equations. Experimental studies were performed at fixed pH = 11. Under the conditions of 0.12 cavitation number, 25 L/min airflow, 30 °C temperature and 2500 mg/L initial concentration, in 24 h 98.4% NH3 removal efficiency was achieved. With the same experimental conditions without any air, the HDC reactor provided 89.5% NH3 removal at the end of 24 h. The HDC reactor is very effective for the removal of volatile gases from wastewater and it was concluded that even in the absence of aeration, the desired NH3 removal efficiency was provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atila Taşdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Erzurum Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey.
| | - İbrahim Cengiz
- Department of Emergency Aid and Disaster Management, Bayburt University, Bayburt 69000, Turkey.
| | - Ergün Yildiz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Erzurum Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey.
| | - Yalçın Kemal Bayhan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Erzurum Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gu N, Liu J, Ye J, Chang N, Li YY. Bioenergy, ammonia and humic substances recovery from municipal solid waste leachate: A review and process integration. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 293:122159. [PMID: 31558341 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High strength of organic matters and nitrogen are the most concerns in treatment of municipal solid waste leachate, but can be removed and recovered as bioenergy and fertilizer. A few review papers on leachate treatment technologies and single resource recovery have been published. However, none practical leachate treatment process towards multiple resources recovery has been worked out. In this paper, technologies of bioenergy, ammonia and humic substances recovery from municipal solid waste leachate are summarized. A two-stage anaerobic digestion comprising an expanded granular sludge bed reactor and an anaerobic membrane bioreactor is suggested to maximize methane production as bioenergy. Ammonia recovery by biogas recirculation with simultaneous calcium removal is proposed for the first time. Humic substances are suggested to be recovered as fertilizer from nanofiltration concentrate by membrane technology. A novel integrated leachate treatment process is proposed for resources recovery from leachate, with more environmental and economic benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Gu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jianyong Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jiongjiong Ye
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ning Chang
- School of Statistics and Management, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, 777 GuoDing Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu-You Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zou L, Zhang S, Liu J, Cao Y, Qian G, Li YY, Xu ZP. Nitrate removal from groundwater using negatively charged nanofiltration membrane. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:34197-34204. [PMID: 30515691 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A commercial nanofiltration (NF) membrane was modified using poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) to improve the nitrate rejection from groundwater. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, zeta potential, and water contact angle analyses were performed, showing that PSS was successfully coated onto the membrane with the surface negative charge density being enhanced. The results of nitrate removal tests showed that the best PSS concentration was 1.5 mg/L, with the nitrate rejection rate of 88.8% and the permeate flux of 27.0 L/m2 h. The effect of initial nitrate concentration and solution pH on the nitrate removal performance of the modified NF membrane was investigated. The results indicate that the modified NF membrane can improve nitrate removal from actual groundwater, with little membrane permeate flux loss. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianpei Zou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Sitong Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jianyong Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Guangren Qian
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yu-You Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Functional Nanomaterials, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Saleem M, Masut E, Spagni A, Lavagnolo MC. Exploring dynamic membrane as an alternative for conventional membrane for the treatment of old landfill leachate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 246:658-667. [PMID: 31212219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study compares the performance of a lab-scale pre-anoxic and post-aerobic submerged dynamic membrane bioreactor (DMBR) with similar studies on conventional membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for the treatment of old landfill leachate (LFL) while presenting a strategy to achieve stable DMBR operation. The results suggested that DMBR performed similar, or in some cases, better than MBRs. Like conventional MBRs treating LFL, DMBR can also accommodate large variations in operating parameters including influent feed composition and loading rates and thus, it can guarantee long term stable bioreactor operation (total nitrogen removal up to 98%) with acceptable effluent quality (Turbidity < 10 NTU). The results also demonstrated that gradual increment in influent LFL concentration was found to be effective for a stable DMBR operation however, it significantly deteriorated dynamic membrane (DM) filtration performance (p < 10E-7), resulting in higher fouling rate and deteriorated effluent quality. Nonetheless, poor DM performance and higher fouling rate were effectively controlled by using lower mesh porosity (52 μm instead of 200 μm) and increase in DM effective filtration area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mubbshir Saleem
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Masut
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Spagni
- Laboratory of Technologies for Waste, Wastewater and Raw Materials Management, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), via M.M. Sole 4, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Lavagnolo
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hoque E, Fritscher J. Multimetal bioremediation and biomining by a combination of new aquatic strains of Mucor hiemalis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10318. [PMID: 31311950 PMCID: PMC6635518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a unique microbial biotechnology for simultaneous bioremediation and biomining of twelve ionic metals overcoming the obstacles of multimetal toxicity to microbes. After a thorough search of key microorganisms in microbiomes of many sulfidic springs in Bavaria (Germany) over an area of 200 km2, we found three new strains EH8, EH10 and EH11 of Mucor hiemalis physiologically compatible and capable of multimetal-remediation and enrichment. We combined the multimetal-resistance, hyper-accumulation and elicitation power of EH8, EH10 and EH11 to develop a novel biotechnology for simultaneous removal, fractionation and enrichment of metal ions. As a first step we showed the intracellular fixing and deposition of mercury as nanospheres in EH8's sporangiospores. Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy-Dispersive X-Ray analysis revealed binding and precipitation of other applied metal ions as spherical nano-particles (~50-100 nm) at the outer electro-negative cellwall-surface of EH8, EH10 and EH11 sporangiospores. Microbiomes, germinated spores and dead insoluble cellwalls of these strains removed >81-99% of applied Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, U, and Zn simultaneously and furthermore enriched precious Ag, Au and Ti from water all within 48 h, demonstrating the potential of new biotechnologies for safe-guarding our environment from metal pollution and concentrating precious diluted, ionic metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enamul Hoque
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Groundwater Ecology, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Fritscher
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Groundwater Ecology, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang J, Wu X, Qiu D, Mao J, Zhang H. Pilot-scale in situ treatment of landfill leachate using combined coagulation-flocculation, hydrolysis acidification, SBR and electro-Fenton oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:2191-2200. [PMID: 28488464 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1329347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of a landfill leachate was developed at the pilot scale using a combination of processes, including coagulation, hydrolysis acidification (HA)-sequence batch reactors (SBR) and electro-Fenton oxidation in series. The aim was to enhance the removal of pollutants in the landfill leachate, which contained high organic and NH3-N loadings. During the 156-day in situ operation, the average removal efficiency of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 97.8% and the lowest effluent COD was 78 mg/L. The removal efficiencies of colour, turbidity and total phosphorus were all higher than 97%. The overall operating cost was US$ 4.84/m3. This combined process showed a high potential to efficiently remediate landfill leachate at an acceptable expense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- a Department of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogang Wu
- a Department of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
- b School of Urban Construction, Yangtze University , Jingzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Di Qiu
- a Department of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Mao
- c Wuhan Environment Investment and Development Group Limited Company , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- a Department of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Costa AM, Alfaia RGDSM, Campos JC. Landfill leachate treatment in Brazil - An overview. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 232:110-116. [PMID: 30471544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) presents an ever increasing and more complex challenge in global terms. The disposal of MSW in landfills generates leachate, a liquid highly polluting to the aquatic environment. This review describes the state-of-the-art approaches to treatments applied to leachate in Brazil, highlighting the new technologies and alternatives that are still in the research phase, and compares the leachate treatment technologies applied around the world with the current scenario in Brazil. In Brazilian landfills, along with other technologies, the biological process is commonly applied, since this is a simple and economical approach and often it is the only technique used in small municipalities. The sanitary landfills in large Brazilian cities located in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, invest in or outsource landfill activities, where apply advanced treatment technologies, such as membrane filtration. The use of membrane filtration technology in these cases reveals similarities with leachate treatments applied in the developed countries of North America and Europe. Brazilian researchers have highlighted the need to use efficient and economically viable technologies for the treatment of leachate in Brazilian landfills. However, the current scenario of MSW management in Brazil shows deficiencies related to the monitoring of sanitary landfills and limited information is available on the performance of leachate treatment systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyne Moraes Costa
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 149 Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue, Room E206, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Juacyara Carbonelli Campos
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 149 Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue, Room E206, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fan Z, Qin L, Zheng W, Meng Q, Shen C, Zhang G. Oscillating membrane photoreactor combined with salt-tolerated Chlorella pyrenoidosa for landfill leachates treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 269:134-142. [PMID: 30170142 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel oscillating membrane (OM) photoreactor combined with salt-tolerated Chlorella was developed for old landfill leachates treatment, in which harvesting of highly-active algae was easily performed on large scale. Compared with control membrane photo-bioreactor (CMPBR), OM-MPBR exhibited excellent NH3-N removal efficiency as high as 94.0%. With light time prolonged, an increase in biomass production and NH3 removal rates was observed due to more energy provided for Chlorella cells. By comparison, it was found the highest membrane flux (99.6 L/m2 h bar) was obtained in OM-MPBR, which was attributed to strong shear stress on interface of liquid/membrane effectively reducing bio-foulants. It was clear that energy consumptions of OM-MPBR on biomass productivity (0.68 kWh/kg cell) and NH3 removal (0.0151 kWh/kg NH3-N) were lower than CMPBR. The new coupling system opens a door to scalable development of promising and economical MBR for environmental pollution control and biomass energy production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fan
- Institute of Oceanic and Environmental Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab Breeding Base of Green Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Lei Qin
- Institute of Oceanic and Environmental Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab Breeding Base of Green Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Institute of Oceanic and Environmental Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab Breeding Base of Green Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Qin Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Chong Shen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Institute of Oceanic and Environmental Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab Breeding Base of Green Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cingolani D, Fatone F, Frison N, Spinelli M, Eusebi AL. Pilot-scale multi-stage reverse osmosis (DT-RO) for water recovery from landfill leachate. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 76:566-574. [PMID: 29551229 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recovery of high quality water from municipal landfill leachate was studied by three-stage disc tube reverse osmosis optimized in pilot-scale. Following UF-membrane-assisted activated sludge plant, overall 46.5 tons of leachate were post-treated in real environment and analyzed for conventional contaminants and hazardous compounds (e.g. heavy metals, boron, selenium) throughout operation of membrane system. Operating pressure ranged from 21 to 76 bar, while permeate flux varied in the range 7.1-32.5 L m-2 h-1. Rejection factors of specific ions were related to the pressure and global removals were assessed for each stage (e.g. E%COD = 92.4-99.2%, E%NH4 = 46.2-95.8%, E%NOx = 84.8-97.9%; E%TDS = 88-95.5%). Boron removal was assessed in the range 34-48%, so as to require the third stage to reach standard for discharge or reuse. Two stages were sufficient to reach water recovery higher than 91%. Long-term operation and mathematical modeling demonstrated how the Δπ/ΔP ratio can support the decisions for membrane cleaning and predictive maintenance: permeability decline was associated to the ratio increase from 0.72 to 0.73 to 1.13-1.21.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Cingolani
- Department of Science and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 12, Ancona, Italy.
| | - F Fatone
- Department of Science and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 12, Ancona, Italy
| | - N Frison
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Via Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - M Spinelli
- Department of Science and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 12, Ancona, Italy
| | - A L Eusebi
- Department of Science and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 12, Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
El-Fadel M, Sleem F, Hashisho J, Saikaly PE, Alameddine I, Ghanimeh S. Impact of SRT on the performance of MBRs for the treatment of high strength landfill leachate. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 73:165-180. [PMID: 29249308 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the performance and fouling potential of flat sheet (FS) and hollow fiber (HF) membrane bioreactors (MBRs) during the treatment of high strength landfill leachate under varying solid retention times (SRT = 5-20 days). Mixed-liquor bacterial communities were examined over time using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis in an attempt to define linkages between the system performance and the microbial community composition. Similarly, biofilm samples were collected at the end of each SRT to characterize the microbial communities that evolved on the surface of the FS and HF membranes. In general, both systems exhibited comparable removal efficiencies that dropped significantly as SRT was decreased down to 5 days. Noticeably, ammonia and nitrite oxidizing bacteria were not detected at the tested SRTs. This suggests that the nitrifiers were not enriched, possibly due to the high organic and ammonium content of the leachate that led to low TN and NH3 removal efficiency. The steady-state fouling rate of both membranes increased linearly with the decrease in SRT at an estimated factor of 1.1 and 1.2 for the FS- and HF-MBR, respectively, when the SRT was reduced from 15 to 10 days and from 10 to 5 days. Similar dominant genera were detected in both MBRs, including Pseudomonas, Aequorivita, Ulvibacter, Taibaiella, and Thermus. Aequorivita, Taibaiella; Thermus were the dominant genera in the biofilms. Hierarchical clustering and non-metric multidimensional scaling revealed that while the mixed liquor communities in the FS-MBR and HF-MBRs were dynamic, they clustered separately. Similarly, biofilm communities on the FS and HF membranes differed in the dynamic bacterial community structure, especially for the FS-MBR; however this was less dynamic than the mixed liquor community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M El-Fadel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - F Sleem
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - J Hashisho
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - P E Saikaly
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia
| | - I Alameddine
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - S Ghanimeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dabaghian Z, Peyravi M, Jahanshahi M, Rad AS. Potential of Advanced Nano-structured Membranes for Landfill Leachate Treatment: A Review. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.201600020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoheir Dabaghian
- Babol Noshirvani University of Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering; Nanotechnology Research Institute; Shariati Ave. 47148-71167 Babol Iran
| | - Majid Peyravi
- Babol Noshirvani University of Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering; Nanotechnology Research Institute; Shariati Ave. 47148-71167 Babol Iran
| | - Mohsen Jahanshahi
- Babol Noshirvani University of Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering; Nanotechnology Research Institute; Shariati Ave. 47148-71167 Babol Iran
| | - Ali Shokuhi Rad
- Islamic Azad University; Department of Chemical Engineering; Qaemshahr Branch; Qaemshahr Iran
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Amaral MCS, Gomes RF, Brasil YL, Oliveira SMA, Moravia WG. Performance evaluation of startup for a yeast membrane bioreactor (MBRy) treating landfill leachate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:1352-1360. [PMID: 28910583 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1357407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The startup process of a membrane bioreactor inoculated with yeast biomass (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and used in the treatment of landfill leachate was evaluated. The yeast membrane bioreactor (MBRy) was inoculated with an exogenous inoculum, a granulated active dry commercial bakers' yeast. The MBRy was successfully started up with a progressive increase in the landfill leachate percentage in the MBRy feed and the use of Sabouraud Dextrose Broth. The membrane plays an important role in the startup phase because of its full biomass retention and removal of organic matter. MBRy is a suitable and promising process to treat recalcitrant landfill leachate. After the acclimation period, the COD and NH3 removal efficiency reached values of 72 ± 3% and 39 ± 2% respectively. MBRy shows a low membrane-fouling potential. The membrane fouling was influenced by soluble microbial products, extracellular polymeric substances, sludge particle size, and colloidal dissolved organic carbon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Míriam C S Amaral
- a Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Rosimeire F Gomes
- a Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Yara L Brasil
- b Departments of Environmental Science and Technology , Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Sílvia M A Oliveira
- a Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Wagner G Moravia
- b Departments of Environmental Science and Technology , Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Couto RSDP, Oliveira AF, Guarino AWS, Perez DV, Marques MRDC. Removal of ammonia nitrogen from distilled old landfill leachate by adsorption on raw and modified aluminosilicate. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2017; 38:816-826. [PMID: 27448747 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1212935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the ammonia-nitrogen removal by aluminosilicates, using both standard solutions as pretreated landfill leachate. Three types of commercial clays and one commercial zeolite were initially tested using standard solution; however, only one clay with the best removability and the zeolite were tested with pretreated leachate. The chosen clay sorption capacity with the standard solution reached 83%, while with the pretreated leachate solution has reached 95% and zeolites have reached, respectively, a removal of 73% and 81%. For this two adsorbents' studies of equilibrium and kinetic of the sorption were also performed. The Langmuir model was more adequate to describe the ion exchange equilibrium and the sorption mechanism fit the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Moreover, the pretreatment used on leachate proved to be essential not only for ammonium detection in solution, but also to facilitate its sorption in aluminosilicates. This alternative of ammonia-nitrogen removal also generates a product derived from treatment that can be used as agricultural feedstock in the form of fertilizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline Faria Oliveira
- a Environmental Technology Laboratory , State University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Alcides Wagner Serpa Guarino
- b Laboratório de Análises Ambientais, Instituto de Biologia , Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Daniel Vidal Perez
- c Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation; Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply of Brazil , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Novel and Conventional Technologies for Landfill Leachates Treatment: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/su9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
31
|
Hashisho J, El-Fadel M, Al-Hindi M, Salam D, Alameddine I. Hollow fiber vs. flat sheet MBR for the treatment of high strength stabilized landfill leachate. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 55:249-56. [PMID: 26775757 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) technology is increasingly becoming a prominent process in the treatment of high-strength wastewater such as leachate resulting from the decomposition of waste in landfills. This study presents a performance comparative assessment of flat sheet and hollow fiber membranes in bioreactors for the treatment of relatively stable landfill leachate with the objective of defining guidelines for pilot/full scale plants. For this purpose, a laboratory scale MBR system was constructed and operated to treat a leachate with Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (3900-7800mg/L), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) (∼440-1537mg/L), Total Phosphorus (TP) (∼10-59mg/L), Phosphate (PO4(3)(-)) (5-58mg/L), Total Nitrogen (TN) (1500-5200mg/L), and ammonium (NH4(+)) (1770-4410mg/L). Both membranes achieved comparable BOD (92.2% vs. 93.2%) and TP (79.4% vs. 78.5%) removals. Higher PO4(3)(-) removal efficiency or percentage (87.3% vs. 81.3%) and slightly higher, but not statistically significant, COD removal efficiency were obtained with the hollow fiber membrane (71.4% vs. 68.5%). On the other hand, the flat sheet membrane achieved significantly higher TN and NH4(+) removal efficiencies (61.2% vs. 49.4% and 63.4% vs. 47.8%, respectively), which may be attributed to the less frequent addition of NaOCl compared to the hollow fiber system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Hashisho
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, PO Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - M El-Fadel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, PO Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - M Al-Hindi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, PO Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - D Salam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, PO Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - I Alameddine
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, PO Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang B, Li W, Liu L, Huang GH. Influence of sludge reflux ratios on biodegradation performance in a coupled landfill leachate treatment process based on UASB and submerged MBR. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2016; 51:701-706. [PMID: 27128816 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1170428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of different sludge reflux ratios (SRRs) on the overall performance and the fouling behavior of the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor-anoxic-membrane bioreactor (MBR). The leachate and synthetic municipal wastewater were mixed in order to improve the biodegradability of the old leachate. Results showed that excellent removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) were obtained by using the integrated UASB-anoxic-MBR process. The average COD removals were 91.01%, 93.90%, and 92.67% and that of NH3-N were 98.1%, 98.5%, and 98.9% when SRRs were 100%, 300%, and 500%, respectively. The study of the membrane fouling mechanism indicated that proteins, hydrocarbons and inorganic matter are the main elements of the cake layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- a Environmental Research Academy, North China Electric Power University , Beijing , China
| | - Wei Li
- a Environmental Research Academy, North China Electric Power University , Beijing , China
| | - Lei Liu
- a Environmental Research Academy, North China Electric Power University , Beijing , China
| | - Guo He Huang
- a Environmental Research Academy, North China Electric Power University , Beijing , China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Amaral MCS, Moravia WG, Lange LC, Zico MR, Magalhães NC, Ricci BC, Reis BG. Pilot aerobic membrane bioreactor and nanofiltration for municipal landfill leachate treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2016; 51:640-649. [PMID: 27050340 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1159874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to evaluate the integration of the air stripping, membrane bioreactor (MBR) and nanofiltration (NF) processes for the treatment of landfill leachate (LFL). Pretreatment by air stripping, without adjustment of pH, removed 65% of N-NH3 present in LFL. After pretreatment, the effluent was treated in MBR obtaining 44% of COD removal, and part of the N-NH3 was converted to nitrite and nitrate, which was later removed in the post-treatment. Nanofiltration was shown to be an effective process to improve the removal of organic compounds, the high toxicity present in LFL and nitrite and nitrate generated in the MBR. The system (air stripping + MBR + nanofiltration) obtained great efficiency of removal in most parameters analyzed, with overall removal of COD, ammonia, color and toxicity approximately 88, 95, 100 and 100%, respectively. By this route, treated landfill leachate may be reused at the landfill as water for dust arrestment and also as earth work on construction sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Míriam C S Amaral
- a Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Wagner G Moravia
- b Departments of Environmental Science and Technology , Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Liséte C Lange
- a Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Mariana R Zico
- a Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Natalie C Magalhães
- a Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Bárbara C Ricci
- a Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Beatriz G Reis
- a Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zayen A, Schories G, Sayadi S. Incorporation of an anaerobic digestion step in a multistage treatment system for sanitary landfill leachate. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 53:32-39. [PMID: 27177466 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A combined process of anaerobic digestion (AD), lime precipitation (P), microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO) was developed for the treatment of landfill leachate (LFL). The raw LFL contained high amount of organic matter with an elevated humic acids concentration. During the anaerobic digestion step, the organic loading rate was increased progressively up to 3.3gCODL(-1)d(-1). The upflow anaerobic fixed bed reactor showed a great performance in terms of COD removal efficiency and biogas production. During precipitation experiments, lime dose was optimized to obtain the maximum reduction of conductivity to prevent the fouling of RO membranes. This process was compared to a second one in which the AD step was eliminated. Both treatment plans achieved similar removal efficiencies. However, AD step significantly improved the process by reducing the needed lime dose by 50%. It has also increased MF and RO fluxes by 35% and 40% at a steady state, respectively. The dominant fouling mechanism was cake layer formation during both MF tests. This process seems to be a promising approach for the treatment of LFL and its industrial application should be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Zayen
- Environmental Bioprocesses Laboratory, LMI Cosys-Med, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP: « 1177 », 3018 Sfax, Tunisia; ttz Bremerhaven, Water, Energy and Landscape Management, An der Karlstadt 6, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schories
- ttz Bremerhaven, Water, Energy and Landscape Management, An der Karlstadt 6, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Environmental Bioprocesses Laboratory, LMI Cosys-Med, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP: « 1177 », 3018 Sfax, Tunisia.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu Z, Wu W, Shi P, Guo J, Cheng J. Characterization of dissolved organic matter in landfill leachate during the combined treatment process of air stripping, Fenton, SBR and coagulation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 41:111-118. [PMID: 25899801 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A combined treatment process of air stripping+Fenton+sequencing batch reactor (SBR)+ coagulation was performed to remove the pollutants in landfill leachate. Molecular weight (MW) distribution and fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were discussed to study the characteristics. The experiment showed that the removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD), five day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3N) by the combined process were 92.8%, 87.8% and 98.0%, respectively. Humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) were the main fractions in raw leachate with 81.8% of the total COD concentration, while hydrophilic organic matter (HyI) was the dominant fraction in the final effluent of the combined process with 63.5% of the total COD concentration. After the combined treatment process, the removal rate of DOM and fractions HA, FA, HyI were 91.9%, 97.1%, 95.8% and 71.7%, respectively. Organic matters of MW<2k and MW>100k were removed with 90.5% and 97.9% COD concentration after the treatment. The ultraviolet-visible spectra (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrices spectra (EEMs) indicated that benzene materials and phenol compounds were preferentially removed in air stripping. High MW matters, aromatic rings, conjugated moieties and some functional groups were mainly removed by Fenton. While smallMW fractions, carboxylic acids, alcohols and protein-like materials were preferentially biodegraded via SBR. Fulvic-like and humic-like materials were mainly destroyed via Fenton oxidation and coagulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ZhiPing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, People's Republic of China; Faculty of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400020, People's Republic of China.
| | - WenHui Wu
- Faculty of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400020, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Shi
- Faculty of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400020, People's Republic of China
| | - JinSong Guo
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400045, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Faculty of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400020, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Boudjema N, Drouiche N, Abdi N, Grib H, Lounici H, Pauss A, Mameri N. Treatment of Oued El Harrach river water by electrocoagulation noting the effect of the electric field on microorganisms. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
38
|
Abood AR, Bao J, Du J, Zheng D, Luo Y. Non-biodegradable landfill leachate treatment by combined process of agitation, coagulation, SBR and filtration. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 34:439-47. [PMID: 24287299 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the complete treatment of non-biodegradable landfill leachate by combined treatment processes. The processes consist of agitation as a novel stripping method used to overcome the ammonia toxicity regarding aerobic microorganisms. The NH3-N removal ratio was 93.9% obtained at pH 11.5 and a gradient velocity (G) 150 s(-1) within a five-hour agitation time. By poly ferric sulphate (PFS) coagulation followed the agitation process; chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5) were removed at 70.6% and 49.4%, respectively at an optimum dose of 1200 mg L(-1) at pH 5.0. The biodegradable ratio BOD5/COD was improved from 0.18 to 0.31 during pretreatment step by agitation and PFS coagulation. Thereafter, the effluent was diluted with sewage at a different ratio before it was subjected to sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treatment. Up to 93.3% BOD5, 95.5% COD and 98.1% NH3-N removal were achieved by SBR operated under anoxic-aerobic-anoxic conditions. The filtration process was carried out using sand and carbon as a dual filter media as polishing process. The final effluent concentration of COD, BOD5, suspended solid (SS), NH3-N and total organic carbon (TOC) were 72.4 mg L(-1), 22.8 mg L(-1), 24.2 mg L(-1), 18.4 mg L(-1) and 50.8 mg L(-1) respectively, which met the discharge standard. The results indicated that a combined process of agitation-coagulation-SBR and filtration effectively eliminated pollutant loading from landfill leachate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alkhafaji R Abood
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China; Thi Qar University, Nasiriyah, Iraq
| | - Jianguo Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiangkun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mahmoudkhani R, Torabian A, Hassani AH, Mahmoudkhani R. Copper, Cadmium and Ferrous Removal by Membrane Bioreactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apcbee.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
40
|
Xu XC, Zhang HT, Dong ZY, Fan YF. Pretreatment of old-age landfill leachate by microwave-assisted catalytic oxidation in the presence of activated carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2013; 34:2853-2858. [PMID: 24527650 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2013.795986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate is posing an ever-greater environmental hazard. Recently, a process for purification combining activated carbon, microwave (MW) and Fenton oxidation has drawn much attention. In this study, the effectiveness of this process for the pretreatment of an old-age landfill leachate was tested. The effects of various parameters were investigated and the optimal condition included as follows: MW energy density, 6 W/mL; MW power, 300 W; radiation time, 8 min; H2O2 dosage, 0.1 mol/L; Fe(2+)-EDTA dosage, 0.02 mol/L; granular activated carbon (GAC) dosage, 6 g/L. Within the present experimental condition applied, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal reached 56.5%, and the ratio of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand to chemical oxygen demand (BOD5/COD) was enhanced from 0.122 to 0.462. Comparing with GAC, MW and Fenton alone or the combinations of any two of them, MW/Fenton/GAC displayed superior treatment efficiency. The MW/Fenton/GAC process is believed to be a promising pretreatment technology for biorefractory old-age landfill leachate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chun Xu
- School of Geosciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Tao Zhang
- School of Geosciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yong Dong
- School of Geosciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Feng Fan
- School of Geosciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Akgul D, Aktan CK, Yapsakli K, Mertoglu B. Treatment of landfill leachate using UASB-MBR-SHARON-Anammox configuration. Biodegradation 2012; 24:399-412. [PMID: 23054184 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-012-9597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leachate treatment is a challenging issue due to its high pollutant loads. There are several studies on feasible treatment methods of leachate. In the scope of this study, high organic content of young leachate was eliminated using an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and a membrane bioreactor (MBR) in sequence and effluent of the system was given to single reactor for high activity ammonia removal over nitrite (SHARON) and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (Anammox) reactors to remove nitrogen content. All reactors were set up at lab scale in order to evaluate the usage of these processes in sequencing order for leachate treatment. COD and TKN removal efficiencies were over 90 % in the combined processes which were operated during the study. The biodegradable portion of organic matter was removed with an efficiency of 99 %. BOD5 concentration decreased to 50 mg/L by UASB and MBR in sequence even the influent BOD5 concentration was over 8,000 mg/L. Although high nitrogen concentrations were observed in raw leachate, successful removal of nitrogen was accomplished by consecutive operations of SHARON and Anammox reactors. The results of this study demonstrated that with an efficient pretreatment of leachate, the combination of SHARON-Anammox processes is an effective method for the treatment of high nitrogen content in leachate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Akgul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Göztepe, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cossu R, Lai T, Pivnenko K. Waste washing pre-treatment of municipal and special waste. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 207-208:65-72. [PMID: 21968117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Long-term pollution potential in landfills is mainly related to the quality of leachate. Waste can be conveniently treated prior to landfilling with an aim to minimizing future emissions. Washing of waste represents a feasible pre-treatment method focused on controlling the leachable fraction of residues and relevant impact. In this study, non-recyclable plastics originating from source segregation, mechanical-biological treated municipal solid waste (MSW), bottom ash from MSW incineration and automotive shredder residues (ASR) were treated and the removal efficiency of washing pre-treatment prior to landfilling was evaluated. Column tests were performed to simulate the behaviour of waste in landfill under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The findings obtained revealed how waste washing treatment (WWT) allowed the leachability of contaminants from waste to be reduced. Removal rates exceeding 65% were obtained for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN). A percentage decrease of approximately 60% was reached for the leachable fraction of chlorides, sulphates, fluoride and metals, as proved by a reduction in electric conductivity values (70%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaello Cossu
- Department of Hydraulic, Maritime, Environmental and Geotechnical Engineering, University of Padua, Lungargine Rovetta, 8-35127, Padova, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yidong G, Xin C, Shuai Z, Ancheng L. Performance of multi-soil-layering system (MSL) treating leachate from rural unsanitary landfills. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 420:183-190. [PMID: 22326312 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The widely spread rural unsanitary landfills in South China pose an environmental threat to water bodies and soil. Although various processing technologies have been utilized for treatment of landfill leachate, their application to the landfills in rural areas is restricted by the availability of skilled professionals and high operation costs. In this experiment, four MSLs with altered soil mixed block (SMB) and different hydraulic load rate (HLR) were applied in the experiment to investigate the treatment of the landfill leachate without aeration or under low aeration supply. The experiment results showed that the improved MSL could effectively treat the chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH(4)-N and P. COD and NH(4)-N removal efficiencies of MSL were 97.4%, 82.4% and 72.0%, 62.0%, respectively under HLRs of 200 and 400L/(m(2)·d) without aeration; COD and NH(4)-N removal efficiencies of M800 and M1600 were 62.3%, 53.4% and 45.3%, 35.3% respectively under intermittent aeration. N removal efficiency was low due to a strong nitrification effect, and the nitrogen removal capacity of the MSL was greatly reduced at the end of the experiment. P removal efficiency of MSL was 75.6 to 91.9% under HLR 200 and 400L/(m(2)·d). The intermittent aeration was helpful to remove the clogging of MSLs, after they were clogged under HLRs of 800 and 1600L/(m(2)·d). MSL is promising as an appealing nitrifying biofilm reactor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan Yidong
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 300191, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Guwy AJ, Dinsdale RM, Kim JR, Massanet-Nicolau J, Premier G. Fermentative biohydrogen production systems integration. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:8534-8542. [PMID: 21621996 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Acidogenic fermentation can be used to produce hydrogen from a range of biomass sources. The effluent from this process can be utilised in a number of biological processes enabling further recovery of energy from the biomass. In this review a number of candidate technologies are assessed including conventional methanogenic anaerobic digestion, dark fermentative hydrogen production, photo-fermentation, and bioelectrochemical systems. The principles, benefits and challenges associated with integrating these technologies are discussed, with particular emphasis on integration with fermentative hydrogen production, and the current state of integrative development is presented. The various system configurations for potential integrations presented here may simultaneously permit an increase in the conversion efficiency of biomass to energy, improved adaptability to varying operating conditions, and improved stability. Such integration, while increasing system complexity, may mean that these bioprocesses could be deployed in a wider range of scenarios and be used with a greater range of substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Guwy
- The Sustainable Environment Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Sport and Science, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Mid. Glamorgan CF37 1DL, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Cortez S, Teixeira P, Oliveira R, Mota M. Denitrification of a landfill leachate with high nitrate concentration in an anoxic rotating biological contactor. Biodegradation 2010; 22:661-71. [PMID: 21153683 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-010-9439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The denitrification performance of a lab-scale anoxic rotating biological contactor (RBC) using landfill leachate with high nitrate concentration was evaluated. Under a carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) of 2, the reactor achieved N-NO(3)(-) removal efficiencies above 95% for concentrations up to 100 mg N-NO(3)(-) l(-1). The highest observed denitrification rate was 55 mg N-NO(3)(-) l(-1) h(-1) (15 g N-NO(3)(-) m(-2) d(-1)) at a nitrate concentration of 560 mg N-NO(3)(-) l(-1). Although the reactor has revealed a very good performance in terms of denitrification, effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations were still high for direct discharge. The results obtained in a subsequent experiment at constant nitrate concentration (220 mg N-NO(3)(-) l(-1)) and lower C/N ratios (1.2 and 1.5) evidenced that the organic matter present in the leachate was non-biodegradable. A phosphorus concentration of 10 mg P-PO(4)(3-) l(-1) promoted autotrophic denitrification, revealing the importance of phosphorus concentration on biological denitrification processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cortez
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wang F, Ding Y, Ge L, Ren H, Ding L. Effect of high-strength ammonia nitrogen acclimation on sludge activity in sequencing batch reactor. J Environ Sci (China) 2010; 22:1683-1688. [PMID: 21235154 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(09)60306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effect of high-strength ammonia nitrogen acclimation on sludge activity in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was investigated. Two batch experiments, RUN1 and RUN2, were conducted with the influent ammonia nitrogen concentrations 60 and 500 mg/L, respectively. The sludges inoculated from RUN1 and RUN2 were used to treat a series of influent with ammonia nitrogen concentrations of 59, 232, 368, 604 and 1152 mg/L. It is found that the activated sludge acclimated to higher ammonia nitrogen concentrations revealed higher COD and NH4(+)-N removal efficiencies, and slower DHA decrease. The results confirmed that the activities of the bacteria in activated sludge in SBR were inhibited by high-strength ammonia nitrogen, whereas the activated sludge acclimated to high-strength ammonia nitrogen showed substantial resistance to inhibition by influents containing high levels of ammonia nitrogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|