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Battye N, Patch D, Koch I, Monteith R, Roberts D, O'Connor N, Kueper B, Hulley M, Weber K. Mechanochemical degradation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in soil using an industrial-scale horizontal ball mill with comparisons of key operational metrics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172274. [PMID: 38604365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Horizontal ball mills (HBMs) have been proven capable of remediating per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil. Industrial-sized HBMs, which could easily be transported to impacted locations for on-site, ex-situ remediation, are readily available. This study examined PFAS degradation using an industrial-scale, 267 L cylinder HBM. This is the typical scale used in the industry before field application. Near-complete destruction of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), as well as the non-target PFAS in a modern fluorotelomer-based aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), was achieved when spiked onto nepheline syenite sand (NSS) and using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a co-milling reagent. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) showed much better and more consistent results with scale-up regardless of KOH. Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) was examined for the first time using a HBM and behaved similarly to PFOS. Highly challenging field soils from a former firefighting training area (FFTA) were purposefully used to test the limits of the HBM. To quantify the effectiveness, free fluoride analysis was used; changes between unmilled and milled soil were measured up to 7.8 mg/kg, which is the equivalent of 12 mg/kg PFOS. Notably, this does not factor in insoluble fluoride complexes that may form in milled soils, so the actual amount of PFAS destroyed may be higher. Soil health, evaluated through the assessment of key microbial and associated plant health parameters, was not significantly affected as a result of milling, although it was characterized as poor to begin with. Leachability reached 100 % in milled soil with KOH, but already ranged from 81 to 96 % in unmilled soil. A limited assessment of the hazards associated with the inhalation of PFAS-impacted dust from ball-milling, as well as the cross-contamination potential to the environment, showed that the risk was low in both cases; however, precautions should always be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Battye
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - David Patch
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Iris Koch
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Dylan Roberts
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Natalia O'Connor
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Bernard Kueper
- Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Hulley
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kela Weber
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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Teng F, Wang Z, Ren K, Liu S, Ding H. Analysis of composition characteristics and treatment techniques of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash in China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 357:120783. [PMID: 38579475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The rapid development of the economy and society is causing an increase in the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) produced by people's daily lives. With the strong support of the Chinese government, incineration power generation has steadily become the primary method of treating MSW, accounting for 79.86%. However, burning produces a significant amount of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI-FA), which contains heavy metals, soluble chlorine salts, and dioxins. China's MSWI-FA yield increased by 8.23% annually to 7.80 million tons in 2022. Besides, the eastern region, especially the southeastern coastal region, has the highest yield of MSWI-FA. There are certain similarities in the chemical characteristics of MSWI-FA samples from Northeast, North, East, and South China. Zn and CaO have the largest amounts of metals and oxides, respectively. The Cl content is about 20 wt%. This study provides an overview of the techniques used in the thermal treatment method, solidification and stabilization, and separation and extraction of MSWI-FA and compares their benefits and drawbacks. In addition, the industrial applications and standard requirements of landfill treatment and resource utilization of MSWI-FA in China are analyzed. It is discovered that China's resource utilization of MSWI-FA is insufficient through the study on the fly ash disposal procedures at a few MSW incineration facilities located in the economically developed Guangdong Province and the traditional industrial city of Tianjin. Finally, the prospects for the disposal of MSWI-FA were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Teng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ziyang Wang
- Hebei Survey Institute of Gelogy, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Ke Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Shejiang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Hui Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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3
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Yao Z, He X, Wang Q, Wang C, Shi Q, Zhang Q. Mechanochemical remediation of the chlorinated compounds contaminated soil depending on the minerals inside-the most reasonable approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137449. [PMID: 36464018 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study explored a possible destruction of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) as example of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) as well as the dechlorination mechanism by directly using minerals in the soil, such as antigorite, talc and olivine. Compared with a stable quartz phase of SiO2, all three Mg silicate minerals demonstrated certain degrading capacity for HCB with different efficiency order as: antigorite > talc > olivine > SiO2 at 2 h of milling time. Interestingly, olivine exhibited a better performance than antigorite at 4 h of milling time, giving destruction percentage of 92.7% over 89.0% even at high concentrated HCB up to 5% added. Raman and ESR characterizations of the ball milled sample with olivine indicated the formation of amorphous carbon and graphitic carbon, and the occurrence of free radicals was observed to play an important role in dechlorination and carbonization of HCB. The first identified effectiveness of directly using Mg silicate minerals, allowed no addition of active chemicals during the ball milling, therefore avoided the concern over extrinsic contaminations on the soil. Olivine was further utilized to deal with actual contaminated soil and showed unique advantages on application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Yao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoman He
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qing Shi
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiwu Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Gobindlal K, Zujovic Z, Jaine J, Weber CC, Sperry J. Solvent-Free, Ambient Temperature and Pressure Destruction of Perfluorosulfonic Acids under Mechanochemical Conditions: Degradation Intermediates and Fluorine Fate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:277-285. [PMID: 36577148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) are a recalcitrant subclass of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) linked to numerous negative health effects in humans. Scalable technologies that effectively destroy PFSAs will greatly reduce the future health and ecological impact of these "forever chemicals". Herein, we show that several PFSAs undergo facile mechanochemical destruction (MCD) in the presence of quartz sand (SiO2). This process operates in the absence of solvent, at ambient temperature and pressure, generating a benign solid byproduct. Quantitative analysis of milled samples revealed high destruction efficiencies of 99.95% to 100% for five different PFSAs subjected to MCD conditions in the presence of SiO2 only. Extensive nontargeted analysis showed that, during degradation, other PFASs form and are ultimately destroyed upon extended mechanochemical treatment. Direct polarization (DP) and cross-polarization (CP) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy showed abundant silicon-fluorine (Si-F) bond formation post-MCD, indicating that fluorine was secured in a stable reservoir. Collectively, these results identified the degradation profile for an environmentally sound and effective PFSA degradation process that is amenable to scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapish Gobindlal
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Zoran Zujovic
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jacob Jaine
- Analytica Laboratories Limited, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - Cameron C Weber
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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He H, Yang B, Wu D, Gao X, Fei X. Applications of crushing and grinding-based treatments for typical metal-containing solid wastes: Detoxification and resource recovery potentials. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120034. [PMID: 36030964 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal-containing solid wastes can induce serious environmental pollution if managed improperly, but contain considerable resources. The detoxification and resource recoveries of these wastes are of both environmental and economic significances, being indispensable for circular economy. In the past decades, attempts have been made worldwide to treat these wastes. Crushing and grinding-based treatments have been increasingly applied, the operating apparatus and parameters of which depend on the waste type and treatment purpose. Based on the relevant studies, the applications of crushing and grinding on four major types of solid wastes, namely spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) cathode, waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), incineration bottom ash (IBA), and incineration fly ash (IFA) are here systematically reviewed. These types of solid wastes are generated in increasing amounts, and have the potentials to release various organic and inorganic pollutants. Despite of the widely different texture, composition, and other physicochemical properties of the solid wastes, crushing and grinding have been demonstrated to be universally applicable. For each of the four wastes, the technical route that involving crushing and grinding is described with the advantages highlighted. The crushing and grinding serve either mainstream or auxiliary role in the processing of the solid wastes. This review summarizes and highlights the developments and future directions of crushing and grinding-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Xunchang Fei
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore; Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore.
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6
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Gandon-Ros G, Aracil I, Gómez-Rico MF, Conesa JA. Mechanochemical debromination of waste printed circuit boards with marble sludge in a planetary ball milling process. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 317:115431. [PMID: 35649335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An effective management of waste printed circuit board (WCB) recycling presents significant advantages of an economic, social, and environmental nature. This is particularly the case when a suitable valorisation is made of the non-metallic parts of the WCBs, well known for their "hidden" toxicological risks. Such benefits motivate research on techniques that could contribute to mitigating their adverse socio-environmental impacts. In this work, waste printed circuit boards (WCBs) containing tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) as a brominated flame retardant (BFR) underwent debromination using a mechanochemical treatment (MCT) and marble sludge, another recoverable waste, as well as pure CaO as additives. All runs in this work were performed at an intermediate rotation speed of 450 rpm, using additive/WCB mass ratios (Rm) of 4:1 and 8:1, ball to powder ratios (BPR) of 20:1 and 50:1, treatment times from 2.5 h to 10 h, two WCB sizes (powder and 0.84 mm) and marble sludge, from original to precalcined conditioning. Stainless steel jars and balls were used to verify the effect of each parameter on the system and to seek an optimum process. Complete debromination of 0.84 mm WCBs was achieved at 450 rpm, using a Rm of 8:1, a BPR of 50:1, a residence time of 10 h (more than 95% in only 5 h), and a precalcined marble sludge as additive. The results revealed that when using a Rm of 4:1 instead of 8:1, more waste could be effectively treated, per batch with a lesser need for additives, at the expense of a slightly lower level of debromination efficiency. In the same way, an appropriate apparent ball diameter (with respect to the volume of the used jar) should be carefully studied in relation to WCB size in order to achieve a beneficial total amount of energy transfer during milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Gandon-Ros
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080, Alicante, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ignacio Aracil
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080, Alicante, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - María Francisca Gómez-Rico
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080, Alicante, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan A Conesa
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080, Alicante, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080, Alicante, Spain.
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7
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Battye NJ, Patch DJ, Roberts DMD, O'Connor NM, Turner LP, Kueper BH, Hulley ME, Weber KP. Use of a horizontal ball mill to remediate per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155506. [PMID: 35483472 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for destructive technologies for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil. While planetary ball mill have been shown successful degradation of PFAS, there are issues surrounding scale up (maximum size is typically 0.5 L cylinders). While having lower energy outputs, horizontal ball mills, for which scale up is not a limiting factor, already exist at commercial/industrial sizes from the mining, metallurgic and agricultural industries, which could be re-purposed. This study evaluated the effectiveness of horizontal ball mills in degrading perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTSA), and aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) spiked on nepheline syenite sand. Horizontal ball milling was also applied to two different soil types (sand dominant and clay dominant) collected from a firefighting training area (FFTA). Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to track 21 target PFAS throughout the milling process. High-resolution accurate mass spectrometry was also used to identify the presence and degradation of 19 non-target fluorotelomer substances, including 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamido betaine (FtSaB), 7:3 fluorotelomer betaine (FtB), and 6:2 fluorotelomer thioether amido sulfonate (FtTAoS). In the presence of potassium hydroxide (KOH), used as a co-milling reagent, PFOS, 6:2 FTSA, and the non-target fluorotelomer substances in the AFFF were found to undergo upwards of 81%, 97%, and 100% degradation, respectively. Despite the inherent added complexity associated with field soils, better PFAS degradation was observed on the FFTA soils over the spiked NSS, and more specifically, on the FFTA clay over the FFTA sand. These results held through scale-up, going from the 1 L to the 25 L cylinders. The results of this study support further scale-up in preparation for on-site pilot tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Battye
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - David J Patch
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Dylan M D Roberts
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Natalia M O'Connor
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren P Turner
- Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Bernard H Kueper
- Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Michael E Hulley
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kela P Weber
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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8
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Zhang Z, Liu X, Huang J, Xu H, Ren W, Lin C, He M, Ouyang W. Horizontal planetary mechanochemical method for rapid and efficient remediation of high-concentration lindane-contaminated soils in an alkaline environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129078. [PMID: 35533523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lindane is a persistent organic pollutant that has attracted worldwide attention because of its threat to human health and environmental security. A horizontal planetary mechanochemical method was developed for rapid and efficient degradation of lindane in soil in an alkaline environment. Under the condition of a very low reagent-to-soil ratio (R = 2%), ball-to-powder ratio (CR = 6:1), rotation speed (r = 300 rpm) and high soil single treatment capacity (SC = 60 g), the lindane in four typical soils (~ 100 mg/kg) can be degraded up to 96.30% in 10 min. This method can also remediate high-concentration lindane-contaminated soil (833 ± 26 mg/kg). The experimental results and theoretical calculations proved that the stepwise dechlorination and final carbonization of lindane in soil are mainly attributed to the combined action of mechanical energy and alkalinity. The bimolecular elimination (E2) reaction was the first step of lindane destruction. Subsequently, the unimolecular elimination (E1) reaction tended to occur with the weakening of alkalinity. Then, benzene was obtained through stepwise hydrogenolysis reaction. The last was the generation of carbon substances by fragmentation or condensation of benzene rings. This work proposes a practical remediation technology for organic contaminated soil and improves the understanding of the degradation pathways of lindane in soil in alkali-assisted mechanochemical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hengpu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wenbo Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
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Recent Advances in the Decontamination and Upgrading of Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Products: An Overview. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research on the production of energy and valuable materials from plastic waste using pyrolysis has been widely conducted during recent years. Succeeding in demonstrating the sustainability of this technology economically and technologically at an industrial scale is a great challenge. In most cases, crude pyrolysis products cannot be used directly for several reasons, including the presence of contaminants. This is confirmed by recent studies, using advanced characterization techniques such as two-dimensional gas chromatography. Thus, to overcome these limitations, post-treatment methods, such as dechlorination, distillation, catalytic upgrading and hydroprocessing, are required. Moreover, the integration of pyrolysis units into conventional refineries is only possible if the waste plastic is pre-treated, which involves sorting, washing and dehalogenation. The different studies examined in this review showed that the distillation of plastic pyrolysis oil allows the control of the carbon distribution of different fractions. The hydroprocessing of pyrolytic oil gives promising results in terms of reducing contaminants, such as chlorine, by one order of magnitude. Recent developments in plastic waste and pyrolysis product characterization methods are also reported in this review. The application of pyrolysis for energy generation or added-value material production determines the economic sustainability of the process.
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10
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Takaya Y, Xiao Y, Tsunazawa Y, Córdova M, Tokoro C. Mechanochemical degradation treatment of TBBPA: A kinetic approach for predicting the degradation rate constant. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2022.103469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Mohan EC, Atoyebi AO, Bruckner C. Studies on the mechanochemically induced chromene-annulation of meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydroxychlorin: Non-innocence of the grinding aids. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424622500122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Wan R, Li X, Wang L, Yang G, Zheng X, Zha Y, Chen Y, Meng J. Ionic copper strengthens the toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) to denitrification by decreasing substrate transport and electron transfer. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126203. [PMID: 34492966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing electrical and electronic waste have raised concerns about the potential toxicity of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and heavy metals (HMs). However, few studies have focused on the combined effect of BFRs and HMs on microorganisms, especially denitrifying bacteria, which have an essential role in N cycles and N2O emission. Herein, we investigate the combined effect of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and Cu on model denitrifying bacteria. A further 24.5% decline in N removal efficiency was observed when 0.05 mg/L Cu were added into a denitrifying system containing 0.75 mg/L TBBPA. Further study demonstrated that Cu heightened the toxicity of TBBPA to denitrification via following aspects: (1) Cu stimulated EPS secretion induced by TBBPA during denitrification, blocked the transmembrane transport of glucose, which caused insufficient carbon substrate for bacteria growth and electron provision; (2) Cu further suppressed key denitrifying enzymes' activity and down-regulated genes involving electron transport induced by TBBPA, led to the decrease of electron transport activity. Finally, the decrease of bacterial growth, insufficient electron donor, and lower electron transport activity caused the synergetic toxic effect of TBBPA and Cu on denitrification. Overall, the present study provides new insights into the combined effect of BFRs and HMs on microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, 189 South of Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, 189 South of Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, 189 South of Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Geng Yang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, 189 South of Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Xiong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yunyi Zha
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, 189 South of Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Yinguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jing Meng
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, 189 South of Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
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Qin B, Lin M, Chen X, Xu Z, Fu Y, Hu J, Ruan J. A novel approach for determining the accurate debromination time in the ball-milling process of nonmetallic particles from waste printed circuit boards by computation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 410:124611. [PMID: 33246811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ball-milling technology is adopted for the debromination of nonmetallic particles of waste printed circuit boards. During the ball-milling process, too short ball-milling time causes insufficient debromination. Excessive ball-milling leads to the waste of resources and the destruction of the main structure of nonmetallic particles resin, unfavorable for the secondary utilization. However, how to determine debromination time of nonmetallic particles in ball-milling process has not been detailed studied. In this study, the ball-milling energy was coupled with the degradation energy of pentabromodiphenyl ether molecule to compute the time for each chemical bond to break. The ball-milling model was used to accurately compute effective mechanical ball-milling energy (1.234 × 10-3 J) generated by a single collision. The average bond energies of C‒O bond, C‒Br bond and C‒H bond (261.24, 302.05 and 489.50 kJ/mol) were analyzed by density functional theory. Under the conditions of 220 r/min and 1.2 g nonmetallic particles and NZVI (4:1). The C‒O bond, C‒Br bond, and C‒H bond fractured completely in turn at 2.25 h, 7.23 h (optimal debromination time), and 11.72 h. Based on the analysis of debromination pathways, it inferred that H2O, HBr, CH3Br, CH4, FeBr2, and graphite were generated. This paper develops a novel idea of the schedule of debromination time of nonmetallic particles, contributing to the directional removal of organic pollutants by ball-milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojia Qin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggao Fu
- China National Electric Apparatus Research Institute Co., Ltd., People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Hu
- China National Electric Apparatus Research Institute Co., Ltd., People's Republic of China
| | - Jujun Ruan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Liu J, Ma S, Lin M, Tang J, Yue C, Zhang Z, Yu Y, An T. New Mixed Bromine/Chlorine Transformation Products of Tetrabromobisphenol A: Synthesis and Identification in Dust Samples from an E-Waste Dismantling Site. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12235-12244. [PMID: 32885965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale production and usage of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its analogues have caused widespread contamination, raising concern about their potential endocrine disruption effects on both humans and ecosystems. In the present study, debromination and unknown mixed bromine/chlorine transformation products of TBBPA (X-BBPA) were screened in dust samples from an e-waste dismantling site. Five monochloro products (2-chloro-2',6,6'-TriBBPA, 2-chloro-2',6-DiBBPA, 2-chloro-2',6'-DiBBPA, 2-chloro-2'-MoBBPA, and 2-chloro-6-MoBBPA) and two dichloro products (2,2'-dichloro-6,6'-DiBBPA and 2,2'-dichloro-6-MoBBPA) were successfully synthesized and structurally identified. TBBPA and its transformation products were detected by comparison of their mass spectra and retention times with those of synthetic standards. The mean concentration of X-BBPA was 1.63 × 104 ng/g in e-waste dismantling workshop dust samples based on dry weight, which was at a similar level to TBBPA. However, it was 1 order of magnitude lower than the concentrations of the debromination congeners. Thus, both debromination and chlorine-bromine exchange may be important reactions during the thermal processing of e-waste. The results on mixed chlorinated/brominated TBBPA transformation products provided new insights into TBBPA transformation. The elevated levels of the transformation products of TBBPA suggested that these products should be targeted to avoid underestimation of possible health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Meiqing Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Congcong Yue
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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15
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Fan G, Liu X, Li X, Lin C, He M, Ouyang W. Mechanochemical treatment with CaO-activated PDS of HCB contaminated soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 257:127207. [PMID: 32505949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical methods with co-milling reagents have been widely used to degrade organic pollutants. In this study, calcium oxide and persulfate were employed as co-milling reagents in a mechanochemical process that showed highly effective degradation of hexachlorobenzene in contaminated soil. The influences of soil particle size and organic matter content were also investigated. The interaction between different factors was analyzed by response surface methodology, and a multi-variate regression equation was obtained relating the soil-to-oxidant mass ratio, rotation speed and organic matter content. The existence of SO4- and OH during the mechanochemical reaction was proved by the indirect detection of benzoquinone and p-hydroxybenzoic acid for the first time, providing a new method for testing free radicals in solid-phase reactions. Finally, a possible activation mechanism and hexachlorobenzene degradation pathway were proposed. This study successfully presents a mild degradation method in the field of hexachlorobenzene contaminated site remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiaowan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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16
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Deng S, Bao Y, Cagnetta G, Huang J, Yu G. Mechanochemical degradation of perfluorohexane sulfonate: Synergistic effect of ferrate(VI) and zero-valent iron. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114789. [PMID: 32559882 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) has been newly recommended to be added into the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). As one of the major perfluoroalkyl pollutants, its long half-time in human serum and neurotoxicity are cause for significant concern. Although mechanochemical degradation has been evaluated as a promising ecofriendly technology to treat pollutants, the extraordinary stability of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) raises harsh requirements for co-milling reagents. In the present study, zero-valent iron (ZVI) and ferrate(VI) were for the first time used as the co-milling reagents to degrade PFHxS. When ZVI and ferrate(VI) were used alone, both the degradation and defluorination efficiencies were low. However, after milling at the optimum ratio (ferrate(VI):ZVI = 1:2) for 4 h, the synergistic effect of ZVI and ferrate(VI) resulted in almost complete degradation (100%) and defluorination (95%). Two points can account for this excellent performance: (1) the mechanochemical energy input in the system initiates and prominently promotes related reactions; and (2) the active species generated from the reactions among ZVI, ferrate(VI) and other high-valent iron species will accelerate the process of electron transfer. The sulfonate group comprises the favorable attack sites, as corroborated by both the identified intermediates and quantum chemical calculations. The homolysis of the C-S bond is not only the triggering step, but also the rate-limiting step. In summary, the present work confirms the feasibility and underlying mechanism of the ZVI-ferrate(VI) co-milling system to defluorinate PFHxS, which might be a promising technology to treat PFASs in solid wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yixiang Bao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Giovanni Cagnetta
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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17
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Wang R, Zhu Z, Tan S, Guo J, Xu Z. Mechanochemical degradation of brominated flame retardants in waste printed circuit boards by Ball Milling. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121509. [PMID: 31708288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) occurred due to mechanical force during the crushing process. In this study, a planetary ball-milling simulation experiment was designed to explore the mechanochemical debromination process of BFRs in WPCBs. The results showed that CaO had a better debromination performance than MgO and the mixture of Fe + SiO2, and high revolution speed and low mass ratio of WPCBs to CaO promoted the degradation of BFRs. After milling for 1 h, the particle size distribution was stable while the debromination efficiency increased with the increase of milling time. Ball milling promoted the migration of bromine from the inside to the new surface of WPCBs powder, and submicron particles adhered to the micron size aggregates. The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) detection showed that the concentrations of most PBDE congeners decreased with the increase of milling time, and a possible degradation pathway was proposed according to the experimental results. All the results provided new data for the mechanism of degradation of BFRs in WPCBs during the mechanical crushing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhixin Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shufei Tan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jie Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
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18
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Zhang J, Jiang WJ, Niu S, Zhang H, Liu J, Li H, Huang GF, Jiang L, Huang WQ, Hu JS, Hu W. Organic Small Molecule Activates Transition Metal Foam for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1906015. [PMID: 32027058 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Developing low-cost, highly efficient, and durable electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is essential for the practical application of electrochemical water splitting. Herein, it is discovered that organic small molecule (hexabromobenzene, HBB) can activate commercial transition metal (Ni, Fe, and NiFe) foam by directly evolving metal nanomeshes embedded in graphene-like films (M-NM@G) through a facile Br-induced solid-phase migration process. Systematic investigations indicate that HBB can conformally generate graphene-like network on bulk metal foam substrate via the cleavage of CBr bonds and the formation of CC linkage. Simultaneously, the cleaved CBr fragments can efficiently extract metal atoms from bulk substrate, in situ producing transition metal nanomeshes embedded in the graphene-like films. As a result, such functional nanostructure can serve as an efficient OER electrocatalyst with a low overpotential and excellent long-term stability. Specifically, the overpotential at 100 mA cm-2 is only 208 mV for NiFe-NM@G, ranking the top-tier OER electrocatalysts. This work demonstrates an intriguing general strategy for directly transforming bulk transition metals into nanostructured functional electrocatalysts via the interaction with organic small molecules, opening up opportunities for bridging the application of organic small molecules in energy technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Organic, Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen-Jie Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shuai Niu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hantang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Organic, Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Organic, Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Gui-Fang Huang
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Organic, Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei-Qing Huang
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jin-Song Hu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China
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19
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Han Q, Dong W, Wang H, Ma H, Gu Y, Tian Y. Degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A by a ferrate(vi)-ozone combination process: advantages, optimization, and mechanistic analysis. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41783-41793. [PMID: 35541608 PMCID: PMC9076470 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07774j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study systematically investigated the ferrate(vi)-ozone combination process for TBBPA degradation. Firstly, the advantages of a ferrate(vi)-ozone combination process were assessed as compared with a sole ozone and ferrate(vi) oxidation process. Then, the performance of the ferrate(vi)-ozone combination process was investigated under different experimental conditions, including the dosing orders of oxidants, dosing concentrations of oxidants, and the initial solution pH. At the same time, toxicity control (including the acute and chronic toxicity) and mineralization were analyzed after optimization. Finally, a mechanism was proposed about the synergetic effects of the ferrate(vi)-ozone combination process for decontamination. The ferrate(vi)-ozone combination process proved to be an efficient and promising technology for removing TBBPA from water. After being pre-oxidized by ferrate(vi) for 3 min and then co-oxidized by the two oxidants, TBBPA of 1.84 μmol L-1 could be completely degraded by dosing only 0.51 μmol L-1 of ferrate(vi) and 10.42 μmol L-1 of ozone within 10 min in wide ranges of pH (5.0-11.0). Up to 91.3% of debromination rate and 80.5% of mineralization rate were obtained, respectively. In addition, no bromate was detected and the acute and chronic toxicity were effectively controlled. The analysis of the proposed mechanism showed that there might exist a superposition effect of the oxidation pathways. In addition, the interactions between the two oxidants were beneficial for the oxidation efficiency of ferrate(vi) and ozone, including the catalytic effect of ferrate(vi) intermediates on ozone and the oxidation of low-valent iron compounds by ozone and the generated ·OH radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Han
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 China +86 755 26033482 +86 755 26033482
| | - Wenyi Dong
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 China +86 755 26033482 +86 755 26033482.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 China +86 755 26033482 +86 755 26033482.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Hang Ma
- School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yurong Gu
- School of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yu Tian
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 China +86 755 26033482 +86 755 26033482
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20
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Chen Z, Lu S, Tang M, Lin X, Qiu Q, He H, Yan J. Mechanochemical stabilization of heavy metals in fly ash with additives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133813. [PMID: 31756830 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry, as a non-thermal method showing remarkable degradation for persistent organic pollutants, is extended to stabilize the heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash in the present study. The leaching suppression of heavy metals (i.e., Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, and Ni) facilitated by five additives during mechanochemical (MC) treatment is systematically investigated, identifying that almost all heavy metals are effectively suppressed with the assistance of either CaO or Ca3(PO4)2. The pH-dependent leaching test further reveals the superiority of Ca3(PO4)2 over CaO for heavy metals stabilization. Moreover, the evolution of heavy metal speciations analysed via an optimized sequential extraction procedure shows that MC treatment with Ca3(PO4)2 significantly reduces the water- and acid-soluble fraction with high mobility from 56.8, 1.39, 12.3, 8.46, 1.13, and 29.5% to 4.96, 0.17, 0.14, 7.36, 0.12, and 0.22%, respectively for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The risk assessment indicates remarkable detoxification of fly ash in terms of heavy metals after MC treatment: the Nemerow pollution index is dramatically decreased from 9.35 (far above 3.0- the threshold of seriously polluted domain) to 0.71 (slightly over 0.7- the threshold of safety domain). Finally, a hypothetical mechanism according with results in this study for MC stabilization of heavy metals in fly ash is proposed as: the conversion of heavy metal compounds from mobile to immobile form through reaction with additives after activated by mechanical energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Minghui Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qili Qiu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China
| | - Hao He
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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21
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Song J, Gao X, Rong Y, Zhang D, Sui H. Mechanism for degradation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane by mechano-chemical ball milling with Fe-Zn bimetal. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 247:681-687. [PMID: 31279145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a non-combustion technique for destruction of persistent organic pollutants, mechanochemical ball milling has attracted research attention worldwide due to high effectiveness, simplicity, and wide applicability. Previous studies have demonstrated that Fe-Zn bimetal outperformed other commonly used reagents such as CaO, Fe and Fe2O3 in mechanochemical destruction of industrial DDT. Mechanistic studies on mechanochemical destruction of persistent organic pollutants are rather limited and mechanisms may differ among reagents and chemicals. The objective of this study was to shed light on mechanisms for DDT destruction by Fe-Zn bimetal based mechanochemical treatment. A kinetics study showed that data for Fe-Zn treatment can be fitted to the Delogu model whereas that of CaO and Fe2O3 treatments followed a pseudo-second-order model. The identification of intermediates and characterization of the solid phase of the ground material revealed that dechlorination, dehydrochlorination, benzene-ring breaking, as well as splicing and condensation of small molecules occurred during the milling process. Cleavage and dehydrogenation eventually converted benzene-ring compounds into graphite and amorphous carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuzhou Rong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Dongge Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Hong Sui
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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22
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Wang N, Lv H, Zhou Y, Zhu L, Hu Y, Majima T, Tang H. Complete Defluorination and Mineralization of Perfluorooctanoic Acid by a Mechanochemical Method Using Alumina and Persulfate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8302-8313. [PMID: 31149813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a persistent organic pollutant that has received concerns worldwide due to its extreme resistance to conventional degradation. A mechanochemical (MC) method was developed for complete degradation of PFOA by using alumina (Al2O3) and potassium persulfate (PS) as comilling agents. After ball milling for 2 h, the MC treatment using Al2O3 or PS caused conversion of PFOA to either 1-H-1-perfluoroheptene or dimers with a defluorination efficiency lower than 20%, but that using both Al2O3 and PS caused degradation of PFOA with a defluorination of 100% and a mineralization of 98%. This method also caused complete defluorination of other C3∼C6 homologues of PFOA. The complete defluorination of PFOA attributes to Al2O3 and PS led to the weakening of the C-F bond in PFOA and the generation of hydroxyl radical (•OH), respectively. During the MC degradation, Al2O3 strongly anchors PFOA through COO--Al coordination and in situ formed from Lewis-base interaction and PS through hydrogen bond. Meanwhile, mechanical effects induce the homolytic cleavage of PS to produce SO4•-, which reacts with OH group of Al2O3 to generate •OH. The degradation of PFOA is initiated by decarboxylation as a result of weakened C-COO- due to Al3+ coordination. The subsequent addition of •OH, elimination of HF, and reaction with water induce the stepwise removal of all carboxyl groups and F atoms as CO2 and F-, respectively. Thus, complete defluorination and mineralization are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
| | - Hanqing Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
| | - Yue Hu
- College of Resourcesand Environmental , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
| | - Tetsuro Majima
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
| | - Heqing Tang
- College of Resourcesand Environmental , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
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Qiao W, Ge X, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Yu L, Wang H, Xu Y, Wang Q. Degradation of endosulfan by high-energy ball milling with CaO: process and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:18541-18553. [PMID: 31054058 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical degradation (MCD) technology has shown its remarkable potential in the disposal of persistent organochlorines in a non-combustion manner. In the present study, endosulfan, as the newly listed persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Stockholm Convention, was investigated for its feasibility of mechanochemical destruction using high-energy ball milling. Using calcium oxide (CaO) as a co-milling reagent, the degradation efficiency of endosulfan was nearly 100% after ball milling for 60 min, while the dechlorination efficiency and the sulfate formation efficiency were delayed for endosulfan degradation. After ball milling for 120 min, the dechlorination efficiency and sulfate formation efficiency reached 87.55% and 26.28%, respectively. Based on the measurement results from various material characterization approaches, the main degradation pathway of endosulfan was proposed as sequential dechlorination followed by the destruction of hydrocarbon skeleton. The GC-MS analysis confirmed that complete desulfurization and dechlorination had been realized finally. This study provides an option for the way toward the efficient and rapid destruction of endosulfan as a new POPs using mechanochemical technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichuan Qiao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xiuxiu Ge
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yunhao Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Haizhu Wang
- State Key Lab of High Power Semiconductor Laser of Changchun University Science and Technology, Changchun University Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China.
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Physics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Quhui Wang
- State Key Lab of High Power Semiconductor Laser of Changchun University Science and Technology, Changchun University Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
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Zhiliang C, Minghui T, Shengyong L, Buekens A, Jiamin D, Qili Q, Jianhua Y. Mechanochemical degradation of PCDD/Fs in fly ash within different milling systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 223:188-195. [PMID: 30780029 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two distinct mechanochemical degradation (MCD) methods are adopted to eliminate the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) from fly ash in municipal solid waste incinerators. First, experiments are conducted in a planetary ball mill for selecting suitable additives, and an additive system of SiO2-Al is chosen for its high-efficiency, low-price, and good practicability. The I-TEQ value of PCDD/Fs in washed fly ash decreases dramatically from 6.75 to 0.64 ng I-TEQ/g, after 14 h of milling with 10 wt % SiO2-Al, and dechlorination is identified as the major degradation pathway. Then, this additive is applied in a horizontal ball mill, and the results indicate that the degradation of PCDD/Fs follows the kinetic model established in planetary ball mills. However, longer milling time is required for the same supplied-energy because of the lower energy density of horizontal ball mills, resulting in partial loss of Al reactivity and a lower degradation efficiency of PCDD/Fs. During MCD, the evolution of PCDD/F-signatures is analogous, indicating a similar acting mechanism of all additives in both the two milling systems. Finally, a major dechlorination pathway of PCDD-congeners is proposed based on the signature analysis of congeners synthesized from chlorophenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhiliang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tang Minghui
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lu Shengyong
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Alfons Buekens
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ding Jiamin
- Research Institute of Zhejiang University-Taizhou, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Qiu Qili
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yan Jianhua
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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25
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Wang S, Wang Z, Hao C, Peijnenburg WJGM. A DFT/TDDFT study on the mechanisms of direct and indirect photodegradation of tetrabromobisphenol A in water. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:40-46. [PMID: 30579172 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is the most widely used commercial brominated flame retardant. However, the mechanisms underlying the photodegradation of TBBPA remain unclear. Here we use density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory to examine the photodegradation of the two species of TBBPA in water: TBBPA (neutral form) and TBBPA- (anionic form). The study includes direct photodegradation and indirect photodegradation of TBBPA with ·OH and 1O2. The results of the calculations indicate that indirect photodegradation of TBBPA and TBBPA- with ·OH occurs via OH-addition and Br-substitution. All of the OH-addition and Br-substitution pathways are exothermic. Indirect photodegradation of TBBPA and TBBPA- by 1O2 proceeds via H abstraction by 1O2.Ea was higher for H abstraction of TBBPA than H abstraction of TBBPA-. The mechanisms for the direct photodegradation of TBBPA and TBBPA- include debromination, C1C7/C7C13 cleavage, and cyclization. CBr cleavage was observed in the optimized geometries of TBBPA and TBBPA- at the lowest excited triplet state. However, high Ea values and an endothermic nature indicated that C1C7/C7C13 cleavage and cyclization reactions were not the main pathways. OH-adducts, Br-substitution products, H-abstraction (by 1O2) products, and debromination products were the main products of photodegradation of TBBPA. These findings provide useful information for risk assessment and pollution control of brominated flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden 2300 RA, the Netherlands
| | - Zhuang Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Ce Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden 2300 RA, the Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Center for the Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven 3720 BA, the Netherlands
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26
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Atoyebi AO, Brückner C. Observations on the Mechanochemical Insertion of Zinc(II), Copper(II), Magnesium(II), and Select Other Metal(II) Ions into Porphyrins. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:9631-9642. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adewole O. Atoyebi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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27
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Arora L, Prakash R, Pundeer R. Developments in the synthesis of α,α-dibromoacetophenones and related compounds. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1579915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loveena Arora
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Richa Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Rashmi Pundeer
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
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28
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Deng S, Feng N, Kang S, Zhu J, Yu B, Chen J, Xie X. Mechanochemical formation of chlorinated phenoxy radicals and their roles in the remediation of hexachlorobenzene contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 352:172-181. [PMID: 29609149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical degradation (MCD) is a promising eco-friendly method to dispose persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Mechanically induced free-radical attack was thought to be one of the key elements in initiating and accelerating the dechlorination and degradation of POPs. In this study, mechanochemical formation of free-radicals and their roles in the remediation of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) contaminated soil were explored using both of experimental analysis and quantum chemical calculations. It was found that chlorinated phenoxy radicals(CB-O) can be produced in the milling process and they played a vital role in the dechlorination of HCB, based on the results of electron spin-resonance (ESR) and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). Two transition states of mechanochemical reaction along the formation of pentachlorinated phenoxy radical (PeCB-O) were located, with the energy barriers of 39.4 and 3.4 kJ/mol. The localized orbital locator (LOL), Mayer bond order and topological analysis were also implemented to depict the process in detail. Free-radical attack dominated dechlorination pathway of HCB in the MCD process was also verified by the Fukui function analysis. The study on the mechanically-induced generation of free-radicals and their associated modes of action on the degradation of HCB will provide a deep insight into mechanochemical remediation mechanism of POPs contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Deng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nannan Feng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoguo Kang
- Yunnan Institute of Environmental Science, Kunming 650034, China
| | - Jianxin Zhu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bo Yu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
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29
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Lucas D, Petty SM, Keen O, Luedeka B, Schlummer M, Weber R, Yazdani R, Riise B, Rhodes J, Nightingale D, Diamond ML, Vijgen J, Lindeman A, Blum A, Koshland CP. Methods of Responsibly Managing End-of-Life Foams and Plastics Containing Flame Retardants: Part II. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE 2018; 35:588-602. [PMID: 29892191 PMCID: PMC5994147 DOI: 10.1089/ees.2017.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This is Part II of a review covering the wide range of issues associated with all aspects of the use and responsible disposal of foam and plastic wastes containing toxic or potentially toxic flame retardants. We identify basic and applied research needs in the areas of responsible collection, pretreatment, processing, and management of these wastes. In Part II, we explore alternative technologies for the management of halogenated flame retardant (HFR) containing wastes, including chemical, mechanical, and thermal processes for recycling, treatment, and disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Lucas
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - Sara M. Petty
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California
| | - Olya Keen
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Bob Luedeka
- Polyurethane Foam Association, Inc., Loudon, Tennessee
| | - Martin Schlummer
- Fraunhofer-Institut fur Verfahrenstechnik und Verpackung, Freising, Germany
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Göppingen, Germany
| | - Ramin Yazdani
- Yolo County Public Works Department, Planning, Public Works, Environ Services, Woodland, California
| | | | | | | | - Miriam L. Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - John Vijgen
- International HCH & Pesticides Association, Copenhagen Area, Capital Region, Denmark
| | | | - Arlene Blum
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California
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30
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Cagnetta G, Zhang K, Zhang Q, Huang J, Yu G. Mechanochemical pre-treatment for viable recycling of plastic waste containing haloorganics. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 75:181-186. [PMID: 29433901 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical recycling technologies are the most promising for a waste-to-energy/material recovery of plastic waste. However, 30% of such waste cannot be treated in this way due to the presence of halogenated organic compounds, which are often utilized as flame retardants. In fact, high quantities of hydrogen halides and dioxin would form. In order to enabling such huge amount of plastic waste as viable feedstock for recycling, an investigation on mechanochemical pre-treatment by high energy ball milling is carried out on polypropylene containing decabromodiphenyl ether. Results demonstrate that co-milling with zero valent iron and quartz sand ensures complete debromination and mineralization of the flame retardant. Furthermore, a comparative experiment demonstrates that the mechanochemical debromination kinetics is roughly proportional to the polymer-to-haloorganics mass ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cagnetta
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOCC), Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kunlun Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOCC), Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321007, China
| | - Qiwu Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOCC), Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOCC), Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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31
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Han Q, Dong W, Wang H, Liu T, Tian Y, Song X. Degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A by ferrate(VI) oxidation: Performance, inorganic and organic products, pathway and toxicity control. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:92-102. [PMID: 29421765 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study systematically investigated the degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) by ferrate (VI) oxidation. The reaction kinetics between ferrate (VI) with TBBPA were studied under pseudo-first-order conditions in the pH range 5.5-10.5. Then, a series of batch experiments were carried out to investigate other factors, including the ferrate (VI) dosage, temperature and interfering ions. Additionally, the generation of inorganic products (bromide ion and bromate) was evaluated. The organic intermediates were identified, and possible pathways were proposed. In addition, the toxicity variation was analyzed with marine luminous bacteria (V. fischeri). Degradation of TBBPA by ferrate (VI) oxidation was confirmed to be an effective and environmentally friendly technique. The reaction was fitted with a second-order rate model. With a ferrate (VI) dosage of 25.25 μmol/L, TBBPA concentration of 1.84 μmol/L, an initial pH of 7.0, and a temperature of 25 °C, a 99.06% TBBPA removal was achieved within 30 min. The evaluation of inorganic products showed that the capacity of ferrate (VI) oxidation to yield bromide ions was relatively strong and could prevent the formation of bromate compared to photocatalytic and mechanochemical techniques. Eleven intermediates were identified, and the proposed degradation pathway indicated that TBBPA might undergo debromination, beta scission, substitution, deprotonation and oxidation. The results of toxicity testing showed that ferrate (VI) could effectively control the toxicity of the treated samples, although the toxicity increased in the initial reaction stage due to the accumulation and destruction of more toxic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Han
- School of Civil and Environment Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Wenyi Dong
- School of Civil and Environment Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Hongjie Wang
- School of Civil and Environment Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Tongzhou Liu
- School of Civil and Environment Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yu Tian
- School of Civil and Environment Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin Song
- School of Civil and Environment Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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32
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Zhang X, Zhang H, Xiang Y, Hao S, Zhang Y, Guo R, Cheng X, Xie M, Cheng Q, Li B. Synthesis of silver phosphate/graphene oxide composite and its enhanced visible light photocatalytic mechanism and degradation pathways of tetrabromobisphenol A. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 342:353-363. [PMID: 28850913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, silver phosphate/graphene oxide (Ag3PO4/GO) composite was synthesized by ultrasound-precipitation processes. Afterwards, physicochemical properties of the resulting samples were studied through scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption/desorption, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, surface photovoltage spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical measurements. Results indicated that spherical Ag3PO4 displayed an average diameter of 150 nm and body-centered cubic crystal phase, which was integrated with GO. In addition, the visible light absorbance, charge separation efficiency and lifetime of Ag3PO4 were significantly improved by integration with GO. In addition, Ag3PO4/GO composite was applied to decompose tetrabromosphenol A (TBBPA) in water body. It was found that TBBPA could be completely decomposed within 60 min illumination. Furthermore, several scavenger experiments were conducted to distinguish the contribution of reactive species to the photoctalytic efficiency. Moreover, the enhanced visible light mechanism of Ag3PO4/GO was proposed and discussed. Eventually, several PC decomposition pathways of TBBPA were identified including directly debromination and oxidation, and subsequently further oxidation and hydroxylation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Huixuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yanying Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Sibei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Ruonan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xiuwen Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinning Road 18, Chengxi District, Xining 810008, PR China.
| | - Mingzheng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Qingfeng Cheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, PR China.
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinning Road 18, Chengxi District, Xining 810008, PR China
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33
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Chen Z, Lu S, Mao Q, Buekens A, Tang M, Wang Y, Ding J, Wu A, Yan J. Accelerating Dechlorination Using Calcium Oxide with the Assistance of Metallic Aluminum in Mechanochemical Reaction. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Qiongjing Mao
- Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, College of Architecture Engineering, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Alfons Buekens
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Minghui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jiamin Ding
- Research Institute of Zhejiang University-Taizhou, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
| | - Angjian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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34
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Chen Z, Lu S, Mao Q, Buekens A, Wang Y, Yan J. Energy transfer and kinetics in mechanochemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:24562-24571. [PMID: 28905184 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry (MC) exerts extraordinary degradation and decomposition effects on many chlorinated, brominated, and even fluorinated persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, its application is still limited by inadequate study of its reaction kinetic aspects. In the present work, the ball motion and energy transfer in planetary ball mill are investigated in some detail. Almost all milling parameters are summarised in a single factor-total effective impact energy. Furthermore, the MC kinetic between calcium oxide/Al and hexachlorobenzene is well established and modelled. The results indicate that total effective impact energy and reagent ratio are the two factors sufficient for describing the MC degradation degree of POPs. The reaction rate constant only depends on the chemical properties of reactants, so it could be used as an important index to appraise the quality of MC additives. This model successfully predicts the reaction rate for different operating conditions, indicating that it could be suitably applied for conducting MC reactions in other reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Qiongjing Mao
- Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, College of Architecture Engineering, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Alfons Buekens
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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35
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Chen Z, Mao Q, Lu S, Buekens A, Xu S, Wang X, Yan J. Dioxins degradation and reformation during mechanochemical treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 180:130-140. [PMID: 28399455 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical dechlorination and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/F) on fly ash from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration was tested with and without additives (CaO and CaO/aluminium powder). The first results disappointed because of obvious PCDD/F-reformation and a second test series was conducted after removing soluble salts (NaCl, KCl …) by thorough two-stage water washing. This second test series was successful and demonstrated good destruction results, especially with combined CaO/aluminium powder as additive. In a third test series salt was again added to the water-washed fly ash, and the first, poor results were largely reconstituted. For all tests a fairly complete (94 out of 136 congeners) isomer-specific analysis was conducted and analysed, allowing to differentiate between, e.g., 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/F and congeners formed following the chlorophenol route. The first became more important in the samples series Fly Ash, Milled Fly Ash, milling with added CaO, and milling with CaO/aluminium-addition. The second follow the opposite trend. This isomer-specific analysis will form the basis for further study using Principal Component Analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qiongjing Mao
- Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, College of Architecture Engineering, 310018, China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Alfons Buekens
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shuaixi Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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36
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Lu M, Lv T, Li Y, Peng Z, Cagnetta G, Sheng S, Huang J, Yu G, Weber R. Formation of brominated and chlorinated dioxins and its prevention during a pilot test of mechanochemical treatment of PCB and PBDE contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:20072-20081. [PMID: 28702904 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The destruction of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is a large challenge in particular in developing and emerging economies. To date, a detailed assessment of non-combustion technologies with respect to formation of dioxins is lacking. In this study, an assessment of mechanochemical (MC) destruction technology for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in contaminated soil remediation was conducted. Actual applied conditions of pilot-scale MC POPs destruction process indicates that the temperature increase inside the ball mills has the potential to form high levels of toxic polybrominated and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PXDD/Fs) when dioxin precursors are present. Therefore, the MC technology was modified for treatment of the PCB and PBDE containing soil including an efficient cooling system which could prevent the formation of PXDD/F during the destruction of PCBs and PBDEs. This is likely relevant for all contaminated soils containing relevant dioxin precursor and need to be considered for treatment of soils with MC and probably other non-combustion technologies. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Lu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tianwu Lv
- CSD Emerging Environmental Technology Center (CETC) (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Ying Li
- Foreign Economic Cooperation Office, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Zheng Peng
- Foreign Economic Cooperation Office, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Giovanni Cagnetta
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shouxiang Sheng
- CSD Emerging Environmental Technology Center (CETC) (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Lindenfirststr. 23, 73527, SchwäbischGmünd, Germany
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37
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Deng S, Kang S, Feng N, Zhu J, Yu B, Xie X, Chen J. Mechanochemical mechanism of rapid dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 333:116-127. [PMID: 28342352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent researches indicate that mechanochemical treatment (MCT) is a promising method to degrade the environmental hazards, especially in the area of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) disposal. However, the mechanochemical dechlorination mechanism of POPs still needs to be further verified. In this mechanochemical process, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was chosen as a model pollutant with aluminum and alumina (Al+Al2O3) powders as the co-milling regents. Both of the intermediate analysis and quantum chemical calculations were adopted to elucidate the free radical dechlorination mechanism of HCB. The solid residues were characterized by electron spin-resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectra, which proposed that the radicals formed in the mechanochemical process were chlorinated phenoxyl radicals (CB-O). Four quantum chemical descriptors were selected in predicting the intermediates and reaction pathway: (i) atomic charge, (ii) electrostatic potential (ESP), (iii) frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) theory and (iv) dual descriptor. Then, a stepwise dechlorination mechanism based on CB-O was proposed. It was found that the intermediates and radical-related reactions in the mechanochemical dechlorination of HCB are quite different from that happen in a typical photocatalytic dechlorination process. Impacts of different radical reactions on the dechlorination of HCB were also compared at last.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Deng
- Department of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoguo Kang
- BCEG Environmental Remediation Co. Ltd.,No.6 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Nannan Feng
- Department of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianxin Zhu
- Department of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bo Yu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University,Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University,Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University,Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
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38
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Zhao ZH, Li XD, Ni MJ, Chen T, Yan JH. Remediation of PCB-contaminated soil using a combination of mechanochemical method and thermal desorption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:11800-11806. [PMID: 28342079 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8734-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The combination of mechanochemical method and thermal desorption for remediating polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in contaminated soil was tested in this study. The effects of grinding time and heating time on PCB removal efficiency were investigated. The contaminated soil, mixed with CaO powder at a weight ratio of 1:1, was first ground using a planetary ball mill. After 4 h of grinding, the total PCB concentration and its toxic equivalence quantity (TEQ) decreased by 74.6 and 75.8%, respectively. Then, after being heated at 500 °C for 60 min, the residual PCBs in mechanochemical + thermal treated soil decreased to 247 ng/g, resulting in a removal efficiency of 99.95%. The removal effect can be promoted by longer grinding time and heating time; however, increased energy consumption was inevitable. The combination of grinding time and heating time should be optimized in a practical remediation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Ming-Jiang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jian-Hua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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39
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Wang H, Hwang J, Huang J, Xu Y, Yu G, Li W, Zhang K, Liu K, Cao Z, Ma X, Wei Z, Wang Q. Mechanochemical remediation of PCB contaminated soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:333-340. [PMID: 27810532 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Soil contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is a ubiquitous problem in the world, which can cause significant risks to human health and the environment. Mechanochemical destruction (MCD) has been recognized as a promising technology for the destruction of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and other organic molecules in both solid waste and contaminated soil. However, few studies have been published about the application of MCD technology for the remediation of PCB contaminated soil. In the present study, the feasibility of destroying PCBs in contaminated soil by co-grinding with and without additives in a planetary ball mill was investigated. After 4 h milling time, more than 96% of PCBs in contaminated soil samples were destroyed. The residual concentrations of PCBs decreased from 1000 mg/kg to below the provisional Basel Convention limit of less than 50 mg/kg. PCDD/F present in the original soil at levels of 4200 ng TEQ/kg was also destroyed with even a slightly higher destruction efficiency. Only minor dechlorinations of the PCBs were observed and the destruction of the hydrocarbon skeleton is proposed as the main degradation pathway of PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhu Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; State Key Laboratory of High Power Semiconductor Laser, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Jisu Hwang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Physics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, PR China
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Wenchao Li
- CSD IDEA (Beijing) Environmental Test & Analysis Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100192, PR China
| | - Kunlun Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of High Power Semiconductor Laser, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of High Power Semiconductor Laser, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Quhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Power Semiconductor Laser, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, PR China
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40
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Li Y, Liu Q, Li W, Lu Y, Meng H, Li C. Efficient destruction of hexachlorobenzene by calcium carbide through mechanochemical reaction in a planetary ball mill. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 166:275-280. [PMID: 27700994 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical destruction (MCD) is a good alternative to traditional incineration for the destruction of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), like hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and the key is to find an efficient co-milling reagent. Toward this aim, HCB was milled with various reagents in a planetary ball mill at room temperature, and CaC2 was found to be the best one. HCB can be destroyed completely within 20 min at a mass ratio of CaC2/HCB = 0.9 and a rotation speed of 300 rpm. The ground samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that the destruction products are nonhazardous CaCl2 and carbon material with both crystalline and amorphous structures. On these bases, possible reaction pathways were proposed. Considering its excellent efficiency and safety, CaC2 may be the most feasible co-milling regent for MCD treatment of HCB. Further, the results are instructive for the destruction of other POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China; College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Qingnan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China; College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China; College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yingzhou Lu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Hong Meng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Chunxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China; College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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41
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Zhao Z, Ni M, Li X, Buekens A, Yan J. Combined mechanochemical and thermal treatment of PCBs contaminated soil. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01493g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study combines a preliminary mechanochemical treatment and a subsequent thermal desorption for remediating soil, contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Institute for Thermal Power Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Mingjiang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Institute for Thermal Power Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Institute for Thermal Power Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Alfons Buekens
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Institute for Thermal Power Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Institute for Thermal Power Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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42
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Li D, Mao Z, Zhong Y, Huang W, Wu Y, Peng P. Reductive transformation of tetrabromobisphenol A by sulfidated nano zerovalent iron. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 103:1-9. [PMID: 27423531 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies showed that sulfidated nano zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) is a better alternative to non-sulfidated nano zerovalent iron (NS-nZVI) commonly used for contaminated site remediation. However, its reactivity with different halogenated pollutants such as tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) remains unclear. In this study, we explored the reductive transformation of TBBPA by S-nZVI and compared it with that by NS-nZVI. The results showed that over 90% of the initial TBBPA (20 mg L(-1)) was transformed by S-nZVI within 24 h of reaction, which was 1.65 times as high as that for NS-nZVI. The TBBPA transformation by S-nZVI was well described by a pseudo-first-order kinetic model, whilst that by NS-nZVI was well fitted by a three-parameter single exponential decay model. After 11 weeks of aging, S-nZVI was still able to transform up to 56% of the initial TBBPA within 24 h of reaction; by contrast, the two-week aged NS-nZVI lost more than 95% of its original capacity to transform TBBPA. Moreover, S-nZVI showed only an approximately 20% decrease in its capacity to transform TBBPA in the seventh cycle, while NS-nZVI was no longer able to transform TBBPA in the fourth cycle. XPS analysis suggested the formation of FeS layer on S-nZVI surface and electrochemical analysis revealed an elevated electron transfer capacity of S-nZVI, which were likely responsible for the superior performances of S-nZVI in TBBPA transformation. While the transformation rate of TBBPA by S-nZVI decreased with increasing initial concentration of TBBPA, it showed an increasing trend with increasing S/Fe ratio and initial concentration of S-nZVI. The study indicated that S-nZVI has the potential to be a promising alternative to NS-nZVI for remediation of TBBPA-contaminated aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Weilin Huang
- Department of Environmental Sciences Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Yundang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou 510640, China
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43
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Cagnetta G, Robertson J, Huang J, Zhang K, Yu G. Mechanochemical destruction of halogenated organic pollutants: A critical review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 313:85-102. [PMID: 27054668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many tons of intentionally produced obsolete halogenated persistent organic pollutants (POPs), are stored worldwide in stockpiles, often in an unsafe manner. These are a serious threat to the environment and to human health due to their ability to migrate and accumulate in the biosphere. New technologies, alternatives to combustion, are required to destroy these substances, hopefully to their complete mineralization. In the last 20 years mechanochemical destruction has shown potential to achieve pollutant degradation, both of the pure substances and in contaminated soils. This capability has been tested for many halogenated pollutants, with various reagents, and under different milling conditions. In the present paper, a review of the published work in this field is followed by a critique of the state of the art of POPs mechanochemical destruction and its applicability to full-scale halogenated waste treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cagnetta
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOCC), School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - John Robertson
- School of Applied Sciences, AUT University, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOCC), School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Kunlun Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOCC), School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOCC), School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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44
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Cagnetta G, Liu H, Zhang K, Huang J, Wang B, Deng S, Wang Y, Yu G. Mechanochemical conversion of brominated POPs into useful oxybromides: a greener approach. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28394. [PMID: 27325373 PMCID: PMC4914857 DOI: 10.1038/srep28394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brominated organic pollutants are considered of great concern for their adverse effect on human health and the environment, so an increasing number of such compounds are being classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Mechanochemical destruction is a promising technology for POPs safe disposal because it can achieve their complete carbonization by solvent-free high energy ball milling at room temperature. However, a large amount of co-milling reagent usually is necessary, so a considerable volume of residue is produced. In the present study a different approach to POPs mechanochemical destruction is proposed. Employing stoichiometric quantities of Bi2O3 or La2O3 as co-milling reagent, brominated POPs are selectively and completely converted into their corresponding oxybromides (i.e. BiOBr and LaOBr), which possess very peculiar properties and can be used for some actual and many more potential applications. In this way, bromine is beneficially reused in the final product, while POPs carbon skeleton is safely destroyed to amorphous carbon. Moreover, mechanochemical destruction is employed in a greener and more sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cagnetta
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOCC), School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Han Liu
- Beijing Normal University, School of Environment, 19 Xinjiekouwai St., Haidian District, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Kunlun Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOCC), School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOCC), School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOCC), School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shubo Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOCC), School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yujue Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOCC), School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOCC), School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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He M, Li X, Zhang S, Sun J, Cao H, Wang W. Mechanistic and kinetic investigation on OH-initiated oxidation of tetrabromobisphenol A. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 153:262-269. [PMID: 27018518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Detailed mechanism of the OH-initiated transformation of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) has been investigated by quantum chemical methods in this paper. Abstraction reactions of hydrogen atoms from the OH groups and CH3 groups of TBBPA are the dominant pathways of the initial reactions. The produced phenolic-type radical and alkyl-type radical may transfer to 4,4'-(ethene-1,1-diyl)bis(2,6-dibromophenol), 4-acetyl-2,6-dibromophenol and 2,6-dibromobenzoquinone at high temperature. In water, major products are 2,6-dibromo-p-hydroquinone, 4-isopropylene-2,6-dibromophenol and 4-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)-2,6-dibromophenol resulting from the addition reactions. Total rate constants of the initial reaction are 1.02 × 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) in gas phase and 1.93 × 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) in water at 298 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Shiqing Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Jianfei Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Haijie Cao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
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Liu X, Zhang X, Zhang K, Qi C. Sodium persulfate-assisted mechanochemical degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A: Efficacy, products and pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:551-558. [PMID: 26359264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, activated persulfate (PS) oxidation has been developed as a new advanced oxidation process for the degradation of organic pollutants. On the other hand, the mechanochemical method has exhibited a unique advantage in dealing with chemical wastes. The degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a widely used brominated flame retardant (BFR), in wastes has attracted considerable attention. In this study, the efficacy of a CaO-mechanochemical (CaO-MC) treatment system assisted by the addition of PS for the degradation of TBBPA was investigated. Under the optimum reaction conditions with a mole ratio of PS:CaO = 1:4 and less than 12.5% of TBBPA by mass, the degradation and debromination of TBBPA were completed within 2 h, while the mineralization was completed within 4 h. Characterization of the milled sample by XRD revealed that CaSO4 crystallization occurred. The TG results illustrate that there was little organic matter left after 4 h of milling. Raman and FT-IR spectra exhibited the TBBPA destruction process and disappearance of the organic groups. Through analysis by LC/MS/MS, seventeen intermediates were identified. The mechanism of TBBPA degradation by the PS-assisted CaO-MC treatment system was explained from two aspects, the course of crystallization and the degradation of TBBPA by activated PS, and two parallel initiation pathways were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Kunlun Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chengdu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Liang L, Ju L, Hu J, Zhang W, Wang X. Transport of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS)-dispersed carbon nanotubes and enhanced mobility of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in saturated porous media. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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48
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Shen Y, Zhao R, Wang J, Chen X, Ge X, Chen M. Waste-to-energy: Dehalogenation of plastic-containing wastes. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 49:287-303. [PMID: 26764134 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The dehalogenation measurements could be carried out with the decomposition of plastic wastes simultaneously or successively. This paper reviewed the progresses in dehalogenation followed by thermochemical conversion of plastic-containing wastes for clean energy production. The pre-treatment method of MCT or HTT can eliminate the halogen in plastic wastes. The additives such as alkali-based metal oxides (e.g., CaO, NaOH), iron powders and minerals (e.g., quartz) can work as reaction mediums and accelerators with the objective of enhancing the mechanochemical reaction. The dehalogenation of waste plastics could be achieved by co-grinding with sustainable additives such as bio-wastes (e.g., rice husk), recyclable minerals (e.g., red mud) via MCT for solid fuels production. Interestingly, the solid fuel properties (e.g., particle size) could be significantly improved by HTT in addition with lignocellulosic biomass. Furthermore, the halogenated compounds in downstream thermal process could be eliminated by using catalysts and adsorbents. Most dehalogenation of plastic wastes primarily focuses on the transformation of organic halogen into inorganic halogen in terms of halogen hydrides or salts. The integrated process of MCT or HTT with the catalytic thermal decomposition is a promising way for clean energy production. The low-cost additives (e.g., red mud) used in the pre-treatment by MCT or HTT lead to a considerable synergistic effects including catalytic effect contributing to the follow-up thermal decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials (ECM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Rong Zhao
- College of Hunanities and Social Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautic, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials (ECM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Xingming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials (ECM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials (ECM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials (ECM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
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Huang A, Zhang Z, Wang N, Zhu L, Zou J. Green mechanochemical oxidative decomposition of powdery decabromodiphenyl ether with persulfate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 302:158-165. [PMID: 26474378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed for efficiently degrading powdery decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) by using mechanochemical (MC) activation of persulfate (PS). Characteristic Raman spectra of BDE209 corresponding to CBr and CO bonds were decreased in intensity and finally disappeared as the MC reaction proceeded. The BDE209 removal was influenced by the molar ratio of PS to BDE209, the mass ratio of milling ball to reaction mixtures, the ball size, and the ball rotation speed. Under optimal conditions, the new method could achieve a complete degradation, debromination and mineralization of BDE209 within 3h of milling. However, the degradation removal (or debromination efficiency) was decreased to only 51.7% (15.6%) and 67.8% (31.5%) for the use of CaO and peroxymonosulfate, respectively. The analyses of products demonstrated that once the degradation was initiated, BDE209 molecules were deeply debrominated and fully mineralized in the MC-PS system. The strong oxidizing ability of this system was due to the reactive sulfate radicals generated from the MC-enhanced activation of PS, which was confirmed with electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Because no toxic low brominated polybrominated diphenyl ethers were accumulated as byproducts, the proposed MC oxidative degradation method will have promising applications in the treatment of solid BDE209 at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizhen Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Jing Zou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, PR China
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Wu Y, Li Y, Kang D, Wang J, Zhang Y, Du D, Pan B, Lin Z, Huang C, Dong Q. Tetrabromobisphenol A and heavy metal exposure via dust ingestion in an e-waste recycling region in Southeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:356-364. [PMID: 26410710 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate a prevalent brominated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and four heavy metals of Pb, Cr, As, Cd in dust samples (52 indoor and 52 outdoor) collected from residential houses in an e-waste recycling area in Southeast China. For TBBPA, the mean concentration in indoor dust (3435 ng/g, dw) was higher than that in outdoor dust (1998 ng/g, dw). For heavy metals, the mean concentrations of Pb, Cr, As, Cd were 399, 151, 48.13, and 5.85 mg/kg in indoor dust, respectively, and were 328, 191, 17.59, and 4.07 mg/kg in outdoor dust, respectively. Except for As, concentrations of TBBPA and other metals decreased with the increased distance away from the e-waste recycling center, suggesting significant contribution of e-waste activities. The daily exposure doses of TBBPA ranged from 0.04 to 7.50 ng/kg-bw/day for adults and from 0.31 to 58.54 ng/kg-bw/day for children, representing the highest values reported to date for TBBPA exposure via dust ingestion. Daily exposure doses of Cr, As, and Cd were all below the reference doses. However, daily exposure dose of Pb for children in areas near the e-waste processing center was above the reference dose, posing significant health concern for children in that region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wu
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Duan Kang
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Dongli Du
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Bishu Pan
- Taizhou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, PR China
| | - Zhenkun Lin
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Changjiang Huang
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China.
| | - Qiaoxiang Dong
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China.
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