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Hernández F, Ibáñez M, Portoles T, Hidalgo-Troya A, Ramírez JD, Paredes MA, Hidalgo AF, García AM, Galeano LA. High resolution mass spectrometry-based screening for the comprehensive investigation of organic micropollutants in surface water and wastewater from Pasto city, Colombian Andean highlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171293. [PMID: 38417505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The complexity of the aquatic environment scenario, including the impact of urban wastewater, together with the huge number of potential hazardous compounds that may be present in waters, makes the comprehensive characterization of the samples an analytical challenge, particularly in relation to the presence of organic micropollutants (OMPs). Nowadays, the potential of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for wide-scope screening in environmental samples is out of question. Considering the physicochemical characteristics of OMPs, the coupling of liquid (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) to HRMS is mandatory. In this work, we have explored the combined use of LC and GC coupled to Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (QTOF MS) for screening of surface water and wastewater samples from Pasto (Nariño), a town of the Colombian Andean highlands (average altitude 2527 m), located in an important agricultural area. The upper basin of the Pasto River is impacted by phytosanitary products used in different crops, whereas the domestic wastewater is directly discharged into the river without any treatment, enhancing the anthropogenic impact on the water quality. The OMP searching was made by target (standards available) and suspect (without standards) approaches, using home-made databases containing >2000 compounds. Up to 15 pesticides (7 insecticides, 6 fungicides and 2 herbicides) were identified in the sampling point of the Pasto River up to the town, while no pharmaceuticals were found at this site, illustrating the impact of agriculture practices. On the contrary, 14 pharmaceuticals (7 antibiotics and 3 analgesics, among others) were found in river samples collected in the middle and down to the town sites, revealing the impact of the urban population. Interestingly, some transformation products, including metabolites, such as carbofuran-3-hydroxy and 4-acetylamino antipyrine were identified in the screening. Based on these data, future monitoring will apply target quantitative LC-MS/MS methods for the most relevant compounds identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
| | - María Ibáñez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Tania Portoles
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Arsenio Hidalgo-Troya
- Grupo de Investigación Salud Pública, Universidad de Nariño, Pasto 520002, Nariño, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 110221, Colombia; Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Manuela Alejandra Paredes
- Grupo de Investigación en Materiales Funcionales y Catálisis (GIMFC), Universidad de Nariño, Pasto 520002, Nariño, Colombia
| | - Andrés Fernando Hidalgo
- Grupo de Investigación en Materiales Funcionales y Catálisis (GIMFC), Universidad de Nariño, Pasto 520002, Nariño, Colombia
| | - Ana María García
- Grupo de Investigación en Materiales Funcionales y Catálisis (GIMFC), Universidad de Nariño, Pasto 520002, Nariño, Colombia
| | - Luis Alejandro Galeano
- Grupo de Investigación en Materiales Funcionales y Catálisis (GIMFC), Universidad de Nariño, Pasto 520002, Nariño, Colombia.
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Brunelle LD, Batt AL, Chao A, Glassmeyer ST, Quinete N, Alvarez DA, Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Mills MA, Aga DS. De facto Water Reuse: Investigating the Fate and Transport of Chemicals of Emerging Concern from Wastewater Discharge through Drinking Water Treatment Using Non-targeted Analysis and Suspect Screening. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2468-2478. [PMID: 38252456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater is a source for many contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), and surface waters receiving wastewater discharge often serve as source water for downstream drinking water treatment plants. Nontargeted analysis and suspect screening methods were used to characterize chemicals in residence-time-weighted grab samples and companion polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) collected on three separate hydrologic sampling events along a surface water flow path representative of de facto water reuse. The goal of this work was to examine the fate of CECs along the study flow path as water is transported from wastewater effluent through drinking water treatment. Grab and POCIS samples provided a comparison between residence-time-weighted single-point and integrative sample results. This unique and rigorous study design, coupled with advanced analytical chemistry tools, provided important insights into chemicals found in drinking water and their potential sources, which can be used to help prioritize chemicals for further study. K-means clustering analysis was used to identify patterns in chemical occurrences across both sampling sites and sampling events. Chemical features that occurred frequently or survived drinking water treatment were prioritized for identification, resulting in the probable identification of over 100 CECs in the watershed and 28 CECs in treated drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Brunelle
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Participant at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Angela L Batt
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Alex Chao
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Susan T Glassmeyer
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Natalia Quinete
- Institute of Environment, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, North Miami, Florida 33181, United States
| | - David A Alvarez
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States
| | - Dana W Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
| | - Edward T Furlong
- U.S. Geological Survey, Strategic Laboratory Services Branch, Laboratory Analytical Services Division, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Marc A Mills
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
- University at Buffalo Research and Education in Energy, Environment and Water (RENEW) Institute, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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Glassmeyer ST, Burns EE, Focazio MJ, Furlong ET, Gribble MO, Jahne MA, Keely SP, Kennicutt AR, Kolpin DW, Medlock Kakaley EK, Pfaller SL. Water, Water Everywhere, but Every Drop Unique: Challenges in the Science to Understand the Role of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Management of Drinking Water Supplies. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2022GH000716. [PMID: 38155731 PMCID: PMC10753268 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The protection and management of water resources continues to be challenged by multiple and ongoing factors such as shifts in demographic, social, economic, and public health requirements. Physical limitations placed on access to potable supplies include natural and human-caused factors such as aquifer depletion, aging infrastructure, saltwater intrusion, floods, and drought. These factors, although varying in magnitude, spatial extent, and timing, can exacerbate the potential for contaminants of concern (CECs) to be present in sources of drinking water, infrastructure, premise plumbing and associated tap water. This monograph examines how current and emerging scientific efforts and technologies increase our understanding of the range of CECs and drinking water issues facing current and future populations. It is not intended to be read in one sitting, but is instead a starting point for scientists wanting to learn more about the issues surrounding CECs. This text discusses the topical evolution CECs over time (Section 1), improvements in measuring chemical and microbial CECs, through both analysis of concentration and toxicity (Section 2) and modeling CEC exposure and fate (Section 3), forms of treatment effective at removing chemical and microbial CECs (Section 4), and potential for human health impacts from exposure to CECs (Section 5). The paper concludes with how changes to water quantity, both scarcity and surpluses, could affect water quality (Section 6). Taken together, these sections document the past 25 years of CEC research and the regulatory response to these contaminants, the current work to identify and monitor CECs and mitigate exposure, and the challenges facing the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan T. Glassmeyer
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | | | - Michael J. Focazio
- Retired, Environmental Health ProgramEcosystems Mission AreaU.S. Geological SurveyRestonVAUSA
| | - Edward T. Furlong
- Emeritus, Strategic Laboratory Sciences BranchLaboratory & Analytical Services DivisionU.S. Geological SurveyDenverCOUSA
| | - Matthew O. Gribble
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Michael A. Jahne
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Scott P. Keely
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Alison R. Kennicutt
- Department of Civil and Mechanical EngineeringYork College of PennsylvaniaYorkPAUSA
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S. Geological SurveyCentral Midwest Water Science CenterIowa CityIAUSA
| | | | - Stacy L. Pfaller
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
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Hamid AA, Alam J, Shukla AK, Ali FAA, Alhoshan M. Sustainable removal of phenol from wastewater using a biopolymer hydrogel adsorbent comprising crosslinked chitosan and κ-carrageenan. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126340. [PMID: 37591437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
A biopolymer-based adsorbent comprising chitosan (CS) and κ-carrageenan (κ-Carr) was synthesised and evaluated to treat phenolic-contaminated water. The developed CS/κ-Carr hydrogel demonstrated excellent performance with a phenol adsorption uptake of 80 %. The morphologies of CS/κ-Carr hydrogels with different ratios of CS to κ-Carr ranging from 1:2 to 7:3 were characterised using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy; their chemical structures were investigated by spectral analyses using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry; their adsorption characteristics were determined using tests for swelling, chemical stability, hygroscopic moisture content, and hydrophilicity. Finally, a batch-type evaluation method demonstrated adsorption performance at 25 °C and pH 6.9. Adsorption isotherms and kinetic data were successfully obtained using the Freundlich and pseudo-second-order models, respectively. The results indicate that one-pot synthesis of an insoluble CS/κ-Carr hydrogel adsorbent exhibits considerable potential for the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions, providing an environmentally friendly technology enhancing the phenol adsorption performance of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Hamid
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Alam
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Arun Kumar Shukla
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fekri Abdulraqeb Ahmed Ali
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, IMSIU, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Alhoshan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; K.A.CARE Energy Research and Innovation Centre, Riyadh 11454, Saudi Arabia.
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5
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Hernández F, Fabregat-Safont D, Campos-Mañas M, Quintana JB. Efficient Validation Strategies in Environmental Analytical Chemistry: A Focus on Organic Micropollutants in Water Samples. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:401-428. [PMID: 37068748 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091222-112115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article critically reviews analytical method validation and quality control applied to the environmental chemistry field. The review focuses on the determination of organic micropollutants (OMPs), specifically emerging contaminants and pesticides, in the aquatic environment. The analytical technique considered is (gas and liquid) chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (MS), including high-resolution MS for wide-scope screening purposes. An analysis of current research practices outlined in the literature has been performed, and key issues and analytical challenges are identified and critically discussed. It is worth emphasizing the lack of specific guidelines applied to environmental analytical chemistry and the minimal regulation of OMPs in waters, which greatly affect method development and performance, requirements for method validation, and the subsequent application to samples. Finally, a proposal is made for method validation and data reporting, which can be understood as starting points for further discussion with specialists in environmental analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain;
| | - David Fabregat-Safont
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain;
- Applied Metabolomics Research Laboratory, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Campos-Mañas
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain;
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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6
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Nováková P, Švecová H, Bořík A, Grabic R. Novel nontarget LC-HRMS-based approaches for evaluation of drinking water treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:739. [PMID: 37233798 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11348-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A conventional evaluation methodology for drinking water pollution focuses on analysing hundreds of compounds, usually by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. High-resolution mass spectrometry allows comprehensive evaluation of all detected signals (compounds) based on their elemental composition, intensity, and numbers. We combined target analysis of 192 emerging micropollutants with nontarget (NT) full-scan/MS/MS methods to describe the impact of treatment steps in detail and assess drinking water treatment efficiency without compound identification. The removal efficiency based on target analytes ranged from - 143 to 97%, depending on the treatment section, technologies, and season. The same effect calculated for all signals detected in raw water by the NT method ranged between 19 and 65%. Ozonation increased the removal of micropollutants from the raw water but simultaneously caused the formation of new compounds. Moreover, ozonation byproducts showed higher persistence than products formed during other types of treatment. We evaluated chlorinated and brominated organics detected by specific isotopic patterns within the developed workflow. These compounds indicated anthropogenic raw water pollution but also potential treatment byproducts. We could match some of these compounds with libraries available in the software. We can conclude that passive sampling combined with nontargeted analysis shows to be a promising approach for water treatment control, especially for long-term monitoring of changes in technology lines because passive sampling dramatically reduces the number of samples and provides time-weighted average information for 2 to 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Nováková
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Helena Švecová
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Bořík
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
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7
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Ciccarelli D, Christopher Braddock D, Surman AJ, Arenas BIV, Salal T, Marczylo T, Vineis P, Barron LP. Enhanced selectivity for acidic contaminants in drinking water: From suspect screening to toxicity prediction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130906. [PMID: 36764252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel analytical workflow for suspect screening of organic acidic contaminants in drinking water is presented, featuring selective extraction by silica-based strong anion-exchange solid-phase extraction, mixed-mode liquid chromatography-high resolution accurate mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), peak detection, feature reduction and compound identification. The novel use of an ammonium bicarbonate-based elution solvent extended strong anion-exchange solid-phase extraction applicability to LC-HRMS of strong acids. This approach performed with consistently higher recovery and repeatability (88 ± 7 % at 500 ng L-1), improved selectivity and lower matrix interference (mean = 12 %) over a generic mixed-mode weak anion exchange SPE method. In addition, a novel filter for reducing full-scan features from fulvic and humic acids was successfully introduced, reducing workload and potential for false positives. The workflow was then applied to 10 London municipal drinking water samples, revealing the presence of 22 confirmed and 37 tentatively identified substances. Several poorly investigated and potentially harmful compounds were found which included halogenated hydroxy-cyclopentene-diones and dibromomethanesulfonic acid. Some of these compounds have been reported as mutagenic in test systems and thus their presence here requires further investigation. Overall, this approach demonstrated that employing selective extraction improved detection and helped shortlist suspects and potentially toxic chemical contaminants with higher confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ciccarelli
- Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; NIHR-HPRU Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Surman
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | | | - Tara Salal
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Tim Marczylo
- NIHR-HPRU Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science Campus, Femi Avenue, Harwell, Didcot OX11 0GD, UK
| | - Paolo Vineis
- NIHR-HPRU Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Leon P Barron
- Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; NIHR-HPRU Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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8
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Folorunsho O, Bogush A, Kourtchev I. A new on-line SPE LC-HRMS method for simultaneous analysis of selected emerging contaminants in surface waters. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:284-296. [PMID: 36541663 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01574a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years emerging contaminants (ECs) have received significant attention due to their widespread detection in surface waters and concerns that these compounds can cause adverse ecological and/or human health effects. Therefore, accurate methods for determining and quantifying ECs in surface water are essential for estimating their environmental impact. This work describes the development, validation and application of a sensitive multiclass method for simultaneous determination of 22 per and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs), 3 pharmaceuticals, 15 pesticides, and 2 bisphenols in surface water using on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). The method allows simultaneous sample clean-up from interfering matrices and lower limits of detection (LODs) by injecting a large sample volume into the LC system without compromising chromatographic efficiency and resolution. Linearity of response over several orders of magnitude was demonstrated for all tested compounds (R2 > 0.99), with the LODs ranging from 0.8 and 33.7 pg mL-1, allowing detection of ECs at trace levels in surface water. The method showed acceptable accuracy and precision (CV, % and RE below 20%) for all tested ECs. It also provided recoveries between 60% and 130% for all tested ECs. The validated method was successfully applied for analysis of surface water samples from three rivers (Cam, Ouse and Thames) in England. Several ECs, including perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), dimethyl-metatoluamide (DEET) and ibuprofen were observed in analysed surface water above the method's limit of quantitation (LOQ), with concentrations ranging between 3.5 and 460 pg mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omotola Folorunsho
- Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton on Dunsmore, CV8 3LG, UK.
| | - Anna Bogush
- Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton on Dunsmore, CV8 3LG, UK.
| | - Ivan Kourtchev
- Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton on Dunsmore, CV8 3LG, UK.
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9
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Feng Z, Xu C, Zuo Y, Luo X, Wang L, Chen H, Xie X, Yan D, Liang T. Analysis of water quality indexes and their relationships with vegetation using self-organizing map and geographically and temporally weighted regression. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114587. [PMID: 36270529 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural vegetation has been proved to promote water purification in previous studies, while the relevant laws has not been excavated systematically. This research explored the relationships between vegetation cover and water quality indexes in Liaohe River Basin in China combined with self-organizing map (SOM) and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) innovatively and systematically based on the distributing heterogeneity of water quality conditions. Results showed that the central and northeast regions of the study area had serious organic and nutrient pollution, which needed targeted treatment. And SOM verified that high vegetation coverage with retention potential of organic and inorganic pollutants as well as nutrients improved water quality to some degree, while the excessive discharges of pollutants still had serious threats to nearby water environment despite the purification function of vegetation. GTWR indicated that the waterside vegetation was beneficial for dissolved oxygen increasing and contributed to the decreasing of organic pollutants and inorganic pollutants with reducibility. Natural vegetation also obsorbed nutrients like TN and TP to some degree. However, the retential potential of nitrogen and organic pollutants became not obvious when there were heavy pollution, which demonstrated that pollution sources should be controlled despite the purification function of vegetation. This study implied that natural vegetation purified water quality to some degree, while this function could not be revealed when there was too heavy pollution. These findings underscore that the pollutant discharge should be controlled though the natural vegetation in ecosystem promoted the purification of water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Feng
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chengjian Xu
- Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430010, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Water Environment Treatment in the Yangtze River Basin, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Yiping Zuo
- Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Xi Luo
- Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430010, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Basin Water Security, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Lingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430010, China; Key Laboratory of Changjiang Regulation and Protection of Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiaojing Xie
- Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430010, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Water Environment Treatment in the Yangtze River Basin, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Dan Yan
- Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430010, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Water Environment Treatment in the Yangtze River Basin, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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10
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Sim W, Choi S, Lee HJ, Kim K, Park K, Oh JE. Evaluation of sample preparation methods for suspect and non-target screening in water, sediment, and biota samples using gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157835. [PMID: 35934023 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the sample preparation methods were proposed for the suspect and non-target screening (SNTS) using gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry in the aquatic environment. The pretreatment methods were evaluated based on detection rates, recoveries, and screening detection limits (SDLs) for 316 substances spiked into surface water, sediment, and biota samples. The detection rates of the spiked compounds were 92.1 % and 98.7 % by the sample preparation methods for water (solid-phase extraction using HLB cartridge) and sediment (ultrasonic extraction (USE) with HLB cartridge clean-up), respectively. Similarly, USE with HLB cartridge clean-up gave the highest detection rate (87.9 %) for biota samples; however, additional pretreatment method using deactivated silica gel clean-up was necessary for the detection of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The SDL ranges of spiked compounds by the suggested pretreatment methods were 0.01-23.5 ng/L for surface water, 0.02-37.5 ng/g dry weight for sediment, and 0.01-12.2 ng/g wet weight for biota. Although some pollutants, such as POPs had SDLs that were higher than the levels normally detected in the aquatic environment as reported in previous studies, the analytical methods suggested in the present study were satisfactory for the SNTS of most pollutants originated from anthropogenic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjin Sim
- Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sol Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Jun Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungtae Kim
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyunghwa Park
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Ayala-Cabrera JF, Montero L, Meckelmann SW, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Review on atmospheric pressure ionization sources for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Part II: Current applications. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1238:340379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Universal screening of 200 mycotoxins and their variations in stored cereals in Shanghai, China by UHPLC-Q-TOF MS. Food Chem 2022; 387:132869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Zang L, Wan Y, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Gao Y, He Y, Hu J, Kang Y, Cao D, Yang M. Characterization of non-volatile organic contaminants in coking wastewater using non-target screening: Dominance of nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen-containing compounds in biological effluents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155768. [PMID: 35533869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
While abundant volatile compounds (VOCs) have been identified in coking wastewater, the structures and occurrence of non-volatile organic compounds (non-VOCs) have remained unknown. In this study, 3966 non-VOCs belonging to 24 groups were tentatively identified for the first time in wastewater from four biological coking wastewater treatment systems in northern China using a non-target screening technique. A total of 227 compounds with CHNO, CHO, CHOS, and CHNOS elemental compositions were assigned with level 2 identification confidence, and 19 of them were confirmed with authentic standards, with 9-methyl-9H-carbazole-3-carbaldehyde (1706.3-2032.7 μg/L) and 3-Indolyl acetic acid monomethyl terephthalate (773.7-1449.9 μg/L) as the top two compounds in the influents, and 9-methyl-9H-carbazole-3-carbaldehyde (31.8-130.1 μg/L) and monomethyl terephthalate (13.9-196.6 μg/L) as the top two in the effluents. The four groups of substances accounted for 93.4% and 71.5% of the total responses of tentatively identified compounds in the influents and biological effluents, respectively, and were estimated to contribute 32.3-48.9% of the chemical oxygen demand in the biological effluents. In comparison with those in the influent, abundant S-containing compounds (CHOS and CHNOS, 35.2% of the total responses) were observed in the biological effluents, suggesting their highly bio-refractory characteristics. The advanced treatment process using synchronized oxidation-adsorption could almost completely remove the CHOS and CHNOS compounds from the biological effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingxin Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yupeng He
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuehui Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Min Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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14
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Lee J, Hong S, Kim T, Park SY, Cha J, Kim Y, Gwak J, Lee S, Moon HB, Hu W, Wang T, Giesy JP, Khim JS. Identification of AhR agonists in sediments of the Bohai and Yellow Seas using advanced effect-directed analysis and in silico prediction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:128908. [PMID: 35500338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Novel aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists were identified in coastal sediments in the Yellow and Bohai Seas by use of a combination of effect-directed analysis (EDA) and in silico prediction. A total of 125 sediments were screened for AhR-mediated potencies using H4IIE-luc bioassay. Great potencies were observed in organic extracts, mid-polar fraction (F2), and subfractions of F2 (F2.6-F2.9) of sediments collected from Nantong, Qinhuangdao, and Yancheng. Less than 15% AhR potencies could be explained by detected dioxin-like PAHs. Full-scan screening analysis was conducted for the more potent fractions using GC-QTOFMS to investigate the presence of unmonitored AhR agonists. A five-step prioritization strategy was applied; 92 candidate compounds satisfied all criteria. Among these chemicals, thirteen were evaluated for AhR efficacy. Six compounds; benz[b]anthracene, 6-methylchrysene, 2-methylbenz[a]anthracene, 1-methylbenz[a]anthracene, 1,12-dimethylbenzo[c]phenanthrene, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]fluoranthene, exhibited significant AhR-mediated efficacies. 1,12-dimethylbenzo[c]phenanthrene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]fluoranthene were identified as novel AhR agonists. Potency balance analysis showed that the six newly identified AhR agonists explained 0.4-100% of the total AhR-mediated potencies determined. Overall, combining EDA and in silico prediction applied in this study demonstrated the benefits of assessing the potential toxic effects of previously unidentified AhR agonists in sediments from the coasts of China and Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taewoo Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Yeong Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Cha
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngnam Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Gwak
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenyou Hu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5B3, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, United States
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Celma A, Gago-Ferrero P, Golovko O, Hernández F, Lai FY, Lundqvist J, Menger F, Sancho JV, Wiberg K, Ahrens L, Bijlsma L. Are preserved coastal water bodies in Spanish Mediterranean basin impacted by human activity? Water quality evaluation using chemical and biological analyses. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 165:107326. [PMID: 35696846 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Spanish Mediterranean basin is particularly susceptible to climate change and human activities, making it vulnerable to the influence of anthropogenic contaminants. Therefore, conducting comprehensive and exhaustive water quality assessment in relevant water bodies of this basin is pivotal. In this work, surface water samples from coastal lagoons or estuaries were collected across the Spanish Mediterranean coastline and subjected to target and suspect screening of 1,585 organic micropollutants by liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility separation and high resolution mass spectrometry. In total, 91 organic micropollutants could be confirmed and 5 were tentatively identified, with pharmaceuticals and pesticides being the most prevalent groups of chemicals. Chemical analysis data was compared with data on bioanalysis of those samples (recurrent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation, and estrogenic receptor (ER) inhibition in wetland samples affected by wastewater streams). The number of identified organic contaminants containing aromatic rings could explain the AhR activation observed. For the ER antagonistic effects, predictions on estrogenic inhibition potency for the detected compounds were used to explain the activities observed. The integration of chemical analysis with bioanalytical observations allowed a comprehensive overview of the quality of the water bodies under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló E-12071, Spain
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA) Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oksana Golovko
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló E-12071, Spain
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Lundqvist
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frank Menger
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Juan V Sancho
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló E-12071, Spain
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló E-12071, Spain.
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16
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Lopez FJ, Pitarch E, Botero-Coy AM, Fabregat-Safont D, Ibáñez M, Marin JM, Peruga A, Ontañón N, Martínez-Morcillo S, Olalla A, Valcárcel Y, Varó I, Hernández F. Removal efficiency for emerging contaminants in a WWTP from Madrid (Spain) after secondary and tertiary treatment and environmental impact on the Manzanares River. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152567. [PMID: 34952067 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can be an important contamination source for receiving waters. In this work, a comprehensive study on the impact of a WWTP from Madrid on the aquatic environment has been performed, including a wide number of pharmaceuticals and pesticides, among them those included in the European Watch List. 24-h composite samples of influent (IWW) and effluent wastewater after secondary (EWW2) and after secondary + tertiary treatment (EWW3) were monitored along two campaigns. Average weekly concentrations in IWW and EWW2 and EWW3 allowed estimating the removal efficiency of the WWTP for pharmaceutical active substances (PhACs). In addition, the impact of EWW3 on the water quality of the Manzanares River was assessed, in terms of PhAC and pesticide concentrations, through analysis of the river water collected upstream and downstream of the discharge point. After a preliminary risk assessment, a detailed evaluation of the impact on the aquatic environment, including a toxicological study and screening of pharmaceutical metabolites, was made for the seven most relevant PhACs: sulfamethoxazole, azithromycin and clarithromycin (antibiotics), metoprolol (antihypertensive), diclofenac (anti-inflammatory/analgesic), irbesartan (antihypertensive), and the antidepressant venlafaxine. Among selected PhACs, irbesartan, clarithromycin and venlafaxine presented moderate or high risk in the river water downstream of the discharge. Albeit no acute toxicity was detected, more detailed studies should be carried out for these substances, including additional toxicological studies, to set up potential sublethal and chronic effects on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Lopez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - E Pitarch
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - A M Botero-Coy
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - D Fabregat-Safont
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - M Ibáñez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - J M Marin
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - A Peruga
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - N Ontañón
- Drace Infraestructuras S.A, Av. del Camino de Santiago, 50, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Morcillo
- Group of Risks for the Environmental and Public Health (RiSAMA), Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain; Medical Specialties and Public Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Olalla
- Group of Risks for the Environmental and Public Health (RiSAMA), Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain; Medical Specialties and Public Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Valcárcel
- Group of Risks for the Environmental and Public Health (RiSAMA), Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain; Medical Specialties and Public Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Varó
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Higher Council for Scientific Research (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castelló, Spain; Research Unit of Marine Ecotoxicology (IATS-IUPA), Ribera de Cabanes, S/N, 12595, Cabanes, Castelló, Spain
| | - F Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain.
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17
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Yang W, Tang Y, Jiang L, Luo P, Wu Y, Cao Y, Wu X, Xiong J. Coupling suspect and non-target analytical methods for screening organic contaminants of concern in agricultural & urban impacted waters: Optimization and application. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151117. [PMID: 34688742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure of contaminants to emerging concern (CECs) may pose risks to human health and ecosystems, even at low concentrations. Rivers impacted by both agricultural and urban activities experience distinctive environmental pressures due to receiving wastewaters that contain complex organics and their transformation products (TPs). In this study, we developed a regional database composed of 1200 CECs of high concern in Guangxi (South China). Further, we optimized a comprehensive analytical method for simultaneously screening for CECs and their TPs. The optimized screening method was applied to surface waters sampled from 10 different cross sections of a river that is impacted by both agricultural and urban activities. The best results of method optimization were achieved when the screening detection limit (SDL) ranged from 0.05 to 2 ng L-1, and over 90% of the analytes had acceptable recovery rates ranging between 64.7% and 95.6% (RSD < 11%). Of the 1200 CECs contained in the regional database, 168 were detected in at least one sampling site of the studied river via suspect screening, and among them, 36 contaminants were found at all sampling sites. Also, 58 additional contaminants and 39 TPs were tentatively identified via non-target screening, among which 4 TPs were reported for the first time in the aquatic environment. Triazine herbicides and their TPs were identified at most of the sampling sites, with ametryn and atrazine posing relatively high risks in the river ecosystems. Furthermore, 31 known analytes were selected as standards in order to confirm the combined screening method; one false positive occurred in the non-target screening method. According to these results, the suspect screening strategy provides valuable confirmation for the identification of a wide range of CECs in water, while non-target screening can provide a reference for researchers and supplement the regional database, particularly in the study of TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials & MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yankui Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials & MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Lu Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials & MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Penghong Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials & MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials & MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yuanyi Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials & MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xinying Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials & MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jianghua Xiong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials & MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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18
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Analysis of Grape Volatiles Using Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2396:117-136. [PMID: 34786680 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1822-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of volatile compounds in fruits and plants can be a challenging task as they present in a large amount with structural diversity and high aroma threshold, the information on molecular ion can be very useful for compound identification. Electron ionization gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (EI-GC-MS) which is widely used for the analysis of plant volatiles has a certain limitation providing the limited capability to characterize novel metabolites in a complex biological matrix due to hard fragmentation level. Atmospheric pressure ionization using APGC source in combination with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) provides an excellent combination of GC with high-resolution mass spectrometry. The APGC-MS approach provides several advantages over the conventional EI and CI based GC-MS techniques in metabolomics studies due to highly reduced fragmentation, which preserves molecular ion, and accurate mass measurement by HRMS allows to deduce the elemental composition of the volatile compounds. Moreover, the use of MSE mode provides spectral similarity to EI in high-energy mode which can be used for the further confirmation of metabolite identity. We describe an APGC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics approach with a case study of grape volatile compounds and the development of a spectral library for metabolite identification.
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19
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Hajeb P, Zhu L, Bossi R, Vorkamp K. Sample preparation techniques for suspect and non-target screening of emerging contaminants. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132306. [PMID: 34826946 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The progress in sensitivity and resolution in mass spectrometers in recent years provides the possibility to detect a broad range of organic compounds in a single procedure. For this reason, suspect and non-target screening techniques are gaining attention since they enable the detection of hundreds of known and unknown emerging contaminants in various matrices of environmental, food and human sources. Sample preparation is a critical step before analysis as it can significantly affect selectivity, sensitivity and reproducibility. The lack of generic sample preparation protocols is obvious in this fast-growing analytical field, and most studies use those of traditional targeted analysis methods. Among them, solvent extraction and solid phase extraction (SPE) are widely used to extract emerging contaminants from solid and liquid sample types, respectively. Sequential solvent extraction and a combination of different SPE sorbents can cover a broad range of chemicals in the samples. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and adsorption chromatography, including acidification, are typically used to remove matrix components such as lipids from complex matrices, but usually at the expense of compound losses. Ideally, the purification of samples intended for non-target analysis should be selective of matrix interferences. Recent studies have suggested quality assurance/quality control measures for suspect and non-target screening, based on expansion and extrapolation of target compound lists, but method validations remain challenging in the absence of analytical standards and harmonized sample preparation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Hajeb
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Linyan Zhu
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark.
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20
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Castro V, Quintana JB, López-Vázquez J, Carro N, Cobas J, Bilbao D, Cela R, Rodil R. Development and application of an in-house library and workflow for gas chromatography-electron ionization-accurate-mass/high-resolution mass spectrometry screening of environmental samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:6327-6340. [PMID: 34865195 PMCID: PMC9372009 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03810-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an optimized gas chromatography–electron ionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-EI-HRMS) screening method. Different method parameters affecting data processing with the Agilent Unknowns Analysis SureMass deconvolution software were optimized in order to achieve the best compromise between false positives and false negatives. To this end, an accurate-mass library of 26 model compounds was created. Then, five replicates of mussel extracts were spiked with a mixture of these 26 compounds at two concentration levels (10 and 100 ng/g dry weight in mussel, 50 and 500 ng/mL in extract) and injected in the GC-EI-HRMS system. The results of these experiments showed that accurate mass tolerance and pure weight factor (combination of reverse-forward library search) are the most critical factors. The validation of the developed method afforded screening detection limits in the 2.5–5 ng range for passive sampler extracts and 1–2 ng/g for mussel sample extracts, and limits of quantification in the 0.6–3.2 ng and 0.1–1.8 ng/g range, for the same type of samples, respectively, for 17 model analytes. Once the method was optimized, an accurate-mass HRMS library, containing retention indexes, with ca. 355 spectra of derivatized and non-derivatized compounds was generated. This library (freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5647960), together with a modified Agilent Pesticides Library of over 800 compounds, was applied to the screening of passive samplers, both of polydimethylsiloxane and polar chemical integrative samplers (POCIS), and mussel samples collected in Galicia (NW Spain), where a total of 75 chemicals could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Javier López-Vázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nieves Carro
- INTECMAR - Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment of Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Julio Cobas
- INTECMAR - Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment of Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Denis Bilbao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain.,Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (PiE-UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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21
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Fabregat-Safont D, Pitarch E, Bijlsma L, Matei I, Hernández F. Rapid and sensitive analytical method for the determination of amoxicillin and related compounds in water meeting the requirements of the European union watch list. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1658:462605. [PMID: 34662823 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment is becoming one of the main research focus of scientists and policy makers. Proof of that is the inclusion of four antibiotics, amongst which is amoxicillin, in the EU Watch List (WL) (Decision 2020/1161/EU)) of substances for water monitoring. The accurate quantification of amoxicillin in water at the sub-ppb levels required by the WL is troublesome due to its physicochemical properties. In this work, the analytical challenges related to the determination of amoxicillin, and six related penicillins (ampicillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, penicillin G, penicillin V and oxacillin), have been carefully addressed, including sample treatment, sample stability, chromatographic analysis and mass spectrometric detection by triple quadrupole. Given the low recoveries obtained using different solid-phase extraction cartridges, we applied the direct injection of water samples using a reversed-phase chromatographic column that allowed working with 100% aqueous mobile phase. Matrix effects were evaluated and corrected using the isotopically labelled internal standard or correction factors based on signal suppression observed in the analysis of spiked samples. The methodology developed was satisfactorily validated at 50 and 500 ng L - 1 for the seven penicillins studied, and it was applied to different types of water matrices, revealing the presence of ampicillin in one surface water sample and cloxacillin in three effluent wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fabregat-Safont
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Elena Pitarch
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Ionut Matei
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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Nontargeted Screening Using Gas Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Recent Trends and Emerging Potential. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226911. [PMID: 34834002 PMCID: PMC8624013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC–HRMS) is a powerful nontargeted screening technique that promises to accelerate the identification of environmental pollutants. Currently, most GC–HRMS instruments are equipped with electron ionization (EI), but atmospheric pressure ionization (API) ion sources have attracted renewed interest because: (i) collisional cooling at atmospheric pressure minimizes fragmentation, resulting in an increased yield of molecular ions for elemental composition determination and improved detection limits; (ii) a wide range of sophisticated tandem (ion mobility) mass spectrometers can be easily adapted for operation with GC–API; and (iii) the conditions of an atmospheric pressure ion source can promote structure diagnostic ion–molecule reactions that are otherwise difficult to perform using conventional GC–MS instrumentation. This literature review addresses the merits of GC–API for nontargeted screening while summarizing recent applications using various GC–API techniques. One perceived drawback of GC–API is the paucity of spectral libraries that can be used to guide structure elucidation. Herein, novel data acquisition, deconvolution and spectral prediction tools will be reviewed. With continued development, it is anticipated that API may eventually supplant EI as the de facto GC–MS ion source used to identify unknowns.
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Becker RW, Araújo DS, Sirtori C, Toyama NP, Tavares DA, Cordeiro GA, Benassi SF, Gossen AC, do Amaral B. Pesticides in surface water from Brazil and Paraguay cross-border region: Screening using LC-QTOF MS and correlation with land use and occupation through multivariate analysis. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Fabregat-Safont D, Ibáñez M, Bijlsma L, Hernández F, Waichman AV, de Oliveira R, Rico A. Wide-scope screening of pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs and their metabolites in the Amazon River. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117251. [PMID: 34087513 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Only a limited number of households in the Amazon are served by sewage collection or treatment facilities, suggesting that there might be a significant emission of pharmaceuticals and other wastewater contaminants into freshwater ecosystems. In this work, we performed a wide-scope screening to assess the occurrence of pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs and their metabolites in freshwater ecosystems of the Brazilian Amazon. Our study included 40 samples taken along the Amazon River, in three of its major tributaries, and in small tributaries crossing four important urban areas (Manaus, Santarém, Macapá, Belém). More than 900 compounds were investigated making use of target and suspect screening approaches, based on liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with ion mobility separation. Empirical collision-cross section (CCS) values were used to help and confirm identifications in target screening, while in the suspect screening approach CCS values were predicted using Artificial Neural Networks to increase the confidence of the tentative identification. In this way, 51 compounds and metabolites were identified. The highest prevalence was found in streams crossing the urban areas of Manaus, Macapá and Belém, with some samples containing up to 30 - 40 compounds, while samples taken in Santarém showed a lower number (8 - 11), and the samples taken in the main course of the Amazon River and its tributaries contained between 1 and 7 compounds. Most compounds identified in areas with significant urban impact belonged to the analgesics and antihypertensive categories, followed by stimulants and antibiotics. Compounds such as caffeine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, and cotinine (the metabolite of nicotine), were also detected in areas with relatively low anthropogenic impact and showed the highest total prevalence. This study supports the need to improve the sanitation system of urban areas in the Brazilian Amazon and the development of follow-up studies aimed at quantifying exposure levels and risks for Amazonian freshwater biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fabregat-Safont
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Andrea V Waichman
- Federal University of the Amazon, Institute of Biological Sciences, Av. Rodrigo Otávio Jordão Ramos 3000, Manaus 69077-000, Brazil
| | - Rhaul de Oliveira
- University of Campinas, School of Technology, Rua Paschoal Marmo 1888 - Jd. Nova Itália, Limeira 13484-332, Brazil
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Av. Punto Com 2, Alcalá de Henares 28805, Madrid, Spain; Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, c/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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25
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Bijlsma L, Pitarch E, Hernández F, Fonseca E, Marín JM, Ibáñez M, Portolés T, Rico A. Ecological risk assessment of pesticides in the Mijares River (eastern Spain) impacted by citrus production using wide-scope screening and target quantitative analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125277. [PMID: 33951870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of pesticides, especially in agricultural areas, makes necessary to control their presence in surrounding surface waters. The current study was designed to investigate the occurrence and ecological risks of pesticides and their transformation products in a Mediterranean river basin impacted by citrus agricultural production. Nineteen sites were monitored in three campaigns distributed over three different seasons. After a qualitative screening, 24 compounds was selected for subsequent quantitative analysis. As expected, the lower section of the river was most contaminated, with total concentration >5 µg/L in two sites near to the discharge area of wastewater treatment plants. The highest concentrations were found in September, after agricultural applications and when the river flow is reduced. Ecological risks were calculated using two mixture toxicity approaches (Toxic Unit and multi-substance Potentially Affected Fraction), which revealed high acute and chronic risks of imidacloprid to invertebrates, moderate-to-high risks of diuron, simazine and 2,4-D for primary producers, and moderate-to-high risks of thiabendazole for invertebrates and fish. This study shows that intensive agricultural production and the discharge of wastewater effluents containing pesticide residues from post-harvest citrus processing plants are threatening freshwater biodiversity. Further actions are recommended to control pesticide use and to reduce emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - Elena Pitarch
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain.
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - Eddie Fonseca
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, P.O. 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José M Marín
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - Tania Portolés
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28805, Spain; Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, c/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
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26
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Riegraf C, Reifferscheid G, Moscovici L, Shakibai D, Hollert H, Belkin S, Buchinger S. Coupling high-performance thin-layer chromatography with a battery of cell-based assays reveals bioactive components in wastewater and landfill leachates. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 214:112092. [PMID: 33690008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, effect-directed analysis (EDA) gained importance as a seminal screening tool for tracking biological effects of environmental organic micro-pollutants (MPs). As EDA using high-performance liquid chromatography and bioassays is costly and time consuming, recent implementations of this approach have combined high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) with effect-based methods (EBMs) using cell-based bioassays, enabling the detection of estrogenic, androgenic, genotoxic, photosystem II (PSII)- inhibiting, and dioxin-like sample components on a HPTLC plate. In the present study, the developed methodologies were applied as a HPTLC-based bioassay battery, to investigate toxicant elimination efficiency of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and to characterize the toxic potential of landfill leachates. Activity levels detected in untreated landfill leachates, expressed as reference compound equivalence (EQ) concentration, were up to 16.8 µg β-naphthoflavone-EQ L-1 (indicating the degree of dioxin-like activity), 1.9 µg estradiol-EQ L-1 (estrogenicity) and 8.3 µg diuron-EQ L‑1 (PSII-inhibition), dropping to maximal concentrations of 47 ng β-naphthoflavone-EQ L-1, 0.7 µg estradiol-EQ L-1 and 53.1 ng diuron-EQ L-1 following treatment. Bisphenol A (BPA) is suggested to be the main contributor to estrogenic activity, with concentrations determined by the planar yeast estrogen screen corresponding well to results from chemical analysis. In the investigated WWTP samples, a decrease of estrogenic activity of 6-100% was observed following treatment for most of the active fractions, except of a 20% increase in one fraction (Rf = 0.568). In contrast, androgenicity with concentrations up to 640 ng dihydrotestosterone-EQ L-1 was completely removed by treatment. Interestingly, genotoxic activity increased over the WWTP processes, releasing genotoxic fractions into receiving waters. We propose this combined HPTLC and EBM battery to contribute to an efficient, cheap, fast and robust screening of environmental samples; such an assay panel would allow to gain an estimate of potential biological effects for prioritization prior to substance identification, and its routine application will support an inexpensive identification of the toxicity drivers as a first tier in an EDA strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Riegraf
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Department G3 Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Reifferscheid
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Department G3 Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Liat Moscovici
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Dror Shakibai
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Shimshon Belkin
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Sebastian Buchinger
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Department G3 Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany
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27
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A microfluidic column of water index-matched packed microspheres for label-free observation of water pollutants. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:143. [PMID: 33774708 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic, label-free optical sensor for water pollutants, which is based on a packed micro-column of microspheres with refractive index similar to that of water, is presented. The perfluoropolyether microspheres are synthetized by membrane emulsification followed by UV irradiation. The microfluidic channel hosting the packed column is transparent when filled with pure water as a consequence of refractive index matching, whereas it scatters light in presence of compounds with lipophilic moieties that spontaneously adsorb on the fluorinated microspheres. The device is characterized by investigating the response to cationic and anionic surfactants. Both the signal growth rate and the recovery rate measured during washing with water depend on the type and concentration of the compounds. The cationic surfactants tested display a larger signal increase, linearly scaling with concentration. A limit of detection of 1 μM is obtained in the current configuration. The water index-matched microspheres enable to access an additional analytical parameter, that is the propagation velocity of the scattering signal along the column. This parameter is also found to scale linearly with concentration, hence providing a complementary analytical tool sensitive to the adhesion kinetics.
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28
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Li R, Chen M, Yang H, Hao N, Liu Q, Peng M, Wang L, Hu Y, Chen X. Simultaneous In Situ Extraction and Self-Assembly of Plasmonic Colloidal Gold Superparticles for SERS Detection of Organochlorine Pesticides in Water. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4657-4665. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Miao Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Naiying Hao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Mei Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Lumin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yuyang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
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29
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Chromatography hyphenated to high resolution mass spectrometry in untargeted metabolomics for investigation of food (bio)markers. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Serrano R, Navarro JC, Portolés T, Sales C, Beltrán J, Monroig Ó, Hernández F. Identification of new, very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish by gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:1039-1046. [PMID: 33210175 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of very long-chain (>C24) polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs), which are essential in the vision, neural function, and reproduction of vertebrates, is challenging because of the lack of reference standards and their very low concentrations in certain lipid classes. In this research, we have developed a new methodology for VLC-PUFA identification based on gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source (GC-APCI-QTOF MS). The mass accuracy attainable with the innovative QTOF instrument, together with the soft ionization of the APCI source, provides valuable information on the intact molecule, traditionally lost with electron ionization sources due to the extensive fragmentation suffered. We have identified, for the first time, VLC-PUFAs with chains up to 44 carbons in eyes, brain, and gonads of gilthead sea bream, a commercially important fish in the Mediterranean. The added value of ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IMS), recently developed in combination with GC-QTOF MS, and the contribution of the collisional cross section (CCS) parameter in the characterization of novel VLC-PUFAs (for which reference standards are not available) have been also evaluated. The methodology developed has allowed assessing qualitative differences between farmed and wild fish, and opens new perspectives in a still scarcely known field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roque Serrano
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castellón, Spain. .,Research Unit of Marine Ecotoxicology (IATS-IUPA), Ribera de Cabanes, S/N, 12595, Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Navarro
- Research Unit of Marine Ecotoxicology (IATS-IUPA), Ribera de Cabanes, S/N, 12595, Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.,Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, S/N, 12595, Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Tania Portolés
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Carlos Sales
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Joaquín Beltrán
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Research Unit of Marine Ecotoxicology (IATS-IUPA), Ribera de Cabanes, S/N, 12595, Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.,Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, S/N, 12595, Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castellón, Spain.,Research Unit of Marine Ecotoxicology (IATS-IUPA), Ribera de Cabanes, S/N, 12595, Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
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31
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Niu Y, Liu J, Yang R, Zhang J, Shao B. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source as an advantageous technique for gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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32
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Fonseca E, Hernández F, Ibáñez M, Rico A, Pitarch E, Bijlsma L. Occurrence and ecological risks of pharmaceuticals in a Mediterranean river in Eastern Spain. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106004. [PMID: 32745782 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are biologically active molecules that may exert toxic effects to a wide range of aquatic organisms. They are considered contaminants of emerging concern due to their common presence in wastewaters and in the receiving surface waters, and the lack of specific regulations to monitor their environmental occurrence and risks. In this work, the environmental exposure and risks of pharmaceuticals have been studied in the Mijares River, Eastern Mediterranean coast (Spain). A total of 57 surface water samples from 19 sampling points were collected in three monitoring campaigns between June 2018 and February 2019. A list of 40 compounds was investigated using a quantitative target UHPLC-MS/MS method. In order to complement the data obtained, a wide-scope screening of pharmaceuticals and metabolites was also performed by UHPLC-HRMS. The ecological risks posed by the pharmaceutical mixtures were evaluated using species sensitivity distributions built with chronic toxicity data for aquatic organisms. In this study, up to 69 pharmaceuticals and 9 metabolites were identified, out of which 35 compounds were assessed using the quantitative method. The highest concentrations in water corresponded to acetaminophen, gabapentin, venlafaxine, valsartan, ciprofloxacin and diclofenac. The compounds that were found to exert the highest toxic pressure on the aquatic ecosystems were principally analgesic/anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics. These were: phenazone > azithromycin > diclofenac, and to a lower extent norfloxacin > ciprofloxacin > clarithromycin. The monitored pharmaceutical mixtures are expected to exert severe ecological risks in areas downstream of WWTP discharges, with the percentage of aquatic species affected ranging between 65% and 82% in 3 out of the 19 evaluated sites. In addition, five antibiotics were found to exceed antibiotic resistance thresholds, thus potentially contributing to resistance gene enrichment in environmental bacteria. This work illustrates the wide use and impact of pharmaceuticals in the area under study, and the vulnerability of surface waters if only conventional wastewater treatments are applied. Several compounds included in this study should be incorporated in future water monitoring programs to help in the development of future regulations, due to their potential risk to the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Fonseca
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, P.O. 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Pitarch
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain.
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Production of Bio-Based Pigments from Food Processing Industry By-Products (Apple, Pomegranate, Black Carrot, Red Beet Pulps) Using Aspergillus c arbonarius. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040240. [PMID: 33105686 PMCID: PMC7712229 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food processing industry by-products (apple, pomegranate, black carrot, and red beet pulps) were evaluated as raw materials in pigment production by the filamentous fungi Aspergillus carbonarius. The effect of fermentation conditions (solid and submerged-state), incubation period (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 d), initial substrate pH (4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5), and pulp particle size (<1.4, 1.4–2.0, 2–4, and >4 mm) on fungal pigment production were tested to optimize the conditions. Pigment extraction analysis carried out under solid-state fermentation conditions showed that the maximum pigment production was determined as 9.21 ± 0.59 absorbance unit at the corresponding wavelength per gram (AU/g) dry fermented mass (dfm) for pomegranate pulp (PP) by A. carbonarius for 5 d. Moreover, the highest pigment production was obtained as 61.84 ± 2.16 AU/g dfm as yellowish brown at initial pH 6.5 with < 1.4 mm of substrate particle size for 15-d incubation period. GC×GC-TOFMS results indicate that melanin could be one of the main products as a pigment. SEM images showed that melanin could localize on the conidia of A. carbonarius.
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Lipok C, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Development of an Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Interface for GC-MS. Molecules 2020; 25:E3253. [PMID: 32708799 PMCID: PMC7397239 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A closed atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) ion source as interface between a gas chromatograph (GC) and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (QqQ-MS) was developed. The influence of different ion source conditions, such as humidity, make-up gas flow, and the position of the GC column, were investigated and determined as main factors to increase sensitivity and repeatability of the system. For a performance test under real conditions, the new APCI ion source was used for the determination of plant protection products in commercially available coffee beans from Vietnam. The ionization behavior was investigated and the majority of the analytes were detected as [MH]+, [M]+∙, or as characteristic fragment ions, which have been assigned to ion source fragmentation. The developed GC-MS methods are based on tandem MS (MS/MS) and revealed for the plant protection products limits of detection (LOD) between 1 and 250 pg on column and relative standard derivations for all compounds < 16%. The used ultrasonic solid-liquid extraction yielded recovery rates of approximately 60 to 100%. Residues of herbicide methyl esters, organophosphorus compounds, and organonitrogen compounds have been detected in the analyzed coffee beans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver J. Schmitz
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Applied Analytical Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; (C.L.); (F.U.)
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Vargas-Berrones K, Bernal-Jácome L, Díaz de León-Martínez L, Flores-Ramírez R. Emerging pollutants (EPs) in Latin América: A critical review of under-studied EPs, case of study -Nonylphenol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138493. [PMID: 32320876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (EPs) represent a significant risk to human, ecological and environmental health. Although progress has been made in establishing monitoring in environmental matrices, health effects, legislation and control, there are still problems associated with regional bias and the types of EPs commonly assessed, which may underestimate the risk to health. In Latin America there are limited reports on environmental monitoring of EPs and it is generally focused on wastewater. This review identifies the current research deficiencies for emerging contaminants in the Latin American region, and we address the case of nonylphenol as an under-studied EP in the region. Nonylphenol is a degradation product of nonylphenol ethoxylate, which is a surfactant widely used in the manufacture of detergents in Latin America, environmental concentrations have been reported, predominantly in water, and the possible effects on species in this region have been also described. The importance of the review of this compound in the region lies in the fact that the Rotterdam Convention has catalogued nonylphenol as a severely restricted compound, so it is necessary to establish measures for its restriction and change to a sustainable technology. Finally, the example of NP presented in this review highlights the lack of regulation in Latin America regarding to EPs, resulting in the contamination of wastewater, effluents, rivers and drinking water. It is imperative to determine the potential effects, occurrence and concentration levels to improve the regulation of these pollutants in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Vargas-Berrones
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Luis Bernal-Jácome
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado Edificio P. Facultad de Ingeniería, Dr. Manuel Nava #8, Zona Universitaria, C.P. 78290 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
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Lara-Martín PA, Chiaia-Hernández AC, Biel-Maeso M, Baena-Nogueras RM, Hollender J. Tracing Urban Wastewater Contaminants into the Atlantic Ocean by Nontarget Screening. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3996-4005. [PMID: 32122118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Oceans are the ultimate sink for many of the over 100 million man-made substances. Until now, monitoring was limited to a reduced number of targeted persistent organic pollutants, reaching open waters mainly via atmospheric deposition. However, the composition and fate of the thousands of pollutants reaching the marine environment though wastewater discharges from coastal sources remain largely unexplored. By combining a newly developed nontarget screening (NTS) workflow and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), we have identified over 500 sewage-derived contaminants occurring in the ocean. Samples from the NE Atlantic contained this anthropogenic imprint at distances over 50 km from the coastline and >500 m depth, beyond the continental margin. The range of identified compounds spans from pharmaceuticals and personal care products to food additives and industrial chemicals, including several that have never been reported in the environment, as they escaped conventional targeted analytical methods. Predicting the effects of the continuous input of this chemical "cocktail" on marine ecosystems is a formidable challenge, since 40% of the detected compounds lack information regarding their use and ecotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus of International Excellence of the Sea (CEI·MAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Aurea C Chiaia-Hernández
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Geography and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Biel-Maeso
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus of International Excellence of the Sea (CEI·MAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Rosa M Baena-Nogueras
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus of International Excellence of the Sea (CEI·MAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, IBP, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Gago-Ferrero P, Bletsou AA, Damalas DE, Aalizadeh R, Alygizakis NA, Singer HP, Hollender J, Thomaidis NS. Wide-scope target screening of >2000 emerging contaminants in wastewater samples with UPLC-Q-ToF-HRMS/MS and smart evaluation of its performance through the validation of 195 selected representative analytes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121712. [PMID: 31784138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the development and validation of a comprehensive quantitative target methodology for the analysis of 2316 emerging pollutants in water based on Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole-Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-Q-ToF-HRMS/MS). Target compounds include pesticides, pharmaceuticals, drugs of abuse, industrial chemicals, doping compounds, surfactants and transformation products, among others. The method was validated for 195 analytes, chosen to be representative of the chemical space of the target list, enabling the assessment of the performance of the method. The method involves a generic sample preparation based on mixed mode solid phase extraction, a UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS screening method using Data Independent Acquisition (DIA) mode, which provides MS and MS/MS spectra simultaneously and an elaborate strong post-acquisition evaluation of the data. The processing method was optimized to provide a successful identification rate >95 % and to minimize the number of false positive results (< 5 %). Decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ) were also introduced in the validation scheme to provide more realistic metrics on the performance of a HRMS-based wide-scope screening method. A new system of identification points (IPs) based on the one described in the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC was applied to communicate the confidence level in the identification of the analytes. This system considers retention time, mass accuracy, isotopic fit and fragmentation; taking full advantage of the capacities of the HRMS instruments. Finally, 398 contaminants were detected and quantified in real wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Anna A Bletsou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios E Damalas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Reza Aalizadeh
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikiforos A Alygizakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Heinz P Singer
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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Identification of Aquifer Recharge Sources as the Origin of Emerging Contaminants in Intensive Agricultural Areas. La Plana de Castellón, Spain. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12030731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In urban, industrial, and agricultural areas, a vast array of contaminants may be found because they are introduced into the aquifers by different recharge sources. The emerging contaminants (ECs) correspond to unregulated contaminants, which may be candidates for future regulation depending on the results of research into their potential effects on health and on monitoring data regarding their occurrence. ECs frequently found in wastewater, such as acetaminophen, carbamazepine, primidone, and sulfamethoxazole, may be good indicators of the introduction of the reclaimed water to the aquifers. The resistance of the ECs to removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) causes them to be appropriate sewage markers. Plana de Castellón (Spain) is a coastal area that has been characterized by intensive citrus agriculture since the 1970s. Traditionally, in the southern sector of Plana de Castellón, 100% of irrigation water comes from groundwater. In recent years, local farmers have been using a mixture of groundwater and reclaimed water from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to irrigate the citrus. The aims of the present study were: (i) to assess the occurrences, spatial distributions, and concentrations of selected ECs, including 32 antibiotics, 8 UV filters, and 2 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, in groundwater in a common agricultural context; (ii) to identify the recharge (pollution) sources acting as the origin of the ECs, and (iii) to suggest ECs as indicators of reclaimed water arrival in detrital heterogeneous aquifers. The obtained data provided relevant information for the management of water resources and elucidated the fate and behavior of emerging contaminants in similar contexts.
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Sieira BJ, Montes R, Touffet A, Rodil R, Cela R, Gallard H, Quintana JB. Chlorination and bromination of 1,3-diphenylguanidine and 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine: Kinetics, transformation products and toxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121590. [PMID: 31784125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This works investigates the chlorination and bromination of two rubber and polymer related chemicals, which have emerged as relevant water contaminants, i.e. 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG) and 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG). Kinetic constants at different pH values were obtained and modelled, taking into account the pKa values of DTG/DPG and HClO, showing that the maximum reaction rate (kapp > 104 M-1 s-1) is obtained at pH values 8.8 for DPG and 9.1 for DTG. Bromination is also very fast, although unlike chlorination, deviation from the model was observed at neutral pH, which was attributed to formation of metastable transformation product (TP). A total of 35 TPs, corresponding to halogenation, hydroxylation, formation of monophenylguanidine derivatives and cyclization reactions, were tentatively identified. Furthermore it was found that chloroform can be formed up to a 25% molar yield, while dichloroacetonitrile was formed into less than a 3% yield. Several ecotoxicological endpoints were predicted by quantitative structure-activity relationship models (QSAR) for the TPs, some of which were predicted to be more toxic than DPG/DTG. Also a chlorinated solution investigated by a Vibrio Fisheri acute toxicity test, confirmed that toxicity increases with chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benigno J Sieira
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Arnaud Touffet
- Institute de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Poitiers (ENSIP), Université de Poitiers, 1, rue Marcel Doré, TSA 41105, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Hervé Gallard
- Institute de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Poitiers (ENSIP), Université de Poitiers, 1, rue Marcel Doré, TSA 41105, 86073 Poitiers, France.
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Gumbi BP, Moodley B, Birungi G, Ndungu PG. Target, Suspect and Non-Target Screening of Silylated Derivatives of Polar Compounds Based on Single Ion Monitoring GC-MS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16204022. [PMID: 31640145 PMCID: PMC6843951 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16204022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in determining the unidentified peaks within a sample spectra besides the analytes of interest. Availability of reference standards and hyphenated instruments has been a key and limiting factor in the rapid determination of emerging pollutants in the environment. In this work, polar compounds were silylated and analyzed with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the abundant fragments within the single ion monitoring (SIM) mode and methodology. Detection limits and recoveries of the compounds were established in river water, wastewater, biosolid and sediment matrices. Then, specific types of polar compounds that are classified as emerging contaminants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, in the environment were targeted in the Mgeni and Msunduzi Rivers. We also performed suspect and non-target analysis screening to identify several other polar compounds in these rivers. A total of 12 compounds were quantified out of approximately 50 detected emerging contaminants in the Mgeni and Msunduzi Rivers. This study is significant for Africa, where the studies of emerging contaminants are limited and not usually prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhekumuzi Prince Gumbi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Brenda Moodley
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Grace Birungi
- Department of Chemistry, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara 1410, Uganda.
| | - Patrick Gathura Ndungu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa.
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Lee S, Kim K, Jeon J, Moon HB. Optimization of suspect and non-target analytical methods using GC/TOF for prioritization of emerging contaminants in the Arctic environment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:11-17. [PMID: 31154115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous chemicals have been manufactured through industrial activities and used as consumer products since the late 18th century. Non-target analysis is a new analytical tool to detect many chemicals in environmental samples and to prioritize emerging contaminants. In this study, suspect and non-target analytical methods were optimized using gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight (GC/TOF) to propose contaminants of emerging concern for the Arctic environment. A suspect analytical method was developed with qualification and qualifier ions, isotopic ratios, and retention times of 215 contaminants including persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to establish an in-house library. Non-target analytical method was also optimized with a deconvoluted ion chromatogram, which is a form that can possibly match the mass spectrum of the NIST library. Multiple environmental samples, such as seawater, air, soil, sediment, sludge, and iceberg, collected from the Arctic region were analyzed with suspect and non-target analysis of GC/TOF after the clean-up procedure with a solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. The commonly detected contaminants in the Arctic environmental samples were siloxanes, organophosphate flame retardants, phthalates, synthetic musk compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Among them, siloxanes and organophosphate flame retardants were proposed to be contaminants of emerging concerns for the Arctic environment. This is the first report to prioritize emerging contaminants in the Arctic environment with suspect and non-target analysis of GC/TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Jeon
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea; School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Fonseca E, Renau-Pruñonosa A, Ibáñez M, Gracia-Lor E, Estrela T, Jiménez S, Pérez-Martín MÁ, González F, Hernández F, Morell I. Investigation of pesticides and their transformation products in the Júcar River Hydrographical Basin (Spain) by wide-scope high-resolution mass spectrometry screening. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108570. [PMID: 31325630 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC implemented by the European Union established as the main objectives to achieve a "good ecological and chemical status" of the surface water and a "good quantitative and chemical status" of groundwater bodies. One of the major pressures affecting water bodies comes from the use of pesticides and their potential presence in the water ecosystems. For this purpose, the reliable determination of pesticides and their transformation products (TPs) in natural waters (both surface and groundwater) is required. The high number of compounds potentially reaching the aquatic environment makes extraordinary difficult, if not impossible, to investigate all these compounds even using the most powerful analytical techniques. Among these, liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry is emphasized due to its strong potential for detection and identification of many organic contaminants thanks to the accurate-mass full spectrum acquisition data. This work focuses on wide-scope screening of many pesticides and their TPs in surface water and groundwater samples, collected between March and May 2017, in the Júcar River Hydrographical Basin, Spain. For this purpose, a home-made database containing more than 500 pesticides and TPs was employed. Analyses performed by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF MS) allowed the identification of up to 27 pesticides and 6 TPs. The most detected compounds in groundwater were the herbicides atrazine, simazine, terbuthylazine, and their TPs (atrazine-desethyl, terbumeton-desethyl and terbuthylazine-desethyl). Regarding surface water, the fungicides carbendazim, thiabendazole and imazalil, the herbicide terbutryn and the TP terbumeton-desethyl were also detected. These results illustrate the wide use of these compounds (in the present or in the recent past) in the area under study and the vulnerability of the water bodies, and are in accordance with previous findings in other water bodies of the different Spanish Hydrographic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Fonseca
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, P.O. 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Arianna Renau-Pruñonosa
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teodoro Estrela
- Confederación Hidrográfica del Júcar (CHJ), Avda. de Blasco Ibáñez 48, 46010, Valencia, Spain; Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Jiménez
- Confederación Hidrográfica del Júcar (CHJ), Avda. de Blasco Ibáñez 48, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Pérez-Martín
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco González
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Pinar del Río Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca, 20100, Pinar del Río, Cuba
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Morell
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain.
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Screening 89 Pesticides in Fishery Drugs by Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183375. [PMID: 31533222 PMCID: PMC6767809 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiclass screening of drugs with high resolution mass spectrometry is of great interest due to its high time-efficiency and excellent accuracy. A high-scale, fast screening method for pesticides in fishery drugs was established based on ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer. The target compounds - were diluted in methanol and extracted by ultrasonic treatment, and the extracts were diluted with MeOH-water (1:1, v/v) and centrifuged to remove impurities. The chromatographic separation was performed on an Accucore aQ-MS column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 2.6 μm) with gradient elution using 0.1% formic acid in water (containing 5 mmol/L ammonium formate) and 0.1% formic acid in methanol (containing 5 mmol/L ammonium formate) in Full Scan/dd-MS2 (TopN) scan mode. A screening database, including mass spectrometric and chromatographic information, was established for identification of compounds. The screening detection limits of methods ranged between 1–500 mg/kg, the recoveries of real samples spiked with the concentration of 10 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg standard mixture ranged from 70% to 110% for more than sixty compounds, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 20%. The application of this method showed that target pesticides were screened out in 10 samples out of 21 practical samples, in which the banned pesticide chlorpyrifos were detected in 3 out of the 10 samples.
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Martínez-Morcillo S, Pérez-López M, Míguez MP, Valcárcel Y, Soler F. Comparative study of esterase activities in different tissues of marine fish species Trachurus trachurus, Merluccius merluccius and Trisopterus luscus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 679:12-22. [PMID: 31078771 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are one of the most frequently anthropogenic xenobiotics detected in water. Among these, the organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are very widely used in agriculture due to their broad spectrum of activity and their low price, but they also have high potent effects as neurotoxic compounds in non-target organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate biomarkers acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), propionylcholinesterase (PChE) and carboxylesterase (CbE) in the representative Atlantic fish species Trachurus trachurus, Merluccius merluccius and Trisopterus luscus from "Rías Gallegas", a traditional Spanish fishing area. These esterase activities were evaluated in the brain, muscle and liver to determine the most adequate tissue to measure such enzymatic activities. The sensitivity of AChE and CbE activities from different tissues the widely used organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos (CP), and its toxic metabolite (CP-oxon) was also tested. AChE activity was predominant in all tissues of the analysed species (particularly in brain constituting from 78.33%, 89.83% and 88.43% of total ChEs in Trachurus trachurus, Merluccius merluccius and Trisopterus luscus, respectively). Under in vitro exposure, esterases were shown to be highly sensitive to CP and especially to CP-oxon. Moreover, a similar effect observed on AChE and CbE activities could suggest that CbE activity might contribute efficiently against the toxic effects of CP, especially in muscle and the liver. The presence of BChE, PChE and upper CbE activities in muscle and the liver and their OP-sensibilities can be used to study their function in the pesticide biochemical detoxification pathways with a prominent role as a safeguarding mechanism against pesticide toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martínez-Morcillo
- Toxicology Unit, Veterinary School, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain.
| | - M Pérez-López
- Toxicology Unit, Veterinary School, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - M P Míguez
- Toxicology Unit, Veterinary School, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Y Valcárcel
- Group in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (TAyER), Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Soler
- Toxicology Unit, Veterinary School, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
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46
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Mesihää S, Rasanen I, Pelander A, Ojanperä I. Quantitative Estimation of 38 Illicit Psychostimulants in Blood by GC-APCI-QTOFMS with Nitrogen Chemiluminescence Detection Based on Three External Calibrators. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 44:163-172. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A method was developed for quantitative estimation of illicit psychostimulants in blood, with an emphasis on new psychoactive substances, based on gas chromatography nitrogen chemiluminescence detection coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-NCD-APCI-QTOFMS). Quantitative estimation relied on the NCD’s N-equimolar response to nitrogen, using amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methylenedioxypyrovalerone as external calibrators for prim-, sec- and tert- amines, respectively. After spiking with 38 stimulants at 3 concentration levels, the donor blood samples were submitted to liquid–liquid extraction at a basic pH followed by acylation with trifluoroacetic anhydride. All but 3 psychostimulants could be analyzed with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.05 mg/L. At LOQ, the coefficient of variation (CV) values for between-day accuracy was 62.3–143.3% (mean, 93.5%; median, 88.5%) and precision 6.6–22.4% (mean, 15.8%; median, 16.1%). In addition, 11 post-mortem blood samples, containing 0.08–2.4 mg/L of amphetamine (n = 5), methamphetamine (n = 4) or MDMA (n = 4), were analyzed by the GC-NCD-APCI-QTOFMS method, and the results were compared with an established electron ionization GC–MS method with appropriate calibration. The agreement between the 2 methods was 62.5–117.3%. Regarding identification, the APCI source permitted detection of the intact precursor ion, or the respective acylation product, for all of the measured compounds. The GC-NCD-APCI-QTOFMS method developed here enables instant quantitative estimation of illicit psychostimulants in blood at reasonable accuracy, without the necessity of possessing the true reference standards for each analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mesihää
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 40, Helsinki, Finland
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilpo Rasanen
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Pelander
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Ojanperä
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 40, Helsinki, Finland
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, Helsinki, Finland
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47
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León C, Boix C, Beltrán E, Peñuela G, López F, Sancho JV, Hernández F. Study of cyanotoxin degradation and evaluation of their transformation products in surface waters by LC-QTOF MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 229:538-548. [PMID: 31100625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the degradation of three cyanotoxins from the hepatotoxins group was investigated under laboratory-controlled experiments in water samples. Surface waters spiked with microcystin-LR (MC-LR), nodularin (NOD) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) were subjected to hydrolysis, chlorination and photo-degradation, under both sunlight (SL) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A total of 12 transformation products (TPs) were detected and tentatively identified by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF MS). These comprised: 6 chlorination TPs (3 from CYN and 3 from MC-LR, 2 isomers); 4 UV TPs (all from CYN); and 2 sunlight TPs (one isomer from MC-LR and another from NOD). No TPs were observed under hydrolysis conditions. The chemical structures for all TPs were tentatively proposed based on the accurate-mass QTOF MS full-spectra. Analysis of real-world samples collected from the Peñol reservoir (Antioquia, Colombia) revealed the presence of MC-LR and CYN as well as a sunlight TP identified in the laboratory experiments. Data presented in this article will assist further research on TPs potentially formed in future tertiary degradation processes applied for the removal of organic micro-pollutants in water; as well as improving available knowledge on the toxic implications of cyanobacterial toxins TPs in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina León
- Grupo Diagnóstico y Control de La Contaminación (GDCON), Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Clara Boix
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I. Avda, Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Eduardo Beltrán
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I. Avda, Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Gustavo Peñuela
- Grupo Diagnóstico y Control de La Contaminación (GDCON), Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francisco López
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I. Avda, Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Juan V Sancho
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I. Avda, Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I. Avda, Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellon, Spain.
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48
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Casado J, Brigden K, Santillo D, Johnston P. Screening of pesticides and veterinary drugs in small streams in the European Union by liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 670:1204-1225. [PMID: 31018436 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Water samples from 29 small waterways located in 10 different countries in the European Union were screened for the presence of a large number of pesticides (275) and veterinary drugs (101). Solid phase extraction was combined with liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap high resolution tandem mass spectrometry to quantify the levels of pesticides in the samples and to detect the presence of veterinary drugs. All the sampled European rivers and canals included in this investigation were contaminated with mixtures of pesticides and, in most of the cases, with several veterinary drugs at the time of sampling, without a clear national or regional pattern. In total, 103 different pesticides, 24 of them banned in the EU, and 21 veterinary drugs were found in the analysed samples. Herbicides were the main contributor to the total amount of pesticides found in the samples, with terbuthylazine present in all the samples. The maximum individual concentration recorded was of dimethenamid at 59.85 μg L-1. The maximum combined pesticide concentration was found in a sample from the Wulfdambeek canal, Belgium, with 94.02 μg L-1 comprised of a mixture of 70 different pesticides. European regulatory standards defining acceptable concentration levels were exceeded for at least one pesticide in 13 of the 29 samples analysed, with the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid and clothianidin most frequently present above such limits. The majority of the veterinary drugs detected were antimicrobials, most being antibiotics. The β-lactam antibiotic dicloxacillin was present in two thirds of the analysed samples. The application of this consistent research approach across Europe allowed the identification of a significant threat to the aquatic environment associated with pesticide contamination, and in some cases veterinary drugs, at the time of sampling in the water bodies tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Casado
- Greenpeace Research Laboratories, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Innovation Centre Phase 2, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
| | - Kevin Brigden
- Greenpeace Research Laboratories, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Innovation Centre Phase 2, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - David Santillo
- Greenpeace Research Laboratories, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Innovation Centre Phase 2, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Johnston
- Greenpeace Research Laboratories, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Innovation Centre Phase 2, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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49
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Della-Flora A, Wielens Becker R, Frederigi Benassi S, Theodoro Toci A, Cordeiro GA, Ibáñez M, Portolés T, Hernández F, Boroski M, Sirtori C. Comprehensive investigation of pesticides in Brazilian surface water by high resolution mass spectrometry screening and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry quantitative analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 669:248-257. [PMID: 30878932 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a comprehensive investigation on the occurrence of pesticides in the Paraná 3 hydrographic basin of Paraná State, Brazil, was made by application of wide-scope screening based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) both coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF MS). The use of two complementary techniques, such as GC-QTOF MS and LC-QTOF MS, allowed screening a large number of compounds with different polarity and volatility. This screening approach was applied to 17 samples, enabling the detection of fifty-two pesticides and six metabolites. In a second step, an specific research was made on the herbicide atrazine, one of the most frequent compounds in samples, and its major transformation products (TPs), which were quantitatively analyzed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) followed by GC-MS measurement. Twenty-one agricultural streams from the Paraná 3 hydrographic basin were sampled twice in 2017, each time along six successive weeks. Additional samples were also collected after rain events exceeding 10 mm. In total, 407 samples were quantitatively analyzed by DLLME/GC-MS. Atrazine concentrations did not exceed the maximum permitted concentration of 2 μg L-1 according to Brazilian legislation, and only one surface water sample, collected after precipitation events, was slightly above this value (2.89 μg L-1). The maximum concentrations for the TPs desethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine were 0.80 and 1.22 μg L-1, respectively. Based on the quantification results, a map was produced showing the occurrence of atrazine and its TPs in the area under study. This is the first time that the presence of agrochemicals is evaluated in the Paraná 3 hydrographic basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Della-Flora
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - R Wielens Becker
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - S Frederigi Benassi
- Itaipu Binacional, 6731 Tancredo Neves Av., Foz do Iguaçu, PR 85867-970, Brazil
| | - A Theodoro Toci
- Federal University of Latin American Integration (UNILA), 6731 Tancredo Neves Av., Foz do Iguaçu, PR 85867-970, Brazil
| | - G A Cordeiro
- Federal University of Latin American Integration (UNILA), 6731 Tancredo Neves Av., Foz do Iguaçu, PR 85867-970, Brazil
| | - M Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón 12071, Spain
| | - T Portolés
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón 12071, Spain
| | - F Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón 12071, Spain
| | - M Boroski
- Federal University of Latin American Integration (UNILA), 6731 Tancredo Neves Av., Foz do Iguaçu, PR 85867-970, Brazil
| | - C Sirtori
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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50
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Rimayi C, Chimuka L, Gravell A, Fones GR, Mills GA. Use of the Chemcatcher® passive sampler and time-of-flight mass spectrometry to screen for emerging pollutants in rivers in Gauteng Province of South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:388. [PMID: 31115701 PMCID: PMC6529598 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many rivers in urbanised catchments in South Africa are polluted by raw sewage and effluent to an extent that their ecological function has been severely impaired. The Hennops and Jukskei Rivers lying in the Hartbeespoort Dam catchment are two of the worst impacted rivers in South Africa and are in need of rehabilitation. Passive sampling (Chemcatcher® with a HLB receiving phase) together with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry-targeted screening was used to provide high sensitivity and selectivity for the identification of a wide range of emerging pollutants in these urban waters. Over 200 compounds, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, drugs of abuse and their metabolites were identified. Many substances (~ 180) being detected for the first time in surface water in South Africa. General medicines and psychotropic drugs were the two most frequently detected groups in the catchment. These accounted for 49% of the emerging pollutants found. Of the general medicines, antihypertensive agents, beta-blocking and cardiac drugs were the most abundant (28%) classes detected. The Hennops site, downstream of a dysfunctional wastewater treatment plant, was the most polluted with 123 substances detected. From the compounds detected, peak intensity-based prioritisation was used to identify the five most abundant pollutants, being in the order caffeine > lopinavir > sulfamethoxazole > cotinine > trimethoprim. This work provides the largest available high-quality dataset of emerging pollutants detected in South African urban waters. The data generated in this study provides a solid foundation for subsequent work to further characterise (suspect screening) and quantify (target analysis) these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Rimayi
- Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Services (RQIS), Roodeplaat, P. Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, P. Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Anthony Gravell
- Natural Resources Wale, NRW Analytical Services, Swansea University, Faraday Building, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gary R Fones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK.
| | - Graham A Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
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