Care of patients with liver disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: EASL-ESCMID position paper

Elimination of HCV Infection: Recent Epidemiological Findings, Barriers, and Strategies for the Coming Years

Hepatitis C is a disease for which in approximately 30 years we have gone from the discovery of the causative agent in 1989, to the introduction of direct-acting antiviral (DAAs) therapies starting from 2011, and to a proposal for its elimination in 2016, with some countries being on track for this goal. Elimination efforts, in the absence of a vaccine, rely on prevention measures and antiviral therapies. However, treatment rates have declined in recent years and are not considered adequate to achieve this goal at a global level. This poses a great epidemiological challenge, as HCV in many countries still causes a significant burden and most infected people are not yet diagnosed. Consequently, efforts are needed at different levels with common purposes: to facilitate access to screening and diagnosis and to improve linkage to care pathways. In this review, we discuss the latest epidemiological findings on HCV infection, the obstacles to its elimination, and strategies that are believed to be useful to overcome these obstacles but are applied unevenly across the world.

Microfluidic point-of-care testing device for multiplexed detection of liver function blood markers

In this work, we developed a novel microfluidic paper-based analytical device to quantify the blood markers of liver function from human fingertips and whole blood samples. The device can quickly acquire information for screening liver injury and supporting clinical decision-making by simultaneously performing quantitative tests for alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and albumin. We evaluated the detection accuracy and the storage stability of the device using fingertip samples. The yielded results of our device correlated well with those from Mindray BS350s, even under the conditions of 35 °C and 90%RH. Thus, it offers an effective platform for clinical assessment of liver injury particularly in resource-limited areas.

Accreditation Modules According to Hospital Types: A Scoping Review

Background

One of the upcoming challenges in hospital accreditation is using the same and similar standards for all types of hospitals in size and type of activity. We aimed to identify the accreditation modules for all types of hospitals in size (small hospitals) and type of activity (special hospitals).

Methods

This research was conducted as a scoping review from Mar to May 2023. "Arsky and O'Malley" six-step protocol was used to conduct this study. "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses" (PRISMA) was used to identify, evaluate, and select research articles. The "framework analysis" method was used to analyze the data.

Results

Of 14 articles, 64% have been published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Moreover, 36% of them were accreditation organizations' standards at the national level. The accreditation modules of small hospitals are Responsibilities of Management, Care of Patients, Management of Medication, Patient Safety, Infection Control, Continuous Quality Improvement, Patient Rights and Education, Blood and Blood Products, and Partnering with Consumers. The accreditation modules of special hospitals are Governing Body and Administration, Clinical Management, Prevention and Health, Care and Treatment, Diagnostic Services, Patient Rights, and Quality Improvement.

Conclusion

Identifying the main modules of accreditation for small and special hospitals can help policymakers and hospital managers improve the quality and safety of their hospitals by using appropriate standards and help improve the services provided to patients and increase their satisfaction.

Insight into COVID-19 associated liver injury: Mechanisms, evaluation, and clinical implications

COVID-19 has affected millions worldwide, causing significant morbidity and mortality. While predominantly involving the respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 has also caused systemic illnesses involving other sites. Liver injury due to COVID-19 has been variably reported in observational studies. It has been postulated that liver damage may be due to direct damage by the SARS-CoV-2 virus or multifactorial secondary to hepatotoxic therapeutic options, as well as cytokine release syndrome and sepsis-induced multiorgan dysfunction. The approach to a COVID-19 patient with liver injury requires a thorough evaluation of the pattern of hepatocellular injury, along with the presence of underlying chronic liver disease and concurrent medications which may cause drug-induced liver injury. While studies have shown uneventful recovery in the majority of mildly affected patients, severe COVID-19 associated liver injury has been associated with higher mortality, prolonged hospitalization, and greater morbidity in survivors. Furthermore, its impact on long-term outcomes remains to be ascertained as recent studies report an association with metabolic-fatty liver disease. This present review provides insight into the subject by describing the postulated mechanism of liver injury, its impact in the presence of pre-existing liver disease, and its short- and long-term clinical implications.

Impact of the Early COVID-19 Pandemic on Incidence and Outcomes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the United States

INTRODUCTION

Access to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance and treatments were disrupted during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We aimed to characterize the impact of the pandemic on HCC incidence and mortality rates, treatment, and outcomes in the United States.

METHODS

Two nationwide databases, the United States Cancer Statistics and the National Vital Statistics System, were used to investigate HCC incidence and mortality between 2001 and 2020. Trends in age-adjusted incidence rate (aIR) and adjusted mortality rate (aMR) were assessed using joinpoint analysis. The 2020 aIR and aMR were projected based on the prepandemic data and compared with actual values to assess the extent of underdiagnosis. We assessed differences in HCC characteristics, treatment, and overall survival between 2020 and 2018-2019.

RESULTS

The aIR of HCC in 2020 was significantly reduced compared with 2019 (5.22 vs 6.03/100K person-years [PY]), representing a 12.2% decrease compared with the predicted aIR in 2020 (5.94/100K PY). The greatest extent of underdiagnosis was observed in Black (-14.87%) and Hispanic (-14.51%) individuals and those with localized HCC (-15.12%). Individuals staged as regional or distant HCC were also less likely to receive treatment in 2020. However, there was no significant difference in short-term overall survival in 2020 compared with 2018-2019, with HCC mortality rates remaining stable (aMR: 2.76 vs 2.73/100K PY in 2020 vs 2019).

DISCUSSION

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in underdiagnosis of HCC, particularly early stage disease and racial ethnic minorities, and underuse of HCC-directed treatment. Longer follow-up is needed to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HCC-related mortality.

Review article: Telecare in gastroenterology-Within the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond

BACKGROUND

Telehealth is a growing model of care, greatly accelerated with the demands of the COVID-19 pandemic. Telecare is a synchronous audio-visual or audio-only format of health delivery.

AIMS

To evaluate the existing literature on telecare within adult gastroenterology subspecialties to determine if outcomes are comparable to traditional in-person consultations and to highlight the Pokapū Network, a local initiative in the Lakes Region of New Zealand, amongst these international findings.

METHODS

We completed an OVID MEDLINE search using the terms gastroenterology, endoscopy, digestive system, inflammatory bowel disease, functional, hepatology, liver, telemedicine, telehealth, videoconferencing, remote consultation, video clinic and telephone clinic.

RESULTS

Patients showed positive attitudes towards telecare and, in several reports, would elect to have telecare consults in the future. Telecare reduces travel time and out-of-pocket costs for patients and the need for patients to take time off work. Generally, patients engaging with telecare show equivalent health outcomes to patients engaging with traditional models of care. Patients from ethnic minority groups or lower socio-economic backgrounds, or who are older, are less likely to complete a 'successful' telecare consult.

CONCLUSION

Telecare is a useful model of care to allow gastroenterology centres to function within the context of COVID-19 isolation and beyond. It has significant benefits for patients who face geographical and financial barriers to accessing healthcare. Telecare models such as the Pokapū Network hold promise in reducing inequities for gastroenterology patients. Such models must be introduced with consideration of digital disparities that exist amongst patients to avoid worsening the digital divide.

Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver clinical practice guidelines on liver transplantation

Liver transplantation is a highly complex and challenging field of clinical practice. Although it was originally developed in western countries, it has been further advanced in Asian countries through the use of living donor liver transplantation. This method of transplantation is the only available option in many countries in the Asia-Pacific region due to the lack of deceased organ donation. As a result of this clinical situation, there is a growing need for guidelines that are specific to the Asia-Pacific region. These guidelines provide comprehensive recommendations for evidence-based management throughout the entire process of liver transplantation, covering both deceased and living donor liver transplantation. In addition, the development of these guidelines has been a collaborative effort between medical professionals from various countries in the region. This has allowed for the inclusion of diverse perspectives and experiences, leading to a more comprehensive and effective set of guidelines.

The effects of opium consumption on severity of disease on hospitalized COVID-19 patients in East of Iran, a prospective cohort study

There are few theories and little empirical evidence about the bilateral impact of substance use and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), so a logical and accurate picture of this area is required. We investigated the effects of opium use on severity of disease on hospitalized COVID-19 patients in east of Iran. Demographic and clinical characteristics, vital signs, laboratory tests, mortality rate, type and duration of opium consumption in hospitalized patients who recovered from COVID-19 in the follow-up after 3 months were evaluated. In this study, 60 (20%) participants were the opium user and 251 (80%) were the non-user patients. Based on clinical symptoms, hypertension and systolic blood pressure in opium user were significantly higher than non-user patients (p < 0.05). In the laboratory tests, only the level of urea was higher in the opium positive group (37 [26.5-48.5] vs. 32 [23-43], respectively) and the percent of lymphocytes were lower in the opium positive (17 [8.2-25.8] vs. 18.7 [13.85-26.35], respectively). The initial therapies of both opium positive and negative infected patients showed not any significant changes (p > 0.05). Among the studied groups, one deceased case with COVID-19 was related to a drug user patient. Although, uses of opium reduced the levels of some risk factors, vital signs at admission and initial therapies during hospitalization in COVID-19 patients but it increased lung and heart diseases. Also, the severity of COVID-19 including hospitalization and mortality were associated with opium consumption.

Discovery of common molecular signatures and drug repurposing for COVID-19/Asthma comorbidity: ACE2 and multi-partite networks

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is identified as the functional receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the ongoing global coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to elucidate potential therapeutic avenues by scrutinizing approved drugs through the identification of the genetic signature associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals with asthma. This exploration was conducted through an integrated analysis, encompassing interaction networks between the ACE2 receptor and common host (co-host) factors implicated in COVID-19/asthma comorbidity. The comprehensive analysis involved the identification of common differentially expressed genes (cDEGs) and hub-cDEGs, functional annotations, interaction networks, gene set variation analysis (GSVA), gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and module construction. Interaction networks were used to identify overlapping disease modules and potential drug targets. Computational biology and molecular docking analyzes were utilized to discern functional drug modules. Subsequently, the impact of the identified drugs on the expression of hub-cDEGs was experimentally validated using a mouse model. A total of 153 cDEGs or co-host factors associated with ACE2 were identified in the COVID-19 and asthma comorbidity. Among these, seven significant cDEGs and proteins - namely, HRAS, IFNG, JUN, CDH1, TLR4, ICAM1, and SCD-were recognized as pivotal host factors linked to ACE2. Regulatory network analysis of hub-cDEGs revealed eight top-ranked transcription factors (TFs) proteins and nine microRNAs as key regulatory factors operating at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, respectively. Molecular docking simulations led to the proposal of 10 top-ranked repurposable drug molecules (Rapamycin, Ivermectin, Everolimus, Quercetin, Estradiol, Entrectinib, Nilotinib, Conivaptan, Radotinib, and Venetoclax) as potential treatment options for COVID-19 in individuals with comorbid asthma. Validation analysis demonstrated that Rapamycin effectively inhibited ICAM1 expression in the HDM-stimulated mice group (p < 0.01). This study unveils the common pathogenesis and genetic signature underlying asthma and SARS-CoV-2 infection, delineated by the interaction networks of ACE2-related host factors. These findings provide valuable insights for the design and discovery of drugs aimed at more effective therapeutics within the context of lung disease comorbidities.

Pancreatic and Hepatic Injury in COVID-19: A Worse Prognosis in NAFLD Patients?

The novel disease produced by SARS-CoV-2 mainly harms the respiratory tract, but it has shown the capacity to affect multiple organs. Epidemiologic evidence supports the relationship between Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pancreatic and hepatic injury development, identified by alterations in these organ function markers. In this regard, it is important to ascertain how the current prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) might affect COVID-19 evolution and complications. Although it is not clear how SARS-CoV-2 affects both the pancreas and the liver, a multiplicity of potential pathophysiological mechanisms seem to be implicated; among them, a direct viral-induced injury to the organ involving liver and pancreas ACE2 expression. Additionally, immune system dysregulation, coagulopathies, and drugs used to treat the disease could be key for developing complications associated with the patient's clinical decline. This review aims to provide an overview of the available epidemiologic evidence regarding developing liver and pancreatic alterations in patients with COVID-19, as well as the possible role that NAFLD/NASH might play in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying some of the complications associated with COVID-19. This review employed a comprehensive search on PubMed using relevant keywords and filters. From the initial 126 articles, those aligning with the research target were selected and evaluated for their methodologies, findings, and conclusions. It sheds light on the potential pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this relationship. As a result, it emphasises the importance of monitoring pancreatic and hepatic function in individuals affected by COVID-19.

The Potential Mechanisms Behind Adverse Effect of Coronavirus Disease-19 on Heart and Liver Damage: A Review

Background

Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the RNA viruses family. The viruses in this family are known to cause mild respiratory disease in humans. The origin of the novel SARS-COV2 virus that caused the coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) is the Wuhan city in China from where it disseminated to cause a global pandemic. Although lungs are the predominant target organ for Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19), since its outbreak, the disease is known to affect heart, blood vessels, kidney, intestine, liver and brain. This review aimed to summarize the catastrophic impacts of Coronavirus disease-19 on heart and liver along with its mechanisms of pathogenesis.

Methods

The information used in this review was obtained from relevant articles published on PubMed, Google Scholar, Google, WHO website, CDC and other sources. Key searching statements and phrases related to COVID-19 were used to retrieve information. Original research articles, review papers, research letters and case reports were used as a source of information.

Results

Besides causing severe lung injury, COVID-19 has also been reported to affect and cause dysfunction of many other organs. COVID-19 infection can affect people by downregulating membrane-bound active angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). People who have deficient ACE2 expression are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. The patients' pre-existing co-morbidities are major risk factors that predispose individuals to severe COVID-19.

Conclusion

The disease severity and its broad spectrum phenotype is a result of combined direct and indirect pathogenic factors. Therefore, protocols that harmonize many therapeutic preferences should be the best alternatives to de-escalate the disease and obviate deaths caused as a result of multiple organ damage and dysfunction induced by the disease.

Impact of COVID-19 on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma in a high-prevalence area: What's new 12 months later?

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

The lockdown policy introduced in 2020 to minimize the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, significantly affected the management and care of patients affected by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this follow-up study was to determine the 12 months impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cohort of patients affected by HCC during the lockdown, within six French academic referral centers in the metropolitan area of Paris.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We performed a 12 months follow-up of the cross-sectional study cohort included in 2020 on the management of patients affected by HCC during the first six weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic (exposed), compared to the same period in 2019 (unexposed). Overall survival were compared between the groups. Predictors of mortality were analysed with Cox regression.

RESULTS

From the initial cohort, 575 patients were included (n = 263 Exposed_COVID, n = 312 Unexposed_COVID). Overall and disease free survival at 12 months were 59.9 ± 3.2% vs. 74.3 ± 2.5% (p<0.001) and 40.2 ± 3.5% vs. 63.5 ± 3.1% (p<0.001) according to the period of exposure (Exposed_COVID vs. Unexposed_COVID, respectively). Adjusted Cox regression revealed that the period of exposure (Exposed_COVID HR: 1.79, 95%CI (1.36, 2.35) p<0.001) and BCLC stage B, C and D (BCLC B HR: 1.82, 95%CI (1.07, 3.08) p = 0.027 - BCLC C HR: 1.96, 95%CI (1.14, 3.38) p = 0.015 - BCLC D HR: 3.21, 95%CI (1.76, 5.85) p<0.001) were predictors of death.

CONCLUSIONS

Disruption of routine healthcare services because of the pandemic translated to reduced 1 year overall and disease-free survival among patients affected by HCC, in the metropolitan area of Paris, France.

Impact and management of COVID-19 in liver transplant candidates and recipients

The COVID-19 outbreak has had severe consequences for global public health, medical communities, and the socioeconomic status of a considerable number of countries. The emergence of COVID-19 has also significantly impacted the world of liver transplantation (LT). Studies from transplantation centers around the world have shown that LTs during the COVID-19 pandemic have been restricted because of the high risk of serious COVID-19 infection in this population. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, patients with liver disease are considered at higher risk for severe COVID-19 infection. In March 2020, the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases recommended that LT should be limited to emergency cases. The COVID-19 treatment guidelines published by the National Institutes of Health are being constantly updated according to new epidemiology trends and treatment regimens. Immunocompromised patients have a higher risk of developing severe disease or death from COVID-19 compared with the general population. In this review, we summarize the available evidence regarding treatment guidelines and considerations for the evaluation and management of LT candidates and recipients in the era of COVID-19. In addition, we present data regarding COVID-19 among LT patients in our local transplantation center.

Long-term multiple metabolic abnormalities among healthy and high-risk people following nonsevere COVID-19

Few studies have identified the metabolic consequences of the post-acute phase of nonsevere COVID-19. This prospective study examined metabolic outcomes and associated factors in nonsevere, RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19. The participants' metabolic parameters, the prevalence of long-term multiple metabolic abnormalities (≥ 2 components), and factors influencing the prevalence were assessed at 1, 3, and 6 months post-onset. Six hundred individuals (mean age 45.5 ± 14.5 years, 61.7% female, 38% high-risk individuals) with nonsevere COVID-19 attended at least one follow-up visit. The prevalence of worsening metabolic abnormalities was 26.0% for BMI, 43.2% for glucose, 40.5% for LDL-c, 19.1% for liver, and 14.8% for C-reactive protein. Except for lipids, metabolic-component abnormalities were more prevalent in high-risk hosts than in healthy individuals. The prevalence of multiple metabolic abnormalities at the 6-month follow-up was 41.3% and significantly higher in high-risk than healthy hosts (49.2% vs 36.5%; P = 0.007). Factors independently associated with a lower risk of these abnormalities were being female, having dyslipidemia, and receiving at least 3 doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. These findings suggest that multiple metabolic abnormalities are the long-term consequences of COVID-19. For both high-risk and healthy individuals with nonsevere COVID-19, healthcare providers should monitor metabolic profiles, encourage healthy behaviors, and ensure complete vaccination.

Research landscape on COVID-19 and liver dysfunction: A bibliometric analysis

BACKGROUND

The global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), poses a significant risk to public health. Beyond the respiratory issues initially associated with the condition, severe cases of COVID-19 can also lead to complications in other organs, including the liver. Patients with severe COVID-19 may exhibit various clinical signs of liver dysfunction, ranging from minor elevations in liver enzymes without symptoms to more serious cases of impaired liver function. Liver damage is more commonly observed in patients with severe or critical forms of the disease.

AIM

To present the research landscape on COVID-19 and liver dysfunction while also offering valuable insights into the prominent areas of interest within this particular domain.

METHODS

On 18 February 2023, Scopus was utilised to conduct a comprehensive exploration of the relationship between COVID-19 and the liver dysfunction. The investigation encompassed the period from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2022. Primary sources were meticulously examined and organised in a Microsoft Excel 2013 spreadsheet, categorised by journal, institution, funding agency, country and citation type. VOSviewer version 1.6.18 was employed to explore the prominent topics and knowledge network related to the subject.

RESULTS

There were 2336 publications on COVID-19 and liver dysfunction analysed in this study, of which 558 were published in 2020, 891 in 2021 and 887 in 2022. Researchers from 111 different countries participated in the retrieved documents. The United States contributed the most studies, with 497 documents, representing 21.28% of the total, followed by China with 393 documents (16.82%) and Italy with 255 documents (10.92%). In the context of research related to COVID-19 and the liver, co-occurrence analysis identified three distinct clusters of topics: (1) 'COVID-19 vaccines in liver transplant recipients'; (2) 'liver function tests as a predictor of the severity and clinical outcomes in hospitalised patients'; and (3) 'care of patients with liver disease during the COVID-19 pandemic'.

CONCLUSION

This bibliometric study provides a comprehensive overview of liver-related publications in COVID-19 research over the past 3 years. This study highlights the significant contributions of high-income nations, particularly the United States, China, and Italy, to the production of liver-related scholarly literature in this field. Most of the articles focused on liver dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 and the implications of the virus for gastroenterologists and hepatologists.

Impact of COVID-19 in individuals with and without pre-existent digestive disorders with a particular focus on elderly patients

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has several extrapulmonary symptoms. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are among the most frequent clinical manifestations of COVID-19, with severe consequences reported in elderly patients. Furthermore, the impact of COVID-19 on patients with pre-existing digestive diseases still needs to be fully elucidated, particularly in the older population. This review aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on the GI tract, liver, and pancreas in individuals with and without previous digestive diseases, with a particular focus on the elderly, highlighting the distinctive characteristics observed in this population. Finally, the effectiveness and adverse events of the anti-COVID-19 vaccination in patients with digestive disorders and the peculiarities found in the elderly are discussed.

Bioinformatic and systems biology approach revealing the shared genes and molecular mechanisms between COVID-19 and non-alcoholic hepatitis

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic and poses a serious threat to human health. Many studies have shown that pre-existing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can worsen the clinical symptoms in patients suffering from COVID-19. However, the potential molecular mechanisms between NASH and COVID-19 remain unclear. To this end, key molecules and pathways between COVID-19 and NASH were herein explored by bioinformatic analysis. Methods: The common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between NASH and COVID-19 were obtained by differential gene analysis. Enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were carried out using the obtained common DEGs. The key modules and hub genes in PPI network were obtained by using the plug-in of Cytoscape software. Subsequently, the hub genes were verified using datasets of NASH (GSE180882) and COVID-19 (GSE150316), and further evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Finally, the verified hub genes were analyzed by single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) and NetworkAnalyst was used for the analysis of transcription factor (TF)-gene interactions, TF-microRNAs (miRNA) coregulatory network, and Protein-chemical Interactions. Results: A total of 120 DEGs between NASH and COVID-19 datasets were obtained, and the PPI network was constructed. Two key modules were obtained via the PPI network, and enrichment analysis of the key modules revealed the common association between NASH and COVID-19. In total, 16 hub genes were obtained by five algorithms, and six of them, namely, Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6), early growth response 1 (EGR1), growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 beta (GADD45B), JUNB, FOS, and FOS-like antigen 1 (FOSL1) were confirmed to be closely related to NASH and COVID-19. Finally, the relationship between hub genes and related pathways was analyzed, and the interaction network of six hub genes was constructed with TFs, miRNAs, and compounds. Conclusion: This study identified six hub genes related to COVID-19 and NASH, providing a new perspective for disease diagnosis and drug development.

Diagnosis, treatment protocols, and outcomes of liver transplant recipients infected with COVID-19

Several cases of fatal pneumonia during November 2019 were linked initially to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which the World Health Organization later designated as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. In the general population, COVID-19 severity can range from asymptomatic/mild symptoms to seriously ill. Its mortality rate could be as high as 49%. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have acknowledged that people with specific underlying medical conditions, among those who need immunosuppression after solid organ transplantation (SOT), are at an increased risk of developing severe illness from COVID-19. Liver transplantation is the second most prevalent SOT globally. Due to their immunosuppressed state, liver transplant (LT) recipients are more susceptible to serious infections. Therefore, comorbidities and prolonged immunosuppression among SOT recipients enhance the likelihood of severe COVID-19. It is crucial to comprehend the clinical picture, immunosuppressive management, prognosis, and prophylaxis of COVID-19 infection because it may pose a danger to transplant recipients. This review described the clinical and laboratory findings of COVID-19 in LT recipients and the risk factors for severe disease in this population group. In the following sections, we discussed current COVID-19 therapy choices, reviewed standard practice in modifying immunosuppressant regimens, and outlined the safety and efficacy of currently licensed drugs for inpatient and outpatient management. Additionally, we explored the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in LT recipients and mentioned the efficacy and safety of vaccination use.

Liver manifestations in COVID-19 patients: A review article

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) initially presented as a disease that affected the lungs. Then, studies revealed that it intricately affected disparate organs in the human body, with the liver being one of the most affected organs. This review aimed to assess the association between COVID-19 and liver function, shedding light on its clinical implication. However, its exact pathophysiology remains unclear, involving many factors, such as active viral replication in the liver cells, direct cytotoxic effects of the virus on the liver or adverse reactions to viral antigens. Liver symptoms are mild-to-moderate transaminase elevation. In some patients, with underlying liver disease, more serious outcomes are observed. Thus, liver function should be meticulously considered in patients with COVID-19.

The predictive model for COVID-19 pandemic plastic pollution by using deep learning method

Pandemic plastics (e.g., masks, gloves, aprons, and sanitizer bottles) are global consequences of COVID-19 pandemic-infected waste, which has increased significantly throughout the world. These hazardous wastes play an important role in environmental pollution and indirectly spread COVID-19. Predicting the environmental impacts of these wastes can be used to provide situational management, conduct control procedures, and reduce the COVID-19 effects. In this regard, the presented study attempted to provide a deep learning-based predictive model for forecasting the expansion of the pandemic plastic in the megacities of Iran. As a methodology, a database was gathered from February 27, 2020, to October 10, 2021, for COVID-19 spread and personal protective equipment usage in this period. The dataset was trained and validated using training (80%) and testing (20%) datasets by a deep neural network (DNN) procedure to forecast pandemic plastic pollution. Performance of the DNN-based model is controlled by the confusion matrix, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and justified by the k-nearest neighbours, decision tree, random forests, support vector machines, Gaussian naïve Bayes, logistic regression, and multilayer perceptron methods. According to the comparative modelling results, the DNN-based model was found to predict more accurately than other methods and have a significant predominance over others with a lower errors rate (MSE = 0.024, RMSE = 0.027, MAPE = 0.025). The ROC curve analysis results (overall accuracy) indicate the DNN model (AUC = 0.929) had the highest score among others.

Liver and Biliary Tract Disease in Patients with Coronavirus disease-2019 Infection

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) had become a global pandemic since March 2020. Although, the most common presentation is of pulmonary involvement, hepatic abnormalities can be encountered in up to 50% of infected individuals, which may be associated with disease severity, and the mechanism of liver injury is thought to be multifactorial. Guidelines for management in patients with chronic liver disease during COVID-19 era are being regularly updated. Patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, including liver transplant candidates and liver transplant recipients are strongly recommended to receive SARS-CoV-2 vaccination because it can reduce rate of COVID-19 infection, COVID-19-related hospitalization, and mortality.

COVID-19-induced transaminitis and hyperbilirubinemia: Presentation and outcomes

The risk of liver injury in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is quite evident. Furthermore, liver function test abnormalities are still detected in COVID-19 patients despite the development of antivirals and the availability of several types of vaccines. This editorial describes liver involvement during COVID-19 infection in patients with or without preexisting liver injury, such as chronic liver disease, to elucidate COVID-19-induced liver function abnormalities and their severity, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and clinical and laboratory outcomes. We also discuss the effect of vaccination against COVID-19 to better understand host factors, such as age, gender, and race, on the incidence and severity of liver dysfunction at initial presentation and during the illness. Finally, we summarize the results of relevant meta-analyses published to date and highlight the importance of adequate liver function monitoring in the current climate of the overwhelming COVID-19 pandemic.

SARS-CoV-2 infection and multi-organ system damage: A review

The SARS-CoV-2 infection causes COVID-19, which has affected approximately six hundred million people globally as of August 2022. Organs and cells harboring angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) surface receptors are the primary targets of the virus. However, once it enters the body through the respiratory system, the virus can spread hematogenously to infect other body organs. Therefore, COVID-19 affects many organs, causing severe and long-term complications, even after the disease has ended, thus worsening the quality of life. Although it is known that the respiratory system is most affected by the SARS-CoV-2 infection, many organs/systems are affected in the short and long term. Since the COVID-19 disease simultaneously affects many organs, redesigning diagnostic and therapy policies to fit the damaged organs is strongly recommended. Even though the pathophysiology of many problems the infection causes is unknown, the frequency of COVID-19 cases rises with age and the existence of preexisting symptoms. This study aims to update our knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 infection and multi-organ dysfunction interaction based on clinical and theoretical evidence. For this purpose, the study comprehensively elucidates the most recent studies on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on multiple organs and systems, including respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal, nervous, endocrine, reproductive, immune, and parts of the integumentary system. Understanding the range of atypical COVID-19 symptoms could improve disease surveillance, limit transmission, and avoid additional multi-organ-system problems.

Post-discharge clinical, laboratory and radiographic features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients at university hospitals in Japan

Objectives

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected nearly half million people in Japan. However, information on the prolonged symptoms as well as laboratory and radiographic findings after hospital discharge remains limited.

Methods

We retrospectively collected the symptoms, laboratory test results, and chest imaging results of COVID-19 patients at the time of the hospital admission and the ambulatory visits after discharge at two university hospitals between July and December 2020.

Patients

A total of 126 COVID-19 patients, including of 88 with mild to moderate disease and 38 with severe to critical disease, were included. The time between symptom onset and the first outpatient visit was 46 days (Interquartile range, 39 to 55).

Results

At the ambulatory visits, 36.5% of patients had at least one symptom. The most frequent symptom was shortness of breath (12.8%), followed by cough (11.1%), and fatigue (8.8%). Of 120 patients with post-discharge laboratory test results, 27 patients (22.5%) had abnormal alanine aminotransferase levels, and 35 patients (29.1%) had lymphocytopenia, including 24 and 27 mild and moderate patients. Of 122 patients with post-discharge chest computed tomography (CT) scans, 105 (83.3%) had abnormal findings. This abnormality was found in both mild to moderate and severe patients.

Conclusions

Shortness of breath, abnormal liver function test results and chest CT images often persisted for at least one month after discharge, even when symptoms were mild or moderate during hospitalization.

Clinical implications of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease

People across the world are affected by the "coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", brought on by the "SARS-CoV type-2 coronavirus". Due to its high incidence in individuals with diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), COVID-19 has gained much attention. The metabolic syndrome's hepatic manifestation, MAFLD, carries a significant risk of type-2-diabetes. The link between the above two conditions has also drawn increasing consideration since MAFLD is intricately linked to the obesity epidemic. Independent of the metabolic syndrome, MAFLD may impact the severity of the viral infections, including COVID-19 or may even be a risk factor. An important question is whether the present COVID-19 pandemic has been fueled by the obesity and MAFLD epidemics. Many liver markers are seen elevated in COVID-19. MAFLD patients with associated comorbid conditions like obesity, cardiovascular disease, renal disease, malignancy, hypertension, and old age are prone to develop severe disease. There is an urgent need for more studies to determine the link between the two conditions and whether it might account for racial differences in the mortality and morbidity rates linked to COVID-19. The role of innate and adaptive immunity alterations in MAFLD patients may influence the severity of COVID-19. This review investigates the implications of COVID-19 on liver injury and disease severity and vice-versa. We also addressed the severity of COVID-19 in patients with prior MAFLD and its potential implications and therapeutic administration in the clinical setting.

Negative impact of the pandemic on hospital admissions, morbidity and early mortality for acute cirrhosis decompensation

INTRODUCTION

The global pandemic has diverted resources away from management of chronic diseases, including cirrhosis. While there is increasing knowledge on COVID-19 infection in liver cirrhosis, little is described on the impact of the pandemic on decompensated cirrhosis admissions and outcomes, which was the aim of this study.

METHODS

A single-centre, retrospective study, evaluated decompensated cirrhosis admissions to a tertiary London hepatology and transplantation centre, from October 2018 to February 2021. Patients were included if they had an admission with cirrhosis decompensation defined as new-onset jaundice or ascites, infection, encephalopathy, portal hypertensive bleeding or renal dysfunction.

RESULTS

The average number of admissions stayed constant between the pre-COVID-19 (October 2018-February 2020) and COVID-19 periods (March 2020-February 2021). Patients transferred in from secondary centres had consistently higher severity scores during the COVID-19 period (UK Model for End-Stage Liver Disease 58 vs 54; p=0.007, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium 22 vs 18; p=0.006, EF-CLIF Acute Decompensation (AD) score 55.0 vs 51.0; p=0.055). Of those admitted to the intensive care without acute-on-chronic liver failure, there was a significant increase in AD scores during the COVID-19 period (58 vs 48, p=0.009). In addition, there was a trend towards increased hospital readmission rates during the COVID-19 period (29.5% vs 21.5%, p=0.067). When censored at 30 days, early mortality postdischarge was significantly higher during the COVID-19 period (p<0.001) with a median time to death of 35 days compared with 62 days pre-COVID-19.

DISCUSSION

This study provides a unique perspective on the impact that the global pandemic had on decompensated cirrhosis admissions. The findings of increased early mortality and readmissions, and higher AD scores on ICU admission, highlight the need to maintain resourcing for high-level hepatology care and follow-up, in spite of other disease pressures.

COVID-19: Has the Liver Been Spared?

The liver is a secondary and often collateral target of COVID-19 disease but can lead to important consequences. COVID-19 might directly cause a high number of complications in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease, increasing their risk of hepatic decompensation. Moreover, it also determines indirect consequences in the management of patients with liver disease, especially in those suffering from decompensated cirrhosis and HCC, as well as in the execution of their follow-up and the availability of all therapeutic possibilities. Liver imaging in COVID-19 patients proved to be highly nonspecific, but it can still be useful for identifying the complications that derive from the infection. Moreover, the recent implementation of telemedicine constitutes a possible solution to both the physical distancing and the re-organizational difficulties arising from the pandemic. The present review aims to encompass the currently hypothesized pathophysiological mechanisms of liver injury in patients with COVID-19 mediated by both the direct invasion of the virus and its indirect effects and analyze the consequence of the pandemic in patients with chronic liver disease and liver tumors, with particular regard to the management strategies that have been implemented to face this worldwide emergency and that can be further improved.

Predicting the COVID-19 Patients Status Using Chest CT Scan Findings: A Risk Assessment Model Based on Decision Tree Analysis

BACKGROUND

The role of chest computed tomography (CT) to diagnose coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still an open field to be explored. The aim of this study was to apply the decision tree (DT) model to predict critical or non-critical status of patients infected with COVID-19 based on available information on non-contrast CT scans.

METHODS

This retrospective study was performed on patients with COVID-19 who underwent chest CT scans. Medical records of 1078 patients with COVID-19 were evaluated. The classification and regression tree (CART) of decision tree model and k-fold cross-validation were used to predict the status of patients using sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) assessments.

RESULTS

The subjects comprised of 169 critical cases and 909 non-critical cases. The bilateral distribution and multifocal lung involvement were 165 (97.6%) and 766 (84.3%) in critical patients, respectively. According to the DT model, total opacity score, age, lesion types, and gender were statistically significant predictors for critical outcomes. Moreover, the results showed that the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the DT model were 93.3%, 72.8%, and 97.1%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The presented algorithm demonstrates the factors affecting health conditions in COVID-19 disease patients. This model has the potential characteristics for clinical applications and can identify high-risk subpopulations that need specific prevention. Further developments including integration of blood biomarkers are underway to increase the performance of the model.

Liver disease during the pandemic of COVID-19 infection: prediction of the course and tactics of management: A review

The hepatic consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection are now recognized as an important component of CoronaVIrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). This aspect is most clinically relevant in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease (CKD), who are at extremely high risk of severe COVID-19 and death. Risk factors for severe CKD, especially in people with liver cirrhosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, are the direct and indirect cytotoxic effects of coronavirus against the background of systemic inflammation, blood clotting disorders and immune dysfunction. The severe negative impact of the pandemic in the presence of CKD and the difficulties of patient relationships contribute to the progressive increase in the global burden of liver disease on the health system.

Hepatic Disorders and COVID-19: From Pathophysiology to Treatment Strategy

Following the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and the subsequent development of the COVID-19 pandemic, organs such as the lungs, kidneys, liver, heart, and brain have been identified as priority organs. Liver diseases are considered a risk factor for high mortality from the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides, liver damage has been demonstrated in a substantial proportion of patients with COVID-19, especially those with severe clinical symptoms. Furthermore, antiviral medications, immunosuppressive drugs after liver transplantation, pre-existing hepatic diseases, and chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis have also been implicated in SARS-CoV-2-induced liver injury. As a result, some precautions have been taken to prevent, monitor the virus, and avoid immunocompromised and susceptible individuals, such as liver and kidney transplant recipients, from being infected with SARS-CoV-2, thereby avoiding an increase in mortality. The purpose of this review was to examine the impairment caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and the impact of drugs used during the pandemic on the mortality range and therefore the possibility of preventive measures in patients with liver disease.

The impact of COVID-19 on liver transplantation programs in Austria

BACKGROUND

Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has affected liver disease management. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Austrian orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) programs, however, has not been systematically investigated.

METHODS

All patients listed for OLT in Austria during 2020-2021 were studied. Data on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing, vaccinations, infections, mortality and the overall number of OLTs (vs. pre-COVID-19: 2015-2019) were analyzed.

RESULTS

Overall, 490 patients (median age: 58.0 years, 70.4% men, hepatocellular carcinoma: 27.3%) were listed for OLT in Austria in 2020-2021. Alcohol-related cirrhosis (35.3%), cholestatic (16.7%) and viral liver disease (13.9%) were the main etiologies. Of the patients 61.2% underwent OLT and 8.8% died while on the waiting list. The number of OLTs performed during COVID-19 (2020: n = 150; 2021: n = 150) remained unchanged compared to pre-COVID-19 (median: n = 152). Among waiting list patients, 7.7% (n = 31/401) were diagnosed with COVID-19 and 7 (22.6%) of these patients died. By the end of 2021, 45.1% (n = 176/390; 82.8% mRNA vaccinations) and 28.8% (105/365) of patients received 2 and 3 SARS-CoV‑2 vaccinations, respectively. After two SARS-CoV‑2 vaccinations, antibodies more often remained undetectable in patients vaccinated post-OLT (25.6% vs. 6.5% in patients vaccinated pre-OLT; p = 0.034). Patients with three vaccinations after OLT had lower antibody titers than patients vaccinated pre-OLT (post-OLT: 513.5, IQR 44.4-2500.0 vs. pre-OLT: 2500.0, IQR 1462.0-2500.0 BAU/mL; p = 0.020).

CONCLUSION

The number of OLTs in Austria remained unchanged during COVID-19. SARS-CoV‑2 infections were rare but associated with high mortality in patients on the Austrian OLT waiting lists. SARS-CoV‑2 vaccination rates at the end of 2021 were suboptimal, while serological response was better in patients vaccinated pre-OLT vs. post-OLT.

COVID-19 and liver diseases

Coronavirus causes an outbreak of viral pneumonia that spread throughout the world. Liver injury is becoming more widely recognized as a component of the clinical picture of COVID-19 infection. Hepatitis with serum ALT elevation has been reported in up to half of patients. Patients with CLD were at a higher risk of decompensation with liver failure, hospitalization, and mortality. The percentage of acute liver injury (ALI) varied from 5 to 28%. COVID-19 hinders HCV elimination by 2030. It is recommended to continue treatment of chronic HCV and chronic HBV if already receiving treatment. Consider using antiviral therapy to prevent viral flare-ups in patients with occult or resolved HBV and COVID-19 who are receiving immunosuppressive agents. Patients with AIH do not have an increased risk of adverse outcomes even in high-risk areas. There is an association between MAFLD and disease progression. Patients with any type of cancer are at a higher risk of infection and are more likely to develop more severe clinical outcomes. Most societies advise against immunosuppressant modifications in patients with mild COVID-19, whereas in rare cases such as severe lymphopenia, worsening pneumonia, or bacterial or fungal superinfection, reduction or discontinuation of antiproliferative agents and lymphocyte-depleting therapies has been suggested.

HCV hotline facilitates Hepatitis C elimination during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitates healthcare restrictions that also affected ongoing hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination efforts. We assessed the value of a physician-operated HCV hotline on treatment and cure rates throughout the pandemic. All HCV patients undergoing HCV therapy at the Vienna General Hospital from 2019 to 2021 were included. An HCV hotline was established in 2019 and provided services including phone calls, text messages and voicemails. Patients were stratified by date of HCV therapy: 2019 (pre-COVID) vs. 2020/2021 (during-COVID) and use of the HCV hotline: users vs. non-users. Overall, 220 patients were included (pre-COVID: n = 91 vs. during-COVID: n = 129). The prevalence of intravenous drug use (60.5%) and alcohol abuse (24.8%) was high during COVID. During COVID, the number of DAA treatment starts declined by 24.2% (n = 69) in 2020 and by 34.1% (n = 60) in 2021 vs. pre-COVID (n = 91, 100%). Significantly more patients used the HCV hotline during-COVID (95.3%) vs. pre-COVID (65.9%; p < .001). Sustained virologic response (SVR) was 84.6% pre-COVID and 86.0% during-COVID. HCV hotline users achieved higher SVR rates during-COVID (88.2% vs. 33.3%, p = .004), but also pre-COVID (96.7% vs. 61.3%, p < .001) compared with non-users. Considering only patients with completed DAA treatments, SVR rates remained similarly high during-COVID (96.9%) versus pre-COVID (98.1%). HCV treatment initiations decreased during-COVID but importantly, nearly all DAA-treated HCV patients used the HCV hotline during the COVID pandemic. Overall, the SVR rate remained at 88.2% during COVID and was particularly high in HCV phone users-most likely due to facilitation of adherence.

Hepatic manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 infection: Clinical and laboratory perspective

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has become a global challenge of unprecedented nature since December 2019. Although most patients with COVID-19 exhibit mild clinical manifestations and upper respiratory tract involvement, in approximately 5%-10% of patients, the disease is severe and involves multiple organs, leading to multi-organ dysfunction and failure. The liver and gastrointestinal tract are also frequently involved in COVID-19. In the context of liver involvement in patients with COVID-19, many key aspects need to be addressed in both native and transplanted organs. This review focuses on the clinical presentations and laboratory abnormalities of liver function tests in patients with COVID-19 with no prior liver disease, patients with pre-existing liver diseases and liver transplant recipients. A brief overview of the history of COVID-19 and etiopathogenesis of the liver injury will also be described as a prelude to better understanding the above aspects.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Outcomes of Transarterial Chemoembolization in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Single Center Experience from a Developing Country

Background and Objectives: Treatment of cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic has been a challenge worldwide. In accordance with the current recommendations for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) management during the COVID-19 pandemic, loco-regional therapy such as transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) was proposed with the purpose of achieving local tumor control and improving overall survival. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to evaluate the outcomes of TACE treatment in patients with HCC during the COVID-19 pandemic in comparison with the outcomes of patients treated in the pre-pandemic period. Materials and Methods: Between September 2018 and December 2021, 154 patients were managed by serial TACE procedures for different liver tumors. Ninety-seven patients met the study criteria and were divided into two groups: the study group n = 49 (patients treated from May 2020 to December 2021); the control group n = 48 (patients treated from September 2018 to May 2020). Results: The mean waiting time for TACE was significantly longer in the study group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). No significant difference in survival between the groups is noted (log-rank test p = 0.823). In multivariate analysis, the MELD score (HR 1.329, 95% CI 1.140−1.548, p < 0.001) remained a significant predictor of mortality. Conclusions: COVID-19 pandemic did not affect the final outcome of TACE treatment.

Challenges in liver transplantation in the context of a major pandemic

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has led to a temporary suspension of liver transplant activity across the world and the remodeling of care for patients on the waiting list and transplant recipients with the increasing use of remote consultations. Emerging evidence shows that patients with more advanced liver disease are at increased risk of severe COVID-19 and death, whereas transplant recipients have similar risk with the general population which is mainly driven by age and metabolic comorbidities. Tacrolimus immunosuppression might have a protective role in the post-transplant population. Vaccines that have become rapidly available seem to be safe in liver patients, but the antibody response in transplant patients is likely suboptimal. Most transplant centers were gradually able to resume activity soon after the onset of the pandemic and after modifying their pathways to optimize safety for patients and workforce. Preliminary evidence regarding utilizing grafts from positive donors and/or transplanting recently recovered or infected recipients under certain circumstances is encouraging and may allow offering life-saving transplant to patients at the greatest need. This review summarizes the currently available data on liver transplantation in the context of a major pandemic and discusses areas of uncertainty and future challenges. Lessons learnt from the COVID-19 pandemic might provide invaluable guidance for future pandemics.

Reduction in Nosocomial Infections in Patients With Cirrhosis During the COVID-19 Era Compared with Pre-COVID-19: Impact of Masking and Restricting Visitation

Nosocomial infections (NIs) in critically ill patients with cirrhosis result in higher death and transplant delisting. NIs are promoted by staff, visitors, and the environment, all of which were altered to reduce pathogen transmission after COVID-19. Two cohorts of intensive care unit patients with cirrhosis from March 2019 to February 2020 (pre-COVID, n = 234) and March 2020 to March 2021 (COVID era, n = 296) were included. We found that despite a higher admission MELD-Na, qSOFA, and WBC count and requiring a longer intensive care unit stay, COVID-era patients developed lower NIs (3% vs 10%, P < 0.001) and had higher liver transplant rates vs pre-COVID patients. COVID-era restrictions could reduce NIs in critically ill patients with cirrhosis.

Predictors of clinical outcomes of hospitalized patients with Covid-19: focusing on pre-existing liver disease

Chronic liver disease is associated with immune system dysfunction, which can lead to a greater risk of infections. Our goal was to assess the impact of chronic liver disease in Covid-19 outcome in hospitalized patients and to identify predictors of the infection's severity. A retrospective case-control study of adult patients hospitalized in Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira-Guimarães, between March 15th 2020 and March 15th 2021, was performed. Demographic factors, clinical and biochemical data were analyzed, as well as the need for oxygen therapy, non-invasive or mechanical ventilation, admission in the intensive care unit and mortality. A total of 336 patients were included, 168 with and 168 without chronic liver disease, with similar comorbidities and pulmonary involvement. Patients with chronic liver disease had a lower percentage of need for oxygen therapy. Regardless of the presence of chronic liver disease, older age, a previously diagnosed pulmonary disease or cardiac condition and more than 25% pulmonary involvement were associated with increased mortality. The need for non-invasive ventilation was higher if the patient was obese, had a previously diagnosed pulmonary disease or had a higher percentage of lung parenchyma involvement. The need for admission in the intensive care unit was associated with obesity and a greater than 25% pulmonary involvement. Chronic liver disease had no impact on Covid-19 severity. Regardless of the presence of chronic liver disease, obesity had an important role in all outcomes except mortality. A higher percentage of lung parenchyma involvement was associated with worst outcomes.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the care and outcomes of people with NAFLD-related cirrhosis

Background & Aims

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major negative impact on health systems and many chronic diseases globally. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the first year of the pandemic on the outcomes of people with NAFLD cirrhosis.

Methods

We conducted a before-after study in four University hospitals in Catalonia, Spain. Study subperiods were divided into Pre-pandemic (March/2019–February/2020) vs. Pandemic (March/2020–February/2021). The primary outcome was the rate of first liver-related event (LRE). Overall clinical outcomes (LREs plus cardiovascular plus all-cause mortality) were also assessed.

Results

A total of 354 patients were included, all of whom were compensated at the beginning of the study period; 83 individuals (23.5%) had a history of prior hepatic decompensation. Mean age was 67.3 years and 48.3% were female. Median BMI was 31.2 kg/m² and type 2 diabetes was present in 72.8% of patients. The rates of first LRE in the Pre-pandemic and Pandemic periods were 7.4% and 11.3% (p = 0.12), respectively. Whilst the rate of overall events was significantly higher in the Pandemic period (9.9% vs. 17.8%; p = 0.009), this was strongly associated with COVID-19-related deaths. The rate of worsened metabolic status was significantly higher in the Pandemic period (38.4% vs. 46.1%; p = 0.041), yet this was not associated with the risk of first LRE during the Pandemic period, whereas type 2 diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 3.77; 95% CI 1.15–12.32; p = 0.028), albumin <4 g/L (OR 4.43; 95% CI 1.76–11.17; p = 0.002) and Fibrosis-4 score >2.67 (OR 15.74; 95% CI 2.01–123.22; p = 0.009) were identified as risk factors in the multivariable analysis.

Conclusion

Overall, people with NAFLD cirrhosis did not present poorer liver-related outcomes during the first year of the pandemic. Health system preparedness seems key to ensure that people with NAFLD cirrhosis receive appropriate care during health crises.

Lay summary

Mobility restrictions and social stress induced by the COVID-19 pandemic have led to increased alcohol drinking and worsened metabolic control (e.g., weight gain, poor control of diabetes) in a large proportion of the population in many countries. We aimed to analyze whether people with cirrhosis due to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, who are particularly vulnerable to such lifestyle modifications, were significantly impacted during the first year of the pandemic. We compared the clinical situation of 354 patients one year before the pandemic and one year after. We found that although metabolic control was indeed worse after the first year of the pandemic and patients presented worse clinical outcomes, the latter was mostly due to non-liver causes, namely COVID-19 itself. Moreover, the care provided to these patients did not worsen during the first year of the pandemic.

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Patients with NAFLD cirrhosis did not present a higher rate of liver-related events during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Usual predictors, such as diabetes, albumin and FIB-4 were associated with higher risk of a first liver event.

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Health system preparedness seems key to ensure patients with NAFLD cirrhosis receive appropriate care during health crises.

Comorbidities, Associated Diseases, and Risk Assessment in COVID-19-A Systematic Review

It is considered that COVID-19's pandemic expansion is responsible for the particular increase in deaths, especially among the population with comorbidities. The health system is often overwhelmed by the large number of cases of patients addressing it, by the regional limitation of funds, and by the gravity of cases at subjects suffering from this pathology. Several associated conditions including diabetes, cardiovascular illnesses, obesity, persistent lung condition, neurodegenerative diseases, etc., increase the mortality risk and hospitalization of subjects suffering from COVID-19. The rapid identification of patients with increased risk of death from the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the stratification in accordance with the risk and the allocation of human, financial, and logistical resources in proportion must be a priority for health systems worldwide.

Liver resection in a patient with persistent positive PCR test for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a case report

BACKGROUND

The perioperative mortality rate is high in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and infection control measures for medical care providers must be considered. Therefore, the timing for surgery in patients recovering from COVID-19 is difficult.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 65-year-old man was admitted to a hospital with a diagnosis of moderate COVID-19. He was transferred to our hospital because of risk factors, including heavy smoking history, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity (BMI 34). Vital signs on admission were a temperature of 36.1 °C, oxygen saturation > 95% at rest, and 94% on exertion with 3 L/min of oxygen. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed bilateral ground-glass opacities, predominantly in the lower lungs. Contrast-enhanced abdominal CT incidentally revealed a liver tumor with a diameter of 80 mm adjacent to the middle hepatic vein, which was diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). After being administered baricitinib, remdesivir, dexamethasone, and heparin, the patient's COVID-19 pneumonia improved, his oxygen demand resolved, and he was discharged on day 13. Furthermore, the patient was initially scheduled for hepatectomy 8 weeks after the onset of COVID-19 following a discussion with the infection control team. However, 8 weeks after the onset of illness, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was performed on nasopharyngeal swab fluid, which was observed to be positive. The positive results persisted till 10 and 11 weeks after onset. Both Ct values were high (≥ 31) out of 45 cycles, with no subjective symptoms. Since we determined that he was no longer contagious, surgery was performed 12 weeks after the onset of COVID-19. Notably, medical staff wearing personal protective equipment performed extended anatomical resection of the liver segment 8 ventral area in a negative-pressure room. The patient had a good postoperative course, with no major complications, including respiratory complications, and was discharged on postoperative day 14. Finally, none of the staff members was infected with COVID-19.

CONCLUSIONS

We reported a case regarding the timing of surgery on a patient with persistently positive PCR test results after COVID-19, along with a literature review.

Impact of COVID-19 on the liver and on the care of patients with chronic liver disease, hepatobiliary cancer, and liver transplantation: An updated EASL position paper

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a serious challenge to the hepatology community, particularly healthcare professionals and patients. While the rapid development of safe and effective vaccines and treatments has improved the clinical landscape, the emergence of the omicron variant has presented new challenges. Thus, it is timely that the European Association for the Study of the Liver provides a summary of the latest data on the impact of COVID-19 on the liver and issues guidance on the care of patients with chronic liver disease, hepatobiliary cancer, and previous liver transplantation, as the world continues to deal with the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.

SARS-CoV-2 associated liver injury: a six-month follow-up analysis of liver function recovery

Background and aims

SARS-CoV-2 infection has raised the interest in clinical and paraclinical research worldwide, representing a public health issue since the beginning of 2020. Studies have established the variable, unpredictable character of COVID-19. Our main objective was to assess the liver function of patients without pre-existing liver disease, diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 associated liver injury in a 6-month follow-up study after discharge from hospital.

Methods

We conducted a prospective paraclinical and imagingstic follow-up study between 1st September 2020 and 30th April 2021 on patients without pre-existing liver disease previously diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 associated liver injury who had been admitted in Mures County Clinical Hospital, Targu Mures, Romania. We followed up the patients 'clinical and paraclinical datacharacteristics at index COVID-19 hospitalization and at T1 (6-month follow-up visit).

Results

We performed abdominal ultrasonography and laboratory examinations in 78 patients (mean age 45±10 years) hospitalized 6 months earlier for symptomatic COVID-19, with a male:female ratio of 1.3:1.Thirty patients (38.46%) were discharged at index COVID-19 hospitalization with abnormal liver function tests, while the rest presented paraclinical normalization at discharge and mean duration of liver injury of approximately 7 days. Follow-up examination revealed abnormal liver function tests in twenty-four patients, most of which presented with mild liver injury. All patients with severe COVID-19 at index hospitalization presented with abnormal liver function tests at follow-up examination.

Conclusions

By performing a complete clinical and paraclinical 6-month follow-up study, with a specific focus on 34.6% of patients in which we noted a persistence of liver function tests abnormality, we could analyzse a possible long-term effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection over liver function and also raise awareness of liver function tests monitoring and therapeutic management in post COVID-19 patients. Long-term follow-up studies of COVID-19 multi-organ sequelae are therefore mandatory in order to improve the practice of consultant gastroenterologists.

Characteristics of COVID-19 Infection in a Hospitalized Autoimmune Hepatitis Patient

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a major public health worldwide. Hepatic dysfunction has been seen in patients with COVID-19 and could be related to a viral cytopathic effect, an exacerbated immune reaction, or drug-induced liver damage. Currently, routine modification of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection remains an important topic to be discussed. However, there is little evidence about this thematic to support any recommendation. Here, we described a case report in which the use of an immunosuppressive drug by a patient with diagnosed AIH might have influenced the COVID-19 clinical course with altered laboratory hematological and biochemical parameters during infection.

Impact of Liver Functions by Repurposed Drugs for COVID-19 Treatment

Liver injury is an important complication that may arise in patients suffering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is accompanied by a transient increase of transaminases and/or other liver enzymes. Liver function test (LFT) abnormalities generally disappear when the COVID-19 resolves or hepatotoxic drugs are discontinued. The LFT abnormalities are associated with drug-induced liver injury (DILI), due to the overuse of antimalarials, antivirals, and antimicrobials. Studies have reported varying levels of these liver injuries in COVID-19 patients; however, most involve elevated serum aminotransferases. Hepatic dysfunction is significantly high in patients with severe illness and has poor outcome. Normally, the liver is involved in the metabolism of many drugs, including nucleoside analogs and protease inhibitors, which are currently repurposed to treat COVID-19. In addition to the manifestation of COVID-19, drugs implemented in its treatment may aggravate liver injuries. Thus, DILI should be considered especially in those COVID-19 patients with underlying liver disease. It was unclear whether the elevated liver enzymes have originated from the underlying disease or DILI in this population. Furthermore, it is difficult to establish a direct relationship between a specific drug and liver injury. Another possible effect of liver damage may due to inflammatory cytokine storm in severe COVID-19. Liver injury can change metabolism, excretion, dosing, and expected concentrations of the drugs, which may make it difficult to achieve a therapeutic dose of the drug or increase the risk of adverse effects. These repurposed drugs have shown limited efficacy against the virus and the disease itself; however, they still pose risk of adverse effects. Careful and close monitoring of LFTs in COVID-19 patients can provide early diagnosis of liver injury, and the risk of DILI could be reduced. Also, drug interactions in liver-transplanted patients should always be kept in mind for certain immunosuppressive therapies and their known signs of DILI. Altogether, abnormal LFTs should not be regarded as a contraindication to use COVID-19 experimental therapies if needed under emergent status.

SARS-CoV-2: Review of Conditions Associated With Severe Disease and Mortality

The 2019 Coronavirus Virus Disease (COVID-19) represents a global public health challenge in the twenty-first century. As of June 2020, the virus had spread across 216 countries across the globe. This paper aims to analyze and identify those existing comorbidities among COVID-19 patients that represent potential risk factors for COVID-19 complications, severe illness, and death. Multiple database resources were searched. The resources include the University of Saskatchewan library USearch, Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, and the Google search engine. Thirty-seven articles, which included 15 different types of chronic diseases, were selected. Among the reviewed diseases and conditions, cancer, diabetes, lymphopenia, hypertension, kidney disease, smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and organ transplant were found to represent potential risk factors for COVID-19 complications, severe illness, and death. Other conditions that require further research as to whether they predispose subjects to severe illness and death include coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, gastrointestinal diseases, HIV/AIDS, asthma, and liver disease. In conclusion, this article explains the association between diseases mentioned above and the severity of COVID-19 and clearly shows the population at risk. This paper will help government bodies and decision-makers prioritize resources for these populations to reduce mortality rates and overall quality of life.

SARS-CoV-2 infection: a hurricane that does not ignore chronic hepatitis

BACKGROUND

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly compromised screening, laboratory controls, clinical surveillance and treatment of chronic hepatitis patients and worsened their outcome, as evidenced by its significant correlation with advanced cirrhosis, liver decompensation and mortality.

RESULTS

This pandemic significantly impaired also the sector of liver transplantation, whose wards, operating rooms, outpatients' facilities, and healthcare personnel have been dedicated to patients with COVID-19. In addition, screening and treatment for HBV infection have been delayed or suspended in in most countries, with an increased risk of viral reactivation. Similar delay or suspension have also occurred for universal hepatitis B vaccination programs in many countries. Likewise, COVID-19 pandemic has made unreachable the goal of elimination of HCV infection as a worldwide public-health issue predicted for 2030 by the WHO.

CONCLUSION

This review article demonstrates how COVID-19 pandemic is causing serious damage to the sector of liver disease, which has quickly lost the beneficial effects of years of study, research, and clinical and technological application, as well as considerable financial investments.

Epidemiological and clinical aspects of hepatitis B virus infection in Italy over the last 50 years

A relevant gradual reduction of both the incidence rate of acute hepatitis B (AHB) and prevalence of chronic hepatitis B has occurred in Italy in the last 50 years, due to substantial epidemiological changes: Improvement in socioeconomic and hygienic conditions, reduction of the family unit, accurate screening of blood donations, abolition of re-usable glass syringes, hepatitis B virus (HBV)-universal vaccination started in 1991, use of effective well tolerated nucleo(t)side analogues able to suppress HBV replication available from 1998, and educational mediatic campaigns against human immunodeficiency virus infection focusing on the prevention of sexual and parenteral transmission of infections. As an example, AHB incidence has gradually decreased from 10/100000 inhabitants in 1985 to 0.21 in 2020. Unfortunately, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has interrupted the trend towards HBV eradication. In fact, several HBV chronic carriers living in the countryside have become unable to access healthcare facilities for screening, diagnosis, clinical management, and nucleo(t)side analogue therapy in the COVID-19 pandemic, mainly for anxiety of becoming infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), movement restrictions, and reduced gains from job loss. In addition, one-third of healthcare facilities and personnel for HBV patients have been devolved to the COVID-19 assistance.

COVID-19 in a Child With Transposition of the Great Arteries S/P Fontan Palliation: A Case Report and Literature Review

Background

Although adult patients with cardiovascular disease are at higher risk of adverse outcomes such as death or severe infection, limited data exist regarding pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. We would like to report our experience with COVID-19 in a pediatric patient with Fontan circulation. Furthermore, we present a review of patients with Fontan palliation and COVID-19 previously reported in the literature to summarize the clinical characteristics of this population.

Case Presentation

A 9-year-old boy with dextro-transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, patent foramen ovale, and borderline left ventricle post bidirectional Glenn shunt and Fontan palliation presented with paroxysmal cough in the context of COVID-19. The coagulation profile was beyond the normal limits, and the patient began to receive anticoagulant aspirin. On the 5th day, the patient presented with fever, sore throat, and fatigue. The oxygen saturations dropped to 93%, and he received nasal catheter oxygen inhalation. On the 7th day, computed tomography of the chest revealed little emerging flaky exudation in the posterior basal segment of the left lower lobe. Nasal cannula was removed on the 12th day, and the coagulation profile returned to normal on the 16th day. After two consecutively negative SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA tests (on the 18th and 19th days, interval ≥ 24 h), he was discharged from the hospital on the 21st day. Literature review indicated that COVID-19 with Fontan palliation seemed to be more common in male adults. Disease presentation varied from mild upper respiratory tract infection to severe pneumonia. Complications were not uncommon in this population. The treatments varied depending on the specific factors. Fortunately, most patients reported a favorable prognosis.

Conclusion

Although patients with COVID-19 and Fontan circulation might have the risk of adverse outcomes due to multiple mechanisms, most patients have a favorable prognosis.