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Muller B, Flament F, Jouni H, Sextius P, Tachon R, Wang Y, Wang H, Qiu H, Qiu J, Amar D, Delaunay C, Jablonski NG, Passeron T. A Bayesian network meta-analysis of 14 molecules inhibiting UV daylight-induced pigmentation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38:1566-1574. [PMID: 38433524 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyperpigmentation disorders are very frequent, affect the quality of life and may become a psychological burden for afflicted patients. Many anti-pigmenting or depigmenting agents are available with various efficacy and almost no comparative data. 2-mercaptonicotinoyl glycine (2-MNG) was recently proposed as a viable candidate showing safe and effective results on hyperpigmentation control in vitro and in vivo. OBJECTIVES A Bayesian network meta-analysis (BNMA) was conducted to map and rank the anti-pigmenting and depigmenting efficacy of 2-MNG 0.5% on UV daylight (UVDL)-induced pigmentation together with 13 other reference molecules. A comparison in the kinetics of 2-MNG 0.5% was also performed. METHODOLOGY Fourteen studies were conducted, for each, on 15-30 women of skin phototype III in Shanghai, China and Paris, France. The products were applied on mini zone, in randomized and blinded protocol, on the back, 5 days a week during 6 weeks, at a dose of 4 mg/cm2. During the second week, volunteers were exposed under to varying minimum erythemal dose of UVDL during 4 consecutive days-adapted to obtain a similar induction of skin pigmentation regardless of the population. Assessments were performed instrumentally using Chromameter®. Ascorbic acid 7% was used as a positive control for all experiments. A Bayesian network meta-analysis was then established to map and follow the kinetics of 2-MNG 0.5% performance with 13 reference molecules (glutathione 2%, kojic acid 1%, hydroquinone 4%, ascorbyl glucoside 2%, niacinamide 4%, etc.). RESULTS 2-MNG 0.5% dominated the ranking at all time points with a significant high probability of strong efficacy against UVDL-induced pigmentation. Ascorbic acid 7% ranks second after 4 days of irradiations (D12) whereas hydroquinone 4% ranks second 1 month after irradiations (D40). In the kinetics, 2-MNG at 0.5% was effective as from the end of irradiations (D12) to the study endpoint (D40). This suggested an immediate and persistent efficacy across all timepoints evaluated. CONCLUSION The BNMA revealed a rapid and lasting efficacy of 2-MNG 0.5% on the anti-pigmenting and depigmenting phases of the clinical protocol. 2-MNG 0.5% ranked first, with immediate and lasting effect compared to 13 other references. This study is the first allowing comparison between reference anti-pigmenting and depigmenting agents and will help clinicians for proposing the most effective approach for their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hussein Jouni
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Peggy Sextius
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | | | - Yang Wang
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Shanghai, China
| | - Hequn Wang
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Shanghai, China
| | - Huixia Qiu
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Shanghai, China
| | - Janney Qiu
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Shanghai, China
| | - David Amar
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Chevilly-Laure, France
| | | | - Nina G Jablonski
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Texas, USA
| | - Thierry Passeron
- Department of Dermatology, Université Côte d'Azur, CHU Nice, Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, Nice, France
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2
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Pierce ES, Jindal C, Choi YM, Cassidy K, Efird JT. Pathogenic mechanisms and etiologic aspects of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis as an infectious cause of cutaneous melanoma. MEDCOMM - ONCOLOGY 2024; 3:e72. [PMID: 38831791 PMCID: PMC11145504 DOI: 10.1002/mog2.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Infectious etiologies have previously been proposed as causes of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. This exploratory overview explains and presents the evidence for the hypothesis that a microorganism excreted in infected ruminant animal feces, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), is the cause of some cases of cutaneous melanoma (CM). Occupational, residential, and recreational contact with MAP-contaminated feces, soil, sand, and natural bodies of water may confer a higher rate of CM. Included in our hypothesis are possible reasons for the differing rates and locations of CM in persons with white versus nonwhite skin, why CM develops underneath nails and in vulvar skin, why canine melanoma is an excellent model for human melanoma, and why the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has demonstrated efficacy in the prevention and treatment of CM. The pathogenic mechanisms and etiologic aspects of MAP, as a transmittable agent underlying CM risk, are carefully deliberated in this paper. Imbalances in gut and skin bacteria, genetic risk factors, and vaccine prevention/therapy are also discussed, while acknowledging that the evidence for a causal association between MAP exposure and CM remains circumstantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen S. Pierce
- Independent Physician Researcher, Spokane Valley, Washington, USA
| | - Charulata Jindal
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yuk Ming Choi
- Provider Services, Signify Health, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kaitlin Cassidy
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jimmy T. Efird
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Coutant K, Magne B, Ferland K, Fuentes-Rodriguez A, Chancy O, Mitchell A, Germain L, Landreville S. Melanocytes in regenerative medicine applications and disease modeling. J Transl Med 2024; 22:336. [PMID: 38589876 PMCID: PMC11003097 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes are dendritic cells localized in skin, eyes, hair follicles, ears, heart and central nervous system. They are characterized by the presence of melanosomes enriched in melanin which are responsible for skin, eye and hair pigmentation. They also have different functions in photoprotection, immunity and sound perception. Melanocyte dysfunction can cause pigmentary disorders, hearing and vision impairments or increased cancer susceptibility. This review focuses on the role of melanocytes in homeostasis and disease, before discussing their potential in regenerative medicine applications, such as for disease modeling, drug testing or therapy development using stem cell technologies, tissue engineering and extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Coutant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Brice Magne
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Karel Ferland
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Fuentes-Rodriguez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Chancy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Andrew Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Lucie Germain
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Solange Landreville
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Agüera-Lorente A, Alonso-Pardavila A, Larrinaga M, Boyano MD, González E, Falcón-Pérez JM, Asumendi A, Apraiz A. Small extracellular vesicle-based human melanocyte and melanoma signature. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2023. [PMID: 38158521 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Intercellular communication is a cell-type and stimulus-dependent event driven not only by soluble factors but also by extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs include vesicles of different size and origin that contain a myriad of molecules. Among them, small EVs (sEV; <200 nm) have been shown to modulate not just regional cell responses but also distant organ behavior. In cancer, distant organ modulation by sEVs has been associated to disease dissemination, which is one of the main concerns in melanoma. Description of broadly conserved alterations in sEV-contained molecules represents a strategy to identify key modifications in cellular communication as well as new disease biomarkers. Here, we characterize proteomes of cutaneous melanocyte and melanoma-derived sEVs to deepen on the landscape of normal and disease-related cell communication. Results reveal the presence of unique protein signatures for melanocytes and melanoma cells that reflect cellular transformation-related profound modifications. Melanocyte-derived sEVs are enriched in oxidative metabolism (e.g., aconitase 2, ACO2) or pigmentation (e.g., tyrosinase, TYR) related proteins while melanoma-derived sEVs reflect a generalized decrease in mature melanocytic markers (e.g., melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells 1, MART-1, also known as MLANA) and an increase in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related adhesion molecules such as tenascin C (TNC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Agüera-Lorente
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Leioa, Spain
| | | | - María Larrinaga
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Leioa, Spain
| | - María Dolores Boyano
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Esperanza González
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Derio, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Falcón-Pérez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Derio, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
- Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Derio, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Aintzane Asumendi
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Aintzane Apraiz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
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Mastrangelo R, Okada T, Ogura T, Ogura T, Baglioni P. Direct observation of the effects of chemical fixation in MNT-1 cells: A SE-ADM and Raman study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308088120. [PMID: 38091295 PMCID: PMC10743460 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308088120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehydes fixation was accidentally discovered in the early 20th century and soon became a widely adopted practice in the histological field, due to an excellent staining enhancement in tissues imaging. However, the fixation process itself entails cell proteins denaturation and crosslinking. The possible presence of artifacts, that depends on the specific system under observation, must therefore be considered to avoid data misinterpretation. This contribution takes advantage of scanning electron assisted-dielectric microscopy (SE-ADM) and Raman 2D imaging to reveal the possible presence and the nature of artifacts in unstained, and paraformldehyde, PFA, fixed MNT-1 cells. The high resolution of the innovative SE-ADM technique allowed the identification of globular protein clusters in the cell cytoplasm, formed after protein denaturation and crosslinking. Concurrently, SE-ADM images showed a preferential melanosome adsorption on the cluster's outer surface. The micron-sized aggregates were discernible in Raman 2D images, as the melanosomes signal, extracted through 2D principal component analysis, unequivocally mapped their location and distribution within the cells, appearing randomly distributed in the cytoplasm. Protein clusters were not observed in living MNT-1 cells. In this case, mature melanosomes accumulate preferentially at the cell periphery and are more closely packed than in fixed cells. Our results show that, although PFA does not affect the melanin structure, it disrupts melanosome distribution within the cells. Proteins secondary structure, conversely, is partially lost, as shown by the Raman signals related to α-helix, β-sheets, and specific amino acids that significantly decrease after the PFA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela Mastrangelo
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba305-8566, Japan
- NIKKOL GROUP Nikko Chemicals Co., Ltd., Tokyo174-0046, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (Center for Colloid and Surface Science), University of Florence, FlorenceI-50019, Italy
| | - Tomoko Okada
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba305-8566, Japan
| | - Taku Ogura
- NIKKOL GROUP Nikko Chemicals Co., Ltd., Tokyo174-0046, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ogura
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba305-8566, Japan
| | - Piero Baglioni
- Department of Chemistry and Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (Center for Colloid and Surface Science), University of Florence, FlorenceI-50019, Italy
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Mosca S, Morrone A. Human Skin Pigmentation: From a Biological Feature to a Social Determinant. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2091. [PMID: 37510532 PMCID: PMC10379278 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11142091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is the most variable human characteristic that can be observed and has been used throughout history to classify humans into distinct groups. Many factors influence skin colour, but the melanin pigment is considered the most important because its type and quantity can determine variations in pigmentation shades. The evolution of skin pigmentation started around 1.6-2 million years ago. As a result of migratory phenomena to places with less ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and other seasonal regimes, the selection of depigmented skin and different tanning capabilities occurred over time. Thus, genetic adaptation to new environmental conditions gradually led to changes in skin pigmentation. Despite the biological importance of pigmentation, variation in skin colour has led to social and health inequalities. Since Linnaeus, skin colour classifications have been used to describe different human groups, encouraging the misuse of a biological characteristic. This review examines the characterisation of pigmentation and its evolution through history and society. The unequal perception of pigmentation diversity has led to an incomplete state of dermatological training and issues in medical approach in dermatology. The consciousness of all these aspects increases the need to address and overcome dermatologic and social health disparities related to skin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mosca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Morrone
- Scientific Direction, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
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7
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Bento-Lopes L, Cabaço LC, Charneca J, Neto MV, Seabra MC, Barral DC. Melanin's Journey from Melanocytes to Keratinocytes: Uncovering the Molecular Mechanisms of Melanin Transfer and Processing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11289. [PMID: 37511054 PMCID: PMC10379423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin pigmentation ensures efficient photoprotection and relies on the pigment melanin, which is produced by epidermal melanocytes and transferred to surrounding keratinocytes. While the molecular mechanisms of melanin synthesis and transport in melanocytes are now well characterized, much less is known about melanin transfer and processing within keratinocytes. Over the past few decades, distinct models have been proposed to explain how melanin transfer occurs at the cellular and molecular levels. However, this remains a debated topic, as up to four different models have been proposed, with evidence presented supporting each. Here, we review the current knowledge on the regulation of melanin exocytosis, internalization, processing, and polarization. Regarding the different transfer models, we discuss how these might co-exist to regulate skin pigmentation under different conditions, i.e., constitutive and facultative skin pigmentation or physiological and pathological conditions. Moreover, we discuss recent evidence that sheds light on the regulation of melanin exocytosis by melanocytes and internalization by keratinocytes, as well as how melanin is stored within these cells in a compartment that we propose be named the melanokerasome. Finally, we review the state of the art on the molecular mechanisms that lead to melanokerasome positioning above the nuclei of keratinocytes, forming supranuclear caps that shield the nuclear DNA from UV radiation. Thus, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms regulating skin pigmentation, from melanin exocytosis by melanocytes and internalization by keratinocytes to processing and polarization within keratinocytes. A better knowledge of these molecular mechanisms will clarify long-lasting questions in the field that are crucial for the understanding of skin pigmentation and can shed light on fundamental aspects of organelle biology. Ultimately, this knowledge can lead to novel therapeutic strategies to treat hypo- or hyper-pigmentation disorders, which have a high socio-economic burden on patients and healthcare systems worldwide, as well as cosmetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Duarte C. Barral
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (L.B.-L.); (L.C.C.); (J.C.); (M.V.N.); (M.C.S.)
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Abstract
Over the past decade, melanoma has led the field in new cancer treatments, with impressive gains in on-treatment survival but more modest improvements in overall survival. Melanoma presents heterogeneity and transcriptional plasticity that recapitulates distinct melanocyte developmental states and phenotypes, allowing it to adapt to and eventually escape even the most advanced treatments. Despite remarkable advances in our understanding of melanoma biology and genetics, the melanoma cell of origin is still fiercely debated because both melanocyte stem cells and mature melanocytes can be transformed. Animal models and high-throughput single-cell sequencing approaches have opened new opportunities to address this question. Here, we discuss the melanocytic journey from the neural crest, where they emerge as melanoblasts, to the fully mature pigmented melanocytes resident in several tissues. We describe a new understanding of melanocyte biology and the different melanocyte subpopulations and microenvironments they inhabit, and how this provides unique insights into melanoma initiation and progression. We highlight recent findings on melanoma heterogeneity and transcriptional plasticity and their implications for exciting new research areas and treatment opportunities. The lessons from melanocyte biology reveal how cells that are present to protect us from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation reach back to their origins to become a potentially deadly cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P Centeno
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Valeria Pavet
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Richard Marais
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, UK.
- Oncodrug Ltd, Alderly Park, Macclesfield, UK.
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Cohen C, Flouret V, Herlyn M, Fukunaga-Kalabis M, Li L, Bernerd F. Induced pluripotent stem cells reprogramming overcomes technical limitations for highly pigmented adult melanocyte amplification and integration in 3D skin model. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2023; 36:232-245. [PMID: 36478412 PMCID: PMC10731472 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding pigmentation regulations taking into account the original skin color type is important to address pigmentary disorders. Biological models including adult melanocytes from different phenotypes allow to perform fine-tuned explorative studies and support discovery of treatments adapted to populations' skin color. However, technical challenges arise when trying to not only isolate but also amplify melanocytes from highly pigmented adult skin. To bypass the initial isolation and growth of cutaneous melanocytes, we harvested and expanded fibroblasts from light and dark skin donors and reprogrammed them into iPSC, which were then differentiated into melanocytes. The resulting melanocyte populations displayed high purity, genomic stability, and strong proliferative capacity, the latter being a critical parameter for dark skin cells. The iPSC-derived melanocyte strains expressed lineage-specific markers and could be successfully integrated into reconstructed skin equivalent models, revealing pigmentation status according to the native phenotype. In both monolayer cultures and 3D skin models, the induced melanocytes demonstrated responsiveness to promelanogenic stimuli. The data demonstrate that the iPSC-derived melanocytes with high proliferative capacity maintain their pigmentation genotype and phenotypic properties up to a proper integration into 3D skin equivalents, even for highly pigmented cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ling Li
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Hu Y, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Geng Q, Guan C, Xu J, Xie B, Song X. Tranexamic acid may promote melanocores clustering in keratinocytes through upregulation of Rab5b. Exp Dermatol 2023. [PMID: 36779692 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a promising therapeutic agent in melasma that can act on multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms of melasma. However, it is unclear whether TXA affects melanin in keratinocytes. To explore the effect of TXA on melanocores in keratinocytes. The melanocore-incorporated keratinocytes were constructed by co-incubating normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) with melanocores. After being treated with TXA, autophagy- and melanin-related protein expressions were detected. Then, transcriptome sequencing was used to compare the genetic changes in melanocore-incorporated keratinocytes before and after TXA treatment and further verified the differentially expressed genes. At the same time, the distribution of melanocores in human keratinocytes was observed by transmission electron microscopy. We found that TXA does not promote melanin degradation in primary keratinocytes by inducing autophagy. Protein transport and intracellular protein transport-related genes were enriched after TXA treatment, and Rab5b was significantly upregulated. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the percentage of melanocores distributed in clusters increased after treatment with TXA, which was reduced after Rab5b silencing. In addition, results suggested that melanocores could colocalize with Rab5b and lysosome-associated membrane protein1 (LAMP1). Our study found that Rab5b may be involved in the melanocore distribution in keratinocytes. TXA may promote the clustering distribution of endocytic melanocores through upregulation of Rab5b, representing a potential mechanism of TXA treatment against melasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yebei Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingwei Geng
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuiping Guan
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuzu Song
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Oh SM, Lee YE, Ko MJ, Baek JH, Shin MK. Proposal of facial pigmentary unit and facial hyperpigmentation type for Fitzpatrick skin types II-IV. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13251. [PMID: 36478452 PMCID: PMC9838779 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on facial hyperpigmentation across different facial units are limiting. We aimed to analyze melanin pigmentation images to observe facial pigmentary demarcation lines (FPDLs) and suggest facial hyperpigmentation types for normal individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3D facial melanin pigmentation images of 173 volunteers were obtained and analyzed for the presence of FPDLs. Pigmentation severity was assessed for each of the thirteen facial pigment units. The images were then grouped according to a pattern of hyperpigmentation to suggest three facial hyperpigmentation types-dark spot, photoaging and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. RESULTS Four groups of FPDLs including a novel group I were observed. Nasal, frontal, auricular were the darkest pigmented facial pigment unit, and the anterior neck was the least pigmented. The dark spot type was the most common facial hyperpigmentation type. The photoaging type and the PIH type showed age-dependent distribution, as the photoaging type was more common among the subjects over 40s, and the PIH type was more common in younger subjects. CONCLUSION Facial hyperpigmentation among healthy individuals with Fitzpatrick skin types II-IV is often accompanied by FPDLs and categorized into three types. Each type is modeled after the pattern of pigmentation associated with certain dermatological disorders. The practical implications of facial hyperpigmentation types can be resourceful in various fields including prevention and treatment of pigmentary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Oh
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye Eun Lee
- Dermapro Skin Research Center, DERMAPRO Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Ji Ko
- Dermapro Skin Research Center, DERMAPRO Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hwoon Baek
- Dermapro Skin Research Center, DERMAPRO Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Shin
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Yim W, Zhou J, Sasi L, Zhao J, Yeung J, Cheng Y, Jin Z, Johnson W, Xu M, Palma-Chavez J, Fu L, Qi B, Retout M, Shah NJ, Bae J, Jokerst JV. 3D-Bioprinted Phantom with Human Skin Phototypes for Biomedical Optics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206385. [PMID: 36305604 PMCID: PMC9868107 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
3D-bioprinted skin-mimicking phantoms with skin colors ranging across the Fitzpatrick scale are reported. These tools can help understand the impact of skin phototypes on biomedical optics. Synthetic melanin nanoparticles of different sizes (70-500 nm) and clusters are fabricated to mimic the optical behavior of melanosome. The absorption coefficient and reduced scattering coefficient of the phantoms are comparable to real human skin. Further the melanin content and distribution in the phantoms versus real human skins are validated via photoacoustic (PA) imaging. The PA signal of the phantom can be improved by: 1) increasing melanin size (3-450-fold), 2) increasing clustering (2-10.5-fold), and 3) increasing concentration (1.3-8-fold). Then, multiple biomedical optics tools (e.g., PA, fluorescence imaging, and photothermal therapy) are used to understand the impact of skin tone on these modalities. These well-defined 3D-bioprinted phantoms may have value in translating biomedical optics and reducing racial bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lekshmi Sasi
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jiayu Zhao
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Justin Yeung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhicheng Jin
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wade Johnson
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jorge Palma-Chavez
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lei Fu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Baiyan Qi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maurice Retout
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nisarg J. Shah
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jinhye Bae
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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13
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Hall MJ, Lopes-Ventura S, Neto MV, Charneca J, Zoio P, Seabra MC, Oliva A, Barral DC. Reconstructed human pigmented skin/epidermis models achieve epidermal pigmentation through melanocore transfer. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2022; 35:425-435. [PMID: 35325505 PMCID: PMC9543140 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The skin acts as a barrier to environmental insults and provides many vital functions. One of these is to shield DNA from harmful ultraviolet radiation, which is achieved by skin pigmentation arising as melanin is produced and dispersed within the epidermal layer. This is a crucial defence against DNA damage, photo‐ageing and skin cancer. The mechanisms and regulation of melanogenesis and melanin transfer involve extensive crosstalk between melanocytes and keratinocytes in the epidermis, as well as fibroblasts in the dermal layer. Although the predominant mechanism of melanin transfer continues to be debated and several plausible models have been proposed, we and others previously provided evidence for a coupled exo/phagocytosis model. Herein, we performed histology and immunohistochemistry analyses and demonstrated that a newly developed full‐thickness three‐dimensional reconstructed human pigmented skin model and an epidermis‐only model exhibit dispersed pigment throughout keratinocytes in the epidermis. Transmission electron microscopy revealed melanocores between melanocytes and keratinocytes, suggesting that melanin is transferred through coupled exocytosis/phagocytosis of the melanosome core, or melanocore, similar to our previous observations in human skin biopsies. We, therefore, present evidence that our in vitro models of pigmented human skin show epidermal pigmentation comparable to human skin. These findings have a high value for studies of skin pigmentation mechanisms and pigmentary disorders, whilst reducing the reliance on animal models and human skin biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hall
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Lopes-Ventura
- Biomolecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Matilde V Neto
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Charneca
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patricia Zoio
- Biomolecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel C Seabra
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Abel Oliva
- Biomolecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Duarte C Barral
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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14
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Liu Y, Li Z, Wu W, Wang Y, Zhao G, Liu Y, Liu J, Song Z. UVR Promotes Keratinocyte Phagocytosis and Skin Pigmentation Through TRPA1 Channels. CLINICAL, COSMETIC AND INVESTIGATIONAL DERMATOLOGY 2022; 15:1183-1193. [PMID: 35784271 PMCID: PMC9249384 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s365682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhou Li
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuejian Liu
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqi Song
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zhiqi Song, Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116011, People’s Republic of China, Email
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15
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Mantri Y, Jokerst JV. Impact of skin tone on photoacoustic oximetry and tools to minimize bias. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:875-887. [PMID: 35284157 PMCID: PMC8884230 DOI: 10.1364/boe.450224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The major optical absorbers in tissue are melanin and oxy/deoxy-hemoglobin, but the impact of skin tone and pigmentation on biomedical optics is still not completely understood or adequately addressed. Melanin largely governs skin tone with higher melanin concentration in subjects with darker skin tones. Recently, there has been extensive debate on the bias of pulse oximeters when used with darker subjects. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging can measure oxygen saturation similarly as pulse oximeters and could have value in studying this bias. More importantly, it can deconvolute the signal from the skin and underlying tissue. Here, we studied the impact of skin tone on PA signal generation, depth penetration, and oximetry. Our results show that subjects with darker skin tones exhibit significantly higher PA signal at the skin surface, reduced penetration depth, and lower oxygen saturation compared to subjects with lighter skin tones. We then suggest a simple way to compensate for these signal differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Mantri
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Material Science Department, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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16
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Pena AM, Decencière E, Brizion S, Sextius P, Koudoro S, Baldeweck T, Tancrède-Bohin E. In vivo melanin 3D quantification and z-epidermal distribution by multiphoton FLIM, phasor and Pseudo-FLIM analyses. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1642. [PMID: 35102172 PMCID: PMC8803839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing melanins in situ and determining their 3D z-epidermal distribution is paramount for understanding physiological/pathological processes of melanin neosynthesis, transfer, degradation or modulation with external UV exposure or cosmetic/pharmaceutical products. Multiphoton fluorescence intensity- and lifetime-based approaches have been shown to afford melanin detection, but how can one quantify melanin in vivo in 3D from multiphoton fluorescence lifetime (FLIM) data, especially since FLIM imaging requires long image acquisition times not compatible with 3D imaging in a clinical setup? We propose an approach combining (i) multiphoton FLIM, (ii) fast image acquisition times, and (iii) a melanin detection method called Pseudo-FLIM, based on slope analysis of autofluorescence intensity decays from temporally binned data. We compare Pseudo-FLIM to FLIM bi-exponential and phasor analyses of synthetic melanin, melanocytes/keratinocytes coculture and in vivo human skin. Using parameters of global 3D epidermal melanin density and z-epidermal distribution profile, we provide first insights into the in vivo knowledge of 3D melanin modulations with constitutive pigmentation versus ethnicity, with seasonality over 1 year and with topical application of retinoic acid or retinol on human skin. Applications of Pseudo-FLIM based melanin detection encompass physiological, pathological, or environmental factors-induced pigmentation modulations up to whitening, anti-photoaging, or photoprotection products evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Pena
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, BP22, 93601, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
| | | | - Sébastien Brizion
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, BP22, 93601, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Peggy Sextius
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, BP22, 93601, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Serge Koudoro
- MINES ParisTech - PSL Research University, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Thérèse Baldeweck
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, BP22, 93601, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Emmanuelle Tancrède-Bohin
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Campus Charles Zviak RIO, 9 rue Pierre Dreyfus, Clichy, France
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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17
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Mathis T, Vasseur V, Zuber K, Arej N, Loria O, Kodjikian L, Sennlaub F, Mauget‐Faÿsse M. Light-induced modifications of the outer retinal hyperreflective layers on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in humans: an experimental study. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:765-772. [PMID: 33393736 PMCID: PMC8596705 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Numerous small hyperreflective dots (HRDs) can be seen within the hyporeflective layer between the ellipsoid zone (EZ) and the interdigitation zone (IZ) on C‐scan spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) with a yet unknown variation under light conditions. The aim of this study was to explore light‐induced SD‐OCT changes in these HRDs. Methods The study subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: Group 1 experienced a dark adaptation protocol followed by intense retinal photobleaching, while Group 2, serving as the control group, was exposed to constant ambient light without any variation. The number of HRDs was automatically counted. Results Twenty healthy volunteers were prospectively included. The number of HRDs differed significantly over time (p = 0.0013). They decreased in Group 1 after dark adaptation and retinal photobleaching before returning to baseline levels 30 min later; conversely, they remained relatively constant in Group 2 throughout the study (p < 0.001). Light‐skinned subjects had less HRD than dark‐skinned subjects. Conclusion We observed light‐induced modifications in the space between the EZ and the IZ. We hypothesize that the HRDs visible in this zone correspond to melanosomes that are mobilized during the light stimulation protocol. Larger studies are recommended to further evaluate and confirm light‐induced SD‐OCT changes under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Mathis
- Department of Ophthalmology Croix‐Rousse University Hospital Hospices Civils de Lyon University of Medicine Lyon 1 Lyon France
- UMR‐CNRS 5510 Matéis Lyon 1 University Lyon France
- INSERM CNRS Institut de la Vision Sorbonne University Paris France
| | - Vivien Vasseur
- Department of Ophthalmology Rothschild Foundation Paris France
| | - Kevin Zuber
- Department of Ophthalmology Rothschild Foundation Paris France
| | - Nicolas Arej
- Department of Ophthalmology Rothschild Foundation Paris France
| | - Olivier Loria
- Department of Ophthalmology Croix‐Rousse University Hospital Hospices Civils de Lyon University of Medicine Lyon 1 Lyon France
- UMR‐CNRS 5510 Matéis Lyon 1 University Lyon France
| | - Laurent Kodjikian
- Department of Ophthalmology Croix‐Rousse University Hospital Hospices Civils de Lyon University of Medicine Lyon 1 Lyon France
- UMR‐CNRS 5510 Matéis Lyon 1 University Lyon France
| | - Florian Sennlaub
- INSERM CNRS Institut de la Vision Sorbonne University Paris France
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18
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Figon F, Hurbain I, Heiligenstein X, Trépout S, Lanoue A, Medjoubi K, Somogyi A, Delevoye C, Raposo G, Casas J. Catabolism of lysosome-related organelles in color-changing spiders supports intracellular turnover of pigments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2103020118. [PMID: 34433668 PMCID: PMC8536372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment organelles of vertebrates belong to the lysosome-related organelle (LRO) family, of which melanin-producing melanosomes are the prototypes. While their anabolism has been extensively unraveled through the study of melanosomes in skin melanocytes, their catabolism remains poorly known. Here, we tap into the unique ability of crab spiders to reversibly change body coloration to examine the catabolism of their pigment organelles. By combining ultrastructural and metal analyses on high-pressure frozen integuments, we first assess whether pigment organelles of crab spiders belong to the LRO family and second, how their catabolism is intracellularly processed. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron tomography, and nanoscale Synchrotron-based scanning X-ray fluorescence, we show that pigment organelles possess ultrastructural and chemical hallmarks of LROs, including intraluminal vesicles and metal deposits, similar to melanosomes. Monitoring ultrastructural changes during bleaching suggests that the catabolism of pigment organelles involves the degradation and removal of their intraluminal content, possibly through lysosomal mechanisms. In contrast to skin melanosomes, anabolism and catabolism of pigments proceed within the same cell without requiring either cell death or secretion/phagocytosis. Our work hence provides support for the hypothesis that the endolysosomal system is fully functionalized for within-cell turnover of pigments, leading to functional maintenance under adverse conditions and phenotypic plasticity. First formulated for eye melanosomes in the context of human vision, the hypothesis of intracellular turnover of pigments gets unprecedented strong support from pigment organelles of spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Figon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France;
| | - Ilse Hurbain
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Infrastructures en Biologie, Santé et Agronomie [PICT-IBiSA]), PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvain Trépout
- Institut Curie, INSERM U1196, CNRS UMR 9187, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Équipe d'Accueil 2106, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | | | | | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Infrastructures en Biologie, Santé et Agronomie [PICT-IBiSA]), PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Infrastructures en Biologie, Santé et Agronomie [PICT-IBiSA]), PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Casas
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France;
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19
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Chen IL, Wang YJ, Chang CC, Wu YH, Lu CW, Shen JW, Huang L, Lin BS, Chiang HM. Computer-Aided Detection (CADe) System with Optical Coherent Tomography for Melanin Morphology Quantification in Melasma Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1498. [PMID: 34441432 PMCID: PMC8391880 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dark skin-type individuals have a greater tendency to have pigmentary disorders, among which melasma is especially refractory to treat and often recurs. Objective measurement of melanin amount helps evaluate the treatment response of pigmentary disorders. However, naked-eye evaluation is subjective to weariness and bias. We used a cellular resolution full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) to assess melanin features of melasma lesions and perilesional skin on the cheeks of eight Asian patients. A computer-aided detection (CADe) system is proposed to mark and quantify melanin. This system combines spatial compounding-based denoising convolutional neural networks (SC-DnCNN), and through image processing techniques, various types of melanin features, including area, distribution, intensity, and shape, can be extracted. Through evaluations of the image differences between the lesion and perilesional skin, a distribution-based feature of confetti melanin without layering, two distribution-based features of confetti melanin in stratum spinosum, and a distribution-based feature of grain melanin at the dermal-epidermal junction, statistically significant findings were achieved (p-values = 0.0402, 0.0032, 0.0312, and 0.0426, respectively). FF-OCT enables the real-time observation of melanin features, and the CADe system with SC-DnCNN was a precise and objective tool with which to interpret the area, distribution, intensity, and shape of melanin on FF-OCT images.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ling Chen
- Apollo Medical Optics, Ltd., Taipei City 11491, Taiwan; (I.-L.C.); (C.-W.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Yen-Jen Wang
- Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-J.W.); (Y.-H.W.)
- Department of Cosmetic Applications and Management, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan 71150, Taiwan;
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 40433, Taiwan; (J.-W.S.); (H.-M.C.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- Aesthetic Medical Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hung Wu
- Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-J.W.); (Y.-H.W.)
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Lu
- Apollo Medical Optics, Ltd., Taipei City 11491, Taiwan; (I.-L.C.); (C.-W.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Jia-Wei Shen
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 40433, Taiwan; (J.-W.S.); (H.-M.C.)
| | - Ling Huang
- Apollo Medical Optics, Ltd., Taipei City 11491, Taiwan; (I.-L.C.); (C.-W.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Bor-Shyh Lin
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan 71150, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiu-Mei Chiang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 40433, Taiwan; (J.-W.S.); (H.-M.C.)
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20
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Gao D, Kim JH, Kim CT, Jeong WS, Kim HM, Sim J, Kang JS. Evaluation of Anti-Melanogenesis Activity of Enriched Pueraria lobata Stem Extracts and Characterization of Its Phytochemical Components Using HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158105. [PMID: 34360871 PMCID: PMC8348418 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The root of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) is a widely used herbal medicine worldwide, whereas the stem of the plant is discarded or used as feed for livestock. To reuse and exploit the stem of P. lobata as a resource, we investigated its potential as a skin-whitening agent. We found that the developed, enriched P. lobata stem (PLS) extract significantly inhibited melanin production in the 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine-induced B16/F10 cells at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. To further confirm the mechanism of the antimelanogenic effect of the enriched PLS extracts, we examined the mRNA expression of tyrosinase, which was suppressed by the extracts. To standardize and implement effective quality control of the enriched PLS extracts, its major chemical constituents were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. In total, 12 constituents were identified. In silico analysis showed that the main constituents, puerarin and daidzin, had excellent binding affinities for human tyrosinase. Collectively, our results suggest that the PLS extracts could be used as anti-pigmentation agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (D.G.); (J.H.K.); (H.M.K.)
| | - Jin Hyeok Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (D.G.); (J.H.K.); (H.M.K.)
| | | | | | - Hyung Min Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (D.G.); (J.H.K.); (H.M.K.)
| | - Jaehoon Sim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (D.G.); (J.H.K.); (H.M.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (J.S.K.); Tel.: +82-42-821-5938 (J.S.); +82-42-821-5928 (J.S.K.)
| | - Jong Seong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (D.G.); (J.H.K.); (H.M.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (J.S.K.); Tel.: +82-42-821-5938 (J.S.); +82-42-821-5928 (J.S.K.)
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21
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Figon F, Deravi LF, Casas J. Barriers and Promises of the Developing Pigment Organelle Field. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1481-1489. [PMID: 34283212 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many colors and patterns in nature are regulated by the packaging and processing of intracellular pigment-containing organelles within cells. Spanning both molecular and tissue-level spatial scales with chemical and physical (structural) elements of coloration, pigment organelles represent an important but largely understudied feature of every biological system capable of coloration. Although vertebrate melanosomes have historically been the best-known and most studied pigment organelle, recent reports suggest a surge in studies focusing on other pigment organelles producing a variety of non-melanic pigments, optic crystals and structural colors through their geometric arrangement. In this issue, we showcase the importance these integrative and comparative studies and discuss their results which aid in our understanding of organelle form and function in their native environment. Specifically, we highlight how pigment organelles can be studied at different scales of organization, across multiple species in biology, and with an interdisciplinary approach to better understand the biological and chemical mechanisms underlying color. This type of comparative approach provides evidence for a common origin and identity of membrane-bound pigment organelles not only in vertebrates, as was originally postulated 40 years ago, but in all animals. This indicates that we have much to gain by studying a variety of pigment organelles, as the specific biological context may provide important and unique insights into various aspects of its life. We conclude by highlighting some barriers to this research and discussing strategies to overcome them through a discussion of future directions for pigment organelle research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Figon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Leila F Deravi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jérôme Casas
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
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22
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Jiang S, Liao ZK, Jia HY, Liu XM, Wan J, Lei TC. The regional distribution of melanosomes in the epidermis affords a localized intensive photoprotection for basal keratinocyte stem cells. J Dermatol Sci 2021; 103:130-134. [PMID: 34238637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human skin is a highly efficient self-renewing barrier that is critical to withstanding environmental insults. Undifferentiated keratinocyte stem cells reside in the basal layer of the epidermis and in hair follicles that continuously give rise to progenies ensuring epidermal turnover and renewal. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a proven cause of skin keratinocyte cancers, which preferentially occur at sun-exposed areas of the skin. Fortunately, melanocytes produce melanin that is packaged in specific organelles (termed melanosomes) that are then delivered to nearby keratinocytes, endowing the recipient cells with photoprotection. It has long been thought that melanosome transfer takes place stochastically from melanocytes to keratinocytes via an as-yet-unrecognized manner. However, recent studies have indicated that melanosomes are distributed regionally in the basal layer of the skin, affording localized intensive photoprotection for progenitor keratinocytes and stem cells that reside in the microenvironment of the basal epidermis. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about molecular and cellular mechanisms that are responsible for the selective transfer and exclusive degradation of melanosomes in the epidermis, emphasizing implications for skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Kai Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Yan Jia
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wan
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tie-Chi Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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23
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Benito-Martinez S, Salavessa L, Raposo G, Marks MS, Delevoye C. Melanin transfer and fate within keratinocytes in human skin pigmentation. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1546-1555. [PMID: 34021340 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human skin and hair pigmentation play important roles in social behavior but also in photoprotection from the harmful effects of ultraviolet light. The main pigments in mammalian skin, the melanins, are synthesized within specialized organelles called melanosomes in melanocytes, which sit at the basal layer of the epidermis and the hair bulb. The melanins are then transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes, where they accumulate perinuclearly in membrane-bound organelles as a "cap" above the nucleus. The mechanism of transfer, the nature of the pigmented organelles within keratinocytes, and the mechanism governing their intracellular positioning are all debated and poorly understood, but likely play an important role in the photoprotective properties of melanin in the skin. Here, we detail our current understanding of these processes and present a guideline for future experimentation in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Benito-Martinez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laura Salavessa
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France
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24
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Moreiras H, Seabra MC, Barral DC. Melanin Transfer in the Epidermis: The Pursuit of Skin Pigmentation Control Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4466. [PMID: 33923362 PMCID: PMC8123122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the pigment melanin is transferred from melanocytes and processed within keratinocytes to achieve skin pigmentation remain ill-characterized. Nevertheless, several models have emerged in the past decades to explain the transfer process. Here, we review the proposed models for melanin transfer in the skin epidermis, the available evidence supporting each one, and the recent observations in favor of the exo/phagocytosis and shed vesicles models. In order to reconcile the transfer models, we propose that different mechanisms could co-exist to sustain skin pigmentation under different conditions. We also discuss the limited knowledge about melanin processing within keratinocytes. Finally, we pinpoint new questions that ought to be addressed to solve the long-lasting quest for the understanding of how basal skin pigmentation is controlled. This knowledge will allow the emergence of new strategies to treat pigmentary disorders that cause a significant socio-economic burden to patients and healthcare systems worldwide and could also have relevant cosmetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Duarte C. Barral
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (H.M.); (M.C.S.)
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25
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Castellano-Pellicena I, Morrison CG, Bell M, O’Connor C, Tobin DJ. Melanin Distribution in Human Skin: Influence of Cytoskeletal, Polarity, and Centrosome-Related Machinery of Stratum basale Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063143. [PMID: 33808676 PMCID: PMC8003549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin granules cluster within supra-nuclear caps in basal keratinocytes (KCs) of the human epidermis, where they protect KC genomic DNA against ultraviolet radiation (UVR) damage. While much is known about melanogenesis in melanocytes (MCs) and a moderate amount about melanin transfer from MC to KC, we know little about the fate of melanin once inside KCs. We recently reported that melanin fate in progenitor KCs is regulated by rare asymmetric organelle movement during mitosis. Here, we explore the role of actin, microtubules, and centrosome-associated machinery in distributing melanin within KCs. Short-term cultures of human skin explants were treated with cytochalasin-B and nocodazole to target actin filaments and microtubules, respectively. Treatment effects on melanin distribution were assessed by the Warthin-Starry stain, on centrosome-associated proteins by immunofluorescence microscopy, and on co-localisation with melanin granules by brightfield microscopy. Cytochalasin-B treatment disassembled supra-nuclear melanin caps, while nocodazole treatment moved melanin from the apical to basal KC domain. Centrosome and centriolar satellite-associated proteins showed a high degree of co-localisation with melanin. Thus, once melanin granules are transferred to KCs, their preferred apical distribution appears to be facilitated by coordinated movement of centrosomes and centriolar satellites. This mechanism may control melanin's strategic position within UVR-exposed KCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Castellano-Pellicena
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Ciaran G. Morrison
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland;
| | - Mike Bell
- Walgreens Boots Alliance, Nottingham NG90 1BS, UK; (M.B.); (C.O.)
| | - Clare O’Connor
- Walgreens Boots Alliance, Nottingham NG90 1BS, UK; (M.B.); (C.O.)
| | - Desmond J. Tobin
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
- The Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-(0)-1-716-6262
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26
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Yoshikawa-Murakami C, Mizutani Y, Ryu A, Naru E, Teramura T, Homma Y, Fukuda M. A Novel Method for Visualizing Melanosome and Melanin Distribution in Human Skin Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228514. [PMID: 33198186 PMCID: PMC7697890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin incorporated into keratinocytes plays an important role in photoprotection; however, abnormal melanin accumulation causes hyperpigmentary disorders. To understand the mechanism behind the accumulation of excess melanin in the skin, it is essential to clarify the spatial distribution of melanosomes or melanin in the epidermis. Although several markers have been used to detect melanosomes or melanin, no suitable markers to determine the precise localization of melanin in the epidermis have been reported. In this study, we showed that melanocore-interacting Kif1c-tail (M-INK), a recently developed fluorescent probe for visualizing mature melanosomes, binds to purified melanin in vitro, and applied it for detecting melanin in human skin tissues. Frozen skin sections from different phototypes were co-stained for the hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged M-INK probe and markers of melanocytes or keratinocytes, and a wide distribution of melanin was observed in the epidermis. Analysis of the different skin phototypes indicated that the fluorescent signals of HA-M-INK correlated well with skin color. The reconstruction of three-dimensional images of epidermal sheets enabled us to observe the spatial distribution of melanin in the epidermis. Thus, the HA-M-INK probe is an ideal tool to individually visualize melanin (or melanosome) distribution in melanocytes and in keratinocytes in skin tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Mizutani
- Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, 48-18 Sakae-cho, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0005, Japan; (A.R.); (E.N.)
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (M.F.); Tel.: +81-33-919-6131 (Y.M.); +81-22-795-7731 (M.F.)
| | - Akemi Ryu
- Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, 48-18 Sakae-cho, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0005, Japan; (A.R.); (E.N.)
| | - Eiji Naru
- Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, 48-18 Sakae-cho, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0005, Japan; (A.R.); (E.N.)
| | - Takashi Teramura
- KOSÉ R&D France, KOSÉ Corporation, 5 Avenue Lionel Terray, 69330 Meyzieu, France; (C.Y.-M.); (T.T.)
| | - Yuta Homma
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan;
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan;
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (M.F.); Tel.: +81-33-919-6131 (Y.M.); +81-22-795-7731 (M.F.)
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27
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Tian X, Cui Z, Liu S, Zhou J, Cui R. Melanosome transport and regulation in development and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 219:107707. [PMID: 33075361 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanosomes are specialized membrane-bound organelles that synthesize and organize melanin, ultimately providing color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Disorders in melanogenesis and melanosome transport are linked to pigmentary diseases, such as Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, and Griscelli syndrome. Clinical cases of these pigmentary diseases shed light on the molecular mechanisms that control melanosome-related pathways. However, only an improved understanding of melanogenesis and melanosome transport will further the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Herein, we review the current literature surrounding melanosomes with particular emphasis on melanosome membrane transport and cytoskeleton-mediated melanosome transport. We also provide perspectives on melanosome regulatory mechanisms which include hormonal action, inflammation, autophagy, and organelle interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Tian
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Ziyong Cui
- Harvard College, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Song Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Rutao Cui
- Skin Disease Research Institute, The 2nd Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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28
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Fukuda M. Rab GTPases: Key players in melanosome biogenesis, transport, and transfer. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 34:222-235. [PMID: 32997883 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanosomes are specialized intracellular organelles that produce and store melanin pigments in melanocytes, which are present in several mammalian tissues and organs, including the skin, hair, and eyes. Melanosomes form and mature stepwise (stages I-IV) in melanocytes and then are transported toward the plasma membrane along the cytoskeleton. They are subsequently transferred to neighboring keratinocytes by a largely unknown mechanism, and incorporated melanosomes are transported to the perinuclear region of the keratinocytes where they form melanin caps. Melanocytes also extend several dendrites that facilitate the efficient transfer of the melanosomes to the keratinocytes. Since the melanosome biogenesis, transport, and transfer steps require multiple membrane trafficking processes, Rab GTPases that are conserved key regulators of membrane traffic in all eukaryotes are crucial for skin and hair pigmentation. Dysfunctions of two Rab isoforms, Rab27A and Rab38, are known to cause a hypopigmentation phenotype in human type 2 Griscelli syndrome patients and in chocolate mice (related to Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome), respectively. In this review article, I review the literature on the functions of each Rab isoform and its upstream and downstream regulators in mammalian melanocytes and keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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29
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CMT-308, a Nonantimicrobial Chemically-Modified Tetracycline, Exhibits Anti-Melanogenic Activity by Suppression of Melanosome Export. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100411. [PMID: 33066033 PMCID: PMC7601524 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CMT-308 is a nonantimicrobial chemically-modified tetracycline (CMT), which we have previously shown exhibits antifungal activity and pleiotropic anti-inflammatory activities, including inhibition of the enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Based on its chemical structure, we hypothesized that CMT-308 could inhibit melanogenesis and might be a candidate for the treatment of skin hyperpigmentation disorders which occur due to unregulated melanin biosynthesis and/or transport. CMT-308 was first studied for any effects on activity of the enzyme tyrosinase in vitro using a purified preparation of mushroom tyrosinase; the mode of inhibition of the soluble fungal enzyme was evaluated by Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots as well as by non-linear least squares fitting. Next, the effects of CMT-308 were tested in mammalian cell cultures using B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and further validated in darkly-pigmented human melanocytes (HEMn-DP). Our results showed that micromolar concentrations of CMT-308 inhibited mushroom tyrosinase enzyme activity, using the first two substrates in the melanogenesis pathway (l-tyrosine and l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA)); CMT-308 inhibited mushroom tyrosinase primarily via a mixed mode of inhibition, with the major contribution from a competitive mode. In B16F10 cell cultures, CMT-308 (10 µM) significantly diminished total melanin levels with a selective reduction of extracellular melanin levels, under both basal and hormone-stimulated conditions without any cytotoxicity over a duration of 72 h. Studies of potential mechanisms of inhibition of melanogenesis in B16F10 cells showed that, in mammalian cells, CMT-308 did not inhibit intracellular tyrosinase activity or the activity of α-glucosidase, an enzyme that regulates maturation of tyrosinase. However, CMT-308 suppressed MITF protein expression in B16F10 cells and showed copper chelating activity and antioxidant activity in a cell-free system. The significantly lower extracellular melanin levels obtained at 10 µM indicate that CMT-308’s anti-melanogenic action may be attributed to a selective inhibition of melanosome export with the perinuclear aggregation of melanosomes, rather than a direct effect on the tyrosinase-catalyzed steps in melanin biosynthesis. These results were validated in HEMn-DP cells where CMT-308 suppressed dendricity in a fully reversible manner without affecting intracellular melanin synthesis. Furthermore, the capacity of CMT-308 to inhibit melanosome export was retained in cocultures of HEMn-DP and HaCaT. In summary, our results offer promise for therapeutic strategies to combat the effects of hyperpigmentation by use of CMT-308 at low micromolar concentrations.
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30
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Benito-Martínez S, Zhu Y, Jani RA, Harper DC, Marks MS, Delevoye C. Research Techniques Made Simple: Cell Biology Methods for the Analysis of Pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:257-268.e8. [PMID: 31980058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pigmentation of the skin and hair represents the result of melanin biosynthesis within melanosomes of epidermal melanocytes, followed by the transfer of mature melanin granules to adjacent keratinocytes within the basal layer of the epidermis. Natural variation in these processes produces the diversity of skin and hair color among human populations, and defects in these processes lead to diseases such as oculocutaneous albinism. While genetic regulators of pigmentation have been well studied in human and animal models, we are still learning much about the cell biological features that regulate melanogenesis, melanosome maturation, and melanosome motility in melanocytes, and have barely scratched the surface in our understanding of melanin transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes. Herein, we describe cultured cell model systems and common assays that have been used by investigators to dissect these features and that will hopefully lead to additional advances in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Benito-Martínez
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Yueyao Zhu
- Department of Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Riddhi Atul Jani
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Dawn C Harper
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.
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31
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Yakimov BP, Shirshin EA, Schleusener J, Allenova AS, Fadeev VV, Darvin ME. Melanin distribution from the dermal-epidermal junction to the stratum corneum: non-invasive in vivo assessment by fluorescence and Raman microspectroscopy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14374. [PMID: 32873804 PMCID: PMC7463016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The fate of melanin in the epidermis is of great interest due to its involvement in numerous physiological and pathological processes in the skin. Melanin localization can be assessed ex vivo and in vivo using its distinctive optical properties. Melanin exhibits a characteristic Raman spectrum band shape and discernible near-infrared excited (NIR) fluorescence. However, a detailed analysis of the capabilities of depth-resolved confocal Raman and fluorescence microspectroscopy in the evaluation of melanin distribution in the human skin is lacking. Here we demonstrate how the fraction of melanin at different depths in the human skin in vivo can be estimated from its Raman spectra (bands at 1,380 and 1,570 cm-1) using several procedures including a simple ratiometric approach, spectral decomposition and non-negative matrix factorization. The depth profiles of matrix factorization components specific to melanin, collagen and natural moisturizing factor provide information about their localization in the skin. The depth profile of the collagen-related matrix factorization component allows for precise determination of the dermal-epidermal junction, i.e. the epidermal thickness. Spectral features of fluorescence background originating from melanin were found to correlate with relative intensities of the melanin Raman bands. We also hypothesized that NIR fluorescence in the skin is not originated solely from melanin, and the possible impact of oxidized species should be taken into account. The ratio of melanin-related Raman bands at 1,380 and 1,570 cm-1 could be related to melanin molecular organization. The proposed combined analysis of the Raman scattering signal and NIR fluorescence could be a useful tool for rapid non-invasive in vivo diagnostics of melanin-related processes in the human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Yakimov
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119991
- Medical Research and Education Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky Prospect 27/10, Moscow, Russia, 119991
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8-2, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - E A Shirshin
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8-2, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
- Institute of Spectroscopy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Fizicheskaya Str., 5, 108840, Troitsk, Moscow, Russia.
| | - J Schleusener
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - A S Allenova
- Medical Research and Education Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky Prospect 27/10, Moscow, Russia, 119991
- Division of Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8-2, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - V V Fadeev
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - M E Darvin
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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Murase D, Kusaka-Kikushima A, Hachiya A, Fullenkamp R, Stepp A, Imai A, Ueno M, Kawabata K, Takahashi Y, Hase T, Ohuchi A, Nakamura S, Yoshimori T. Autophagy Declines with Premature Skin Aging resulting in Dynamic Alterations in Skin Pigmentation and Epidermal Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165708. [PMID: 32784909 PMCID: PMC7460956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a membrane traffic system that provides sustainable degradation of cellular components for homeostasis, and is thus considered to promote health and longevity, though its activity declines with aging. The present findings show deterioration of autophagy in association with premature skin aging. Autophagy flux was successfully determined in skin tissues, which demonstrated significantly decreased autophagy in hyperpigmented skin such as that seen in senile lentigo. Furthermore, an exacerbated decline in autophagy was confirmed in xerotic hyperpigmentation areas, accompanied by severe dehydration and a barrier defect, which showed correlations with skin physiological conditions. The enhancement of autophagy in skin ex vivo ameliorated skin integrity, including pigmentation and epidermal differentiation. The present results indicate that the restoration of autophagy can contribute to improving premature skin aging by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors via the normalization of protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Murase
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Haga 321-3497, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-285-68-7637
| | - Ayumi Kusaka-Kikushima
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara 250-0002, Japan; (A.K.-K.); (M.U.); (K.K.); (Y.T.)
| | - Akira Hachiya
- Planning and Implementation, Kao Corporation, Haga 321-3497, Japan;
| | - Rachel Fullenkamp
- Americas Research Laboratories, Kao USA Inc., Cincinnati, OH 45214, USA; (R.F.); (A.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Anita Stepp
- Americas Research Laboratories, Kao USA Inc., Cincinnati, OH 45214, USA; (R.F.); (A.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Asuka Imai
- Americas Research Laboratories, Kao USA Inc., Cincinnati, OH 45214, USA; (R.F.); (A.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Mizuki Ueno
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara 250-0002, Japan; (A.K.-K.); (M.U.); (K.K.); (Y.T.)
| | - Keigo Kawabata
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara 250-0002, Japan; (A.K.-K.); (M.U.); (K.K.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yoshito Takahashi
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara 250-0002, Japan; (A.K.-K.); (M.U.); (K.K.); (Y.T.)
| | - Tadashi Hase
- Core Technology Sector, Kao Corporation, Sumida 131-0044, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Ohuchi
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Haga 321-3497, Japan;
| | - Shuhei Nakamura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (S.N.); (T.Y.)
- Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (S.N.); (T.Y.)
- Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Moreiras H, Lopes-da-Silva M, Seabra MC, Barral DC. Melanin processing by keratinocytes: A non-microbial type of host-pathogen interaction? Traffic 2020; 20:301-304. [PMID: 30801937 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that regulate skin pigmentation have been the subject of intense research in recent decades. In contrast with melanin biogenesis and transport within melanocytes, little is known about how melanin is transferred and processed within keratinocytes. Several models have been proposed for how melanin is transferred, with strong evidence supporting coupled exo/endocytosis. Recently, two reports suggest that upon internalization, melanin is stored within keratinocytes in an arrested compartment, allowing the pigment to persist for long periods. In this commentary, we identify a striking parallelism between melanin processing within keratinocytes and the host-pathogen interaction with Plasmodium, opening new avenues to understand the complex molecular mechanisms that ensure skin pigmentation and photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Moreiras
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Lopes-da-Silva
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel C Seabra
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Duarte C Barral
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Dorgaleleh S, Naghipoor K, Barahouie A, Dastaviz F, Oladnabi M. Molecular and biochemical mechanisms of human iris color: A comprehensive review. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8972-8982. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Dorgaleleh
- Student Research Committee Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
| | - Karim Naghipoor
- Student Research Committee Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
| | - Ahmad Barahouie
- Student Research Committee Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
| | - Farzad Dastaviz
- Student Research Committee Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
| | - Morteza Oladnabi
- Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
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35
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Marubashi S, Fukuda M. Rab7B/42 Is Functionally Involved in Protein Degradation on Melanosomes in Keratinocytes. Cell Struct Funct 2020; 45:45-55. [PMID: 32037382 PMCID: PMC10739166 DOI: 10.1247/csf.19039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinocytes uptake melanosomes from melanocytes and retain them in the perinuclear region, where they form melanin caps. Although these processes are crucial to protecting nuclear DNA against ultraviolet injury, the molecular basis of melanosome uptake and decomposition in keratinocytes is poorly understood. One of the major reasons for its being poorly understood is the lack of a specific marker protein that can be used to visualize or monitor melanosomes (or melanosome-containing compartments) that have been incorporated into keratinocytes. In this study, we performed a comprehensive localization screening for mammalian Rab family small GTPases (Rab1-45) and succeeded in identifying 11 Rabs that were enriched around melanosomes that had been incorporated into keratinocytes. We also established a new assay by using a recently developed melanosome probe (called M-INK) as a means of quantitatively assessing the degradation of proteins on incorporated melanosomes in control and each of a series of Rab-knockdown keratinocytes. The results showed that knockdown or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Rab7B (also identified as Rab42) in keratinocytes caused strong inhibition of protein degradation on melanosomes. Our findings indicated that Rab7B/42 is recruited to melanosome-containing compartments and that it promotes protein degradation on melanosomes in keratinocytes.Key words: degradation, keratinocytes, melanocytes, melanosome, Rab small GTPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soujiro Marubashi
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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36
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Kim E, Panzella L, Napolitano A, Payne GF. Redox Activities of Melanins Investigated by Electrochemical Reverse Engineering: Implications for their Roles in Oxidative Stress. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:537-543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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37
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Young AR, Morgan KA, Ho TW, Ojimba N, Harrison GI, Lawrence KP, Jakharia-Shah N, Wulf HC, Cruickshank JK, Philipsen PA. Melanin has a Small Inhibitory Effect on Cutaneous Vitamin D Synthesis: A Comparison of Extreme Phenotypes. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:1418-1426.e1. [PMID: 31883961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiology suggests that melanin inhibits cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesis by UVR. Laboratory investigations assessing the impact of melanin on vitamin D production have produced contradictory results. We determined the effect of melanin on vitamin D3 photosynthesis in healthy young volunteers (n = 102) of Fitzpatrick skin types II-VI (white to black). Participants, irrespective of skin type, were exposed to the same suberythemal UVR dose, to 85% body surface area, using solar simulated UVR or narrowband UVB (311 nm). This was repeated five times with intervals of 3-4 days between UVR exposures. Blood was taken before, during, and after the irradiation and assessed for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D3) as a marker of vitamin D3 status. Linear UVR dose-dependent increases in 25(OH)D3 were highly significant (P ≤ 7.7 x 10-11). The ratios of regression slopes of the different skin type groups were compared, and only skin type II was significantly steeper than the other groups. Comparisons between extreme skin types II and VI showed melanin inhibition factors of approximately 1.3-1.4, depending on the UVR source. We conclude that the inhibitory effect of melanin on vitamin D3 synthesis is small, compared with erythema, but that this difference may be sufficient to explain the epidemiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Kylie A Morgan
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tak-Wai Ho
- Department of Nutritional Science, Division of Life-Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ngozi Ojimba
- Department of Nutritional Science, Division of Life-Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Dietetics Department, Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham I Harrison
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karl P Lawrence
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nihull Jakharia-Shah
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - J Kennedy Cruickshank
- Department of Nutritional Science, Division of Life-Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A Philipsen
- Department of Dermatology D92, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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38
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Kim JY, Kim J, Ahn Y, Lee EJ, Hwang S, Almurayshid A, Park K, Chung HJ, Kim HJ, Lee SH, Lee MS, Oh SH. Autophagy induction can regulate skin pigmentation by causing melanosome degradation in keratinocytes and melanocytes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 33:403-415. [PMID: 31659857 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy regulates cellular turnover by disassembling unnecessary or dysfunctional constituents. Recent studies demonstrated that autophagy and its regulators play a wide variety of roles in melanocyte biology. Activation of autophagy is known to induce melanogenesis and regulate melanosome biogenesis in melanocytes. Also, autophagy induction was reported to regulate physiologic skin color via melanosome degradation, although the downstream effectors are not yet clarified. To determine the role of autophagy as a melanosome degradation machinery, we administered several autophagy inducers in human keratinocytes and melanocytes. Our results showed that the synthetic autophagy inducer PTPD-12 stimulated autophagic flux in human melanocytes and in keratinocytes containing transferred melanosomes. Increased autophagic flux led to melanosome degradation without affecting the expression of MITF. Furthermore, the color of cell pellets of both melanocytes and keratinocytes was visibly lightened. Inhibition of autophagic flux by chloroquine resulted in marked attenuation of PTPD-12-induced melanosome degradation, whereas the expression of melanogenesis pathway genes and proteins remained unaffected. Taken together, our results suggest that the modulation of autophagy can contribute to the regulation of melanocyte biology and skin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihee Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yuri Ahn
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shinwon Hwang
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Abdurrahman Almurayshid
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Keedon Park
- R&D Center, Incospharm Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | | | - Si-Hyung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Oh
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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39
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Dutta S, Panda S, Singh P, Tawde S, Mishra M, Andhale V, Athavale A, Keswani SM. Hypopigmentation in burns is associated with alterations in the architecture of the skin and the dendricity of the melanocytes. Burns 2019; 46:906-917. [PMID: 31685389 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypopigmentation is a major problem in deep dermal burns. To date, no standard treatment is available for the post burn hypopigmentation disorder. Therefore, understanding the molecular and cellular events are of benefit for therapeutic intervention. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Fontana Masson (FM) staining of post burn hypopigmented skin (PBHS) showed an altered architectural pattern in cellular organization, cornified layer and melanin pigment as compared to the normal skin. This was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of PBHS samples using specific marker cytokeratin 5 (CK5) for keratinocytes and melanocortin 1 receptor (MCIR) for melanocytes. Validation of these observations was performed by IHC using proliferation and differentiation markers, Ki67 and Loricrin respectively and the melanocyte specific marker tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP1). Taking a cue from the IHC study, the interaction of keratinocytes and melanocytes was studied by developing a co-culture model from PBHS and normal skin. Culture data exhibited a change of dendritic structure, reduced proliferation rate, faulty melanin synthesis and transfer of melanin from melanocytes to keratinocytes in PBHS samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing structural and functional aberrations of melanocytes and keratinocytes, as a potential cause of hypopigmentation in burned patients. Our study, therefore, provides valuable insight for the basis of hypopigmentation in post burn patients, which may pave the way for clinical intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Dutta
- National Burns Centre, Sector 13, Plot no 1, Airoli, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Sangita Panda
- National Burns Centre, Sector 13, Plot no 1, Airoli, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Prashant Singh
- National Burns Centre, Sector 13, Plot no 1, Airoli, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Sumit Tawde
- National Burns Centre, Sector 13, Plot no 1, Airoli, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Mamata Mishra
- National Burns Centre, Sector 13, Plot no 1, Airoli, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Vikas Andhale
- National Burns Centre, Sector 13, Plot no 1, Airoli, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Angira Athavale
- National Burns Centre, Sector 13, Plot no 1, Airoli, Navi Mumbai, India
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40
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Natural and Bioinspired Phenolic Compounds as Tyrosinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Skin Hyperpigmentation: Recent Advances. COSMETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics6040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most common approaches for control of skin pigmentation involves the inhibition of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme which catalyzes the key steps of melanogenesis. This review focuses on the tyrosinase inhibition properties of a series of natural and synthetic, bioinspired phenolic compounds that have appeared in the literature in the last five years. Both mushroom and human tyrosinase inhibitors have been considered. Among the first class, flavonoids, in particular chalcones, occupy a prominent role as natural inhibitors, followed by hydroxystilbenes (mainly resveratrol derivatives). A series of more complex phenolic compounds from a variety of sources, first of all belonging to the Moraceae family, have also been described as potent tyrosinase inhibitors. As to the synthetic compounds, hydroxycinnamic acids and chalcones again appear as the most exploited scaffolds. Several inhibition mechanisms have been reported for the described inhibitors, pointing to copper chelating and/or hydrophobic moieties as key structural requirements to achieve good inhibition properties. Emerging trends in the search for novel skin depigmenting agents, including the development of assays that could distinguish between inhibitors and potentially toxic substrates of the enzyme as well as of formulations aimed at improving the bioavailability and hence the effectiveness of well-known inhibitors, have also been addressed.
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41
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Delevoye C, Marks MS, Raposo G. Lysosome-related organelles as functional adaptations of the endolysosomal system. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 59:147-158. [PMID: 31234051 PMCID: PMC6726539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Unique functions of specialised cells such as those of the immune and haemostasis systems, skin, blood vessels, lung, and bone require specialised compartments, collectively referred to as lysosome-related organelles (LROs), that share features of endosomes and lysosomes. LROs harbour unique morphological features and cell type-specific contents, and most if not all undergo regulated secretion for diverse functions. Ongoing research, largely driven by analyses of inherited diseases and their model systems, is unravelling the mechanisms involved in LRO generation, maturation, transport and secretion. A molecular understanding of these features will provide targets and markers that can be exploited for diagnosis and therapy of a myriad of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Delevoye
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences and Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Michael S Marks
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Dept. of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Graça Raposo
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences and Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, Paris, France.
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42
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Bowman SL, Marks MS. Shining a Light on Black Holes in Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 138:486-489. [PMID: 29477191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which melanins are transferred from melanocytes and stored within keratinocytes to generate skin pigmentation are hotly debated. Correia et al. and Hurbain et al. provide evidence that melanin cores of melanosomes are secreted from melanocytes and taken up and stored within non-degradative membranous organelles in keratinocytes in the basal epidermis of human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna L Bowman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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43
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Joly-Tonetti N, Wibawa JID, Bell M, Tobin DJ. An explanation for the mysterious distribution of melanin in human skin: a rare example of asymmetric (melanin) organelle distribution during mitosis of basal layer progenitor keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:1115-1126. [PMID: 29956303 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanin is synthesized by melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis. When transferred to surrounding keratinocytes melanin is the key ultraviolet radiation-protective biopolymer responsible for skin pigmentation. Most melanin is observable in the proliferative basal layer of the epidermis and only sparsely distributed in the stratifying/differentiating epidermis. The latter has been explained as 'melanin degradation' in suprabasal layers. OBJECTIVES To re-evaluate the currently accepted basis for melanin distribution in human epidermis and to discover whether this pattern is altered after a regenerative stimulus. METHODS Normal epidermis of adult human skin, at rest and after tape-stripping, was analysed by a range of (immuno)histochemical and high-resolution microscopy techniques. In vitro models of melanin granule uptake by human keratinocytes were attempted. RESULTS We propose a different fate for melanin in the human epidermis. Our evidence indicates that the bulk of melanin is inherited only by the nondifferentiating daughter cell postmitosis in progenitor keratinocytes via asymmetric organelle inheritance. Moreover, this preferred pattern of melanin distribution can switch to a symmetric or equal daughter cell inheritance mode under conditions of stress, including regeneration. CONCLUSIONS In this preliminary report, we provide a plausible and histologically supported explanation for how human skin pigmentation is efficiently organized in the epidermis. Steady-state epidermis pigmentation may involve much less redox-sensitive melanogenesis than previously thought, and at least some premade melanin may be available for reuse. The epidermal melanin unit may be an excellent example with which to study organelle distribution via asymmetric or symmetric inheritance in response to microenvironment and tissue demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Joly-Tonetti
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, U.K
| | | | - M Bell
- Walgreens Boots Alliance, Nottingham, U.K
| | - D J Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, U.K
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44
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Del Bino S, Duval C, Bernerd F. Clinical and Biological Characterization of Skin Pigmentation Diversity and Its Consequences on UV Impact. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092668. [PMID: 30205563 PMCID: PMC6163216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin color diversity is the most variable and noticeable phenotypic trait in humans resulting from constitutive pigmentation variability. This paper will review the characterization of skin pigmentation diversity with a focus on the most recent data on the genetic basis of skin pigmentation, and the various methodologies for skin color assessment. Then, melanocyte activity and amount, type and distribution of melanins, which are the main drivers for skin pigmentation, are described. Paracrine regulators of melanocyte microenvironment are also discussed. Skin response to sun exposure is also highly dependent on color diversity. Thus, sensitivity to solar wavelengths is examined in terms of acute effects such as sunburn/erythema or induced-pigmentation but also long-term consequences such as skin cancers, photoageing and pigmentary disorders. More pronounced sun-sensitivity in lighter or darker skin types depending on the detrimental effects and involved wavelengths is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Del Bino
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
| | - Christine Duval
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
| | - Françoise Bernerd
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
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45
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Poyntner C, Mirastschijski U, Sterflinger K, Tafer H. Transcriptome Study of an Exophiala dermatitidis PKS1 Mutant on an ex Vivo Skin Model: Is Melanin Important for Infection? Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1457. [PMID: 30018609 PMCID: PMC6037837 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis is a polyextremophilic human pathogen, especially known for growing in man-made extreme environments. Reported diseases caused by this fungus range from benign cutaneous to systemic infections with 40% fatality rate. While the number of cases steadily increases in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent people, detailed knowledge about infection mechanisms, virulence factors and host response are scarce. To understand the impact of the putative virulence factor melanin on the infection, we generated a polyketide synthase (PKS1) mutant using CRISPR/Cas9 resulting in a melanin deficient strain. The mutant and the wild-type fungus were inoculated onto skin explants using an ex vivo skin organ culture model to simulate in vivo cutaneous infection. The difference between the mutant and wild-type transcriptional landscapes, as assessed by whole RNA-sequencing, were small and were observed in pathways related to the copper homeostasis, cell wall genes and proteases. Seven days after inoculation the wild-type fungus completely colonized the stratum corneum, invaded the skin and infected keratinocytes while the mutant had only partially covered the skin and showed no invasiveness. Our results suggest that melanin dramatically improves the invasiveness and virulence of E. dermatitidis during the first days of the skin infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Poyntner
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT EQ Extremophile Center, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Mirastschijski
- Wound Repair Unit, Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Division of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Rotkreuzklinikum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Sterflinger
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT EQ Extremophile Center, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hakim Tafer
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT EQ Extremophile Center, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Homma T, Kageyama S, Nishikawa A, Nagata K. Melanosome degradation in epidermal keratinocytes related to lysosomal protease cathepsin V. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:339-343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Shih BB, Farrar MD, Cooke MS, Osman J, Langton AK, Kift R, Webb AR, Berry JL, Watson REB, Vail A, de Gruijl FR, Rhodes LE. Fractional Sunburn Threshold UVR Doses Generate Equivalent Vitamin D and DNA Damage in Skin Types I-VI but with Epidermal DNA Damage Gradient Correlated to Skin Darkness. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2244-2252. [PMID: 29730334 PMCID: PMC6158343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Public health guidance recommends limiting sun exposure to sub-sunburn levels, but it is unknown whether these can gain vitamin D (for musculoskeletal health) while avoiding epidermal DNA damage (initiates skin cancer). Well-characterized healthy humans of all skin types (I–VI, lightest to darkest skin) were exposed to a low-dose series of solar simulated UVR of 20%–80% their individual sunburn threshold dose (minimal erythema dose). Significant UVR dose responses were seen for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and whole epidermal cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), with as little as 0.2 minimal erythema dose concurrently producing 25-hydroxyvitamin D and CPD. Fractional MEDs generated equivalent levels of whole epidermal CPD and 25-hydroxyvitamin D across all skin types. Crucially, we showed an epidermal gradient of CPD formation strongly correlated with skin darkness (r = 0.74, P < 0.0001), which reflected melanin content and showed increasing protection across the skin types, ranging from darkest skin, where high CPD levels occurred superficially, with none in the germinative basal layer, to lightest skin, where CPD levels were induced evenly across the epidermal depth. People with darker skin can be encouraged to use sub-sunburn UVR-exposure to enhance their vitamin D. In people with lighter skin, basal cell damage occurs concurrent with vitamin D synthesis at exquisitely low UVR levels, providing an explanation for their high skin cancer incidence; greater caution is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B Shih
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark D Farrar
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Marcus S Cooke
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Joanne Osman
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Abigail K Langton
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Kift
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ann R Webb
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jacqueline L Berry
- Specialist Assay Laboratory, The University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Rachel E B Watson
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Andy Vail
- Centre for Biostatistics, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Frank R de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lesley E Rhodes
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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Yi WJ, Su MY, Shi Y, Jiang S, Xu SZ, Lei TC. Degraded melanocores are incompetent to protect epidermal keratinocytes against UV damage. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:844-857. [PMID: 29623762 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1456601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanosomes are membrane-bound intracellular organelles that are uniquely generated by melanocytes (MCs) in the basal layer of human epidermis. Highly pigmented mature melanosomes are transferred from MCs to keratinocytes (KCs), and then positioned in the supra-nuclear region to ensure protection against ultraviolet radiation (UVR). However, the molecular mechanism underlying melanosome (or melanin pigment) transfer remains enigmatic. Emerging evidence shows that exo-/endo-cytosis of the melanosome core (termed melanocore) has been considered as the main transfer manner between MCs and KCs. As KCs in the skin migrate up from the basal layer and undergo terminal differentiation, the melanocores they have taken up from MCs are subjected to degradation. In this study, we isolated individual melanocores from human MCs in culture and then induced their destruction/disruption using a physical approach. The results demonstrate that the ultrastructural integrity of melanocores is essential for their antioxidant and photoprotective properties. In addition, we also show that cathepsin V (CTSV), a lysosomal acid protease, is involved in melanocore degradation in calcium-induced differentiated KCs and is also suppressed in KCs following exposure to UVA or UVB radiation. Thus, our study demonstrates that change in the proportion of melanocores in the intact/undegraded state by CTSV-related degradation in KCs affects photoprotection of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Yi
- a Department of Dermatology , Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan 430060 , China
| | - Meng-Yun Su
- a Department of Dermatology , Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan 430060 , China
| | - Ying Shi
- a Department of Dermatology , Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan 430060 , China
| | - Shan Jiang
- a Department of Dermatology , Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan 430060 , China
| | - Shi-Zheng Xu
- a Department of Dermatology , Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan 430060 , China
| | - Tie-Chi Lei
- a Department of Dermatology , Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan 430060 , China
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