1
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Liang Z, Bao H, Yao Z, Li M, Chen C, Zhang L, Wang H, Guo Y, Ma Y, Yang X, Yu G, Zhang J, Xue C, Sun B, Mao C. The orientation of CpG conjugation on aluminum oxyhydroxide nanoparticles determines the immunostimulatory effects of combination adjuvants. Biomaterials 2024; 308:122569. [PMID: 38626556 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
In subunit vaccines, aluminum salts (Alum) are commonly used as adjuvants, but with limited cellular immune responses. To overcome this limitation, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) have been used in combination with Alum. However, current combined usage of Alum and CpG is limited to linear mixtures, and the underlying interaction mechanism between CpG and Alum is not well understood. Thus, we propose to chemically conjugate Alum nanoparticles and CpG (with 5' or 3' end exposed) to design combination adjuvants. Our study demonstrates that compared to the 3'-end exposure, the 5'-end exposure of CpG in combination adjuvants (Al-CpG-5') enhances the activation of bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and promotes Th1 and Th2 cytokine secretion. We used the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as model antigens to demonstrate that Al-CpG-5' enhanced antigen-specific antibody production and upregulated cytotoxic T lymphocyte markers. Additionally, Al-CpG-5' allows for coordinated adaptive immune responses even at lower doses of both CpG ODNs and HBsAg antigens, and enhances lymph node transport of antigens and activation of dendritic cells, promoting Tfh cell differentiation and B cell activation. Our novel Alum-CPG strategy points the way towards broadening the use of nanoadjuvants for both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, PR China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Hang Bao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Zhiying Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Huiyang Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Yiyang Guo
- Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Yubin Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Xuecheng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Ge Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Jiancheng Zhang
- AIM Honesty Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Dalian, 116100, PR China
| | - Changying Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China.
| | - Bingbing Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, PR China.
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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2
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Ezzemani W, Ouladlahsen A, Altawalah H, Saile R, Sarih M, Kettani A, Ezzikouri S. Identification of novel T-cell epitopes on monkeypox virus and development of multi-epitopes vaccine using immunoinformatics approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:5349-5364. [PMID: 37354141 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2226733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPV) is closely related to the smallpox virus, and previous data from Africa suggest that the smallpox vaccine (VARV) is at least 85% effective in preventing MPV. No multi-epitope vaccine has yet been developed to prevent MPV infection. In this work, we used in silico structural biology and advanced immunoinformatic strategies to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against MPV infection. The designed vaccine sequence is adjuvanted with CpG-ODN and includes HTL/CTL epitopes for similar proteins between vaccinia virus (VACV) that induced T-cell production in vaccinated volunteers and the first draft sequence of the MPV genome associated with the suspected outbreak in several countries, May 2022. In addition, the specific binding of the modified vaccine and the immune Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) was estimated by molecular interaction studies. Strong interaction in the binding groove as well as good docking scores confirmed the stringency of the modified vaccine. The stability of the interaction was confirmed by a classical molecular dynamics simulation and normal mode analysis. Then, the immune simulation also indicated the ability of this vaccine to induce an effective immune response against MPV. Codon optimization and in silico cloning of the vaccine into the pET-28a (+) vector also showed its expression potential in the E. coli K12 system. The promising data obtained from the various in silico studies indicate that this vaccine is effective against MPV. However, additional in vitro and in vivo studies are still needed to confirm its efficacy.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahiba Ezzemani
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé (URAC34), Départment de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences Ben Msik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Ahd Ouladlahsen
- Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
- Service des maladies infectieuses, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Haya Altawalah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Virology Unit, Yacoub Behbehani Center, Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Rachid Saile
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé (URAC34), Départment de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences Ben Msik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - M'hammed Sarih
- Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Anass Kettani
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé (URAC34), Départment de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences Ben Msik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sayeh Ezzikouri
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
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3
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Tzeng TT, Chai KM, Chen IH, Chang RY, Chiang JR, Liu SJ. A TLR9 agonist synergistically enhances protective immunity induced by an Alum-adjuvanted H7N9 inactivated whole-virion vaccine. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2249130. [PMID: 37585273 PMCID: PMC10467522 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2249130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Antigen sparing is an important strategy for pandemic vaccine development because of the limitation of worldwide vaccine production during disease outbreaks. However, several clinical studies have demonstrated that the current aluminum (Alum)-adjuvanted influenza vaccines fail to sufficiently enhance immune responses to meet licensing criteria. Here, we used pandemic H7N9 as a model virus to demonstrate that a 10-fold lower amount of vaccine antigen combined with Alum and TLR9 agonist can provide stronger protective effects than using Alum as the sole adjuvant. We found that the Alum/CpG 1018 combination adjuvant could induce more robust virus-specific humoral immune responses, including higher total IgG production, hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody activity, and neutralizing antibody titres, than the Alum-adjuvanted formulation. Moreover, this combination adjuvant shifted the immune response toward a Th1-biased immune response. Importantly, the Alum/CpG 1018-formulated vaccine could confer better protective immunity against H7N9 challenge than that adjuvanted with Alum alone. Notably, the addition of CpG 1018 to the Alum-adjuvanted H7N9 whole-virion vaccine exhibited an antigen-sparing effect without compromising vaccine efficacy. These findings have significant implications for improving Alum-adjuvanted influenza vaccines using the approved adjuvant CpG 1018 for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Teng Tzeng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Kit Man Chai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - I-Hua Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Yuan Chang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ron Chiang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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4
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Laera D, HogenEsch H, O'Hagan DT. Aluminum Adjuvants-'Back to the Future'. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1884. [PMID: 37514070 PMCID: PMC10383759 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminum-based adjuvants will continue to be a key component of currently approved and next generation vaccines, including important combination vaccines. The widespread use of aluminum adjuvants is due to their excellent safety profile, which has been established through the use of hundreds of millions of doses in humans over many years. In addition, they are inexpensive, readily available, and are well known and generally accepted by regulatory agencies. Moreover, they offer a very flexible platform, to which many vaccine components can be adsorbed, enabling the preparation of liquid formulations, which typically have a long shelf life under refrigerated conditions. Nevertheless, despite their extensive use, they are perceived as relatively 'weak' vaccine adjuvants. Hence, there have been many attempts to improve their performance, which typically involves co-delivery of immune potentiators, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. This approach has allowed for the development of improved aluminum adjuvants for inclusion in licensed vaccines against HPV, HBV, and COVID-19, with others likely to follow. This review summarizes the various aluminum salts that are used in vaccines and highlights how they are prepared. We focus on the analytical challenges that remain to allowing the creation of well-characterized formulations, particularly those involving multiple antigens. In addition, we highlight how aluminum is being used to create the next generation of improved adjuvants through the adsorption and delivery of various TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatello Laera
- Technical Research & Development, Drug Product, GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Global Manufacturing Division, Corporate Industrial Analytics, Chiesi Pharmaceuticals, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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5
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Lu Y, Liu G. Nano alum: A new solution to the new challenge. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2060667. [PMID: 35471916 PMCID: PMC9897648 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2060667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alum adjuvant has always been the first choice when designing a vaccine. Conventional aluminum adjuvant includes aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, and amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate (AAHS), which could effectively induce the humoral, and to a lesser extent, cellular immune responses. Their safety is widely accepted for a variety of vaccines. However, conventional alum adjuvant is not an ideal choice for a vaccine antigen with poor immunogenicity, especially the subunit vaccine in which cellular response is highly demanded. The outbreak of COVID-19 requires a delicately designed vaccine without the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect to ensure the safety. A sufficiently powerful adjuvant that can induce both Th1 and Th2 immune responses is necessary to reduce the risk of ADE. These circumstances all bring new challenges to the conventional alum adjuvant. However, turning conventional microscale alum adjuvant into nanoscale is a new solution to these problems. Nanoscale alum owns a higher surface volume ratio, can absorb much more antigens, and promote the ability to stimulate the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) via different mechanisms. In this review, the exceptional performance of nano alum adjuvant and their preparation methods will be discussed. The potential safety concern of nano alum is also addressed. Based on the different mechanisms, the potential application of nano alum will also be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- Shanghai Zerun Bio, Shanghai, PRC,CONTACT Yang Lu Shanghai Zerun Bio, 1690 Zhangheng Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, PRC
| | - Ge Liu
- Shanghai Zerun Bio, Shanghai, PRC
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6
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Bajoria S, Kaur K, Kumru OS, Van Slyke G, Doering J, Novak H, Rodriguez Aponte SA, Dalvie NC, Naranjo CA, Johnston RS, Silverman JM, Kleanthous H, Love JC, Mantis NJ, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Antigen-adjuvant interactions, stability, and immunogenicity profiles of a SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) antigen formulated with aluminum salt and CpG adjuvants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2079346. [PMID: 35666264 PMCID: PMC9621007 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2079346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-cost, refrigerator-stable COVID-19 vaccines will facilitate global access and improve vaccine coverage in low- and middle-income countries. To this end, subunit-based approaches targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein remain attractive. Antibodies against RBD neutralize SARS-CoV-2 by blocking viral attachment to the host cell receptor, ACE2. Here, a yeast-produced recombinant RBD antigen (RBD-L452K-F490W or RBD-J) was formulated with various combinations of aluminum-salt (Alhydrogel®, AH; AdjuPhos®, AP) and CpG 1018 adjuvants. We assessed the effect of antigen-adjuvant interactions on the stability and mouse immunogenicity of various RBD-J preparations. While RBD-J was 50% adsorbed to AH and <15% to AP, addition of CpG resulted in complete AH binding, yet no improvement in AP adsorption. ACE2 competition ELISA analyses of formulated RBD-J stored at varying temperatures (4, 25, 37°C) revealed that RBD-J was destabilized by AH, an effect exacerbated by CpG. DSC studies demonstrated that aluminum-salt and CpG adjuvants decrease the conformational stability of RBD-J and suggest a direct CpG-RBD-J interaction. Although AH+CpG-adjuvanted RBD-J was the least stable in vitro, the formulation was most potent at eliciting SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus neutralizing antibodies in mice. In contrast, RBD-J formulated with AP+CpG showed minimal antigen-adjuvant interactions, a better stability profile, but suboptimal immune responses. Interestingly, the loss of in vivo potency associated with heat-stressed RBD-J formulated with AH+CpG after one dose was abrogated by a booster. Our findings highlight the importance of elucidating the key interrelationships between antigen-adjuvant interactions, storage stability, and in vivo performance to enable successful formulation development of stable and efficacious subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Bajoria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Kawaljit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Ozan S. Kumru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Greta Van Slyke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Doering
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Hayley Novak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Sergio A. Rodriguez Aponte
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Neil C. Dalvie
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher A. Naranjo
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan S. Johnston
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - J. Christopher Love
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Mantis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Sangeeta B. Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - David B. Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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7
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Inglefield J, Catania J, Harris A, Hickey T, Ma Z, Minang J, Baranji K, Spangler T, Look J, Ruiz C, Lu H, Alleva D, Reece JJ, Lacy MJ. Use of protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis as a model recombinant antigen to evaluate toll-like receptors 2, 3, 4, 7 and 9 agonists in mice using established functional antibody assays, antigen-specific antibody assays and cellular assays. Vaccine 2022; 40:5544-5555. [PMID: 35773119 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can act as immune stimulants alone or as part of alum or oil formulations. Humoral and cellular immune responses were utilized to assess quantitative and qualitative immune response enhancement by TLR agonists using recombinant protective antigen (rPA) of B. anthracis as a model antigen. To rPA, combined with aluminum hydroxide (Alhydrogel; Al(OH)3) or squalene (AddaVax™), was added one of 7 TLR agonists: TLR2 agonist Pam3CysSK4 (PamS), TLR3 agonist double stranded polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PolyIC), TLR4 agonists Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) or glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA), TLR7-8 agonists 3M-052 or Resiquimod (Resiq), or TLR9 agonist CPG 7909 (CPG). CD-1 or BALB/c mice received two intraperitoneal or intramuscular immunizations 14 days apart, followed by serum or spleen sampling 14 days later. All TLR agonists except PamS induced high levels of B. anthracis lethal toxin-neutralizing antibodies and immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-PA. Some responses were >100-fold higher than those without a TLR agonist, and IP delivery (0.5 mL) induced higher TLR-mediated antibody response increases compared to IM delivery (0.05 mL). TLR7-8 and TLR9 agonists induced profound shifts of IgG anti-PA response to IgG2a or IgG2b. Compared to the 14-day immunization schedule, use of a shortened immunization schedule of only 7 days between prime and boost found that TLR9 agonist CPG in a squalene formulation maintained higher interferon-γ-positive cells than TLR4 agonist GLA. Variability in antibody responses was lower in BALB/c mice than CD-1 mice but antibody responses were higher in CD-1 mice. Lower serum 50% effective concentration (EC50) values were found for rPA-agonist formulations and squalene formulations compared to Al(OH)3 formulations. Lower EC50 values also were associated with low frequency detection of linear peptide epitopes. In summary, TLR agonists elicited cellular immune responses and markedly boosted humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Inglefield
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Jason Catania
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Andrea Harris
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Thomas Hickey
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Zhidong Ma
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Jacob Minang
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Katalin Baranji
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Tarl Spangler
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Jee Look
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Christian Ruiz
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Hang Lu
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - David Alleva
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Joshua J Reece
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Michael J Lacy
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA.
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8
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Dalvie NC, Tostanoski LH, Rodriguez-Aponte SA, Kaur K, Bajoria S, Kumru OS, Martinot AJ, Chandrashekar A, McMahan K, Mercado NB, Yu J, Chang A, Giffin VM, Nampanya F, Patel S, Bowman L, Naranjo CA, Yun D, Flinchbaugh Z, Pessaint L, Brown R, Velasco J, Teow E, Cook A, Andersen H, Lewis MG, Camp DL, Silverman JM, Nagar GS, Rao HD, Lothe RR, Chandrasekharan R, Rajurkar MP, Shaligram US, Kleanthous H, Joshi SB, Volkin DB, Biswas S, Love JC, Barouch DH. SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain displayed on HBsAg virus-like particles elicits protective immunity in macaques. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl6015. [PMID: 35294244 PMCID: PMC8926328 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl6015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Authorized vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 remain less available in low- and middle-income countries due to insufficient supply, high costs, and storage requirements. Global immunity could still benefit from new vaccines using widely available, safe adjuvants, such as alum and protein subunits, suited to low-cost production in existing manufacturing facilities. Here, a clinical-stage vaccine candidate comprising a SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain-hepatitis B surface antigen virus-like particle elicited protective immunity in cynomolgus macaques. Titers of neutralizing antibodies (>104) induced by this candidate were above the range of protection for other licensed vaccines in nonhuman primates. Including CpG 1018 did not significantly improve the immunological responses. Vaccinated animals challenged with SARS-CoV-2 showed reduced median viral loads in bronchoalveolar lavage (~3.4 log10) and nasal mucosa (~2.9 log10) versus sham controls. These data support the potential benefit of this design for a low-cost modular vaccine platform for SARS-CoV-2 and other variants of concern or betacoronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil C. Dalvie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lisa H. Tostanoski
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sergio A. Rodriguez-Aponte
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kawaljit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Sakshi Bajoria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Ozan S. Kumru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Amanda J. Martinot
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Global Health and Comparative Pathobiology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Abishek Chandrashekar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Katherine McMahan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Noe B. Mercado
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aiquan Chang
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Victoria M. Giffin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Felix Nampanya
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shivani Patel
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lesley Bowman
- SpyBiotech Limited, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford OX4 2JZ, UK
| | - Christopher A. Naranjo
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dongsoo Yun
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Danielle L. Camp
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sangeeta B. Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David B. Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Sumi Biswas
- SpyBiotech Limited, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford OX4 2JZ, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - J. Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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9
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Gale EC, Powell AE, Roth GA, Meany EL, Yan J, Ou BS, Grosskopf AK, Adamska J, Picece VCTM, d'Aquino AI, Pulendran B, Kim PS, Appel EA. Hydrogel-Based Slow Release of a Receptor-Binding Domain Subunit Vaccine Elicits Neutralizing Antibody Responses Against SARS-CoV-2. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104362. [PMID: 34651342 PMCID: PMC8646307 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective vaccines that can be rapidly manufactured and distributed worldwide is necessary to mitigate the devastating health and economic impacts of pandemics like COVID-19. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which mediates host cell entry of the virus, is an appealing antigen for subunit vaccines because it is efficient to manufacture, highly stable, and a target for neutralizing antibodies. Unfortunately, RBD is poorly immunogenic. While most subunit vaccines are commonly formulated with adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity, clinically-relevant adjuvants Alum, AddaVax, and CpG/Alum are found unable to elicit neutralizing responses following a prime-boost immunization. Here, it has been shown that sustained delivery of an RBD subunit vaccine comprising CpG/Alum adjuvant in an injectable polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogel elicited potent anti-RBD and anti-spike antibody titers, providing broader protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern compared to bolus administration of the same vaccine and vaccines comprising other clinically-relevant adjuvant systems. Notably, a SARS-CoV-2 spike-pseudotyped lentivirus neutralization assay revealed that hydrogel-based vaccines elicited potent neutralizing responses when bolus vaccines did not. Together, these results suggest that slow delivery of RBD subunit vaccines with PNP hydrogels can significantly enhance the immunogenicity of RBD and induce neutralizing humoral immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/virology
- CpG Islands/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Hydrogels/chemistry
- Immunity, Humoral
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Polymers/chemistry
- Protein Domains/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/chemistry
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification
- SARS-CoV-2/metabolism
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Gale
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Abigail E. Powell
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA94305USA
- Stanford ChEM‐HStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Gillie A. Roth
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Emily L. Meany
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Jerry Yan
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Ben S. Ou
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | | | - Julia Adamska
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA94305USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, & InfectionStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Vittoria C. T. M. Picece
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Andrea I. d'Aquino
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Stanford ChEM‐HStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA94305USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, & InfectionStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA94305USA
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA94306USA
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA94305USA
- Stanford ChEM‐HStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoCA94158USA
| | - Eric A. Appel
- Stanford ChEM‐HStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, & InfectionStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA94305USA
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
- Department of Pediatrics–EndocrinologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA94305USA
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10
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Dalvie NC, Tostanoski LH, Rodriguez-Aponte SA, Kaur K, Bajoria S, Kumru OS, Martinot AJ, Chandrashekar A, McMahan K, Mercado NB, Yu J, Chang A, Giffin VM, Nampanya F, Patel S, Bowman L, Naranjo CA, Yun D, Flinchbaugh Z, Pessaint L, Brown R, Velasco J, Teow E, Cook A, Andersen H, Lewis MG, Camp DL, Silverman JM, Kleanthous H, Joshi SB, Volkin DB, Biswas S, Love JC, Barouch DH. A modular protein subunit vaccine candidate produced in yeast confers protection against SARS-CoV-2 in non-human primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.07.13.452251. [PMID: 34282417 PMCID: PMC8288147 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.13.452251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been distributed at massive scale in developed countries, and have been effective at preventing COVID-19. Access to vaccines is limited, however, in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to insufficient supply, high costs, and cold storage requirements. New vaccines that can be produced in existing manufacturing facilities in LMICs, can be manufactured at low cost, and use widely available, proven, safe adjuvants like alum, would improve global immunity against SARS-CoV-2. One such protein subunit vaccine is produced by the Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. and is currently in clinical testing. Two protein components, the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) and hepatitis B surface antigen virus-like particles (VLPs), are each produced in yeast, which would enable a low-cost, high-volume manufacturing process. Here, we describe the design and preclinical testing of the RBD-VLP vaccine in cynomolgus macaques. We observed titers of neutralizing antibodies (>104) above the range of protection for other licensed vaccines in non-human primates. Interestingly, addition of a second adjuvant (CpG1018) appeared to improve the cellular response while reducing the humoral response. We challenged animals with SARS-CoV-2, and observed a ~3.4 and ~2.9 log10 reduction in median viral loads in bronchoalveolar lavage and nasal mucosa, respectively, compared to sham controls. These results inform the design and formulation of current clinical COVID-19 vaccine candidates like the one described here, and future designs of RBD-based vaccines against variants of SARS-CoV-2 or other betacoronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil C Dalvie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Lisa H Tostanoski
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sergio A Rodriguez-Aponte
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kawaljit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, USA
| | - Sakshi Bajoria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, USA
| | - Ozan S Kumru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, USA
| | - Amanda J Martinot
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Global Health and Comparative Pathobiology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Abishek Chandrashekar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine McMahan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noe B Mercado
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aiquan Chang
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Victoria M Giffin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Felix Nampanya
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shivani Patel
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lesley Bowman
- SpyBiotech Limited, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A Naranjo
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Dongsoo Yun
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Danielle L Camp
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, USA
| | - Sumi Biswas
- Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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11
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Gale EC, Powell AE, Roth GA, Ou BS, Meany EL, Grosskopf AK, Adamska J, Picece VCTM, d'Aquino AI, Pulendran B, Kim PS, Appel E. Hydrogel-based slow release of a receptor-binding domain subunit vaccine elicits neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33821276 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.31.437792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective vaccines that can be rapidly manufactured and distributed worldwide is necessary to mitigate the devastating health and economic impacts of pandemics like COVID-19. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which mediates host cell entry of the virus, is an appealing antigen for subunit vaccines because it is efficient to manufacture, highly stable, and a target for neutralizing antibodies. Unfortunately, RBD is poorly immunogenic. While most subunit vaccines are commonly formulated with adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity, we found that clinically-relevant adjuvants Alum, AddaVax, and CpG/Alum were unable to elicit neutralizing responses following a prime-boost immunization. Here we show that sustained delivery of an RBD/CpG/Alum subunit vaccine in an injectable polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogel depot increased total anti-RBD antibody titers and elicited potent anti-spike titers, providing broader protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern compared to bolus administration of the same vaccine and vaccines comprising other clinically-relevant adjuvant systems. Notably, a SARS-CoV-2 spike-pseudotyped lentivirus neutralization assay revealed that hydrogel-based vaccines elicited potent neutralizing responses when bolus vaccines did not. Together, these results suggest that slow delivery of RBD subunit vaccines with PNP hydrogels can significantly enhance the immunogenicity of RBD and induce neutralizing humoral immunity.
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12
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Hadidi N, Sharifnia Z, Eteghadi A, Shokrgozar MA, Mosaffa N. PEGylated single-walled carbon nanotubes as co-adjuvants enhance expression of maturation markers in monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:171-188. [PMID: 33560153 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study investigated the application of phospholipid-PEGylated single-walled carbon nanotubes (PL-PEG-SWCNTs) as a safe co-adjuvant for the commercial recombinant hepatitis B virus vaccine to enhance induction of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) differentiation and activation in vitro as an immune response initiator cell to prompt a long-term immune response after a single dose injection. Methods: Immature MDDCs were exposed to PL-PEG-SWCNTs alone and in combination with hepatitis B vaccine. Results & conclusion: Study results confirm the enhanced expression of maturation markers in human immature MDDCs after PL-PEG-SWCNT exposure. The results suggest that PL-PEG-SWCNT is an efficient co-adjuvant for the commercial recombinant hepatitis B virus vaccine to enhance dendritic cell response stimulation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Hadidi
- Department of Clinical Research & EM Microscope, Pasteur Institute of Iran (PII), Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Zarin Sharifnia
- Department of Clinical Research & EM Microscope, Pasteur Institute of Iran (PII), Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Atefeh Eteghadi
- Department of Clinical Research & EM Microscope, Pasteur Institute of Iran (PII), Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | | | - Nariman Mosaffa
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
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13
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Wang ZB, Xu J. Better Adjuvants for Better Vaccines: Progress in Adjuvant Delivery Systems, Modifications, and Adjuvant-Antigen Codelivery. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010128. [PMID: 32183209 PMCID: PMC7157724 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional aluminum adjuvants can trigger strong humoral immunity but weak cellular immunity, limiting their application in some vaccines. Currently, various immunomodulators and delivery carriers are used as adjuvants, and the mechanisms of action of some of these adjuvants are clear. However, customizing targets of adjuvant action (cellular or humoral immunity) and action intensity (enhancement or inhibition) according to different antigens selected is time-consuming. Here, we review the adjuvant effects of some delivery systems and immune stimulants. In addition, to improve the safety, effectiveness, and accessibility of adjuvants, new trends in adjuvant development and their modification strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Xu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(10)-5224-5008
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14
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Savransky V, Lacy M, Ionin B, Skiadopoulos MH, Shearer J. Repeat-Dose Toxicity Study of a Lyophilized Recombinant Protective Antigen-Based Anthrax Vaccine Adjuvanted With CpG 7909. Int J Toxicol 2020; 38:163-172. [PMID: 31179828 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819848722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant protective antigen (rPA) anthrax vaccine candidate (rPA7909) was developed as a next-generation vaccine indicated for postexposure prophylaxis of disease resulting from suspected or confirmed Bacillus anthracis exposure. The lyophilized form of rPA7909-vaccinated candidate contains 75 µg purified rPA, 750 µg aluminum (as Alhydrogel adjuvant), and 250 µg of an immunostimulatory Toll-like receptor 9 agonist oligodeoxynucleotide CpG 7909 in a 0.5 mL phosphate-buffered suspension. General toxicity and local reactogenicity were evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats vaccinated with the full human dose of rPA7909 by intramuscular injection. Animals were immunized on study days 1, 15, and 29. Control groups were administered diluent only or adjuvant control (excipients, CpG 7909, and Alhydrogel adjuvant in diluent) intramuscularly at the same dose volume and according to the same schedule used for rPA7909. Toxicity was assessed based on the results of clinical observations, physical examinations, body weights, injection site reactogenicity, ophthalmology, clinical pathology (hematology, coagulation, and serum chemistry), organ weights, and macroscopic and microscopic pathology evaluation. The immune response to rPA7909 vaccination was confirmed by measuring serum anti-PA immunoglobulin G levels. The rPA7909 vaccine produced no apparent systemic toxicity and only transient reactogenicity at the injection site. The injection site reaction from animals receiving the adjuvant control was very similar to those receiving rPA7909 with respect to the inflammation. The inflammatory response observed in the injection site and the draining lymph nodes was consistent with expected immune stimulation. The overall results indicated a favorable safety profile for rPA7909.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Lacy
- 1 Emergent BioSolutions Inc, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Boris Ionin
- 1 Emergent BioSolutions Inc, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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15
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Lu F, Mosley YYC, Carmichael B, Brown DD, HogenEsch H. Formulation of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant with TLR agonists poly(I:C) and CpG enhances the magnitude and avidity of the humoral immune response. Vaccine 2019; 37:1945-1953. [PMID: 30803844 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines generally require adjuvants to achieve optimal immune responses. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are promising immune potentiators, but rapid diffusion from the injection site reduces their local effective concentration and may cause systemic reactions. In this study, we investigated the potential of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (AH) to adsorb the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) and TLR9 agonist CpG and compared the effect of the combination adjuvant on the immune response with either the TLR agonists or AH alone in mice. Poly(I:C) and CpG readily adsorbed onto AH and this combination adjuvant induced a stronger IgG1 and IgG2a immune response with a significant increase of antibody avidity. The combination adjuvant enhanced antigen uptake and activation of dendritic cells in vitro. It induced an inflammatory response at the injection site similar to AH but without eosinophils which are typically observed with AH. A distinctive antigen-containing monocyte/macrophage population with an intermediate level of CD11c expression was identified in the draining lymph nodes after immunization with TLR agonists and the combination adjuvant. Injection of the combination adjuvant did not induce an increase of TNFα and CXCL10 in serum in contrast to the injection of soluble TLR agonists. These results indicate that this combination adjuvant is a promising formulation to solve some of the unmet needs of current vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjia Lu
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Yung-Yi C Mosley
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Brooke Carmichael
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Devonte D Brown
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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16
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HogenEsch H, O'Hagan DT, Fox CB. Optimizing the utilization of aluminum adjuvants in vaccines: you might just get what you want. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:51. [PMID: 30323958 PMCID: PMC6180056 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminum-containing adjuvants have been used for over 90 years to enhance the immune response to vaccines. Recent work has significantly advanced our understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of these adjuvants, offering key insights on underlying mechanisms. Given the long-term success of aluminum adjuvants, we believe that they should continue to represent the “gold standard” against which all new adjuvants should be compared. New vaccine candidates that require adjuvants to induce a protective immune responses should first be evaluated with aluminum adjuvants before other more experimental approaches are considered, since use of established adjuvants would facilitate both clinical development and the regulatory pathway. However, the continued use of aluminum adjuvants requires an appreciation of their complexities, in combination with access to the necessary expertise to optimize vaccine formulations. In this article, we will review the properties of aluminum adjuvants and highlight those elements that are critical to optimize vaccine performance. We will discuss how other components (excipients, TLR ligands, etc.) can affect the interaction between adjuvants and antigens, and impact the potency of vaccines. This review provides a resource and guide, which will ultimately contribute to the successful development of newer, more effective and safer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm HogenEsch
- 1Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA.,2Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | | | - Christopher B Fox
- 4IDRI, Seattle, WA USA.,5Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
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17
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Fiorino F, Rondini S, Micoli F, Lanzilao L, Alfini R, Mancini F, MacLennan CA, Medaglini D. Immunogenicity of a Bivalent Adjuvanted Glycoconjugate Vaccine against Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:168. [PMID: 28289411 PMCID: PMC5326758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis are the predominant causes of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease. Considering the co-endemicity of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, a bivalent vaccine formulation against both pathogens is necessary for protection against iNTS disease, thus investigation of glycoconjugate combination is required. In the present work, we investigated the immune responses induced by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis monovalent and bivalent glycoconjugate vaccines adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide (alum) only or in combination with cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG). Humoral and cellular, systemic and local, immune responses were characterized in two different mouse strains. All conjugate vaccines elicited high levels of serum IgG against the respective O-antigens (OAg) with bactericidal activity. The bivalent conjugate vaccine induced systemic production of antibodies against both S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis OAg. The presence of alum or alum + CpG adjuvants in vaccine formulations significantly increased the serum antigen-specific antibody production. The alum + CpG bivalent vaccine formulation triggered the highest systemic anti-OAg antibodies and also a significant increase of anti-OAg IgG in intestinal washes and fecal samples, with a positive correlation with serum levels. These data demonstrate the ability of monovalent and bivalent conjugate vaccines against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis to induce systemic and local immune responses in different mouse strains, and highlight the suitability of a bivalent glycoconjugate formulation, especially when adjuvanted with alum + CpG, as a promising candidate vaccine against iNTS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Simona Rondini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (formerly Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l.) , Siena , Italy
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (formerly Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l.) , Siena , Italy
| | - Luisa Lanzilao
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (formerly Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l.) , Siena , Italy
| | - Renzo Alfini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (formerly Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l.) , Siena , Italy
| | - Francesca Mancini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (formerly Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l.) , Siena , Italy
| | - Calman A MacLennan
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
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18
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Milley B, Kiwan R, Ott GS, Calacsan C, Kachura M, Campbell JD, Kanzler H, Coffman RL. Optimization, Production, and Characterization of a CpG-Oligonucleotide-Ficoll Conjugate Nanoparticle Adjuvant for Enhanced Immunogenicity of Anthrax Protective Antigen. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1293-304. [PMID: 27074387 PMCID: PMC4873889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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We have synthesized and characterized
a novel phosphorothioate
CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN)-Ficoll conjugated nanoparticulate
adjuvant, termed DV230-Ficoll. This adjuvant was constructed from
an amine-functionalized-Ficoll, a heterobifunctional linker (succinimidyl-[(N-maleimidopropionamido)-hexaethylene glycol] ester) and
the CpG-ODN DV230. Herein, we describe the evaluation of the purity
and reactivity of linkers of different lengths for CpG-ODN-Ficoll
conjugation, optimization of linker coupling, and conjugation of thiol-functionalized
CpG to maleimide-functionalized Ficoll and process scale-up. Physicochemical
characterization of independently produced lots of DV230-Ficoll reveal
a bioconjugate with a particle size of approximately 50 nm and covalent
attachment of more than 100 molecules of CpG per Ficoll. Solutions
of purified DV230-Ficoll were stable for at least 12 months at frozen
and refrigerated temperatures and stability was further enhanced in
lyophilized form. Compared to nonconjugated monomeric DV230, the DV230-Ficoll
conjugate demonstrated improved in vitro potency for induction of
IFN-α from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and induced
higher titer neutralizing antibody responses against coadministered
anthrax recombinant protective antigen in mice. The processes described
here establish a reproducible and robust process for the synthesis
of a novel, size-controlled, and stable CpG-ODN nanoparticle adjuvant
suitable for manufacture and use in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Milley
- Dynavax Technologies Corporation , 2929 Seventh Street, Suite 100, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Radwan Kiwan
- Dynavax Technologies Corporation , 2929 Seventh Street, Suite 100, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Gary S Ott
- Dynavax Technologies Corporation , 2929 Seventh Street, Suite 100, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Carlo Calacsan
- Dynavax Technologies Corporation , 2929 Seventh Street, Suite 100, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Melissa Kachura
- Dynavax Technologies Corporation , 2929 Seventh Street, Suite 100, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - John D Campbell
- Dynavax Technologies Corporation , 2929 Seventh Street, Suite 100, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Holger Kanzler
- MedImmune LLC , One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Robert L Coffman
- Dynavax Technologies Corporation , 2929 Seventh Street, Suite 100, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
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19
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Yu CH, Luo ZC, Li M, Lu L, Li Z, Wu XZ, Fan YZ, Zhang HL, Zhou BL, Wan Y, Men K, Tian YM, Chen S, Yuan FJ, Xiang R, Yang L. Synthetic innate defense regulator peptide combination using CpG ODN as a novel adjuvant induces long‑lasting and balanced immune responses. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:915-24. [PMID: 26647852 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are critical tools for the prevention and treatment of several diseases. Adjuvants have been traditionally used to enhance immunity to vaccines and experimental antigens. In the present study, the adjuvant combination of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) and the innate defense regulator (IDR) peptide, IDR‑HH2, was evaluated for its ability to enhance and modulate the immune response when formulated with alum and the recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The CpG‑HH2 complex enhanced the secretions of tumor necrosis factor‑α, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 and interferon‑γ by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and promoted murine bone marrow dentritic cell maturation. In addition, the present study demonstrated that IDR‑HH2 was chemotactic for human neutrophils, THP‑1 cells and RAW264.7 cells at concentrations between 2.5 and 40 µg/ml. The present study also observed that significantly higher anti‑HBs antibody titers, which were sustained at high levels for as long as 35 weeks following the boost immunization, were induced by the combination adjuvant, even when co‑administered with a commercial hepatitis B vaccine at a low antigen dose (0.1 µg HBsAg). Notably, the level of IgG2a was almost equal to the level of IgG1, indicating that a balanced T helper (Th)1/Th2 immune response was elicited by the novel vaccine, which was consistent with the ELISpot results. These data suggest that the CpG‑HH2 complex may be a potential effective adjuvant, which facilitates a reduction in the dose of antigen and induces long‑lasting, balanced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Heng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Chao Luo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zhan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Zhe Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Zi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Bai-Ling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ke Men
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yao-Mei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Jiao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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20
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Gérard C, Baudson N, Ory T, Segal L, Louahed J. A Comprehensive Preclinical Model Evaluating the Recombinant PRAME Antigen Combined With the AS15 Immunostimulant to Fight Against PRAME-expressing Tumors. J Immunother 2015; 38:311-20. [PMID: 26325375 PMCID: PMC4661047 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The PRAME tumor antigen is a potential target for immunotherapy. We assessed the immunogenicity, the antitumor activity, and the safety and the tolerability of a recombinant PRAME protein (recPRAME) combined with the AS15 immunostimulant (recPRAME+ AS15) in preclinical studies in mice and Cynomolgus monkeys. Four groups of 12 CB6F1 mice received 4 injections of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), recPRAME, AS15, or recPRAME+AS15. Immunized mice were injected with tumor cells expressing PRAME (CT26-PRAME) 2 weeks or 2 months after the last injection. The mean tumor surface was measured twice a week. Two groups of 10 monkeys received 7 injections of saline or recPRAME+ AS15. T-cell responses were measured by flow cytometry using intracellular cytokine staining (ICS). In CB6F1 mice, repeated injections of recPRAME+ AS15 induced high PRAME-specific antibody titers and mostly CD4+ T cells producing cytokines. This immune response was long-lasting in these animals and was associated with protection against a challenge with PRAME-expressing tumor cells (CT26-PRAME) applied either 2 weeks or 2 months after the last injection; these data indicate the induction of an immune memory. In HLA-A02.01/HLA-DR1 transgenic mice, recPRAME+ AS15 induced both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, indicating that this antigen can be processed by the human leukocyte antigen and is potentially immunogenic in humans. In addition, a repeated-dose toxicity study in monkeys showed that 7 biweekly injections of recPRAME+ AS15 were well tolerated, and induced PRAME-specific antibodies and T cells. In conclusion, these preclinical data indicate that repeated injections of the PRAME cancer immunotherapeutic are immunogenic and have an acceptable safety profile.
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21
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Lee Y, Lee YS, Cho SY, Kwon HJ. Perspective of Peptide Vaccine Composed of Epitope Peptide, CpG-DNA, and Liposome Complex Without Carriers. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 99:75-97. [PMID: 26067817 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude and specificity of cell-mediated and humoral immunity are critically determined by peptide sequences; peptides corresponding to the B- or T-cell receptor epitopes are sufficient to induce an effective immune response if delivered properly. Therefore, studies on the screening and application of peptide-based epitopes have been done extensively for the development of therapeutic antibodies and prophylactic vaccines. However, the efficacy of immune response and antibody production by peptide-based immunization is too limited for human application at the present. To improve the efficacy of vaccines, researchers formulated adjuvants such as alum, water-in-oil emulsion, and Toll-like receptor agonists. They also employed liposomes as delivering vehicles to stimulate immune responses. Here, we review our recent studies providing a potent method of epitope screening and antibody production without conventional carriers. We adopted Lipoplex(O), comprising a natural phosphodiester bond CpG-DNA and a specific liposome complex, as an adjuvant. Lipoplex(O) induces potent stimulatory activity in humans as well as in mice, and immunization of mice with several peptides along with Lipoplex(O) without general carriers induces significant production of each peptide-specific IgG2a. Immunization of peptide vaccines against virus-associated antigens in mice has protective effects against the viral infection. A peptide vaccine against carcinoma-associated antigen and the peptide-specific monoclonal antibody has functional effects against cancer cells in mouse models. In conclusion, we improved the efficacy of peptide vaccines in mice. Our strategy can be applied in development of therapeutic antibodies or in defense against pandemic infectious diseases through rapid screening of potent B-cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Young Seek Lee
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Cho
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science BK21, Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Joo Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea; Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
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22
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Designing and building the next generation of improved vaccine adjuvants. J Control Release 2014; 190:563-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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Bergmann-Leitner ES, Leitner WW. Adjuvants in the Driver's Seat: How Magnitude, Type, Fine Specificity and Longevity of Immune Responses Are Driven by Distinct Classes of Immune Potentiators. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:252-96. [PMID: 26344620 PMCID: PMC4494256 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which vaccine adjuvants enhance immune responses has historically been considered to be the creation of an antigen depot. From here, the antigen is slowly released and provided to immune cells over an extended period of time. This "depot" was formed by associating the antigen with substances able to persist at the injection site, such as aluminum salts or emulsions. The identification of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) has greatly advanced our understanding of how adjuvants work beyond the simple concept of extended antigen release and has accelerated the development of novel adjuvants. This review focuses on the mode of action of different adjuvant classes in regards to the stimulation of specific immune cell subsets, the biasing of immune responses towards cellular or humoral immune response, the ability to mediate epitope spreading and the induction of persistent immunological memory. A better understanding of how particular adjuvants mediate their biological effects will eventually allow them to be selected for specific vaccines in a targeted and rational manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke S Bergmann-Leitner
- US Military Malaria Research Program, Malaria Vaccine Branch, 503 Robert Grant Ave, 3W65, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Wolfgang W Leitner
- Division on Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6610 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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24
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Garlapati S. Do we know the Th1/Th2/Th17 determinants of vaccine response? Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 11:1307-10. [PMID: 23249229 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
EVALUATION OF: Kamath AT, Mastelic B, Christensen D et al. Synchronization of dendritic cell activation and antigen exposure is required for the induction of Th1/Th17 responses. J. Immunol. 188(10), 4828–4837 (2012).The determinants of Th1/Th2/Th17 responses elicited by vaccine formulations are largely undefined and are an intense area of research. Most of the present licensed alum-adjuvanted subunit vaccines fail to elicit Th1/Th17 immune responses, and Th2 antibody responses are weak and often require repeated immunizations. Moreover, such responses are not sufficient for eliminating intracellular pathogens. Th1 responses have been traditionally elicited by live-attenuated, vector-based or Toll-like receptor ligand-adjuvanted formulations for optimal stimulation of the innate immune system and immunomodulation. The linkage of adjuvant and antigen (Ag) physically, and/or in a formulation, is essential to overcome systemic effects of the adjuvant and elicit Th1/Th17 responses. The role of delivery systems for codelivery of adjuvant and Ag to the same dendritic cell has gained acceptance. The milieu in which dendritic cells process and present Ag to naive CD4+ T cells determines their polarization into different subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Garlapati
- University of Quebec in Montreal, 606-4760 Côte-des-Neiges, Montreal, QC, H3V1G3, Canada.
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25
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Asokanathan C, Corbel M, Xing D. A CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotide adjuvant for acellular pertussis vaccine improves the protective response against Bordetella pertussis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:325-31. [PMID: 23291942 PMCID: PMC3859755 DOI: 10.4161/hv.22755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the adjuvant effect of CpG ODN alone or in combination with aluminum hydroxide on the immune response to the three main antigens presented in current acellular pertussis vaccines: pertussis toxoid, filamentous haemagglutinin and pertactin. The development of protection in mice was investigated for the intra-peritoneal and intra-nasal immunisation routes. The results showed that CpG ODN alone, or in combination with aluminum hydroxide, gave enhancement in anti-pertussis toxin, anti- filamentous haemagglutinin and especially anti-pertactin titers after mucosal immunisation. Higher macrophage NO levels indicating activation were found when the antigens were co-formulated with CpG ODN. Vaccines containing CpG ODN gave enhanced humoral and CMI responses with a shift toward Th-1 and increased protection against challenge infection with B.pertussis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Corbel
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC); South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Dorothy Xing
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC); South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
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26
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Hogenesch H. Mechanism of immunopotentiation and safety of aluminum adjuvants. Front Immunol 2013; 3:406. [PMID: 23335921 PMCID: PMC3541479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminum-containing adjuvants are widely used in preventive vaccines against infectious diseases and in preparations for allergy immunotherapy. The mechanism by which they enhance the immune response remains poorly understood. Aluminum adjuvants selectively stimulate a Th2 immune response upon injection of mice and a mixed response in human beings. They support activation of CD8 T cells, but these cells do not undergo terminal differentiation to cytotoxic T cells. Adsorption of antigens to aluminum adjuvants enhances the immune response by facilitating phagocytosis and slowing the diffusion of antigens from the injection site which allows time for inflammatory cells to accumulate. The adsorptive strength is important as high affinity interactions interfere with the immune response. Adsorption can also affect the physical and chemical stability of antigens. Aluminum adjuvants activate dendritic cells via direct and indirect mechanisms. Phagocytosis of aluminum adjuvants followed by disruption of the phagolysosome activates NLRP3-inflammasomes resulting in the release of active IL-1β and IL-18. Aluminum adjuvants also activate dendritic cells by binding to membrane lipid rafts. Injection of aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines causes the release of uric acid, DNA, and ATP from damaged cells which in turn activate dendritic cells. The use of aluminum adjuvant is limited by weak stimulation of cell-mediated immunity. This can be enhanced by addition of other immunomodulatory molecules. Adsorption of these molecules is determined by the same mechanisms that control adsorption of antigens and can affect the efficacy of such combination adjuvants. The widespread use of aluminum adjuvants can be attributed in part to the excellent safety record based on a 70-year history of use. They cause local inflammation at the injection site, but also reduce the severity of systemic and local reactions by binding biologically active molecules in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm Hogenesch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
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27
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Fox CB. Characterization of TLR4 agonist effects on alhydrogel® sedimentation: a novel application of laser scattering optical profiling. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:4357-64. [PMID: 22927211 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum salt formulations such as Alhydrogel® have been used for decades as effective and safe vaccine adjuvants. Aluminum salts have a high adsorptive capacity for vaccine antigens and other immunomodulatory molecules such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. However, the characterization of some Alhydrogel®-adsorbed TLR agonists is challenging, requiring destructive analysis, complex instrumentation, and/or desorption method development. In this report, we characterize the effects of an Alhydrogel®-adsorbed synthetic Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist on aluminum salt sedimentation behavior using laser scattering optical profiling. This method facilitates the detection of the effects on aluminum salt sedimentation behavior of low amounts of adsorbed TLR4 agonist (<30 μM) with a minimum of sample preparation and analysis time by collecting light transmission simultaneously from the complete vertical profile of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA.
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28
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Offersen R, Melchjorsen J, Paludan SR, Østergaard L, Tolstrup M, Søgaard OS. TLR9-adjuvanted pneumococcal conjugate vaccine induces antibody-independent memory responses in HIV-infected adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1042-7. [PMID: 22854665 PMCID: PMC3551874 DOI: 10.4161/hv.20707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-patients have excess of pneumococcal infection. We immunized 40 HIV-patients twice with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar, Pfizer) +/− a TLR9 agonist (CPG 7909). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with pneumococcal polysaccharides and cytokine concentrations measured. The CPG 7909 adjuvant group had significantly higher relative cytokine responses than the placebo group for IL-1β, IL-2R, IL-6, IFN-γ and MIP-β, which, did not correlate with IgG antibody responses. These findings suggests that CPG 7909 as adjuvant to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine induces cellular memory to pneumococcal polysaccharides in HIV-patients, independently of the humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Offersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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29
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Raman VS, Duthie MS, Fox CB, Matlashewski G, Reed SG. Adjuvants for Leishmania vaccines: from models to clinical application. Front Immunol 2012; 3:144. [PMID: 22701453 PMCID: PMC3371596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two million new cases of leishmaniasis occur every year, with the cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) presentation accounting for approximately two-thirds of all cases. Despite the high incidence rates and geographic expansion of the disease, CL remains a neglected tropical disease without effective intervention strategies. Efforts to address this deficit have given rise to the experimental murine model of CL. By virtue of its simplicity and pliability, the CL model has been used to provide substantial information regarding cellular immunity, as well as in the discovery and evaluation of various vaccine adjuvants. The CL model has facilitated in vivo studies of the mechanism of action of many adjuvants, including the TLR4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A, the TLR7/8 agonist imiquimod, the TLR9 agonist CpG, adenoviral vectors, and the immunostimulatory complexes. Together, these studies have helped to unveil the requirement for certain types of immune responses at specific stages of CL disease and provide a basis to aid the design of effective second-generation vaccines for human CL. This review focuses on adjuvants that have been tested in experimental CL, outlining how they have helped advance our understanding of the disease and ultimately, how they have performed when applied within clinical trials against human CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha S Raman
- Pre-clinical Biology, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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30
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Qian F, Reiter K, Zhang Y, Shimp RL, Nguyen V, Aebig JA, Rausch KM, Zhu D, Lambert L, Mullen GED, Martin LB, Long CA, Miller LH, Narum DL. Immunogenicity of self-associated aggregates and chemically cross-linked conjugates of the 42 kDa Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36996. [PMID: 22675476 PMCID: PMC3366955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-associated protein aggregates or cross-linked protein conjugates are, in general, more immunogenic than oligomeric or monomeric forms. In particular, the immunogenicity in mice of a recombinant malaria transmission blocking vaccine candidate, the ookinete specific Plasmodium falciparum 25 kDa protein (Pfs25), was increased more than 1000-fold when evaluated as a chemical cross-linked protein-protein conjugate as compared to a formulated monomer. Whether alternative approaches using protein complexes improve the immunogenicity of other recombinant malaria vaccine candidates is worth assessing. In this work, the immunogenicity of the recombinant 42 kDa processed form of the P. falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP142) was evaluated as a self-associated, non-covalent aggregate and as a chemical cross-linked protein-protein conjugate to ExoProtein A, which is a recombinant detoxified form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. MSP142 conjugates were prepared and characterized biochemically and biophysically to determine their molar mass in solution and stoichiometry, when relevant. The immunogenicity of the MSP142 self-associated aggregates, cross-linked chemical conjugates and monomers were compared in BALB/c mice after adsorption to aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, and in one instance in association with the TLR9 agonist CPG7909 with an aluminum hydroxide formulation. Antibody titers were assessed by ELISA. Unlike observations made for Pfs25, no significant enhancement in MSP142 specific antibody titers was observed for any conjugate as compared to the formulated monomer or dimer, except for the addition of the TLR9 agonist CPG7909. Clearly, enhancing the immunogenicity of a recombinant protein vaccine candidate by the formation of protein complexes must be established on an empirical basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qian
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Karine Reiter
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Shimp
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vu Nguyen
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joan A. Aebig
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelly M. Rausch
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daming Zhu
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lynn Lambert
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gregory E. D. Mullen
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura B. Martin
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (NVGH), Siena, Italy
| | - Carole A. Long
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Louis H. Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David L. Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Kamath AT, Mastelic B, Christensen D, Rochat AF, Agger EM, Pinschewer DD, Andersen P, Lambert PH, Siegrist CA. Synchronization of dendritic cell activation and antigen exposure is required for the induction of Th1/Th17 responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4828-37. [PMID: 22504654 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The dendritic cell (DC) targeting/activation patterns required to elicit Th1/Th17 responses remain undefined. One postulated requirement was that of a physical linkage between Ags and immunomodulators. Accordingly, the separate same-site administration of Ag85B-ESAT-6 (hybrid-1 protein; H1), a mycobacterial fusion Ag, and the CAF01 liposome-based adjuvant induced similar Ab and weak Th2 responses as those of coformulated H1/CAF01 but failed to elicit Th1/Th17 responses. Yet, this separate same-site injection generated the same type and number of activated Ag(+)/adjuvant(+) DCs in the draining lymph nodes (LN) as that of protective H1/CAF01 immunization. Thus, targeting/activating the same DC population by Ag and adjuvant is not sufficient to elicit Th1/Th17 responses. To identify the determinants of Th1/Th17 adjuvanticity, in vivo tracking experiments using fluorescently labeled Ag and adjuvant identified that a separate same-site administration elicits an additional early Ag(+)/adjuvant(-) DC population with a nonactivated phenotype, resulting from the earlier targeting of LN DCs by H1 than by CAF01 molecules. This asynchronous targeting pattern was mimicked by the injection of free H1 prior to or with, but not after, H1/CAF01 or H1/CpG/ aluminum hydroxide immunization. The injection of soluble OVA similarly prevented the induction of Th1 responses by OVA/CAF01. Using adoptively transferred OT-2 cells, we show that the Ag targeting of LN DCs prior to their activation generates nonactivated Ag-pulsed DCs that recruit Ag-specific T cells, trigger their initial proliferation, but interfere with Th1 induction in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, the synchronization of DC targeting and activation is a critical determinant for Th1/Th17 adjuvanticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun T Kamath
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, Medical Faculty of the University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
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Ahmed FK, Clark BE, Burton DR, Pantophlet R. An engineered mutant of HIV-1 gp120 formulated with adjuvant Quil A promotes elicitation of antibody responses overlapping the CD4-binding site. Vaccine 2012; 30:922-30. [PMID: 22142583 PMCID: PMC3733221 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A major priority in HIV vaccine research is the development of an immunogen to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Monoclonal antibody (mAb) b12 is one of now several broadly neutralizing mAbs that bind epitopes overlapping the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) on HIV-1 gp120 and that serve as templates to engineer effective immunogens. We are exploring a strategy whereby extra glycans are incorporated onto gp120 to occlude the epitopes of non-neutralizing mAbs while maintaining exposure of the b12 site. Immunizing with these so-called hyperglycosylated gp120s is hypothesized to preferentially elicit b12-like NAbs. Here, the effects of two adjuvants, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and Quil A, on eliciting b12-like responses when formulated with a new hyperglycosylated mutant, ΔN2mCHO(Q105N), is presented. Sera from ΔN2mCHO(Q105N)_MPL immunized animals bound the homologous antigen ΔN2mCHO(Q105N) with greater preference than sera from ΔN2mCHO(Q105N)_QuilA immunized animals, demonstrating the modulation of antibody fine specificity by these two adjuvants. We also found that sera from ΔN2mCHO(Q105N)_QuilA immunized animals bound best to a resurfaced HIV gp120 core protein on which non-CD4bs epitopes are substituted with non-HIV residues, suggesting that these sera contain a relatively larger fraction of CD4bs-specific antibodies. Consistent with these data, inhibition assays revealed epitope overlap with the binding sites of the CD4bs-specific antibodies b12, b13 and VRC03. Unexpectedly, these sera did not exhibit significant neutralizing activity against a set of HIV-1 primary strains. Our results show that although formulating mutant ΔN2mCHO(Q105N) with Quil A promotes the elicitation of CD4bs-directed antibodies relative to wild-type gp120, tweaking of the immunization regimen is needed to yield robust, CD4bs-focused NAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima K. Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Brenda E. Clark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ralph Pantophlet
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A1S6, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A1S6, Canada
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Zhu D, Huang S, McClellan H, Dai W, Syed NR, Gebregeorgis E, Rausch KM, Mullen GED, Long C, Martin LB, Narum D, Duffy P, Miller LH, Saul A. Efficient extraction of vaccines formulated in aluminum hydroxide gel by including surfactants in the extraction buffer. Vaccine 2012; 30:189-94. [PMID: 22107848 PMCID: PMC3246088 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficient antigen extraction from vaccines formulated on aluminum hydroxide gels is a critical step for the evaluation of the quality of vaccines following formulation. It has been shown in our laboratory that the efficiency of antigen extraction from vaccines formulated on Alhydrogel decreased significantly with increased storage time. To increase antigen extraction efficiency, the present study determined the effect of surfactants on antigen recovery from vaccine formulations. The Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) formulated on Alhydrogel and stored at 2-8°C for 3 years was used as a model in this study. The AMA1 on Alhydrogel was extracted in the presence or absence of 30 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or 20mM cetylpyridinium chloride in the extraction buffer (0.60 M citrate, 0.55 M phosphate, pH 8.5) using our standard antigen extraction protocols. Extracted AMA1 antigen was analyzed by 4-20% Tris-glycine SDS-PAGE followed by silver staining or western blotting. The results showed that inclusion of SDS or cetylpyridinium chloride in extraction buffer increased the antigen recovery dramatically and can be used for efficient characterization of Alhydrogel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daming Zhu
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Wu X, Gowda NM, Kumar S, Gowda DC. Protein-DNA complex is the exclusive malaria parasite component that activates dendritic cells and triggers innate immune responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4338-48. [PMID: 20231693 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the development of protective immunity to malaria. However, it remains unclear how malaria parasites trigger immune responses in DCs. In this study, we purified merozoites, food vacuoles, and parasite membrane fragments released during the Plasmodium falciparum schizont burst to homogeneity and tested for the activation of bone marrow-derived DCs from wild-type and TLR2(-/-), TLR4(-/-), TLR9(-/-), and MyD88(-/-) C57BL/6J mice. The results demonstrate that a protein-DNA complex is the exclusive parasite component that activates DCs by a TLR9-dependent pathway to produce inflammatory cytokines. Complex formation with proteins is essential for the entry of parasite DNA into DCs for TLR9 recognition and, thus, proteins convert inactive DNA into a potent immunostimulatory molecule. Exogenous cationic polymers, polylysine and chitosan, can impart stimulatory activity to parasite DNA, indicating that complex formation involves ionic interactions. Merozoites and DNA-protein complex could also induce inflammatory cytokine responses in human blood DCs. Hemozoin is neither a TLR9 ligand for DCs nor functions as a carrier of DNA into cells. Additionally, although TLR9 is critical for DCs to induce the production of IFN-gamma by NK cells, this receptor is not required for NK cells to secret IFN-gamma, and cell-cell contact among myeloid DCs, plasmacytoid DCs, and NK cells is required for IFN-gamma production. Together, these results contribute substantially toward the understanding of malaria parasite-recognition mechanisms. More importantly, our finding that proteins and carbohydrate polymers are able to confer stimulatory activity to an otherwise inactive parasite DNA have important implications for the development of a vaccine against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhu Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Chen L, Xu M, Wang ZY, Chen BW, Du WX, Su C, Shen XB, Zhao AH, Dong N, Wang YJ, Wang GZ. The development and preliminary evaluation of a new Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine comprising Ag85b, HspX and CFP-10:ESAT-6 fusion protein with CpG DNA and aluminum hydroxide adjuvants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 59:42-52. [PMID: 20298499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ag85b and HspX of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) (H37Rv) were expressed and purified in this study. These two proteins were combined with another fusion protein CFP-10:ESAT-6 (C/E) (Ag), then mixed with the adjuvants CpG DNA and aluminum hydroxide and used to vaccinate mice and guinea pigs challenged with Mtb (H37Rv). The number of spleen lymphocytes secreting Ag85b, HspX and C/E-specific interferon-gamma were significantly higher in the Ag+Al+CpG group than in the Ag and CpG groups. The combination of Ag, Al and CpG induced the highest concentrations of anti-Ag85b, anti-HspX and anti-C/E immunoglobulin G in mouse serum. Mouse peritoneal macrophages from the Ag+Al+CpG group secreted significantly higher levels of interleukin-12 compared with macrophages from the other groups. The total mean liver, lung and spleen lesion scores and bacterial loads in the spleen in guinea pigs vaccinated with Ag+Al+CpG were lower than those of the other groups, but no significant difference was found. These results show that the mixture of Ag85b, HspX and C/E with a combination of CpG and aluminum adjuvants can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, whereas it plays only a small role in the control of disease progression in guinea pigs challenged with Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
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Buonaguro FM, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro L. Virus-like particle vaccines and adjuvants: the HPV paradigm. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:1379-98. [PMID: 19803760 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Complex antigen structures currently represent the most-studied approach for prophylactic as well as therapeutic vaccines. Different types of complex vaccines, including virus-like particles and virosomes, have been developed depending on the nature of the viral pathogen they are trying to replicate (enveloped vs naked) or the modality to express antigenic epitopes (i.e., the binding of envelope protein on liposomic structures). The complex structure of these vaccines provides them with some adjuvanted properties, not uniformly present for all virus-like particle types. The further inclusion of specific adjuvants in vaccine preparations can modify the presentation modality of such particles to the immune system with a specific Th1 versus Th2 polarization efficacy. A paradigm of the relevance of these new adjuvants are the immunological results obtained with the inclusion of monophosphoryl lipid A adjuvant in the formulation of L1-based human papillomavirus-naked virus-like particles to reduce a Th1 cellular immunity impairment, peculiar for alum-derived adjuvants, along with the induction of highly enhanced humoral and memory B-cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Maria Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fond Pascale, Via Mariano Semmola 142, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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Ellis RD, Mullen GED, Pierce M, Martin LB, Miura K, Fay MP, Long CA, Shaffer D, Saul A, Miller LH, Durbin AP. A Phase 1 study of the blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel with CPG 7909, using two different formulations and dosing intervals. Vaccine 2009; 27:4104-9. [PMID: 19410624 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A Phase 1 study was conducted in 24 malaria naïve adults to assess the safety and immunogenicity of the recombinant protein vaccine apical membrane antigen 1-Combination 1 (AMA1-C1)/Alhydrogel with CPG 7909 in two different formulations (phosphate buffer and saline), and given at two different dosing schedules, 0 and 1 month or 0 and 2 months. Both formulations were well tolerated and frequency of local reactions and solicited adverse events was similar among the groups. Peak antibody levels in the groups receiving CPG 7909 in saline were not significantly different than those receiving CPG 7909 in phosphate. Peak antibody levels in the groups vaccinated at a 0,2 month interval were 2.52-fold higher than those vaccinated at a 0,1 month interval (p=0.037, 95% CI 1.03, 4.28). In vitro growth inhibition followed the antibody level: median inhibition was 51% (0,1 month interval) versus 85% (0,2 month interval) in antibody from samples taken 2 weeks post-second vaccination (p=0.056).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D Ellis
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook I, MD 20852, USA.
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Qian F, Aebig JA, Reiter K, Barnafo E, Zhang Y, Shimp RL, Rausch KM, Jones DS, Zhu D, Lambert L, Mullen GED, Narum DL, Miller LH, Wu Y. Enhanced antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum Pfs28 induced in mice by conjugation to ExoProtein A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an improved procedure. Microbes Infect 2008; 11:408-12. [PMID: 19146977 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we report our efforts to enhance the immunogenicity of Pfs28, a transmission blocking vaccine candidate of Plasmodium falciparum, using a strategy of chemical conjugation. With an improved procedure, Pfs28 was covalently coupled to the mutant and non-toxic ExoProtein A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the reaction between thiolated antigen and maleimide modified carrier protein. The optimized process resulted in a higher antigen-carrier conjugation ratio, and the conjugation product could be purified using single-step size-exclusion chromatography. A significant increase in immunogenicity measured by ELISA was observed in mice immunized with conjugated Pfs28 as compared to unconjugated Pfs28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qian
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Mullen GED, Ellis RD, Miura K, Malkin E, Nolan C, Hay M, Fay MP, Saul A, Zhu D, Rausch K, Moretz S, Zhou H, Long CA, Miller LH, Treanor J. Phase 1 trial of AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel plus CPG 7909: an asexual blood-stage vaccine for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2940. [PMID: 18698359 PMCID: PMC2491586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA1), a polymorphic merozoite surface protein, is a leading blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate. This is the first reported use in humans of an investigational vaccine, AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel, with the novel adjuvant CPG 7909. Methods A phase 1 trial was conducted at the University of Rochester with 75 malaria-naive volunteers to assess the safety and immunogenicity of the AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel+CPG 7909 malaria vaccine. Participants were sequentially enrolled and randomized within dose escalating cohorts to receive three vaccinations on days 0, 28 and 56 of either 20 µg of AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel®+564 µg CPG 7909 (n = 15), 80 µg of AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel® (n = 30), or 80 µg of AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel+564 µg CPG 7909 (n = 30). Results Local and systemic adverse events were significantly more likely to be of higher severity with the addition of CPG 7909. Anti-AMA1 immunoglobulin G (IgG) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the immune sera of volunteers that received 20 µg or 80 µg of AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel+CPG 7909 had up to 14 fold significant increases in anti-AMA1 antibody concentration compared to 80 µg of AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel alone. The addition of CPG 7909 to the AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel vaccine in humans also elicited AMA1 specific immune IgG that significantly and dramatically increased the in vitro growth inhibition of homologous parasites to levels as high as 96% inhibition. Conclusion/Significance The safety profile of the AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel+CPG 7909 malaria vaccine is acceptable, given the significant increase in immunogenicity observed. Further clinical development is ongoing. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00344539
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E. D. Mullen
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GEDM); (RDE)
| | - Ruth D. Ellis
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GEDM); (RDE)
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elissa Malkin
- PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Caroline Nolan
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Mhorag Hay
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Fay
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Allan Saul
- Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (NVGH), Siena, Italy
| | - Daming Zhu
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelly Rausch
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Samuel Moretz
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hong Zhou
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carole A. Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Louis H. Miller
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Treanor
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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Qian F, Rausch KM, Muratova O, Zhou H, Song G, Diouf A, Lambert L, Narum DL, Wu Y, Saul A, Miller LH, Long CA, Mullen GED. Addition of CpG ODN to recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoProtein A conjugates of AMA1 and Pfs25 greatly increases the number of responders. Vaccine 2008; 26:2521-7. [PMID: 18423804 PMCID: PMC2426823 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Both the blood-stage protein apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) and the 25-kDa sexual-stage protein (Pfs25) of Plasmodium falciparum are two leading candidates in malarial vaccine development. We have previously demonstrated that conjugation of these malarial antigens to recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoProtein A (rEPA) significantly increased the mean-specific functional antibody responses in mice; however, some mice responded poorly and were unable to demonstrate a functional response. We hypothesized that the immunogenicities of these two malarial antigens could be further enhanced by the inclusion of a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide in the formulation. Mice were immunized with either rEPA-conjugated or unconjugated AMA1 and Pfs25 formulated on Alhydrogel with or without the addition of CPG 7909. Mice received the formulations on days 0 and 28, and mouse sera were collected on day 42. ELISA analyses on these sera showed that the addition of CPG 7909 to AMA1-rEPA and Pfs25-rEPA formulated on Alhydrogel induced significantly higher mean antibody titers than the formulations without CPG 7909, and led to a mixed Th1/Th2 response as demonstrated by the production of mouse IgG1 and IgG2a subclasses. The presence of CPG 7909 in the formulations of both conjugated antigens greatly increased the proportion of responders with antibody titers sufficient to inhibit blood-stage parasite growth in vitro or block transmission of sexual-stage parasites to mosquitoes. The results obtained in this study indicate the potential use of a combination strategy to increase the number of responders to malarial antigens in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qian
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Kelly M. Rausch
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Olga Muratova
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Hong Zhou
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Guanhong Song
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Ababacar Diouf
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Lynn Lambert
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - David L. Narum
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Yimin Wu
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Allan Saul
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Louis H. Miller
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Carole A. Long
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Gregory E. D. Mullen
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
- * Corresponding author. Present mailing address: Division of Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, The Rayne Institute, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH Tel: + 44 20 7188 5440, fax: +44 20 7188 5442. E-mail address: (G.E.D. Mullen)
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