1
|
Nguyen MD, Nguyen KN, Malo S, Banerjee I, Wu D, Du-Thumm L, Dauphin-Ducharme P. Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Biosensors for Measurements in Undiluted Human Saliva. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4625-4635. [PMID: 37992319 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Although blood remains a gold standard diagnostic fluid for most health exams, it involves an unpleasant and relatively invasive sampling procedure (finger pricking or venous draw). Saliva contains many relevant and useful biomarkers for diagnostic purposes, and its collection, in contrast, is noninvasive and can be obtained with minimal effort. Current saliva analyses are, however, achieved using chromatography or lateral flow assays, which, despite their high accuracy and sensitivity, can demand expensive laboratory-based instruments operated by trained personnel or offer only semiquantitative results. In response, we investigated electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) biosensors, a reagentless sensing platform, to allow for continuous and real-time measurements directly in undiluted, unstimulated human whole saliva. As a proof-of-concept study, we developed E-AB biosensors capable of detecting low-molecular-weight analytes (glucose and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)). To our knowledge, we report the first E-AB sensor for glucose, an approach that is inherently independent of its chemical reactivity in contrast to home glucometers. For these three sensors, we evaluated their figures of merits, stability, and reusability over short- and long-term exposure directly in saliva. In doing so, we found that E-AB sensors allow rapid and convenient molecular measurements in whole saliva with unprecedented sensitivities in the pico- to nanomolar regime and could be regenerated and reused up to 7 days when washed and stored in phosphate-buffered saline at room temperature. We envision that salivary molecular measurements using E-AB sensors are a promising alternative to invasive techniques and can be used for improved point-of-care clinical diagnosis and at-home measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Dat Nguyen
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Khoa-Nam Nguyen
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Samuel Malo
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Indrani Banerjee
- Colgate, Research and Development Center, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Donghui Wu
- Colgate, Research and Development Center, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Laurence Du-Thumm
- Colgate, Research and Development Center, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ibaraki M, Lai L, Huerta C, Natrajan MS, Collins MH, Anderson EJ, Mulligan MJ, Rouphael N, Moe CL, Liu P. Blockade Antibody Responses in Human Subjects Challenged with a New Snow Mountain Virus Inoculum. ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 7:318-325. [PMID: 38707746 PMCID: PMC11067712 DOI: 10.26502/ami.936500129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Noroviruses (NoVs) are a leading cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in young children and adults worldwide. Snow Mountain Virus (SMV) is the prototype of NoV GII genotype 2 (GII.2) that has been developed as a viral model for human challenge studies, an important tool for studying pathogenesis and immune response of NoV infections and for evaluating NoV vaccine candidates. Previous studies have identified blockade antibodies that block the binding of NoV virus-like particles (VLPs) to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as a surrogate for neutralization in human Norwalk virus and GII.4 infections but little is known about SMV blockade antibodies. Methods In this secondary data analysis study, blockade antibodies were characterized in pre-challenge and post-challenge serum samples from human subjects challenged with a new SMV inoculum. The correlation between blockade antibody geometric mean antibody titers (GMTs) and SMV-specific serum IgG/IgA GMTs were examined after stratifying the subjects by infection status. A linear mixed model was applied to test the association between HBGA blockade antibody concentrations and post-challenge days accounting for covariates and random effects. Results Laboratory results from 33 SMV inoculated individuals were analyzed and 75.7% (25/33) participants became infected. Serum SMV-specific blockade antibodies, IgA, and IgG were all significantly different between infected and uninfected individuals beginning day 15 post-challenge. Within infected individuals, a significant correlation was observed between both IgG and IgA and blockade antibody concentration as early as day 6 post-challenge. Analysis of blockade antibody using the linear mixed model showed that infected individuals, when compared to uninfected individuals, had a statistically significant increase in blockade antibody concentrations across the post-challenge days. Among the post-challenge days, blockade antibody concentrations on days 15, 30, and 45 were significantly higher than those observed pre-challenge. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis indicated that the variability of blockade antibody titers is more observed between individuals rather than within subjects. Conclusions These results indicate that HBGA-blockade antibody GMTs are generated after SMV challenge and the blockade antibodies were still detectable at day 45 post-challenge. These data indicate that the second-generation of SMV inoculum is highly effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ibaraki
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lilin Lai
- Grossman School of Medicine and New York University Vaccine Center, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Christopher Huerta
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Muktha S Natrajan
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew H Collins
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- Grossman School of Medicine and New York University Vaccine Center, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christine L Moe
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Pengbo Liu
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kabue JP, Khumela R, Meader E, Baroni de Moraes MT, Traore AN, Potgieter N. Norovirus-Associated Gastroenteritis Vesikari Score and Pre-Existing Salivary IgA in Young Children from Rural South Africa. Viruses 2023; 15:2185. [PMID: 38005863 PMCID: PMC10674611 DOI: 10.3390/v15112185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis, mostly affecting young children worldwide. However, limited data are available to determine the severity of norovirus-associated AGE (acute gastroenteritis) and to correlate it with the NoV-specific IgA antibodies' level. Between October 2019 and September 2021, two hundred stool samples were randomly collected from symptomatic cases for the vesikari score and NoV-specific IgA assessment in young children from rural South Africa. Additionally, one hundred saliva specimens were concomitantly sampled within the same cohort to evaluate the NoV-specific salivary IgA levels. In addition, 50 paired saliva and stool samples were simultaneously collected from asymptomatic children to serve as controls. NoV strains in stool samples were detected using real-time RT-PCR, amplified, and genotyped with RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. ELISA using NoV VLP (virus-like particles) GII.4 as antigens was performed on the saliva specimens. Dehydrated children were predominantly those with NoV infections (65/74, 88%; p < 0.0001). NoV-positive infections were significantly associated with the severe diarrhea cases having a high vesikari score (55%, 33/60) when compared to the non-severe diarrheal score (29.3%, 41/140; p < 0.0308). NoV of the GII genogroup was mainly detected in severe diarrhea cases (50.9%, 30/59; p = 0.0036). The geometric means of the NoV-specific IgA level were higher in the asymptomatic NoV-infected group (0.286) as compared to the symptomatic group (0.174). This finding suggests that mucosal immunity may not protect the children from the NoV infection. However, the findings indicated the contribution of the pre-existing NoV-specific IgA immune response in reducing the severity of diarrheal disease. A high vesikari score of AGE associated with the NoV GII genogroup circulating in the study area underscores the need for an appropriate treatment of AGE based on the severity level of NoV-associated clinical symptoms in young children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Kabue
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (R.K.); (A.N.T.); (N.P.)
| | - Ronewa Khumela
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (R.K.); (A.N.T.); (N.P.)
| | - Emma Meader
- Clinical Microbiology, Pathology Department, East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, Ashford TN24 OLZ, UK;
| | - Marcia Terezinha Baroni de Moraes
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brazil, 4365-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Afsatou Ndama Traore
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (R.K.); (A.N.T.); (N.P.)
| | - Natasha Potgieter
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (R.K.); (A.N.T.); (N.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ibaraki M, Lai L, Huerta C, Natrajan MS, Collins MH, Anderson EJ, Mulligan MJ, Rouphael N, Moe CL, Liu P. Blockade Antibody Responses in Human Subjects Challenged with a New Snow Mountain Virus Inoculum. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3153900. [PMID: 37790500 PMCID: PMC10543019 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3153900/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Noroviruses (NoVs) are a leading cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in young children and adults worldwide. Snow Mountain Virus (SMV) is the prototype of NoV GII genotype 2 (GII.2) that has been developed as a viral model for human challenge models, an important tool for studying pathogenesis and immune response of NoV infections and for evaluating NoV vaccine candidates. Previous studies have identified blockade antibodies that block the binding of NoV virus-like particles (VLPs) to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as a surrogate for neutralization in human Norwalk virus and GII.4 infections but little is known about SMV blockade antibodies. Methods In this secondary data analysis study, blockade antibodies were characterized in pre-challenge and post-challenge serum samples from human subjects challenged with a new SMV inoculum. The correlation between blockade antibody geometric mean antibody titers (GMTs) and SMV-specific serum IgG/IgA GMTs were examined after stratifying the subjects by infection status. A linear mixed model was applied to test the association between HBGA blockade antibody concentrations and post-challenge days accounting for covariates and random effects. Results Laboratory results from 33 SMV inoculated individuals were analyzed and 75.7% (25/33) participants became infected. Serum SMV-specific blockade antibodies, IgA, and IgG were all significantly different between infected and uninfected individuals beginning day 15 post-challenge. Within infected individuals, a significant correlation was observed between both IgG and IgA and blockade antibody concentration as early as day 6 post-challenge. Analysis of blockade antibody using the linear mixed model showed that infected individuals, when compared to uninfected individuals, had a statistically significant increase in blockade antibody concentrations across the post-challenge days. Among the post-challenge days, blockade antibody concentrations on days 15, 30, and 45 were significantly higher than those observed pre-challenge. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis indicated that the variability of blockade antibody titers is more observed between individuals rather than observations within subjects. Conclusions These results indicate that HBGA-blockade antibody GMTs are generated after SMV challenge and the blockade antibodies were still detectable at day 45 post-challenge. These data indicate that the second generation of SMV inoculum is highly effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilin Lai
- New York University Vaccine Center, New York University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Walker IS, Chung AW, Damelang T, Rogerson SJ. Analysis of Antibody Reactivity to Malaria Antigens by Microsphere-Based Multiplex Immunoassay. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2470:309-325. [PMID: 35881355 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2189-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein multiplex assays enable serological analysis of multiple target proteins simultaneously, using relatively small volumes of patient sample per assay. Here we present a detailed protocol to analyze antibody reactivity to malaria antigens by microsphere-based multiplex assay (xMAP technology). This method involves coupling of recombinant proteins to fluorescently labeled microspheres; simultaneous exposure of all microspheres to plasma or sera, and detection of antigen-specific antibodies with a fluorescent labeled anti-human Fc region antibody. In addition to total IgG, this assay can be adapted to measure multiple properties of the antibody Fc region, including subclass, isotype, and Fc receptor or complement C1q binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isobel S Walker
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timon Damelang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dobaño C, Alonso S, Fernández de Sevilla M, Vidal M, Jiménez A, Pons Tomas G, Jairoce C, Melé Casas M, Rubio R, Hernández García M, Ruiz-Olalla G, Girona-Alarcón M, Barrios D, Santano R, Mitchell RA, Puyol L, Mayer L, Chi J, Rodrigo Melero N, Carolis C, Garcia-Miquel A, Bonet-Carne E, Claverol J, Cubells M, Fortuny C, Fumadó V, Jou C, Muñoz-Almagro C, Izquierdo L, Bassat Q, Gratacós E, Aguilar R, García-García JJ, Moncunill G, Jordan I. Antibody conversion rates to SARS-CoV-2 in saliva from children attending summer schools in Barcelona, Spain. BMC Med 2021; 19:309. [PMID: 34809617 PMCID: PMC8608564 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surveillance tools to estimate viral transmission dynamics in young populations are essential to guide recommendations for school opening and management during viral epidemics. Ideally, sensitive techniques are required to detect low viral load exposures among asymptomatic children. We aimed to estimate SARS-CoV-2 infection rates in children and adult populations in a school-like environment during the initial COVID-19 pandemic waves using an antibody-based field-deployable and non-invasive approach. METHODS Saliva antibody conversion defined as ≥ 4-fold increase in IgM, IgA, and/or IgG levels to five SARS-CoV-2 antigens including spike and nucleocapsid constructs was evaluated in 1509 children and 396 adults by high-throughput Luminex assays in samples collected weekly in 22 summer schools and 2 pre-schools in 27 venues in Barcelona, Spain, from June 29th to July 31st, 2020. RESULTS Saliva antibody conversion between two visits over a 5-week period was 3.22% (49/1518) or 2.36% if accounting for potentially cross-reactive antibodies, six times higher than the cumulative infection rate (0.53%) assessed by weekly saliva RT-PCR screening. IgG conversion was higher in adults (2.94%, 11/374) than children (1.31%, 15/1144) (p=0.035), IgG and IgA levels moderately increased with age, and antibodies were higher in females. Most antibody converters increased both IgG and IgA antibodies but some augmented either IgG or IgA, with a faster decay over time for IgA than IgG. Nucleocapsid rather than spike was the main antigen target. Anti-spike antibodies were significantly higher in individuals not reporting symptoms than symptomatic individuals, suggesting a protective role against COVID-19. CONCLUSION Saliva antibody profiling including three isotypes and multiplexing antigens is a useful and user-friendlier tool for screening pediatric populations to detect low viral load exposures among children, particularly while they are not vaccinated and vulnerable to highly contagious variants, and to recommend public health policies during pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain. .,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Selena Alonso
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mariona Fernández de Sevilla
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Vidal
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alfons Jiménez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Pons Tomas
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chenjerai Jairoce
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María Melé Casas
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocío Rubio
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María Hernández García
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Ruiz-Olalla
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mònica Girona-Alarcón
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Barrios
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rebeca Santano
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Robert A Mitchell
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laura Puyol
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Leonie Mayer
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Chi
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Natalia Rodrigo Melero
- Biomolecular Screening and Protein Technologies Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlo Carolis
- Biomolecular Screening and Protein Technologies Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Garcia-Miquel
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisenda Bonet-Carne
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana Claverol
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cubells
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Fortuny
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Fumadó
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Jou
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pathology and Biobank Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Muñoz-Almagro
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.,Molecular Microbiology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Izquierdo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Gratacós
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Aguilar
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Juan José García-García
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Moncunill
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iolanda Jordan
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. .,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain. .,Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Recreational water exposure and waterborne infections in a prospective salivary antibody study at a Lake Michigan beach. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20540. [PMID: 34654825 PMCID: PMC8519948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In a prospective observational study, seroconversion to a specific pathogen can serve as a marker of an incident infection, whether or not that infection is symptomatic or clinically diagnosed. While self-reported symptoms can be affected by reporting bias, seroconversion is likely to be free of this bias as it is based on objective measurements of antibody response. Non-invasive salivary antibody tests can be used instead of serum tests to detect seroconversions in prospective studies. In the present study, individuals and families were recruited at a Lake Michigan beach in Wisconsin in August 2011. Data on recreational water exposure and baseline saliva samples (S1) were collected at recruitment. Follow-up data on gastrointestinal symptoms were collected via a telephone interview approximately 10 days post-recruitment. Follow-up saliva samples were self-collected approximately 2 weeks (S2) and 30–40 days post-recruitment (S3) and mailed to the study laboratory. Samples were analyzed for immunoglobulin (Ig) G responses to recombinant antigens of three noroviruses and Cryptosporidium, as well as protein purification tags as internal controls, using an in-house multiplex suspension immunoassay on the Luminex platform. Responses were defined as ratios of antibody reactivities with a target protein and its purification tag. Seroconversions were defined as at least four-fold and three-fold increases in responses in S2 and S3 samples compared to S1, respectively. In addition, an S2 response had to be above the upper 90% one-sided prediction limit of a corresponding spline function of age. Among 872 study participants, there were seven (0.8%) individuals with seroconversions, including six individuals with seroconversions to noroviruses and two to Cryptosporidium (one individual seroconverted to both pathogens). Among 176 (20%) individuals who reported swallowing lake water, there were six (3.4%) seroconversions compared to one (0.14%) seroconversion among the remaining 696 individuals: the crude and age-standardized risk differences per 1000 beachgoers were 32.7 (95% confidence limits 5.7; 59.6) and 94.8 (4.6; 276), respectively. The age-adjusted odds ratio of seroconversion in those who swallowed water vs. all others was 49.5 (4.5; 549), p = 0.001. Individuals with a norovirus seroconversion were more likely to experience vomiting symptoms within 4 days of the index beach visit than non-converters with an odds ratio of 34 (3.4, 350), p = 0.003. This study contributed further evidence that recreational water exposure is associated with symptomatic and asymptomatic waterborne infections, and that salivary antibody assays can be used in epidemiological surveys of norovirus and Cryptosporidium infections.
Collapse
|
8
|
Augustine SAJ, Eason TN, Wade T, Griffin SM, Sams E, Simmons K, Ramudit M, Oshima K, Dufour A. Salivary Antibodies against Multiple Environmental Pathogens Found in Individuals Recreating at an Iowa Beach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115797. [PMID: 34071402 PMCID: PMC8199218 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Detecting environmental exposures and mitigating their impacts are growing global public health challenges. Antibody tests show great promise and have emerged as fundamental tools for large-scale exposure studies. Here, we apply, demonstrate and validate the utility of a salivary antibody multiplex immunoassay in measuring antibody prevalence and immunoconversions to six pathogens commonly found in the environment. The study aimed to assess waterborne infections in consenting beachgoers recreating at an Iowa riverine beach by measuring immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against select pathogens in serially collected saliva samples. Results showed that nearly 80% of beachgoers had prior exposures to at least one of the targeted pathogens at the beginning of the study. Most of these exposures were to norovirus GI.1 (59.41%), norovirus GII.4 (58.79%) and Toxoplasma gondii (22.80%) and over half (56.28%) of beachgoers had evidence of previous exposure to multiple pathogens. Of individuals who returned samples for each collection period, 6.11% immunoconverted to one or more pathogens, largely to noroviruses (GI.1: 3.82% and GII.4: 2.29%) and T. gondii (1.53%). Outcomes of this effort illustrate that the multiplex immunoassay presented here serves as an effective tool for evaluating health risks by providing valuable information on the occurrence of known and emerging pathogens in population surveillance studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swinburne A. J. Augustine
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-513-569-7132
| | - Tarsha N. Eason
- Center for Environmental Methods and Measurement, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA 30605, USA;
| | - Tim Wade
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (T.W.); (E.S.)
| | - Shannon M. Griffin
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA;
| | - Elizabeth Sams
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (T.W.); (E.S.)
| | - Kaneatra Simmons
- Department of Arts and Sciences/Learning Support, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA 31030, USA;
| | - Malini Ramudit
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA;
| | - Kevin Oshima
- Center for Environmental Methods and Measurement, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA; (K.O.); (A.D.)
| | - Alfred Dufour
- Center for Environmental Methods and Measurement, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA; (K.O.); (A.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Randad PR, Pisanic N, Kruczynski K, Manabe YC, Thomas D, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Betenbaugh MJ, Clarke WA, Laeyendecker O, Caturegli PP, Larman HB, Detrick B, Fairley JK, Sherman AC, Rouphael N, Edupuganti S, Granger DA, Granger SW, Collins M, Heaney CD. COVID-19 serology at population scale: SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses in saliva. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.05.24.20112300. [PMID: 32511537 PMCID: PMC7273305 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.24.20112300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing is urgently needed to estimate the incidence and prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection at the general population level. Precise knowledge of population immunity could allow government bodies to make informed decisions about how and when to relax stay-at-home directives and to reopen the economy. We hypothesized that salivary antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 could serve as a non-invasive alternative to serological testing for widespread monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 infection throughout the population. We developed a multiplex SARS-CoV-2 antibody immunoassay based on Luminex technology and tested 167 saliva and 324 serum samples, including 134 and 118 negative saliva and serum samples, respectively, collected before the COVID-19 pandemic, and 33 saliva and 206 serum samples from participants with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. We evaluated the correlation of results obtained in saliva vs. serum and determined the sensitivity and specificity for each diagnostic media, stratified by antibody isotype, for detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on COVID-19 case designation for all specimens. Matched serum and saliva SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific IgG responses were significantly correlated. Within the 10-plex SARS-CoV-2 panel, the salivary anti-nucleocapsid (N) protein IgG response resulted in the highest sensitivity for detecting prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (100% sensitivity at ≥10 days post-SARS-CoV-2 symptom onset). The salivary anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG response resulted in 100% specificity. Among individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed with RT-PCR, the temporal kinetics of IgG, IgA, and IgM in saliva were consistent with those observed in serum. SARS-CoV-2 appears to trigger a humoral immune response resulting in the almost simultaneous rise of IgG, IgM and IgA levels both in serum and in saliva, mirroring responses consistent with the stimulation of existing, cross-reactive B cells. SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing in saliva can play a critically important role in large-scale "sero"-surveillance to address key public health priorities and guide policy and decision-making for COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranay R Randad
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kate Kruczynski
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Thomas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William A Clarke
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrizio P Caturegli
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - H Benjamin Larman
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara Detrick
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica K Fairley
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amy C Sherman
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Matthew Collins
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
de Oliveira LC, Pereira NB, Moreira CHV, Bierrenbach AL, Salles FC, de Souza-Basqueira M, Manuli ER, Ferreira AM, Oliveira CDL, Cardoso CS, Ribeiro ALP, Sabino EC. ELISA Saliva for Trypanosoma cruzi Antibody Detection: An Alternative for Serological Surveys in Endemic Regions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:800-803. [PMID: 32100675 PMCID: PMC7124906 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas is a neglected disease endemic in Latin America. Vector transmission control had been aggressively performed. Recent entomological surveillance in Brazil has revealed natural infection rates ranging from 0.40% to 0.52%. Although serological surveys are complex to develop, they are important for disease control. In this study, we validated the use of saliva in ELISA commercial kits with a cohort of 100 patients with Chagas disease followed at Hospital das Clinicas in São Paulo, Brazil, and 50 healthy controls. Five ELISA kits for detecting antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi were tested. The best discrimination between Chagas patients and controls was observed with the Wiener kit, which yielded a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 100%. Our findings reveal that the use of saliva may be an alternative to large-scale screening surveys in detecting T. cruzi antibodies; it is a noninvasive sample collection method potentially key to large-scale screening in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léa Campos de Oliveira
- LIM03, Hospital das Clínicas, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro
- Hospital das Clínicas and School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pisanic N, Ballard SB, Colquechagua FD, François R, Exum N, Yori PP, Schwab KJ, Granger DA, Detrick B, Olortegui MP, Mayta H, Sánchez GJ, Gilman RH, Heaney CD, Vinjé J, Kosek MN. Minimally Invasive Saliva Testing to Monitor Norovirus Infection in Community Settings. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1234-1242. [PMID: 30517651 PMCID: PMC6452293 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Routine norovirus diagnosis requires stool collection. The goal of this study was to develop and validate a noninvasive method to diagnose norovirus to complement stool diagnostics and to facilitate studies on transmission. Methods A multiplex immunoassay to measure salivary immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to 5 common norovirus genotypes (GI.1, GII.2, GII.4, GII.6, and GII.17) was developed. The assay was validated using acute and convalescent saliva samples collected from Peruvian children <5 years of age with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–diagnosed norovirus infections (n = 175) and controls (n = 32). The assay sensitivity and specificity were calculated to determine infection status based on fold rise of salivary norovirus genotype-specific IgG using norovirus genotype from stool as reference. Results The salivary assay detected recent norovirus infections and correctly assigned the infecting genotype. Sensitivity was 71% and specificity was 96% across the evaluated genotypes compared to PCR-diagnosed norovirus infection. Conclusions This saliva-based assay will be a useful tool to monitor norovirus transmission in high-risk settings such as daycare centers or hospitals. Cross-reactivity is limited between the tested genotypes, which represent the most commonly circulating genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Sarah-Blythe Ballard
- Departments of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fabiola D Colquechagua
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Ruthly François
- Departments of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Natalie Exum
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Pablo Peñataro Yori
- Departments of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Kellogg J Schwab
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience, University of California, Irvine.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Acute and Chronic Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Barbara Detrick
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Holger Mayta
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Gerardo J Sánchez
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Departments of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore.,Departments of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jan Vinjé
- National Calicivirus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Departments of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wade TJ, Griffin SM, Egorov AI, Sams E, Hudgens E, Augustine S, DeFlorio-Barker S, Plunkett T, Dufour AP, Styles JN, Oshima K. Application of a multiplex salivary immunoassay to detect sporadic incident norovirus infections. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19576. [PMID: 31862970 PMCID: PMC6925267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis. Following infection, anti-norovirus salivary immunoglobulin G (IgG) rises steeply within 2 weeks and remains elevated for several months; this immunoconversion can serve as an indicator of infection. We used a multiplex salivary immunoassay to study norovirus infections among 483 visitors to a Lake Michigan beach in 2015. Saliva was collected on the day of the beach visit (S1); after 10–14 days (S2); and after 30–40 days (S3). Luminex microspheres were coupled to recombinant antigens of genogroup I (GI) and II (GII) noroviruses and incubated with saliva. Immunoconversion was defined as at least 4-fold increase in anti-norovirus IgG antibody response from S1 to S2 and a 3-fold increase from S1 to S3. Ten (2.1%) immunoconverted to either GI (2) or GII (8) norovirus. Among those who immunoconverted, 40% reported at least one gastrointestinal symptom and 33% reported diarrhea, compared to 15% (p = 0.06) and 8% (p = 0.04) among those who did not immunoconvert, respectively. The two participants who immunoconverted to GI norovirus both swallowed water during swimming (p = 0.08). This study demonstrated the utility of a non-invasive salivary immunoassay to detect norovirus infections and an efficient approach to study infectious agents in large cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Wade
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Shannon M Griffin
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrey I Egorov
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sams
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward Hudgens
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Swinburne Augustine
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephanie DeFlorio-Barker
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Trevor Plunkett
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alfred P Dufour
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer N Styles
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Environmental Sciences and Engineering Department, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kevin Oshima
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Simmons KJ, Eason TN, Curioso CL, Griffin SM, Ramudit MKD, Oshima KH, Sams EA, Wade TJ, Grimm A, Dufour A, Augustine SAJ. Visitors to a Tropical Marine Beach Show Evidence of Immunoconversions to Multiple Waterborne Pathogens. Front Public Health 2019; 7:231. [PMID: 31482082 PMCID: PMC6709658 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining infections from environmental exposures, particularly from waterborne pathogens is a challenging proposition. The study design must be rigorous and account for numerous factors including study population selection, sample collection, storage, and processing, as well as data processing and analysis. These challenges are magnified when it is suspected that individuals may potentially be infected by multiple pathogens at the same time. Previous work demonstrated the effectiveness of a salivary antibody multiplex immunoassay in detecting the prevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to multiple waterborne pathogens and helped identify asymptomatic norovirus infections in visitors to Boquerón Beach, Puerto Rico. In this study, we applied the immunoassay to three serially collected samples from study participants within the same population to assess immunoconversions (incident infections) to six waterborne pathogens: Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter jejuni, Toxoplasma gondii, hepatitis A virus, and noroviruses GI. I and GII.4. Further, we examined the impact of sampling on the detection of immunoconversions by comparing the traditional immunoconversion definition based on two samples to criteria developed to capture trends in three sequential samples collected from study participants. The expansion to three samples makes it possible to capture the IgG antibody responses within the survey population to more accurately assess the frequency of immunoconversions to target pathogens. Based on the criteria developed, results showed that when only two samples from each participant were used in the analysis, 25.9% of the beachgoers immunoconverted to at least one pathogen; however, the addition of the third sample reduced immunoconversions to 6.5%. Of these incident infections, the highest levels were to noroviruses followed by T. gondii. Moreover, many individuals displayed evidence of immunoconversions to multiple pathogens. This study suggests that detection of simultaneous infections is possible, with far reaching consequences for the population. The results may lead to further studies to understand the complex interactions that occur within the body as the immune system attempts to ward off these infections. Such an approach is critical to our understanding of medically important synergistic or antagonistic interactions and may provide valuable and critical information to public health officials, water treatment personnel, and environmental managers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaneatra J Simmons
- Department of Arts & Sciences/Learning Support, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA, United States
| | - Tarsha N Eason
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | | | - Shannon M Griffin
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | | | - Kevin H Oshima
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Sams
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Timothy J Wade
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Ann Grimm
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Alfred Dufour
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Swinburne A J Augustine
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gianchecchi E, Manenti A, Kistner O, Trombetta C, Manini I, Montomoli E. How to assess the effectiveness of nasal influenza vaccines? Role and measurement of sIgA in mucosal secretions. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:429-437. [PMID: 31225704 PMCID: PMC6692539 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory IgAs (sIgA) constitute the principal isotype of antibodies present in nasal and mucosal secretions. They are secreted by plasma cells adjacent to the mucosal epithelial cells, the site where infection occurs, and are the main humoral mediator of mucosal immunity. Mucosally delivered vaccines, such as live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), are able to mimic natural infection without causing disease or virus transmission and mainly elicit a local immune response. The measurement of sIgA concentrations in nasal swab/wash and saliva samples is therefore a valuable tool for evaluating their role in the effectiveness of such vaccines. Here, we describe two standardized assays (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and microneutralization) available for the quantification of sIgA and discuss the advantages and limitations of their use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claudia Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Manini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi Srl, Siena, Italy.,VisMederi Research Srl, Siena, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Egorov AI, Griffin SM, Ward HD, Reilly K, Fout GS, Wade TJ. Application of a salivary immunoassay in a prospective community study of waterborne infections. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 142:289-300. [PMID: 29890477 PMCID: PMC6781621 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying sporadic waterborne infections in community settings can be challenging. Salivary antibody immunoassays are a promising non-invasive tool that can be used in prospective studies of common infections, especially those involving children. This study was conducted in a Massachusetts city, which uses a microbiologically contaminated river as its water source, during summer-early winter periods before and after construction of a new drinking water treatment plant. Monthly saliva samples (7480 samples from 1170 children and 816 adults) were analyzed for immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to recombinant proteins of Cryptosporidium, one genogroup I (GI) and two GII noroviruses. Immunoconversion was defined as at least four-fold increase in specific antibody responses between two monthly samples with a post-conversion response above a flexible age-dependent cut-off. Episodes of gastroenteritis (diarrhea or vomiting or cramps) were associated with 3.2 (95% confidence limits 1.1; 9.5) adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of immunoconversion to Cryptosporidium; episodes of combined diarrhea and vomiting symptoms were associated with 3.5 (0.8; 15.0) and 4.6 (1.7; 12.6) aORs of an immunoconversion to GI and GII noroviruses, respectively. Swimming in natural water bodies or chlorinated pools was associated with 2.3 (0.4; 15.4) and 4.9 (1.6; 15.5) aORs of immunoconversion to Cryptosporidium, respectively. In a subset of study participants who did not use home water filters, consumption of at least some amount of non-boiled tap water reported in a monthly recall survey was associated with 11.1 (1.2; 100.0) and 0.6 (0.1; 2.5) aORs of immunoconversion to Cryptosporidium before and after the new water treatment plant construction, respectively. Among individuals who used home water filters, associations between non-boiled tap water consumption and Cryptosporidium immunoconversion were not significant before and after new plant construction with aORs of 0.8 (0.2; 3.3) and 0.3 (0.1; 1.6), respectively. The interaction effect of study phase and non-boiled tap water consumption on Cryptosporidium immunoconversions was statistically significant in the entire study population with aOR of 5.4 (1.1; 25.6). This was the first study that has used a salivary antibody immunoassay to demonstrate significant associations between gastrointestinal symptoms and Cryptosporidium and norovirus infections, and between water-related exposures and Cryptosporidium infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey I Egorov
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA.
| | - Shannon M Griffin
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Honorine D Ward
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Reilly
- EPA Region 1 (New England), United States Environmental Protection Agency, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Shay Fout
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Timothy J Wade
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tamminen K, Malm M, Vesikari T, Blazevic V. Norovirus-specific mucosal antibodies correlate to systemic antibodies and block norovirus virus-like particles binding to histo-blood group antigens. Clin Immunol 2018; 197:110-117. [PMID: 30244152 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The best acknowledged correlate of protection from norovirus (NoV) infection is the ability of serum antibodies to block binding of NoV virus-like particles (VLPs) to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). We investigated mucosal NoV-specific antibody levels in adult volunteers and used saliva from a single donor to determine whether purified saliva antibodies confer blocking. NoV-specific IgG and IgA levels in saliva and plasma samples were measured against four NoV genotype VLPs. NoV-specific IgG and IgA titers in saliva and plasma samples correlated significantly. Antibodies were detected against all VLPs with the highest level of antibodies directed against ancestral GII.4 99 genotype. Affinity chromatography purified salivary IgA and IgG blocked binding of GII.4 99 VLPs to HBGAs. Saliva sampling is a non-invasive alternative to blood drawing and an excellent biological fluid to study NoV-specific immune responses. Mucosal anti-NoV antibodies block binding of NoV VLPs to HBGAs, and may therefore be protective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Tamminen
- Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, Tampere FI-33520, Finland.
| | - Maria Malm
- Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, Tampere FI-33520, Finland
| | - Timo Vesikari
- Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, Tampere FI-33520, Finland
| | - Vesna Blazevic
- Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, Tampere FI-33520, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wade TJ, Augustine SAJ, Griffin SM, Sams EA, Oshima KH, Egorov AI, Simmons KJ, Eason TN, Dufour AP. Asymptomatic norovirus infection associated with swimming at a tropical beach: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195056. [PMID: 29590196 PMCID: PMC5874074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Swimming in fecally-contaminated waterbodies can result in gastrointestinal infections. However, the pathogenic microorganisms responsible are not well understood because sporadic cases of illness are not reported completely, exposure information is often not collected, and epidemiology studies rely on self-reported symptoms. Noroviruses are considered a likely cause because they are found in high densities in sewage, resistant to wastewater treatment and survive in the environment. In this study, saliva samples were collected from subjects at a beach in Puerto Rico and tested for evidence of norovirus-specific IgG responses as an indicator of incident norovirus infection. Methods Saliva samples were collected from 1298 participants using an oral swab. Samples were collected on the day of the beach visit (S1); after 10–12 days (S2); and after three weeks (S3). Saliva was tested for IgG responses to GI.1 and GII.4 noroviruses using a microsphere based multiplex salivary immunoassay. Immunoconversion was defined as a four-fold increase in median fluorescence intensity (MFI) from S1 to S2 with the S3 sample at least three times above the S1 MFI. Results Thirty-four subjects (2.6%) immunoconverted to GI.1 or GII.4 norovirus. Swimmers who immersed their head in water had a higher rate of immunoconversion (3.4%), compared to either non-swimmers (0.0%, p = 0.003) or waders and non-swimmers combined (0.4%, Odds Ratio: 5.07, 95% Confidence Interval:1.48–17.00). Immunoconversion was not associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate an association between swimming at a beach impacted by fecal contamination and asymptomatic norovirus infection. The findings implicate recreational water as potentially important transmission pathway for norovirus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Wade
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Swinburne A. J. Augustine
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Shannon M. Griffin
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Sams
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Kevin H. Oshima
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Andrey I. Egorov
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | | | - Tarsha N. Eason
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Alfred P. Dufour
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pisanic N, Rahman A, Saha SK, Labrique AB, Nelson KE, Granger DA, Granger SW, Detrick B, Heaney CD. Development of an oral fluid immunoassay to assess past and recent hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. J Immunol Methods 2017; 448:1-8. [PMID: 28478117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among pregnant women. In clinical settings blood-based testing protocols are commonly used to diagnose HEV infection, but in community settings such invasive sampling can hinder study participation and limit discovery of the ecology and natural history of HEV infection. Oral fluid is a non-invasive biospecimen that can harbor pathogen-specific antibodies and has the potential to replace blood-based testing protocols. OBJECTIVES To develop an immunoassay to assess past and recent HEV infection that uses oral fluid instead of serum or plasma. METHODS The assay was validated using paired oral fluid and serum samples collected from 141 patients who presented either with (n=76) or without (n=65) symptoms of acute viral hepatitis at a clinical diagnostics center in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The sensitivity and specificity of the oral fluid-based immunoassay for HEV IgG (past HEV infection) and HEV IgA (recent HEV infection) antibodies was calculated in reference to Wantai's (Beijing Wantai) serum-based HEV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity of the oral fluid-based immunoassay for HEV-IgG antibodies were 98.7% and 98.4%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the oral fluid-based immunoassay for HEV IgA were 89.5% and 98.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The high concordance of our non-invasive oral fluid-based immunoassays (HEV IgG and HEV IgA) with commercial high-performance serum HEV ELISA kits (IgG and IgM) means that population-based surveillance of past and recent HEV infection could be expanded to improve understanding of its ecology and natural history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Atiqur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu (Children's) Hospital, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Samir K Saha
- Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu (Children's) Hospital, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Alain B Labrique
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenrad E Nelson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Acute and Chronic Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA; Research and Technology Center, Salimetrics, LLC, Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | - Steve W Granger
- Research and Technology Center, Salimetrics, LLC, Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Detrick
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Augustine SAJ, Simmons KJ, Eason TN, Curioso CL, Griffin SM, Wade TJ, Dufour A, Fout GS, Grimm AC, Oshima KH, Sams EA, See MJ, Wymer LJ. Immunoprevalence to Six Waterborne Pathogens in Beachgoers at Boquerón Beach, Puerto Rico: Application of a Microsphere-Based Salivary Antibody Multiplex Immunoassay. Front Public Health 2017; 5:84. [PMID: 28507984 PMCID: PMC5410637 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Waterborne infectious diseases are a major public health concern worldwide. Few methods have been established that are capable of measuring human exposure to multiple waterborne pathogens simultaneously using non-invasive samples such as saliva. Most current methods measure exposure to only one pathogen at a time, require large volumes of individual samples collected using invasive procedures, and are very labor intensive. In this article, we applied a multiplex bead-based immunoassay capable of measuring IgG antibody responses to six waterborne pathogens simultaneously in human saliva to estimate immunoprevalence in beachgoers at Boquerón Beach, Puerto Rico. Further, we present approaches for determining cutoff points to assess immunoprevalence to the pathogens in the assay. For the six pathogens studied, our results show that IgG antibodies against antigens from noroviruses GI.I and GII.4 were more prevalent (60 and 51.6%, respectively) than Helicobacter pylori (21.4%), hepatitis A virus (20.2%), Campylobacter jejuni (8.7%), and Toxoplasma gondii (8%) in the saliva of the study participants. The salivary antibody multiplex immunoassay can be used to examine immunoprevalence of specific pathogens in human populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swinburne A J Augustine
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Tarsha N Eason
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Shannon M Griffin
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Timothy J Wade
- National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alfred Dufour
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - G Shay Fout
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ann C Grimm
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kevin H Oshima
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Sams
- National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mary Jean See
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Larry J Wymer
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shang C, Wang Z, Liu H. A terminal antibody method based on multiple factors that influence ELISA results for measurement of antibody affinity in clinical specimens. J Virol Methods 2016; 240:42-48. [PMID: 27889565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a new method for the measurement of antibody affinity in clinical samples. METHODS Serial dilutions of antiserum samples were prepared to find the threshold concentration of antibody separating detectable from negative ELISA results. This threshold concentration was defined as the terminal antibody (TA) concentration, and a new method for measuring antibody affinity based on the effect of multiple factors that influence ELISA results at TA concentration was established, which we called the TA method. The TA method was used to measure low- and high-affinity antiserum samples to verify the validity of the method, and then was used to measure the affinity of the antibody to Hepatitis B surface antigen and affinity of antibody to Hepatitis C Virus in clinical serum specimens. RESULTS Low- and high-affinity antiserum samples could be clearly distinguished by TA method. The antibody affinity in anti-HBe positive group was significantly higher than that of anti-HBe negative group; the affinity of antibody to HCV in HCV-RNA negative group was significantly higher than that of HCV-RNA positive group. CONCLUSIONS The TA method for measuring antibody affinity in clinical specimens displayed its validation and that may have potential application value in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Shang
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Augustine SAJ, Eason TN, Simmons KJ, Curioso CL, Griffin SM, Ramudit MKD, Plunkett TR. Developing a Salivary Antibody Multiplex Immunoassay to Measure Human Exposure to Environmental Pathogens. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27685162 DOI: 10.3791/54415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology and impacts of human exposure to environmental pathogens are of major concern worldwide and, thus, the ability to assess exposure and infections using cost effective, high-throughput approaches would be indispensable. This manuscript describes the development and analysis of a bead-based multiplex immunoassay capable of measuring the presence of antibodies in human saliva to multiple pathogens simultaneously. Saliva is particularly attractive in this application because it is noninvasive, cheaper and easier to collect than serum. Antigens from environmental pathogens were coupled to carboxylated microspheres (beads) and used to measure antibodies in very small volumes of human saliva samples using a bead-based, solution-phase assay. Beads were coupled with antigens from Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, Toxoplasma gondii, noroviruses (G I.1 and G II.4) and hepatitis A virus. To ensure that the antigens were sufficiently coupled to the beads, coupling was confirmed using species-specific, animal-derived primary capture antibodies, followed by incubation with biotinylated anti-species secondary detection antibodies and streptavidin-R-phycoerythrin reporter (SAPE). As a control to measure non-specific binding, one bead set was treated identically to the others except it was not coupled to any antigen. The antigen-coupled and control beads were then incubated with prospectively-collected human saliva samples, measured on a high throughput analyzer based on the principles of flow cytometry, and the presence of antibodies to each antigen was measured in Median Fluorescence Intensity units (MFI). This multiplex immunoassay has a number of advantages, including more data with less sample; reduced costs and labor; and the ability to customize the assay to many targets of interest. Results indicate that the salivary multiplex immunoassay may be capable of identifying previous exposures and infections, which can be especially useful in surveillance studies involving large human populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarsha N Eason
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Kaneatra J Simmons
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
| | | | - Shannon M Griffin
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Malini K D Ramudit
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Trevor R Plunkett
- Department of Biological Sciences, McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Exum NG, Pisanic N, Granger DA, Schwab KJ, Detrick B, Kosek M, Egorov AI, Griffin SM, Heaney CD. Use of Pathogen-Specific Antibody Biomarkers to Estimate Waterborne Infections in Population-Based Settings. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 3:322-34. [PMID: 27352014 PMCID: PMC5424709 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-016-0096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses the utility of pathogen-specific antibody biomarkers for improving estimates of the population burden of waterborne infections, assessing the fraction of infections that can be prevented by specific water treatments, and understanding transmission routes and the natural history and ecology of disease in different populations (including asymptomatic infection rates). RECENT FINDINGS We review recent literature on the application of pathogen-specific antibody response data to estimate incidence and prevalence of acute infections and their utility to assess the contributions of waterborne transmission pathways. Advantages and technical challenges associated with the use of serum versus minimally invasive salivary antibody biomarkers in cross-sectional and prospective surveys are discussed. We highlight recent advances and challenges and outline future directions for research, development, and application of antibody-based and other immunological biomarkers of waterborne infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie G Exum
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Acute and Chronic Care, School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kellogg J Schwab
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara Detrick
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret Kosek
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrey I Egorov
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shannon M Griffin
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Room W7033B, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205-2179, USA.
| |
Collapse
|