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Van Baelen M, Bec A, Sperfeld E, Frizot N, Koussoroplis AM. Food quality shapes gradual phenotypic plasticity in ectotherms facing temperature variability. Ecology 2024; 105:e4263. [PMID: 38385889 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Organisms exhibit reversible physiological adjustments as a response to rapidly changing environments. Yet such plasticity of the phenotype is gradual and may lag behind environmental fluctuations, thereby affecting long-term average performance of the organisms. By supplying energy and essential compounds for optimal tissue building, food determines the range of possible phenotypic changes and potentially the rate at which they occur. Here, we assess how differences in the dietary supply of essential lipids modulate the phenotypic plasticity of an ectotherm facing thermal fluctuations. We use three phytoplankton strains to create a gradient of polyunsaturated fatty acid and sterol supply for Daphnia magna under constant and fluctuating temperatures. We used three different fluctuation periodicities to unravel the temporal dynamics of gradual plasticity and its long-term consequences for D. magna performance measured as juvenile somatic growth rate. In agreement with gradual plasticity theory, we show that in D. magna, fluctuation periodicity determines the differential between observed growth rates and those expected from constant conditions. Most importantly, we show that diet modulates both the size and the direction of the growth rate differential. Overall, we demonstrate that the nutritional context is essential for predicting ectotherm consumers' performance in fluctuating thermal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Van Baelen
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexandre Bec
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Erik Sperfeld
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nathan Frizot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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2
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Kumar A, Daschakraborty S. Anomalous lateral diffusion of lipids during the fluid/gel phase transition of a lipid membrane. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31431-31443. [PMID: 37962400 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04081j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
A lipid membrane undergoes a phase transition from fluid to gel phase upon changing external thermodynamic conditions, such as decreasing temperature and increasing pressure. Extremophilic organisms face the challenge of preventing this deleterious phase transition. The main focus of their adaptive strategy is to facilitate effective temperature sensing through sensor proteins, relying on the drastic changes in packing density and membrane fluidity during the phase transition. Although the changes in packing density parameters due to the fluid/gel phase transition are studied in detail, the impact on membrane fluidity is less explored in the literature. Understanding the lateral diffusive dynamics of lipids in response to temperature, particularly during the fluid/gel phase transition, is albeit crucial. Here we have simulated the phase transition of a single component lipid membrane composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) lipids using a coarse-grained (CG) model and studied the changes of the structural and dynamical properties. It is observed that near the phase transition point, both fluid and gel phase domains coexist together. The dynamics remains highly non-Gaussian for a long time even when the mean square displacement reaches the Fickian regime at a much earlier time. This Fickian yet non-Gaussian diffusion (FnGD) is a characteristic of a highly heterogeneous system, previously observed for the lateral diffusion of lipids in raft mimetic membranes having liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered phases co-existing together. We have analyzed the molecular trajectories and calculated the jump-diffusion of the lipids, stemming from sudden jump translations, using a translational jump-diffusion (TJD) approach. An overwhelming contribution of the jump-diffusion of the lipids is observed suggesting anomalous diffusion of lipids during fluid/gel phase transition of the membrane. These results are important in unravelling the intricate nature of lipid diffusion during the phase transition of the membrane and open up a new possibility of investigating the most significant change of membrane properties during phase transition, which can be effectively sensed by proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar 801106, India.
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3
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Baldacchino F, Spagnoletta A, Lamaj F, Vitale ML, Verrastro V. First Optimization of Tomato Pomace in Diets for Tenebrio molitor (L.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:854. [PMID: 37999053 PMCID: PMC10672421 DOI: 10.3390/insects14110854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Tomato pomace (TP), an agricultural industrial waste product from the tomato processing industry, is valorized as a rearing substrate for Tenebrio molitor (L.). This study evaluated bran-based diets with increasing tomato pomace (0%, 27%, 41%, and 100%). Protein sources, such as brewer's spent grain and yeast, were used in TP27 and TP41 diets to ensure equal protein contents to the control diet. Results showed no different for larval and pupal weights between diets; however, the time of development significantly increases in TP100 compared to all diets. The feed conversion rate progressively increases from 2.7 to 4.3, respectively, from the control to the TP100 diet. Conversely, lycopene and β-carotene increase in the larvae. The fatty acid composition improves by increasing polyunsaturated fatty acids (mainly α-linoleic acid). Although the best nutritional quality was obtained in T100, the TP41 is the optimal diet for balance between larval performance and qualitative improvement of larvae. Therefore, tomato pomace is suitable for the formulation of mealworm diets, even in high dosages, when supplemented with sustainable protein and carbohydrate sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Baldacchino
- Laboratory of Bioproducts and Bioprocess, ENEA—Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. Jonica 106, Km 419+500, I-75026 Rotondella, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- Laboratory of Bioproducts and Bioprocess, ENEA—Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. Jonica 106, Km 419+500, I-75026 Rotondella, Italy
| | - Flutura Lamaj
- CIHEAM-Bari, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Via Ceglie, 9, I-70100 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Vitale
- CIHEAM-Bari, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Via Ceglie, 9, I-70100 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Verrastro
- CIHEAM-Bari, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Via Ceglie, 9, I-70100 Valenzano, Italy
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4
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Anjos O, Seixas N, Antunes CAL, Campos MG, Paula V, Estevinho LM. Quality of bee pollen submitted to drying, pasteurization, and high-pressure processing - A comparative approach. Food Res Int 2023; 170:112964. [PMID: 37316052 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bee Pollen is a valuable and useful natural food product that can be used for different purposes, among which medical ones. This matrix is deemed a superfood because of its chemical composition, which is rich in nutrients and possesses significant bioactivities, including antioxidant and microbiological properties. Nevertheless, the storage conditions and processing methods must be optimized to maintain their properties and maximise their application. This work investigates the best bee pollen conservation process and its impact on individual constituents. Monofloral bee pollen was analysed for 30 and 60 days after three different storage processes (drying, pasteurization, and high-pressure pasteurization). The results showed a decrease mainly in fatty acid and amino acid content for the dried samples. The best results were obtained with high-pressure pasteurization, maintaining the proteins, amino acids and lipids characteristics of pollen and the lowest microbial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofélia Anjos
- Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco (IPCB), Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; Centro de estudos florestais (CEF), Laboratório Associado TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Abjuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Biotecnologia e Plantas da Beira Interior (CBP-BI) Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal.
| | - Natália Seixas
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal; Laboratório para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Carlos A L Antunes
- Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco (IPCB), Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Maria Graça Campos
- Observatory of Drug-herb interactions, Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Sci. Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; CQC-Centre of Chemistry - Coimbra, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sci. and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Paula
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Plantas da Beira Interior (CBP-BI) Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Letícia M Estevinho
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal; Laboratório para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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5
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Teoh CP, Lavin P, Yusof NA, González-Aravena M, Najimudin N, Cheah YK, Wong CMVL. Transcriptomics analysis provides insights into the heat adaptation strategies of an Antarctic bacterium, Cryobacterium sp. SO1. Polar Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-023-03115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Comparative transcriptome analysis of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae-Bruchinae) after heat and cold stress exposure. J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103479. [PMID: 36796922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Callosobruchus chinensis is regarded as one of the cosmopolitan pests of legume crops and can cause tremendous losses to a variety of beans. This study focused on comparative transcriptome analyses of C. chinensis exposed to 45 °C (heat stress), 27 °C (ambient temperature) and -3 °C (cold stress) for 3 h to investigate the gene differences and underlying molecular mechanisms. There were 402 and 111 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in the heat and cold stress treatments, respectively. "cell process", "cell" and "binding" were the main enriched functions and biological processes revealed by gene ontology (GO) analysis. The clusters of orthologous genes (COG) showed that DEGs were assigned to the categories: "posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones", "lipid transport and metabolism", and "general function prediction only". With respect to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), the "longevity regulating pathway-multiple species", "carbon metabolism", "peroxisome", "protein processing in endoplasmic", "glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism" pathways were significantly enriched. The annotation and enrichment analysis revealed that genes encoding heat shock proteins (Hsps) and cuticular proteins were significantly upregulated under high and low-temperature stresses, respectively. In addition, some DEGs encoding "Protein lethal essential for life", "Reverse transcriptase", "DnaJ domain", "Cytochrome" and "Zinc finger protein" were also upregulated to varying degrees. Transcriptomic data were validated using qRT‒PCR, which confirmed that they were consistent. In this paper, the temperature tolerance of C. chinensis adults was evaluated and the results showed that female adults were more sensitive to heat and cold stress than males, and the upregulation of heat shock protein and epidermal protein was the largest in DEGs after heat and cold stress, respectively. These findings provide a reference for further understanding the biological characteristics of C. chinensis adults and the molecular mechanisms underlying the response to low and high temperatures.
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7
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Kröncke N, Neumeister M, Benning R. Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for Quantitative Analysis of Fat and Fatty Acid Content in Living Tenebrio molitor Larvae to Detect the Influence of Substrate on Larval Composition. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14020114. [PMID: 36835684 PMCID: PMC9964368 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.) could provide animals and humans with valuable nutrients. Tenebrio molitor larvae were studied to determine whether their rearing diets affected their fat and fatty acid content and to ascertain if it is possible to detect the changes in the larval fat composition using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). For this reason, a standard control diet (100% wheat bran) and an experimental diet, consisting of wheat bran and the supplementation of a different substrate (coconut flour, flaxseed flour, pea protein flour, rose hip hulls, grape pomace, or hemp protein flour) were used. The results showed lesser weight gain and slower growth rates for larvae raised on diets with a high fat content. A total of eight fatty acids were identified and quantified, where palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were the most prevalent and showed a correlation between larval content and their content in the rearing diets. There was a high content of lauric acid (3.2-4.6%), myristic acid (11.4-12.9%), and α-linolenic acid 8.4-13.0%) in mealworm larvae as a result of the high dietary content of these fatty acids. NIR spectra were also influenced by the fat and fatty acid composition, as larval absorbance values differed greatly. The coefficient of the determination of prediction (R2P) was over 0.97, with an RPD value of 8.3 for the fat content, which indicates the high predictive accuracy of the NIR model. Furthermore, it was possible to develop calibration models with great predictive efficiency (R2P = 0.81-0.95, RPD = 2.6-5.6) for all fatty acids, except palmitoleic and stearic acids which had a low predictive power (R2P < 0.5, RPD < 2.0). The detection of fat and fatty acids using NIRS can help insect producers to quickly and easily analyze the nutritional composition of mealworm larvae during the rearing process.
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Dannenmann M, Klenner F, Bönigk J, Pavlista M, Napoleoni M, Hillier J, Khawaja N, Olsson-Francis K, Cable ML, Malaska MJ, Abel B, Postberg F. Toward Detecting Biosignatures of DNA, Lipids, and Metabolic Intermediates from Bacteria in Ice Grains Emitted by Enceladus and Europa. ASTROBIOLOGY 2023; 23:60-75. [PMID: 36454287 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2022.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The reliable identification of biosignatures is key to the search for life elsewhere. On ocean worlds like Enceladus or Europa, this can be achieved by impact ionization mass spectrometers, such as the SUrface Dust Analyzer (SUDA) on board NASA's upcoming Europa Clipper mission. During spacecraft flybys, these instruments can sample ice grains formed from subsurface water and emitted by these moons. Previous laboratory analog experiments have demonstrated that SUDA-type instruments could identify amino acids, fatty acids, and peptides in ice grains and discriminate between their abiotic and biotic origins. Here, we report experiments simulating impact ionization mass spectra of ice grains containing DNA, lipids, and metabolic intermediates extracted from two bacterial cultures: Escherichia coli and Sphingopyxis alaskensis. Salty Enceladan or Europan ocean waters were simulated using matrices with different NaCl concentrations. Characteristic mass spectral signals, such as DNA nucleobases, are clearly identifiable at part-per-million-level concentrations. Mass spectra of all substances exhibit unambiguous biogenic patterns, which in some cases show significant differences between the two bacterial species. Sensitivity to the biosignatures decreases with increasing matrix salinity. The experimental parameters indicate that future impact ionization mass spectrometers will be most sensitive to the investigated biosignatures for ice grain encounter speeds of 4-6 km/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Dannenmann
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Klenner
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Bönigk
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Pavlista
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maryse Napoleoni
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jon Hillier
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nozair Khawaja
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Olsson-Francis
- AstrobiologyOU, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan L Cable
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Michael J Malaska
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Leipzig, Germany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Postberg
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Piazza V, Gambardella C, Costa E, Miroglio R, Faimali M, Garaventa F. Cold storage effects on lethal and sublethal responses of Amphibalanus amphitrite Nauplii. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1078-1086. [PMID: 35838933 PMCID: PMC9458687 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bioassays are extensively used in ecotoxicology and there is a constant need for even more sensitive, reliable and easy to rear and obtain model organisms. Larvae of the crustacean Amphibalanus amphitrite are a good ecotoxicological model, for their high sensitivity to a wide range of toxicants and emerging contaminants. A standardized protocol for this toxicity bioassay has been recently proposed. Nevertheless, a limit of this model organism is the lack of resting stages and the need to use larvae immediately after their release from adults, thus increasing laboratory efforts related to the maintenance of adults. The aim of this work is to verify if short-term cold storage of A. amphitrite larvae prior to use in ecotoxicological tests may affect the ecotoxicological responses of these organisms. Three end-points (mortality, immobilization and swimming speed alteration) were measured on nauplii after storing them at 4 ± 1 °C for different times (24, 72 and 120 h) before bioassay set-up. Bioassays were set up using: (i) clean filtered natural sea water (0.22 µm FNSW), (ii) a reference toxicant (Cadmium Nitrate) and (iii) an environmental matrix (sediment elutriate). Results show that mortality, differently from the other two endpoints, was not affected by cold-storage. Even after 5 days of larvae storage at 4 ± 1 °C before bioassay set up, mortality data were comparable to those obtained for non-cold-stored organisms. Moreover, larval sensitivity to the reference toxicant and sediment elutriate did not change. Regarding the other two end points, low cadmium concentrations significantly changed immobility and swimming activity in cold-stored nauplii compared to larvae used immediately after larval release. In conclusion, short-term cold storage of A. amphitrite nauplii before bioassay set up is an appropriate procedure in ecotoxicological testing if mortality is the endpoint to be considered for final evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Piazza
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the marine environment (CNR-IAS), via de Marini 16, 16140, Genova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the marine environment (CNR-IAS), via de Marini 16, 16140, Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Costa
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the marine environment (CNR-IAS), via de Marini 16, 16140, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberta Miroglio
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the marine environment (CNR-IAS), via de Marini 16, 16140, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the marine environment (CNR-IAS), via de Marini 16, 16140, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the marine environment (CNR-IAS), via de Marini 16, 16140, Genova, Italy
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Lawal KG, Kavle RR, Akanbi TO, Mirosa M, Agyei D. Enrichment in specific fatty acids profile of Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens larvae through feeding. FUTURE FOODS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Low temperatures induce physiological changes in lipids, fatty acids and hydrocarbons, in two rare winter scorpions of genus Urophonius (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae). J Therm Biol 2021; 96:102841. [PMID: 33627278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Different organisms (mainly poikilotherms) are subject to environmental fluctuations that could affect their normal physiological functioning (e.g., by destabilization of biomembranes and rupture of biomolecules). As a result, animals regulate their body temperature and adapt to different environmental conditions through various physiological strategies. These adaptations are crucial in all organisms, although they are more relevant in those that have reached a great adaptive diversity such as scorpions. Within scorpions, the genus Urophonius presents species with winter activity, being this a peculiarity within the Order and an opportunity to study the strategies deployed by these organisms when facing different temperatures. Here, we explore three basic issues of lipid remodeling under high and low temperatures, using adults and juveniles of Urophonius achalensis and U. brachycentrus. First, as an indicator of metabolic state, we analyzed the lipidic changes in different tissues observing that low temperatures generate higher quantities of triacylglycerols and fewer amount of structural lipids and sphyngomielin. Furthermore, we studied the participation of fatty acids in adaptive homeoviscosity, showing that there are changes in the quantity of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids at low temperature (mainly 16:0, 18:0, 18:1 and 18:2). Finally, we observe that there are quantitative and qualitative variations in the cuticular hydrocarbons (with possible water barrier and chemical recognition function). These fluctuations are in some cases species-specific, metabolic-specific, tissue-specific and in others depend on the ontogenetic state.
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12
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Han J, Lee JS, Park JC, Hagiwara A, Lee KW, Lee JS. Effects of temperature changes on life parameters, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense system in the monogonont marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 155:111062. [PMID: 32469753 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is a big concern for all organisms and many efforts have been made to reveal the potential effects of temperature elevation on aquatic organisms. However, limited studies on molecular mechanistic approaches on physiological effects due to temperature changes are available. Here, we investigated the effects of temperature changes on life parameters (e.g., population growth [total number of rotifers], and lifespan), oxidative stress levels and antioxidant activities (e.g., glutathione S-transferase [GST], catalase [CAT], superoxide dismutase [SOD]) with expression levels in the monogonont marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. The changes in temperatures led to significant reduction (P < 0.05) in lifespan, possibly due to significant decrease (P < 0.05) in antioxidant activities, reducing the potential to cope with significant elevation in the temperature-induced oxidative stress in B. plicatilis. To further assess the actual induction and clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), N-acetyl-L-cysteine was used to examine whether the temperature-induced oxidative stress could be successfully scavenged. Furthermore, expression patterns of the antioxidant-related genes (GSTs, SODs, and CATs) were down- or upregulated (P < 0.05) in response to different temperatures in B. plicatilis. Overall, these findings indicate that ROS-mediated oxidative stress led to cellular damage and antioxidant defense system, resulting in deleterious effects on life parameters in rotifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Han
- Department of Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, South Korea; Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jin-Sol Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jun Chul Park
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Atsushi Hagiwara
- Institute of Integrated Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kyun-Woo Lee
- Department of Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Transcriptome analysis of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in response to temperature stress. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 34:100677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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14
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Maraun M, Augustin D, Pollierer MM, Scheu S. Variation in trophic niches of oribatid mites in temperate forest ecosystems as indicated by neutral lipid fatty acid patterns. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 81:103-115. [PMID: 32347428 PMCID: PMC7203090 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00494-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Shifting of trophic niches of soil microarthropods may allow them to adapt to changing resource conditions as induced by global change processes. However, the capability of microarthropods to shift their trophic niches is little studied. Whereas some studies based on stable isotopes (15N/13C) point to distinct and narrow trophic niches, others indicate that trophic niches are plastic. Here, we investigated shifts in trophic niches of oribatid mites (Oribatida, Acari), a major soil detritivore microarthropod group, due to forest management, i.e., plantation of beech and spruce forests in Central Europe, using neutral lipid fatty acid (NLFA) markers. Due to differential microbial communities, we expected a fungi-based diet of oribatid mites in beech forest, but more bacterial contributions to the diet in spruce forest. Supporting these hypotheses, NLFA markers indicated that the trophic niches of each of the studied oribatid mite species differed between beech and spruce forests and shifted from feeding predominantly on litter and fungi in beech forest to more intensively feeding on bacteria in spruce forest. Oribatid mite species with the most pronounced differences in trophic niches included Achipteria coleoptrata, Eupelops hirtus, Eupelops plicatus and Liacarus xylariae, which had been classified as primary or secondary decomposers in previous studies. Overall, the results indicate that the ability of oribatid mite species to colonize different habitats and ecosystems is due to their ability to adjust their diet, i.e., to trophic plasticity. Changes in trophic niches in each of the studied oribatid mite species suggest that detritivores in soil may better cope with future changes in environmental conditions and associated changes in resource composition than species above the ground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Maraun
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Dana Augustin
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Melanie M Pollierer
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 8, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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Dynamic transcriptome profiling exploring cold tolerance in forensically important blow fly, Aldrichina grahami (Diptera: Calliphoridae). BMC Genomics 2020; 21:92. [PMID: 31996132 PMCID: PMC6988367 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aldrichina grahami (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is a forensically important fly, which has been widely applied to practical legal investigations. Unlike other necrophagous flies, A. grahami exhibits cold tolerance which helps to maintain its activity during low-temperature months, when other species are usually not active. Hence, A. grahami is considered an important forensic insect especially in cold seasons. In this study, we aim to explore the molecular mechanisms of cold tolerance of A. grahami through transcriptome. Results We collected eggs and larvae (first-instar, second-instar and third-instar) at three different temperatures (4 °C, 12 °C and 20 °C) and performed RNA-seq analyses. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the cold-tolerance were screened out. The Venn analysis of DEGs from egg to third-instar larvae at three different temperatures showed there were 9 common genes. Candidate biological processes and genes were identified which refer to growth, and development of different temperatures, especially the chitin and cuticle metabolic process. The series-clusters showed crucial and unique trends when the temperature changed. Moreover, by comparing the results of growth and developmental transcriptomes from different temperatures, we found that DEGs belonging to the family of larval cuticle proteins (LCP), pupal cuticle protein (CUP), and heat shock proteins (HSP) have certain differences. Conclusions This study identified functional genes and showed differences in the expression pattern of diverse temperatures. The DEGs series-clusters with increasing or decreasing trends were analyzed which may play an important role in cold-tolerance. Moreover, the findings in LCP, CUP and HSP showed more possible modulations in a cold environment. This work will provide valuable information for the future investigation of the molecular mechanism of cold tolerance in A. grahami.
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Mikkelsen N, Mikkelsen GH, Holmstrup M, Jensen J. Recovery period of Folsomia candida influence the impact of nonylphenol and phenanthrene on the tolerance of drought and heat shock. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113105. [PMID: 31476675 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil organisms are exposed to natural and anthropogenic stressors, such as xenobiotics. However, to simplify and make laboratory experiments easily reproducible, natural stressors are often excluded from ecotoxicological studies and risk assessment. This might underestimate the effect of chemicals, since synergistic interactions between chemicals and natural stressors might occur, creating a more severe impact than expected. Several studies have addressed simultaneous exposure to natural and chemical stressors, but very little is known of about the persistence of these interactions during recovery. Here, we examined if recovery after chemical stress exposure was important for the ability of springtails (Folsomia candida) to tolerate subsequent drought- and heat stress. Nonylphenol (NP) and phenanthrene (PHE) was tested and their isolated toxicity resulted in LC50 values of 206 mg NP kg-1 dry soil and 109 mg PHE kg-1 dry soil in a 7-day test. Elimination of NP and PHE was rapid and only trace amounts remained in springtail tissues after 3-7 days of recovery. Isolated studies of drought and heat shock on Folsomia candida resulted in a lethal effect for 50% of the animals (LRH50) at a relative humidity (RH) of 97.9%, and 190 min at 34 °C was shown to be lethal for 50% of the test species (LT50). The results showed, as expected, significant synergistic interactions between the effects of the chemicals and the effects of drought and heat stress. The negative effects of NP and PHE on the drought tolerance disappeared within 7 days post exposure. Springtails exposed to PHE also recovered their heat tolerance within 7 days post exposure, while NP exposed animals had not fully recovered their heat tolerance 14 days after exposure. Overall, a recovery period post chemical exposure was found to be very important for springtails in order to cope with natural stressors like heat and drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Mikkelsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Holmstrup
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - John Jensen
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark.
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de Mendoza D, Pilon M. Control of membrane lipid homeostasis by lipid-bilayer associated sensors: A mechanism conserved from bacteria to humans. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 76:100996. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Enriquez T, Colinet H. Cold acclimation triggers lipidomic and metabolic adjustments in the spotted wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii (Matsumara). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R751-R763. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00370.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cold exposure is detrimental to chill susceptible insects that may accumulate chill injuries. To cope with deleterious effects of cold temperature, insects employ a variety of physiological strategies and metabolic adjustments, such as production of cryoprotectants, or remodeling of cellular membranes. Cold tolerance is a key element determining the fundamental niche of species. Because Drosophila suzukii is an invasive fruit pest, originating from East Asia, knowledge about its thermal biology is urgently needed. Physiological mechanisms underlying cold tolerance plasticity remain poorly understood in this species. Here, we explored metabolic and lipidomic modifications associated with the acquisition of cold tolerance in D. suzukii using Omics technologies (LC- and GC-MS/MS). In both cold-acclimated males and females, we observed physiological changes consistent with homeoviscous/homeophasic adaptation of membranes: reshuffling of phospholipid head groups and increasing unsaturation rate of fatty acids. Modification of fatty acids unsaturation were also observed in triacylglycerides, which would likely increase accessibility of lipid reserves. At the metabolic level, we observed clear-cut differentiation of metabolic profiles with cold-acclimated metabotypes showing accumulation of several potential cryoprotectants (sugars and amino acids). Metabolic pathway analyses indicated a remodeling of various processes, including purine metabolism and aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis. These data provide a large-scale characterization of lipid rearrangements and metabolic pathway modifications in D. suzukii in response to cold acclimation and contribute to characterizing the strategies used by this species to modulate cold tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Enriquez
- Université Rennes 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Rennes, France
| | - Hervé Colinet
- Université Rennes 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Rennes, France
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Cui J, Zhu SY, Gao Y, Bi R, Xu Z, Shi SS. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in Response to High-Temperature Stress. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:407-415. [PMID: 30351361 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (Fabricius), is mainly distributed in southern China and has been considered an invasive species in the southeastern United States. Megacopta cribraria is a soybean pest with high-temperature resistance, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its thermal adaptation are largely unknown. Here, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis to unravel the molecular response of M. cribraria toward high-temperature stress. Following RNA-seq, we identified 93,959 assembled unigenes, 14,073 of which were annotated in M. cribraria transcriptome libraries. In addition, 127 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) were detected, 88 of them were significantly upregulated, whereas the remaining 39 genes were significantly downregulated. Functional classification revealed that the pathways of metabolic process, cellular processes, and single-organism processes were considered to be significantly enriched. In the COG classification, DEGs were mainly localized into O: post-translational modification, protein turnover, chaperone. Moreover, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and linoleic acid metabolism were significantly enriched among the 38 KEGG pathways. Further gene annotation analysis indicated that nine heat shock protein-related genes were significantly upregulated. Finally, five HSP DEGs were selected for real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction validation and demonstrated a similar upregulation trend with RNA-seq expression profiles. Taken altogether, these findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of thermal adaptation in M. cribraria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cui
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Shi-Yu Zhu
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Rui Bi
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Zhe Xu
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Shu-Sen Shi
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, PR China
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Han J, Lee MC, Park JC, Kim S, Lee JS. Effects of temperature shifts on life parameters and expression of fatty acid synthesis and heat shock protein genes in temperate and Antarctic copepods Tigriopus japonicus and Tigriopus kingsejongensis. Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Lee MC, Park JC, Lee JS. Effects of environmental stressors on lipid metabolism in aquatic invertebrates. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 200:83-92. [PMID: 29727774 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is crucial for the survival and propagation of the species, since lipids are an essential cellular component across animal taxa for maintaining homeostasis in the presence of environmental stressors. This review aims to summarize information on the lipid metabolism under environmental stressors in aquatic invertebrates. Fatty acid synthesis from glucose via de novo lipogenesis (DNL) pathway is mostly well-conserved across animal taxa. The structure of free fatty acid (FFA) from both dietary and DNL pathway could be transformed by elongase and desaturase. In addition, FFA can be stored in lipid droplet as triacylglycerol, upon attachment to glycerol. However, due to the limited information on both gene and lipid composition, in-depth studies on the structural modification of FFA and their storage conformation are required. Despite previously validated evidences on the disturbance of the normal life cycle and lipid homeostasis by the environmental stressors (e.g., obesogens, salinity, temperature, pCO2, and nutrients) in the aquatic invertebrates, the mechanism behind these effects are still poorly understood. To overcome this limitation, omics approaches such as transcriptomic and proteomic analyses have been used, but there are still gaps in our knowledge on aquatic invertebrates as well as the lipidome. This paper provides a deeper understanding of lipid metabolism in aquatic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chul Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jun Chul Park
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Bjørge JD, Overgaard J, Malte H, Gianotten N, Heckmann LH. Role of temperature on growth and metabolic rate in the tenebrionid beetles Alphitobius diaperinus and Tenebrio molitor. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 107:89-96. [PMID: 29477466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Insects are increasingly used as a dietary source for food and feed and it is therefore important to understand how rearing conditions affect growth and development of these agricultural animals. Temperature is arguably the most important factor affecting metabolism and growth rate in insects. Here, we investigated how rearing temperature affected growth rate, growth efficiency and macronutrient composition in two species of edible beetle larvae: Alphitobius diaperinus and Tenebrio molitor. Growth rates of both species were quantified at temperatures ranging from 15.2 to 38.0 °C after which we measured protein and lipid content of the different treatment groups. Metabolic rate was measured in a similar temperature range by measuring the rate of O2 consumption (V·O2) and CO2 production (V·CO2) using repeated measures closed respirometry. Using these measurements, we calculated the growth efficiency of mealworms by relating the energy assimilation rate to the metabolic rate. Maximum daily growth rates were 18.3% and 16.6% at 31 °C, for A. diaperinus and T. molitor respectively, and we found that A. diaperinus was better at maintaining growth at high temperatures while T. molitor had superior growth at lower temperatures. Both species had highest efficiencies of energy assimilation in the temperature range of 23.3-31.0 °C, with values close to 2 J assimilated/J metabolised in A. diaperinus and around 4 J assimilated/J metabolised in T. molitor. Compared to "conventional" terrestrial livestock, both species of insects were characterised by high growth rates and very high energy conversion efficiency at most experimental temperatures. For A. diaperinus, lipid content was approximately 30% of dry mass and protein content approximately 50% of dry mass across most temperatures. Temperature had a greater influence on the body composition of T. molitor. At 31.0 °C the lipid and protein content was measured to 47.4% and 37.9%, respectively but lipid contents decreased, and protein contents increased when temperatures were higher or lower than 31.0 °C. In summary, rearing temperature had large and independent effects on growth rate, energy assimilation efficiency and protein/lipid content. Accordingly, temperature is a critical parameter to control in commercial insect rearing regardless if the producer wants to optimise production speed, production efficiency or product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Dahl Bjørge
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Danish Technological Institute, Life Science, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Johannes Overgaard
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hans Malte
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Fukumura K, Konuma T, Tsukamoto Y, Nagata S. Adipokinetic hormone signaling determines dietary fatty acid preference through maintenance of hemolymph fatty acid composition in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4737. [PMID: 29549314 PMCID: PMC5856772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22987-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipokinetic hormone (AKH), an analog of mammalian glucagon, functions in supplying the required energy by releasing lipids and carbohydrates from the fat body into the hemolymph. Our previous study showed that AKH receptor (AKHR) knockdown in the two-spotted cricket Gryllus bimaculatus decreased hemolymph lipid levels and increased its feeding frequency. To reveal underlying mechanisms by which AKH signaling modulates lipid homeostasis, we analyzed the fatty acid composition as the lipid structure in the crickets. AKH administration significantly increased the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) to total fatty acids with decrease of the saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in hemolymph, while these proportions were inversely changed in RNA interference-mediated AKHR-knockdowned (AKHRRNAi) crickets. Interestingly, knockdown of hormone-sensitive lipase (Hsl) by RNAi (HslRNAi) affected the proportion of USFAs and SFAs in a similar manner to that observed in AKHRRNAi crickets. AKH administration in HslRNAi crickets did not change hemolymph fatty acid composition, indicating that AKH signaling critically altered fatty acid composition in the hemolymph through Hsl. In addition, a choice assay revealed that AKHRRNAi significantly increases the preference of USFAs. These data indicate that hemolymph lipid level and composition were modulated by AKH signaling with a complementary feeding behavior toward USFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Fukumura
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Takahiro Konuma
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsukamoto
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Shinji Nagata
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
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Giri S, Rule DC, Dillon ME. Fatty acid composition in native bees: Associations with thermal and feeding ecology. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 218:70-79. [PMID: 29409996 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) composition of lipids plays a crucial role in the functioning of lipid-containing structures in organisms and may be affected by the temperature an organism experiences, as well as its diet. We compared FA composition among four bee genera: Andrena, Bombus, Megachile, and Osmia which differ in their thermal ecology and diet. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were prepared by direct transesterification with KOH and analyzed using gas-liquid chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Sixteen total FAs ranging in chain length from eight to 22 carbon atoms were identified. Linear discriminant analysis separated the bees based on their FA composition. Andrena was characterized by relatively high concentrations of polyunsaturated FAs, Bombus by high monounsaturated FAs and Megachilids (Megachile and Osmia) by relatively high amounts of saturated FAs. These differences in FA composition may in part be explained by variation in the diets of these bees. Because tongue (proboscis) length may be used as a proxy for the types of flowers bees may visit for nectar and pollen, we compared FA composition among Bombus that differed in proboscis length (but have similar thermal ecology). A clear separation in FA composition within Bombus with varying proboscis lengths was found using linear discriminant analysis. Further, comparing the relationship between each genus by cluster analysis revealed aggregations by genus that were not completely separated, suggesting potential overlap in dietary acquisition of FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susma Giri
- Department of Zoology and Physiology & Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Daniel C Rule
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Michael E Dillon
- Department of Zoology and Physiology & Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
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25
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Chen TW, Sandmann P, Schaefer I, Scheu S. Neutral lipid fatty acid composition as trait and constraint in Collembola evolution. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9624-9638. [PMID: 29187995 PMCID: PMC5696395 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional traits determine the occurrence of species along environmental gradients and their coexistence with other species. Understanding how traits evolved among coexisting species helps to infer community assembly processes. We propose fatty acid composition in consumer tissue as a functional trait related to both food resources and physiological functions of species. We measured phylogenetic signal in fatty acid profiles of 13 field-sampled Collembola (springtail) species and then combined the data with published fatty acid profiles of another 24 species. Collembola fatty acid profiles generally showed phylogenetic signal, with related species resembling each other. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, related to physiological functions, demonstrated phylogenetic signal. In contrast, most food resource biomarker fatty acids and the ratios between bacterial, fungal, and plant biomarker fatty acids exhibited no phylogenetic signal. Presumably, fatty acids related to physiological functions have been constrained during Collembola evolutionary history: Species with close phylogenetic affinity experienced similar environments during divergence, while niche partitioning in food resources among closely related species favored species coexistence. Measuring phylogenetic signal in ecologically relevant traits of coexisting species provides an evolutionary perspective to contemporary assembly processes of ecological communities. Integrating phylogenetic comparative methods with community phylogenetic and trait-based approaches may compensate for the limitations of each method when used alone and improve understanding of processes driving and maintaining assembly patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wen Chen
- J. F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Philipp Sandmann
- J. F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Ina Schaefer
- J. F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J. F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
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26
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Lavarías S, Ocon C, van Oosterom VL, Laino A, Medesani DA, Fassiano A, Garda H, Donadelli J, de Molina MR, Capítulo AR. Multibiomarker responses in aquatic insect Belostoma elegans (Hemiptera) to organic pollution in freshwater system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:1322-1337. [PMID: 27771882 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7493-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study analyzes a battery of biomarkers in the water bug Belostoma elegans from a stream polluted with organic matter (OMS), and another one considered as reference site (RS) during spring-summer season (December to March). Biochemical parameters of glucidic, lipidic and oxidative metabolic pathways were analyzed in males and females of this insect. In general, no significant differences were observed in all biomarkers assayed between both sexes, except lactate concentration which was higher in males than in females (p < 0.0006) in the first three months. About carbohydrate metabolism parameters, only pyruvate-kinase showed significant differences between insects collected in both streams (p < 0.05) during December. However, the total lipid content, saturated fatty acid, and mainly triacylglycerol were higher in insects from RS compared to those from OMS (p < 0.002) in all sampled months. Levels of lipoperoxidation, protein oxidation, reduced glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase activity showed no differences between insects collected from both streams. Nevertheless, the significant increase observed in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities (p < 0.004) could be due to the elevated oxidative metabolism in insects from RS compared to those from OMS with lower dissolved oxygen. Regarding those responding parameters, males accounted for the differences between the two sites during the study period. In conclusion, our results support that lipidic energetic reserves and antioxidant enzyme activities in B. elegans could be used as biomarkers of environmental pollution by organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lavarías
- Instituto de Limnología de La Plata (ILPLA) CONICET CCT La Plata-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Boulevard 120 y 62, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - C Ocon
- Instituto de Limnología de La Plata (ILPLA) CONICET CCT La Plata-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Boulevard 120 y 62, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - V López van Oosterom
- Instituto de Limnología de La Plata (ILPLA) CONICET CCT La Plata-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Boulevard 120 y 62, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - A Laino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP) CONICET CCT La Plata-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - D A Medesani
- IQUIBICEN Fac. Cs. Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Fassiano
- IQUIBICEN Fac. Cs. Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H Garda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP) CONICET CCT La Plata-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - J Donadelli
- Instituto de Limnología de La Plata (ILPLA) CONICET CCT La Plata-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Boulevard 120 y 62, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Ríos de Molina
- IQUIBICEN Fac. Cs. Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Rodrigues Capítulo
- Instituto de Limnología de La Plata (ILPLA) CONICET CCT La Plata-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Boulevard 120 y 62, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
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Dubousquet V, Gros E, Berteaux-Lecellier V, Viguier B, Raharivelomanana P, Bertrand C, Lecellier GJ. Changes in fatty acid composition in the giant clam Tridacna maxima in response to thermal stress. Biol Open 2016; 5:1400-1407. [PMID: 27543058 PMCID: PMC5087672 DOI: 10.1242/bio.017921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature can modify membrane fluidity and thus affects cellular functions and physiological activities. This study examines lipid remodelling in the marine symbiotic organism, Tridacna maxima, during a time series of induced thermal stress, with an emphasis on the morphology of their symbiont Symbiodinium First, we show that the French Polynesian giant clams harbour an important proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA), which reflects their tropical location. Second, in contrast to most marine organisms, the total lipid content in giant clams remained constant under stress, though some changes in their composition were shown. Third, the stress-induced changes in fatty acid (FA) diversity were accompanied by an upregulation of genes involved in lipids and ROS pathways. Finally, our microscopic analysis revealed that for the giant clam's symbiont, Symbiodinium, thermal stress led to two sequential cell death processes. Our data suggests that the degradation of Symbiodinium cells could provide an additional source of energy to T maxima in response to heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaimiti Dubousquet
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD-CNRS, USR3278 CRIOBE, 98729 Moorea, French Polynesia University of French Polynesia-Ifremer-ILM-IRD, UMR241 EIO, BP 6570, 98702 Faa'a, Tahiti, French Polynesia Département de recherche agronomique appliquée, Service du développement rural, BP 100, Papeete, Tahiti 98713, French Polynesia
| | - Emmanuelle Gros
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD-CNRS, USR3278 CRIOBE, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Véronique Berteaux-Lecellier
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD-CNRS, USR3278 CRIOBE, 98729 Moorea, French Polynesia Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Viguier
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD-CNRS, USR3278 CRIOBE, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Phila Raharivelomanana
- University of French Polynesia-Ifremer-ILM-IRD, UMR241 EIO, BP 6570, 98702 Faa'a, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Cédric Bertrand
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD-CNRS, USR3278 CRIOBE, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Gaël J Lecellier
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD-CNRS, USR3278 CRIOBE, 98729 Moorea, French Polynesia Université Paris-Saclay/Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 55 Avenue de Paris, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
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28
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The influence of different sample preparation procedures on the determination of fatty acid profiles of beef subcutaneous fat, liver and muscle by gas chromatography. J Food Compost Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Werbrouck E, Van Gansbeke D, Vanreusel A, De Troch M. Temperature Affects the Use of Storage Fatty Acids as Energy Source in a Benthic Copepod (Platychelipus littoralis, Harpacticoida). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151779. [PMID: 26986852 PMCID: PMC4795710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of storage lipids and their associated fatty acids (FA) is an important means for organisms to cope with periods of food shortage, however, little is known about the dynamics and FA mobilization in benthic copepods (order Harpacticoida). Furthermore, lipid depletion and FA mobilization may depend on the ambient temperature. Therefore, we subjected the temperate copepod Platychelipus littoralis to several intervals (3, 6 and 14 days) of food deprivation, under two temperatures in the range of the normal habitat temperature (4, 15 °C) and under an elevated temperature (24 °C), and studied the changes in FA composition of storage and membrane lipids. Although bulk depletion of storage FA occurred after a few days of food deprivation under 4 °C and 15 °C, copepod survival remained high during the experiment, suggesting the catabolization of other energy sources. Ambient temperature affected both the degree of FA depletion and the FA mobilization. In particular, storage FA were more exhausted and FA mobilization was more selective under 15 °C compared with 4 °C. In contrast, depletion of storage FA was limited under an elevated temperature, potentially due to a switch to partial anaerobiosis. Food deprivation induced selective DHA retention in the copepod's membrane, under all temperatures. However, prolonged exposure to heat and nutritional stress eventually depleted DHA in the membranes, and potentially induced high copepod mortality. Storage lipids clearly played an important role in the short-term response of the copepod P. littoralis to food deprivation. However, under elevated temperature, the use of storage FA as an energy source is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Werbrouck
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Dirk Van Gansbeke
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Vanreusel
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marleen De Troch
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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30
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Nasiri Moghadam N, Holmstrup M, Manenti T, Brandt Mouridsen M, Pertoldi C, Loeschcke V. The Role of Storage Lipids in the Relation between Fecundity, Locomotor Activity, and Lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster Longevity-Selected and Control Lines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130334. [PMID: 26115349 PMCID: PMC4483158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of insect fat body to multiple processes, such as development, metamorphosis, activity, and reproduction results in trade-offs between life history traits. In the present study, age-induced modulation of storage lipid composition in Drosophila melanogaster longevity-selected (L) and non-selected control (C) lines was studied and the correlation between total body fat mass and lifespan assessed. The trade-offs between fecundity, locomotor activity, and lifespan were re-evaluated from a lipid-related metabolic perspective. Fewer storage lipids in the L lines compared to the C lines supports the impact of body fat mass on extended lifespan. The higher rate of fecundity and locomotor activity in the L lines may increase the lipid metabolism and enhance the lipolysis of storage lipids, reducing fat reserves. The correlation between neutral lipid fatty acids and fecundity, as well as locomotor activity, varied across age groups and between the L and C lines. The fatty acids that correlated with egg production were different from the fatty acids that correlated with locomotor activity. The present study suggests that fecundity and locomotor activity may positively affect the lifespan of D. melanogaster through the inhibition of fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Nasiri Moghadam
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, PO Box 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Tommaso Manenti
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marie Brandt Mouridsen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Cino Pertoldi
- Aalborg Zoo, Mølleparkvej 63, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
- Department 18 / Section of Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Sohngårdsholmvej 57, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Volker Loeschcke
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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31
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Vukašinović EL, Pond DW, Worland MR, Kojić D, Purać J, Popović ŽD, Grubor-Lajšić G. Diapause induces remodeling of the fatty acid composition of membrane and storage lipids in overwintering larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis, Hubn. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 184:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Fisker KV, Bouvrais H, Overgaard J, Schöttner K, Ipsen JH, Holmstrup M. Membrane properties of Enchytraeus albidus originating from contrasting environments: a comparative analysis. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 185:389-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Nguyen SH, Webb HK, Mainwaring DE, Mahon PJ, Crawford RJ, Ivanova EP. Bacterial patterning at the three-phase line of contact with microtextured alkanes. BIOFOULING 2015; 31:297-307. [PMID: 25959368 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1038706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic crystallites, characteristic of the eicosane and docosane components of naturally occurring lipids, were found to form microtextures that were structured by specific interactions with ordered graphite (HOPG) used as the underlying substratum, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis. Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM) showed highly directed bacterial alignment for two bacterial species (spherical and rod-shaped), reflecting the preferential orientation of the crystallite-air-water interfaces to give linear and triangular bacterial patterning. The mechanisms of bacterial attachment are demonstrated in terms of the balance between effective radial adhesional forces and the capillary forces resulting from the water contact angle of the bacteria at the three-phase line (TPL) of the lipid surface. It is suggested that these microtextured surfaces, which exhibit the ability to limit bacterial adhesion to a precise patterning at the lipid TPL, could be used as a means of controlling bacterial colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ha Nguyen
- a Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology , Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn , Australia
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34
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Nguyen SH, Webb HK, Mahon PJ, Crawford RJ, Ivanova EP. Natural insect and plant micro-/nanostructsured surfaces: an excellent selection of valuable templates with superhydrophobic and self-cleaning properties. Molecules 2014; 19:13614-30. [PMID: 25185068 PMCID: PMC6271828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190913614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects and plants are two types of organisms that are widely separated on the evolutionary tree; for example, plants are mostly phototrophic organisms whilst insects are heterotrophic organisms. In order to cope with environmental stresses, their surfaces have developed cuticular layers that consist of highly sophisticated structures. These structures serve a number of purposes, and impart useful properties to these surfaces. These two groups of organisms are the only ones identified thus far that possess truly superhydrophobic and self-cleaning properties. These properties result from their micro- and nano-scale structures, comprised of three-dimensional wax formations. This review analyzes the surface topologies and surface chemistry of insects and plants in order to identify the features common to both organisms, with particular reference to their superhydrophobic and self-cleaning properties. This information will be valuable when determining the potential application of these surfaces in the design and manufacture of superhydrophobic and self-cleaning devices, including those that can be used in the manufacture of biomedical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ha Nguyen
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Hayden K Webb
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Peter J Mahon
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Russell J Crawford
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Elena P Ivanova
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
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35
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Ivanova EP, Nguyen SH, Webb HK, Hasan J, Truong VK, Lamb RN, Duan X, Tobin MJ, Mahon PJ, Crawford RJ. Molecular organization of the nanoscale surface structures of the dragonfly Hemianax papuensis wing epicuticle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67893. [PMID: 23874463 PMCID: PMC3706462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular organization of the epicuticle (the outermost layer) of insect wings is vital in the formation of the nanoscale surface patterns that are responsible for bestowing remarkable functional properties. Using a combination of spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques, including Synchrotron-sourced Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), we have identified the chemical components that constitute the nanoscale structures on the surface of the wings of the dragonfly, Hemianax papuensis. The major components were identified to be fatty acids, predominantly hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid, and n-alkanes with even numbered carbon chains ranging from C14 to C30. The data obtained from XPS depth profiling, in conjunction with that obtained from GCMS analyses, enabled the location of particular classes of compounds to different regions within the epicuticle. Hexadecanoic acid was found to be a major component of the outer region of the epicuticle, which forms the surface nanostructures, and was also detected in deeper layers along with octadecanoic acid. Aliphatic compounds were detected throughout the epicuticle, and these appeared to form a third discrete layer that was separate from both the inner and outer epicuticles, which has never previously been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena P Ivanova
- Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia.
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36
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van Dooremalen C, Berg MP, Ellers J. Acclimation responses to temperature vary with vertical stratification: implications for vulnerability of soil-dwelling species to extreme temperature events. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:975-984. [PMID: 23504852 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of summer heat waves is predicted to increase in amplitude and frequency in the near future, but the consequences of such extreme events are largely unknown, especially for belowground organisms. Soil organisms usually exhibit strong vertical stratification, resulting in more frequent exposure to extreme temperatures for surface-dwelling species than for soil-dwelling species. Therefore soil-dwelling species are expected to have poor acclimation responses to cope with temperature changes. We used five species of surface-dwelling and four species of soil-dwelling Collembola that habituate different depths in the soil. We tested for differences in tolerance to extreme temperatures after acclimation to warm and cold conditions. We also tested for differences in acclimation of the underlying physiology by looking at changes in membrane lipid composition. Chill coma recovery time, heat knockdown time and fatty acid profiles were determined after 1 week of acclimation to either 5 or 20 °C. Our results showed that surface-dwelling Collembola better maintained increased heat tolerance across acclimation temperatures, but no such response was found for cold tolerance. Concordantly, four of the five surface-dwelling Collembola showed up to fourfold changes in relative abundance of fatty acids after 1 week of acclimation, whereas none of the soil-dwelling species showed a significant adjustment in fatty acid composition. Strong physiological responses to temperature fluctuations may have become redundant in soil-dwelling species due to the relative thermal stability of their subterranean habitat. Based on the results of the four species studied, we expect that unless soil-dwelling species can temporarily retreat to avoid extreme temperatures, the predicted increase in heat waves under climatic change renders these soil-dwelling species more vulnerable to extinction than species with better physiological capabilities. Being able to act under a larger thermal range is probably costly and could reduce maximum performance at the optimal temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coby van Dooremalen
- Animal Ecology Group, Department of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
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37
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Traugott M, Kamenova S, Ruess L, Seeber J, Plantegenest M. Empirically Characterising Trophic Networks. ADV ECOL RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420002-9.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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38
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Waagner D, Holmstrup M, Bayley M, Sørensen JG. Induced cold tolerance mechanisms depend on duration of acclimation in the chill sensitive Folsomia candida (Collembola). J Exp Biol 2013; 216:1991-2000. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.079814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Summary
During cold periods ectotherms may improve low temperature tolerance via rapid cold hardening (RCH) over a period of hours and/or long-term cold acclimation (LTCA) during days, weeks or months. However, the effect of duration and the major underlying mechanisms of these processes are still not fully understood. In the present study, the molecular and biochemical responses to RCH (1-3 hours) and LTCA (1-3 days) and the corresponding benefits to survival were investigated using the chill sensitive collembolan, Folsomia candida. We investigated osmolyte accumulation, membrane restructuring and transcription of candidate genes as well as survival benefits in response to RCH and LTCA. RCH induced significant up-regulation of targeted genes encoding enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolic pathways and genes encoding small and constitutively expressed Hsps, indicating that the animals rely on protein protection from a subset of Hsps during RCH and probably also LTCA. The up-regulation of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolic processes initiated during RCH was likely responsible for a transient accumulation of myoinositol during LTCA, which may support the protection of protein and membrane function and structure. Membrane restructuring, composed especially of a significantly increased ratio of unsaturated to saturated phospholipid fatty acids seems to be a supplementary mechanism to activation of Hsps and myoinositol accumulation in LTCA. Thus, the moderate increase in cold shock tolerance conferred by RCH seems to be dominated by effects of heat shock proteins, whereas the substantially better cold tolerance achieved after LTCA is dominated by post-transcriptional processes increasing membrane fluidity and cryoprotectant concentration.
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39
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Nicolai A, Filser J, Lenz R, Valérie B, Charrier M. Composition of body storage compounds influences egg quality and reproductive investment in the land snail Cornu aspersum. CAN J ZOOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/z2012-081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In invertebrates, resources available for growth and reproduction might influence the composition of body stores and subsequently nutrient allocation to eggs, thereby adjusting energy investment in reproduction. We investigated in the land snail Cornu aspersum (Müller, 1774) the efficiency of growth and the main storage compounds in the body and in eggs with respect to lipid content in food (5.5% versus 2.5%). The high body dry mass density of snails fed on lipid-rich diet underlined the high storage capacity of neutral lipids acquired during growth (high growth efficiency) without changing energy content because of the prevailing carbohydrate storage compounds. Reproductive investment was lower in these snails, and maternal effects decreased clutch size. Triglyceride allocation to eggs might enhance survival probability of offspring and therefore compensate for smaller clutch size. Snails fed on lipid-poor diet maximized their investment in clutch size whatever the amount of body stores, and allocated a higher amount of cholesterol to eggs. Cholesterol could be essential for embryo growth, as it ensures membrane functioning. In conclusion, the availability of resources can differentially affect nutrient allocation and energy investment in reproduction. Thus, the investigation of physiological processes becomes essential to understand population dynamics in fluctuating or changing habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Nicolai
- UMR CNRS 6553 EcoBio, Université de Rennes 1, bâtiment 14A, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France
- IAF, Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Umwelt Nürtingen-Geislingen, Schelmenwasen 4-8, 72622 Nürtingen, Deutschland
| | - Juliane Filser
- Universität Bremen, UFT, Abteilung für theoretische Ökologie, Leobener Straße, D-28359 Bremen
| | - Roman Lenz
- IAF, Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Umwelt Nürtingen-Geislingen, Schelmenwasen 4-8, 72622 Nürtingen, Deutschland
| | - Briand Valérie
- UMR CNRS 6553 EcoBio, Université de Rennes 1, bâtiment 14A, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France
| | - Maryvonne Charrier
- UMR CNRS 6553 EcoBio, Université de Rennes 1, bâtiment 14A, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France
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Lehmann P, Lyytinen A, Sinisalo T, Lindström L. Population dependent effects of photoperiod on diapause related physiological traits in an invasive beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:1146-1158. [PMID: 22705255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Organisms undergoing latitudinal range expansion face a change in the photoperiod which can lead to a mismatch between the timing of seasonal changes in physiological and life history traits with seasonal environmental changes. This mismatch can lead to lowered survival, for example, due to unsynchronized diapause timing. Successful range expansion even in recent introductions requires that organisms which use the photoperiod for seasonal predictions should show interpopulational differences in photoperiodic responses at different latitudes, as the photoperiod is a function of latitude. We investigated among population differences in photoperiodic responses of life history and physiological traits linked to diapause in the invasive beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Beetles from a northern marginal and a southern European population were reared under short day (12:12L:D) and long day (18:6L:D) photoperiods. Both populations reacted similarly to the short day photoperiod. Their abdominal total lipid content increased and water content decreased which suggests that the beetles prepared for diapause. This was also indicated by low mortality during diapause. In the long day photoperiod large interpopulational differences were found, the southern population ceased lipid accumulation after 5 days, while the northern population continued lipid accumulation as beetles in the short day photoperiod. This indicates that the northern population has a longer critical photoperiod than the southern one. Abdominal total lipid stores in 10 day old beetles were shown to be predominantly composed of neutral lipids (85%), most likely representing storage triacylglycerols. Fatty acid profiles of both the neutral lipids and the phospholipids showed large shifts during the first 10 day of adult life, predominantly in the fractions of 18:0, 18:1ω9, 18:2ω6 and 18:3ω3. Although the degree of unsaturation increased with age, it was not higher in diapausing than non-diapausing beetles. This indicates that this species does not increase diapause related cold tolerance via homeoviscous adaptation, and might have developed other means to cope with suboptimal temperatures, such as behavioral adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lehmann
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions Research, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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41
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Nicolai A, Filser J, Lenz R, Bertrand C, Charrier M. Quantitative Assessment of Hemolymph Metabolites in Two Physiological States and Two Populations of the Land Snail Helix pomatia. Physiol Biochem Zool 2012; 85:274-84. [DOI: 10.1086/665406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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42
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Driessen G, Huyer F, Ellers J. The costs of phenotypic adaptation to repeatedly fluctuating temperatures in a soil arthropod. J Therm Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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van Dooremalen C, Suring W, Ellers J. Fatty acid composition and extreme temperature tolerance following exposure to fluctuating temperatures in a soil arthropod. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:1267-1273. [PMID: 21704631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ectotherms commonly adjust their lipid composition to ambient temperature to counteract detrimental thermal effects on lipid fluidity. However, the extent of lipid remodeling and the associated fitness consequences under continuous temperature fluctuations are not well-described. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of repeated temperature fluctuations on fatty acid composition and thermal tolerance. We exposed the springtail Orchesella cincta to two constant temperatures of 5 and 20°C, and a continuously fluctuating treatment between 5 and 20°C every 2 days. Fatty acid composition differed significantly between constant low and high temperatures. As expected, animals were most cold tolerant in the low temperature treatment, while heat tolerance was highest under high temperature. Under fluctuating temperatures, fatty acid composition changed with temperature initially, but later in the experiment fatty acid composition stabilized and closely resembled that found under constant warm temperatures. Consistent with this, heat tolerance in the fluctuating temperature treatment was comparable to the constant warm treatment. Cold tolerance in the fluctuating temperature treatment was intermediate compared to animals acclimated to constant cold or warmth, despite the fact that fatty acid composition was adjusted to warm conditions. This unexpected finding suggests that in animals acclimated to fluctuating temperatures an additional underlying mechanism is involved in the cold shock response. Other aspects of homeoviscous adaptation may protect animals during extreme cold. This paper forms a next step to fully understand the functioning of ectotherms in more thermally variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coby van Dooremalen
- Animal Ecology Group, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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44
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Zizzari ZV, Ellers J. Effects of exposure to short-term heat stress on male reproductive fitness in a soil arthropod. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:421-6. [PMID: 21215753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ambient temperature is a key environmental factor influencing a variety of aspects of the ecology and evolution of ectotherms. Reproductive traits have been suggested to be more sensitive to thermal stress than other life history traits. This study investigated the direct and indirect effects of heat shock on male reproductive success in the widespread springtail Orchesella cincta. Male springtails were exposed to four temperature treatments: heat hardening (35.2°C for 1h), heat shock (37.2°C for 1h), heat hardening+heat shock (35.2°C for 1h, followed 15h later by 37.2°C for 1h), and control (20°C). The heat shock gene Hsp70 showed high expression in all the heat treatments, indicating that the treatments indeed induced thermal stress. Significant mortality was only found in the treatment with heat shock, both with and without heat hardening. A direct effect of heat treatment was found on time to first reproduction, which was significantly longer after heat shock (with or without heat hardening) than in the control treatment. There was no difference among treatments in the number of spermatophores produced in the first reproductive instar. Heat treatment also had indirect effects on male reproductive success. Females chose significantly more spermatophores from control males than from males that received heat shock, heat hardening or both. A high percentage of spermatophores produced by heat shocked males caused reproductive failure in females, but no significant differences among treatments were found. Our results suggest that not all traits were equally affected by the heat stress. Heat hardening did not protect reproductive traits against the negative effects of heat shock. The indirect effects of heat shock on reproduction may be equally important as the direct effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Valentina Zizzari
- Department of Animal Ecology, Institute of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Van Dooremalen C, Koekkoek J, Ellers J. Temperature-induced plasticity in membrane and storage lipid composition: thermal reaction norms across five different temperatures. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:285-291. [PMID: 21115015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is a key environmental factor inducing phenotypic plasticity in a wide range of behavioral, morphological, and life history traits in ectotherms. The strength of temperature-induced responses in fitness-related traits may be determined by plasticity of the underlying physiological or biochemical traits. Lipid composition may be an important trait underlying fitness response to temperature, because it affects membrane fluidity as well as availability of stored energy reserves. Here, we investigate the effect of temperature on lipid composition of the springtail Orchesella cincta by measuring thermal reaction norms across five different temperatures after four weeks of cold or warm acclimation. Fatty acid composition in storage and membrane lipids showed a highly plastic response to temperature, but the responses of single fatty acids revealed deviations from the expectations based on HVA theory. We found an accumulation of C(18:2n6) and C(18:3n3) at higher temperatures and the preservation of C(20:4n6) across temperatures, which is contrary to the expectation of decreased unsaturation at higher temperatures. The thermal response of these fatty acids in O. cincta differed from the findings in other species, and therefore shows there is interspecific variation in how single fatty acids contribute to HVA. Future research should determine the consequences of such variation in terms of costs and benefits for the thermal performance of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coby Van Dooremalen
- Animal Ecology Group, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Gołębiowski M, Boguś MI, Paszkiewicz M, Stepnowski P. Cuticular lipids of insects as potential biofungicides: methods of lipid composition analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:3177-91. [PMID: 21153591 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The main function of cuticular lipids in insects is the restriction of water transpiration through the surface. Lipids are involved in various types of chemical communication between species and reduce the penetration of insecticides, chemicals, and toxins and they also provide protection from attack by microorganisms, parasitic insects, and predators. Hydrocarbons, which include straight-chain saturated, unsaturated, and methyl-branched hydrocarbons, predominate in the cuticular lipids of most insect species; fatty acids, alcohols, esters, ketones, aldehydes, as well as trace amounts of epoxides, ethers, oxoaldehydes, diols, and triacylglycerols have also been identified. Analyses of cuticular lipids are chemically relatively straightforward, and methods for their extraction should be simple. Classically, extraction has relied mainly on application of apolar solvents to the entire insect body. Recently, several alternative methods have been employed to overcome some of the shortcomings of solvent extraction. These include the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers to extract hydrocarbons from the headspace of heated samples, SPME to sample live individuals, and a less expensive method (utilized for social wasps), which consists of the collection of cuticular lipids by means of small pieces of cotton rubbed on the body of the insect. Both classical and recently developed extraction methods are reviewed in this work. The separation and analysis of the insect cuticular lipids were performed by column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography with a laser light scattering detector (HPLC-LLSD), gas chromatography (GC), and GC-mass spectrometry (MS). The strategy of lipid analysis with the use of chromatographic techniques was as follows: extraction of analytes from biological material, lipid class separation by TLC, column chromatography, HPLC-LLSD, derivatization, and final determination by GC, GC-MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) MS, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Gołębiowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Nicolai A, Filser J, Lenz R, Bertrand C, Charrier M. Adjustment of metabolite composition in the haemolymph to seasonal variations in the land snail Helix pomatia. J Comp Physiol B 2010; 181:457-66. [PMID: 21136264 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-010-0539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In temperate regions, land snails are subjected to subzero temperatures in winter and hot temperatures often associated to drought in summer. The response to these environmental factors is usually a state of inactivity, hibernation and aestivation, respectively, in a temperature and humidity buffered refuge, accompanied by physiological adjustments to resist cold or heat stress. We investigated how environmental factors in the microhabitat and body condition influence the metabolite composition of haemolymph of the endangered species Helix pomatia. We used UPLC and GC-MS techniques and analyzed annual biochemical variations in a multivariate model. Hibernation and activity months differed in metabolite composition. Snails used photoperiod as cue for seasonal climatic variations to initiate a physiological state and were also highly sensitive to temperature variations, therefore constantly adjusting their physiological processes. Galactose levels gave evidence for the persistence of metabolic activity with energy expenditure during hibernation and for high reproductive activity in June. Triglycerides accumulated prior to hibernation might act as cryoprotectants or energy reserves. During the last month of hibernation snails activated physiological processes related to arousal. During activity, protein metabolism was reflected by high amino acid level. An exceptional aestivation period was observed in April giving evidence for heat stress responses, like the protection of cells from dehydration by polyols and saccharides, the membrane stabilization by cholesterol and enhanced metabolism using the anaerobic succinic acid pathway to sustain costly stress responses. In conclusion, physiological adjustments to environmental variations in Helix pomatia involve water loss regulation, cryoprotectant or heatprotectant accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Nicolai
- University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 EcoBio, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
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Roger Worland M, Janion C, Treasure AM, Chown SL. Pre-freeze mortality in three species of aphids from sub-Antarctic Marion Island. J Therm Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Liefting M, Weerenbeck M, Van Dooremalen C, Ellers J. Temperature-induced plasticity in egg size and resistance of eggs to temperature stress in a soil arthropod. Funct Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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