1
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Prelli Bozzo C, Laliberté A, De Luna A, Pastorio C, Regensburger K, Krebs S, Graf A, Blum H, Volcic M, Sparrer KMJ, Kirchhoff F. Replication competent HIV-guided CRISPR screen identifies antiviral factors including targets of the accessory protein Nef. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3813. [PMID: 38714682 PMCID: PMC11076291 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Innate antiviral factors are essential for effective defense against viral pathogens. However, the identity of major restriction mechanisms remains elusive. Current approaches to discover antiviral factors usually focus on the initial steps of viral replication and are limited to a single round of infection. Here, we engineered libraries of >1500 replication-competent HIV-1 constructs each expressing a single gRNAs to target >500 cellular genes for virus-driven discovery of antiviral factors. Passaging in CD4+ T cells robustly enriched HIV-1 encoding sgRNAs against GRN, CIITA, EHMT2, CEACAM3, CC2D1B and RHOA by >50-fold. Using an HIV-1 library lacking the accessory nef gene, we identified IFI16 as a Nef target. Functional analyses in cell lines and primary CD4+ T cells support that the HIV-driven CRISPR screen identified restriction factors targeting virus entry, transcription, release and infectivity. Our HIV-guided CRISPR technique enables sensitive discovery of physiologically relevant cellular defense factors throughout the entire viral replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Laliberté
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Aurora De Luna
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Chiara Pastorio
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kerstin Regensburger
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis Gene Center, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Graf
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis Gene Center, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis Gene Center, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Meta Volcic
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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2
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Hagelauer E, Lotke R, Kmiec D, Hu D, Hohner M, Stopper S, Nchioua R, Kirchhoff F, Sauter D, Schindler M. Tetherin Restricts SARS-CoV-2 despite the Presence of Multiple Viral Antagonists. Viruses 2023; 15:2364. [PMID: 38140605 PMCID: PMC10747847 DOI: 10.3390/v15122364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus infection induces interferon-stimulated genes, one of which encodes Tetherin, a transmembrane protein inhibiting the release of various enveloped viruses from infected cells. Previous studies revealed that SARS-CoV encodes two Tetherin antagonists: the Spike protein (S), inducing lysosomal degradation of Tetherin, and ORF7a, altering its glycosylation. Similarly, SARS-CoV-2 has also been shown to use ORF7a and Spike to enhance virion release in the presence of Tetherin. Here, we directly compare the abilities and mechanisms of these two viral proteins to counteract Tetherin. Therefore, cell surface and total Tetherin levels upon ORF7a or S expression were investigated using flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 S only marginally reduced Tetherin cell surface levels in a cell type-dependent manner. In HEK293T cells, under conditions of high exogenous Tetherin expression, SARS-CoV-2 S and ORF7a reduced total cellular Tetherin levels much more efficiently than the respective counterparts derived from SARS-CoV. Nevertheless, ORF7a from both species was able to alter Tetherin glycosylation. The ability to decrease total protein levels of Tetherin was conserved among S proteins from different SARS-CoV-2 variants (α, γ, δ, ο). While SARS-CoV-2 S and ORF7a both colocalized with Tetherin, only ORF7a directly interacted with the restriction factor in a two-hybrid assay. Despite the presence of multiple Tetherin antagonists, SARS-CoV-2 replication in Caco-2 cells was further enhanced upon Tetherin knockout. Altogether, our data show that endogenous Tetherin restricts SARS-CoV-2 replication and that the antiviral activity of Tetherin is only partially counteracted by viral antagonists with differential and complementary modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hagelauer
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Rishikesh Lotke
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Dorota Kmiec
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (D.K.); (R.N.); (F.K.)
| | - Dan Hu
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Mirjam Hohner
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Sophie Stopper
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Rayhane Nchioua
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (D.K.); (R.N.); (F.K.)
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (D.K.); (R.N.); (F.K.)
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
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3
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Jimenez-Leon MR, Gasca-Capote C, Tarancon-Diez L, Dominguez-Molina B, Lopez-Verdugo M, Ritraj R, Gallego I, Alvarez-Rios AI, Vitalle J, Bachiller S, Camacho-Sojo MI, Perez-Gomez A, Espinosa N, Roca-Oporto C, Rafii-El-Idrissi Benhnia M, Gutierrez-Valencia A, Lopez-Cortes LF, Ruiz-Mateos E. Toll-like receptor agonists enhance HIV-specific T cell response mediated by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in diverse HIV-1 disease progression phenotypes. EBioMedicine 2023; 91:104549. [PMID: 37018973 PMCID: PMC10106920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) sense viral and bacterial products through Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 and -9 and translate this sensing into Interferon-α (IFN-α) production and T-cell activation. The understanding of the mechanisms involved in pDCs stimulation may contribute to HIV-cure immunotherapeutic strategies. The objective of the present study was to characterize the immunomodulatory effects of TLR agonist stimulations in several HIV-1 disease progression phenotypes and in non HIV-1 infected donors. METHODS pDCs, CD4 and CD8 T-cells were isolated from 450 ml of whole blood from non HIV-1 infected donors, immune responders (IR), immune non responders (INR), viremic (VIR) and elite controller (EC) participants. pDCs were stimulated overnight with AT-2, CpG-A, CpG-C and GS-9620 or no stimuli. After that, pDCs were co-cultured with autologous CD4 or CD8 T-cells and with/without HIV-1 (Gag peptide pool) or SEB (Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B). Cytokine array, gene expression and deep immunophenotyping were assayed. FINDINGS pDCs showed an increase of activation markers levels, interferon related genes, HIV-1 restriction factors and cytokines levels after TLR stimulation in the different HIV-disease progression phenotypes. This pDC activation was prominent with CpG-C and GS-9620 and induced an increase of HIV-specific T-cell response even in VIR and INR comparable with EC. This HIV-1 specific T-cell response was associated with the upregulation of HIV-1 restriction factors and IFN-α production by pDC. INTERPRETATION These results shed light on the mechanisms associated with TLR-specific pDCs stimulation associated with the induction of a T-cell mediated antiviral response which is essential for HIV-1 eradication strategies. FUNDING This work was supported by Gilead fellowship program, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER, "a way to make Europe") and the Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en SIDA and by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC).
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4
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Odon V, Fiddaman SR, Smith AL, Simmonds P. Comparison of CpG- and UpA-mediated restriction of RNA virus replication in mammalian and avian cells and investigation of potential ZAP-mediated shaping of host transcriptome compositions. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 28:1089-1109. [PMID: 35675984 PMCID: PMC9297844 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079102.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability of zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) to recognize and respond to RNA virus sequences with elevated frequencies of CpG dinucleotides has been proposed as a functional part of the vertebrate innate immune antiviral response. It has been further proposed that ZAP activity shapes compositions of cytoplasmic mRNA sequences to avoid self-recognition, particularly mRNAs for interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) expressed during the antiviral state. We investigated whether restriction of the replication of mutants of influenza A virus (IAV) and the echovirus 7 (E7) replicon with high CpG and UpA frequencies varied in different species of mammals and birds. Cell lines from different bird orders showed substantial variability in restriction of CpG-high mutants of IAV and E7 replicons, whereas none restricted UpA-high mutants, in marked contrast to universal restriction of both mutants in mammalian cells. Dinucleotide representation in ISGs and IFN genes was compared with those of cellular transcriptomes to determine whether potential differences in inferred ZAP activity between species shaped dinucleotide compositions of highly expressed genes during the antiviral state. While mammalian type 1 IFN genes typically showed often profound suppression of CpG and UpA frequencies, there was no oversuppression of either in ISGs in any species, irrespective of their ability to restrict CpG- or UpA-high mutants. Similarly, genome sequences of mammalian and avian RNA viruses were compositionally equivalent, as were IAV strains recovered from ducks, chickens and humans. Overall, we found no evidence for host variability in inferred ZAP function shaping host or viral transcriptome compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Odon
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
| | - Steven R Fiddaman
- Department of Zoology, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian L Smith
- Department of Zoology, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
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5
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Kay AG, Fox JM, Hewitson JP, Stone AP, Robertson S, James S, Wang XN, Kapasa E, Yang XB, Genever PG. CD317-Positive Immune Stromal Cells in Human "Mesenchymal Stem Cell" Populations. Front Immunol 2022; 13:903796. [PMID: 35734183 PMCID: PMC9207511 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.903796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs, frequently referred to as "mesenchymal stem cells") clouds biological understanding and hampers their clinical development. In MSC cultures most commonly used in research and therapy, we have identified an MSC subtype characterized by CD317 expression (CD317pos (29.77 ± 3.00% of the total MSC population), comprising CD317dim (28.10 ± 4.60%) and CD317bright (1.67 ± 0.58%) MSCs) and a constitutive interferon signature linked to human disease. We demonstrate that CD317pos MSCs induced cutaneous tissue damage when applied a skin explant model of inflammation, whereas CD317neg MSCs had no effect. Only CD317neg MSCs were able to suppress proliferative cycles of activated human T cells in vitro, whilst CD317pos MSCs increased polarization towards pro-inflammatory Th1 cells and CD317neg cell lines did not. Using an in vivo peritonitis model, we found that CD317neg and CD317pos MSCs suppressed leukocyte recruitment but only CD317neg MSCs suppressed macrophage numbers. Using MSC-loaded scaffolds implanted subcutaneously in immunocompromised mice we were able to observe tissue generation and blood vessel formation with CD317neg MSC lines, but not CD317pos MSC lines. Our evidence is consistent with the identification of an immune stromal cell, which is likely to contribute to specific physiological and pathological functions and influence clinical outcome of therapeutic MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair G. Kay
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Paul G. Genever, ; Alasdair G. Kay,
| | - James M. Fox
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Hewitson
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Stone
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Robertson
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sally James
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao-nong Wang
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Kapasa
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Xuebin B. Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G. Genever
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Paul G. Genever, ; Alasdair G. Kay,
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6
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Lerner G, Weaver N, Anokhin B, Spearman P. Advances in HIV-1 Assembly. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030478. [PMID: 35336885 PMCID: PMC8952333 DOI: 10.3390/v14030478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of HIV-1 particles is a concerted and dynamic process that takes place on the plasma membrane of infected cells. An abundance of recent discoveries has advanced our understanding of the complex sequence of events leading to HIV-1 particle assembly, budding, and release. Structural studies have illuminated key features of assembly and maturation, including the dramatic structural transition that occurs between the immature Gag lattice and the formation of the mature viral capsid core. The critical role of inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) in the assembly of both the immature and mature Gag lattice has been elucidated. The structural basis for selective packaging of genomic RNA into virions has been revealed. This review will provide an overview of the HIV-1 assembly process, with a focus on recent advances in the field, and will point out areas where questions remain that can benefit from future investigation.
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7
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Abstract
As already discussed for T cell lines, also myeloid cell lines as served as the earliest models of chronic HIV infection. They were particularly relevant in the late 1980s and early 1990s when most experimental in vitro infections were based on laboratory-adapted "T-cell tropic" strains of HIV-1, such as LAI/IIIB or others, that later were found to rely upon CXCR4 as coreceptor for viral entry in addition to CD4 as primary receptor. Although primary macrophages do express CXCR4 together with CD4, virus replication is much less efficient than that observed with CCR5-using "macrophage-tropic" strains, as discussed separately in this book. Although different myeloid cell lines have been used to generate models of chronic HIV-1 infection that could be used to investigate features of proviral reactivation, as reviewed in (Cassol et al. J Leukoc Biol 80:1018-1030, 2006), two cell lines in particular have been broadly used and will be here discussed: the U937-derived U1 and HL-60-derived OM-10.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Poli
- Human Immuno-Virology (H.I.V.) Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy.
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8
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Zhou N, Liu W, Zhang W, Liu Y, Li X, Wang Y, Zheng R, Zhang Y. Wip1 regulates the immunomodulatory effects of murine mesenchymal stem cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus via targeting IFN-α/BST2. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:326. [PMID: 34716317 PMCID: PMC8556269 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00728-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show significant therapeutic effects in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) as regulating the inflammatory processes. However, little is known about the detailed process of MSCs immunosuppression in T1DM. In this study, we investigated the effects of wild-type p53-induce phosphatase 1 (Wip1) on regulating MSCs immunosuppressive capacities in T1DM mice. We found that Wip1 knockout (Wip1-/-) MSCs had lower therapeutic effects in T1DM mice, and displayed weaker immunosuppressive capability. In vivo distribution analysis results indicated thatWip1-/-MSCs could home to the damaged pancreas and increase the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-17a (IL-17a), interferon-α(IFN-α), IFN-β, and IFN-γ, while decrease the expression of IL-4 and IL-10. Moreover, we confirmedWip1-/-MSCs exhibited weaker immunosuppressive capacity, as evidenced by enhanced expression of bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2(BST2) and IFN-α. In conclusion, these results revealed Wip1 affects MSCs immunomodulation by regulating the expression of IFN-α/BST2. Our study uncovered that Wip1 is required to regulate the therapeutic effects of MSCs on T1DM treatment, indicating a novel role of Wip1 in MSCs immunoregulation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhou
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Weijiang Liu
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medical Administration, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yuanlin Liu
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Rongxiu Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
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9
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Zeng C, Waheed AA, Li T, Yu J, Zheng YM, Yount JS, Wen H, Freed EO, Liu SL. SERINC proteins potentiate antiviral type I IFN production and proinflammatory signaling pathways. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eabc7611. [PMID: 34520227 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abc7611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zeng
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Abdul A Waheed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Tianliang Li
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yi-Min Zheng
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Haitao Wen
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eric O Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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10
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Miller KD, Matullo C, Williams R, Jones CB, Rall GF. Murine BST2/tetherin promotes measles virus infection of neurons. Virology 2021; 563:38-43. [PMID: 34416448 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BST2/tetherin is a transmembrane protein with antiviral activity; it is synthesized following exposure to interferons, and restricts the release of budding virus particles by tethering them to the host cell membrane. We previously showed that BST2 is induced in primary neurons following measles virus (MV) infection or type I interferon; however, BST2 was dispensable for protection against challenge with neuron-restricted MV. Here, we define the contribution of BST-2 in neuronal MV infection. Surprisingly, and in contrast to its antiviral role in non-neuronal cells, murine BST2 promotes MV infection in brains of permissive mice and in primary neuron cultures. Moreover, BST2 expression was predominantly observed in the non-synaptic fraction of purified neurons. These studies highlight a cell-type dependent role of a well-characterized antiviral protein in enhancing neuronal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn D Miller
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christine Matullo
- Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Riley Williams
- Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carli B Jones
- Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Glenn F Rall
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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11
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Soday L, Potts M, Hunter LM, Ravenhill BJ, Houghton JW, Williamson JC, Antrobus R, Wills MR, Matheson NJ, Weekes MP. Comparative Cell Surface Proteomic Analysis of the Primary Human T Cell and Monocyte Responses to Type I Interferon. Front Immunol 2021; 12:600056. [PMID: 33628210 PMCID: PMC7897682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.600056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular response to interferon (IFN) is essential for antiviral immunity, IFN-based therapy and IFN-related disease. The plasma membrane (PM) provides a critical interface between the cell and its environment, and is the initial portal of entry for viruses. Nonetheless, the effect of IFN on PM proteins is surprisingly poorly understood, and has not been systematically investigated in primary immune cells. Here, we use multiplexed proteomics to quantify IFNα2a-stimulated PM protein changes in primary human CD14+ monocytes and CD4+ T cells from five donors, quantifying 606 and 482 PM proteins respectively. Comparison of cell surface proteomes revealed a remarkable invariance between donors in the overall composition of the cell surface from each cell type, but a marked donor-to-donor variability in the effects of IFNα2a. Furthermore, whereas only 2.7% of quantified proteins were consistently upregulated by IFNα2a at the surface of CD4+ T cells, 6.8% of proteins were consistently upregulated in primary monocytes, suggesting that the magnitude of the IFNα2a response varies according to cell type. Among these differentially regulated proteins, we found the viral target Endothelin-converting enzyme 1 (ECE1) to be an IFNα2a-stimulated protein exclusively upregulated at the surface of CD4+ T cells. We therefore provide a comprehensive map of the cell surface of IFNα2a-stimulated primary human immune cells, including previously uncharacterized interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) and candidate antiviral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Soday
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Potts
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leah M. Hunter
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J. Ravenhill
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jack W. Houghton
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James C. Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Matheson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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12
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Dolskiy AA, Bodnev SA, Nazarenko AA, Smirnova AM, Pyankova OG, Matveeva AK, Grishchenko IV, Tregubchak TV, Pyankov OV, Ryzhikov AB, Gavrilova EV, Maksyutov RA, Yudkin DV. Deletion of BST2 Cytoplasmic and Transmembrane N-Terminal Domains Results in SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and Influenza Virus Production Suppression in a Vero Cell Line. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:616798. [PMID: 33537341 PMCID: PMC7847895 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.616798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, which emerged in Wuhan (China), has become a great worldwide problem in 2020 and has led to more than 1,000,000 deaths worldwide. Many laboratories are searching for ways to fight this pandemic. We studied the action of the cellular antiviral protein tetherin, which is encoded by the BST2 gene. We deleted the transmembrane domain-encoding part of the gene in the Vero cell line. The transmembrane domain is a target for virus-antagonizing proteins. We showed a decrease in SARS-CoV-2 in cells with deleted transmembrane BST2 domains compared to the initial Vero cell line. Similar results were obtained for SARS-CoV and avian influenza virus. This finding may help the development of antiviral therapies competitively targeting the transmembrane domain of tetherin with viral-antagonizing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Dolskiy
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergei A Bodnev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Nazarenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia M Smirnova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga G Pyankova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anna K Matveeva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina V Grishchenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Tregubchak
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg V Pyankov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander B Ryzhikov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena V Gavrilova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Rinat A Maksyutov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Yudkin
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Sauter D, Kirchhoff F. Evolutionary conflicts and adverse effects of antiviral factors. eLife 2021; 10:e65243. [PMID: 33450175 PMCID: PMC7811402 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cells are equipped with a plethora of antiviral proteins protecting them against invading viral pathogens. In contrast to apoptotic or pyroptotic cell death, which serves as ultima ratio to combat viral infections, these cell-intrinsic restriction factors may prevent or at least slow down viral spread while allowing the host cell to survive. Nevertheless, their antiviral activity may also have detrimental effects on the host. While the molecular mechanisms underlying the antiviral activity of restriction factors are frequently well investigated, potential undesired effects of their antiviral functions on the host cell are hardly explored. With a focus on antiretroviral proteins, we summarize in this review how individual restriction factors may exert adverse effects as trade-off for efficient defense against attacking pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical CenterUlmGermany
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical CenterUlmGermany
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14
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Emerging Role of PYHIN Proteins as Antiviral Restriction Factors. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121464. [PMID: 33353088 PMCID: PMC7767131 DOI: 10.3390/v12121464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune sensors and restriction factors are cellular proteins that synergize to build an effective first line of defense against viral infections. Innate sensors are usually constitutively expressed and capable of detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to stimulate the immune response. Restriction factors are frequently upregulated by interferons (IFNs) and may inhibit viral pathogens at essentially any stage of their replication cycle. Members of the Pyrin and hematopoietic interferon-inducible nuclear (HIN) domain (PYHIN) family have initially been recognized as important sensors of foreign nucleic acids and activators of the inflammasome and the IFN response. Accumulating evidence shows, however, that at least three of the four members of the human PYHIN family restrict viral pathogens independently of viral sensing and innate immune activation. In this review, we provide an overview on the role of human PYHIN proteins in the innate antiviral immune defense and on viral countermeasures.
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15
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Jamali A, Kenyon B, Ortiz G, Abou-Slaybi A, Sendra VG, Harris DL, Hamrah P. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 80:100877. [PMID: 32717378 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique subpopulation of immune cells, distinct from classical dendritic cells. pDCs are generated in the bone marrow and following development, they typically home to secondary lymphoid tissues. While peripheral tissues are generally devoid of pDCs during steady state, few tissues, including the lung, kidney, vagina, and in particular ocular tissues harbor resident pDCs. pDCs were originally appreciated for their potential to produce large quantities of type I interferons in viral immunity. Subsequent studies have now unraveled their pivotal role in mediating immune responses, in particular in the induction of tolerance. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on pDCs in ocular tissues in both mice and humans, in particular in the cornea, limbus, conjunctiva, choroid, retina, and lacrimal gland. Further, we will review our current understanding on the significance of pDCs in ameliorating inflammatory responses during herpes simplex virus keratitis, sterile inflammation, and corneal transplantation. Moreover, we describe their novel and pivotal neuroprotective role, their key function in preserving corneal angiogenic privilege, as well as their potential application as a cell-based therapy for ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsia Jamali
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brendan Kenyon
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gustavo Ortiz
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abdo Abou-Slaybi
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor G Sendra
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deshea L Harris
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Cornea Service, Tufts New England Eye Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Flaviviruses are a genus of mostly arthropod-borne RNA viruses that cause a range of pathologies in humans. Basic knowledge on flaviviruses is rapidly expanding, partly due to their status as frequent emerging or re-emerging pathogens. Flaviviruses include the dengue, Zika, West Nile, tick-borne encephalitis and yellow fever viruses (DENV, ZIKV, WNV, TBEV and YFV, respectively). As is the case with other families of viruses, the success of productive infection of human cells by flaviviruses depends in part on the antiviral activity of a heterogeneous group of cellular antiviral proteins called restriction factors. Restriction factors are the effector proteins of the cell-autonomous innate response against viruses, an immune pathway that also includes virus sensors as well as intracellular and extracellular signal mediators such as type I interferons (IFN-I). In this review, I summarize recent progress toward the identification and characterization of flavivirus restriction factors. In particular, I focus on IFI6, Schlafen 11, FMRP, OAS-RNase L, RyDEN, members of the TRIM family of proteins (TRIM5α, TRIM19, TRIM56, TRIM69 and TRIM79α) and a new mechanism of action proposed for viperin. Recent and future studies on this topic will lead to a more complete picture of the flavivirus restrictome, defined as the ensemble of cellular factors with demonstrated anti-flaviviral activity.
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Development and Characterization of the Shortest Anti-Adhesion Peptide Analogue of B49Mod1. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051188. [PMID: 32155736 PMCID: PMC7179399 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of cancer cell adhesion is an effective approach to killing adherent cancer cells. B49 and its analog B49Mod1 peptides, derived from the extracellular domain (ECD) of bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2), display anti-adhesion activity on breast cancer cells. However, the minimal sequence required for this anti-adhesion activity is unknown. Here, we further characterized the anti-adhesion activity of B49Mod1. We show that the anti-adhesion activity of B49Mod1 may require cysteine-linked disulfide bond and that the peptide is susceptible to proteolytic deactivation. Using structure-activity relationship studies, we identified an 18-Mer sequence (B18) as the minimal peptide sequence mediating the anti-adhesion activity of B49Mod1. Atomistic molecular dynamic (MD) simulations reveal that B18 forms a stable complex with the ECD of BST-2 in aqueous solution. MD simulations further reveal that B18 may cause membrane defects that facilitates peptide translocation across the bilayer. Placement of four B18 chains as a transmembrane bundle results in water channel formation, indicating that B18 may impair membrane integrity and form pores. We hereby identify B18 as the minimal peptide sequence required for the anti-adhesion activity of B49Mod1 and provide atomistic insight into the interaction of B18 with BST-2 and the cell membrane.
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Forlani G, Shallak M, Ramia E, Tedeschi A, Accolla RS. Restriction factors in human retrovirus infections and the unprecedented case of CIITA as link of intrinsic and adaptive immunity against HTLV-1. Retrovirology 2019; 16:34. [PMID: 31783769 PMCID: PMC6884849 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunity against pathogens evolved through complex mechanisms that only for sake of simplicity are defined as innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Indeed innate and adaptive immunity are strongly intertwined each other during evolution. The complexity is further increased by intrinsic mechanisms of immunity that rely on the action of intracellular molecules defined as restriction factors (RFs) that, particularly in virus infections, counteract the action of pathogen gene products acting at different steps of virus life cycle. Main body and conclusion Here we provide an overview on the nature and the mode of action of restriction factors involved in retrovirus infection, particularly Human T Leukemia/Lymphoma Virus 1 (HTLV-1) infection. As it has been extensively studied by our group, special emphasis is given to the involvement of the MHC class II transactivator CIITA discovered in our laboratory as regulator of adaptive immunity and subsequently as restriction factor against HIV-1 and HTLV-1, a unique example of dual function linking adaptive and intrinsic immunity during evolution. We describe the multiple molecular mechanisms through which CIITA exerts its restriction on retroviruses. Of relevance, we review the unprecedented findings pointing to a concerted action of several restriction factors such as CIITA, TRIM22 and TRIM19/PML in synergizing against retroviral replication. Finally, as CIITA profoundly affects HTLV-1 replication by interacting and inhibiting the function of HTLV-1 Tax-1 molecule, the major viral product associated to the virus oncogenicity, we also put forward the hypothesis of CIITA as counteractor of HTLV-1-mediated cancer initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Forlani
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology "Giovanna Tosi", Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi 9, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Mariam Shallak
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology "Giovanna Tosi", Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi 9, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Elise Ramia
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology "Giovanna Tosi", Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi 9, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tedeschi
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology "Giovanna Tosi", Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi 9, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Roberto S Accolla
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology "Giovanna Tosi", Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi 9, 21100, Varese, Italy.
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Molecular Profiles of Cell-to-Cell Variation in the Regenerative Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:5924878. [PMID: 31636675 PMCID: PMC6766122 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5924878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell variation in the regenerative potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) impedes the translation of MSC therapies into clinical practice. Cellular heterogeneity is ubiquitous across MSC cultures from different species and tissues. This review highlights advances to elucidate molecular profiles that identify cell subsets with specific regenerative properties in heterogeneous MSC cultures. Cell surface markers and global signatures are presented for proliferation and differentiation potential, as well as immunomodulation and trophic properties. Key knowledge gaps are discussed as potential areas of future research. Molecular profiles of MSC heterogeneity have the potential to enable unprecedented control over the regenerative potential of MSC therapies through the discovery of new molecular targets and as quality attributes to develop robust and reproducible biomanufacturing processes. These advances would have a positive impact on the nascent field of MSC therapeutics by accelerating the development of therapies with more consistent and effective treatment outcomes.
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20
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Kelly JT, Human S, Alderman J, Jobe F, Logan L, Rix T, Gonçalves-Carneiro D, Leung C, Thakur N, Birch J, Bailey D. BST2/Tetherin Overexpression Modulates Morbillivirus Glycoprotein Production to Inhibit Cell-Cell Fusion. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080692. [PMID: 31366072 PMCID: PMC6723339 DOI: 10.3390/v11080692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The measles virus (MeV), a member of the genus Morbillivirus, is an established pathogen of humans. A key feature of morbilliviruses is their ability to spread by virus-cell and cell-cell fusion. The latter process, which leads to syncytia formation in vitro and in vivo, is driven by the viral fusion (F) and haemagglutinin (H) glycoproteins. In this study, we demonstrate that MeV glycoproteins are sensitive to inhibition by bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST2/Tetherin/CD317) proteins. BST2 overexpression causes a large reduction in MeV syncytia expansion. Using quantitative cell-cell fusion assays, immunolabeling, and biochemistry we further demonstrate that ectopically expressed BST2 directly inhibits MeV cell-cell fusion. This restriction is mediated by the targeting of the MeV H glycoprotein, but not other MeV proteins. Using truncation mutants, we further establish that the C-terminal glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor of BST2 is required for the restriction of MeV replication in vitro and cell-cell fusion. By extending our study to the ruminant morbillivirus peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and its natural host, sheep, we also confirm this is a broad and cross-species specific phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Kelly
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Stacey Human
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Joseph Alderman
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Fatoumatta Jobe
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Leanne Logan
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Thomas Rix
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Corwin Leung
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nazia Thakur
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jamie Birch
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Dalan Bailey
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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21
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Roy IR, Sutton CK, Berndsen CE. Resilience of BST-2/Tetherin structure to single amino acid substitutions. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7043. [PMID: 31183261 PMCID: PMC6546079 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tetherin, also known as BST-2 or CD317, is a dimeric, extracellular membrane-bound protein that consists of N and C terminal membrane anchors connected by an extracellular domain. BST-2 is involved in binding enveloped viruses, such as HIV, and inhibiting viral release in addition to a role in NF-kB signaling. Viral tethering by tetherin can be disrupted by the interaction with Vpu in HIV-1 in addition to other viral proteins. The structural mechanism of tetherin function is not clear and the effects of human tetherin mutations identified by sequencing consortiums are not known. To address this gap in the knowledge, we used data from the Ensembl database to construct and model known human missense mutations within the ectodomain to investigate how the structure of the ectodomain influences function. From the data, we identified an island of sequence stability within the ectodomain, which corresponds to a functionally and structurally important region identified in previous biochemical and biophysical studies. Most of the modeled mutations had little effect on the structure of the dimer and the coiled-coil, suggesting that the coiled-coil compensates for changes in primary structure. Thus, many of the functional defects observed in previous studies may not be due to changes in tetherin structure, but rather, due to in changes in protein-protein interactions or in aspects of tetherin not currently understood. The lack of structural effects by mutations known to decrease function further illustrates the need for more study of the structure-function connection for this system. Finally, apparent flexibility in tetherin sequence may allow for greater anti-viral activities with a larger number of viruses by reducing specific interactions with anti-tetherin proteins, while maintaining virus restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Roy
- Department of Health Sciences, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Camden K Sutton
- Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Christopher E Berndsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States of America.,Center for Genome and Metagenome Studies, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States of America
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Zhang Y, Song Z, Wang M, Lan M, Zhang K, Jiang P, Li Y, Bai J, Wang X. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase negatively regulates porcine intestinal coronavirus replication by the production of 25-hydroxycholesterol. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:129-138. [PMID: 30955800 PMCID: PMC7117535 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
CH25H is not an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) in Vero cells. CH25H and 25HC inhibit PEDV infection through blocking viral penetration. CH25H-M still restricts PEDV replication. 25HC has a broad-spectrum antiviral effect against porcine intestinal coronaviruses, including PEDV and TGEV.
Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) has been shown lately to be a host restriction factor that encodes an enzyme, which catalyzes the oxidized form of cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). A series of studies have shown that 25HC activity in hosts plays a vital role in inhibiting viral infection. In this study, we explored the antiviral effect of CH25H and 25HC on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which causes high mortality rates in newborn piglets with severe diarrhea, and considerable financial loss in the swine industry worldwide. Our results showed that PEDV infection downregulated the expression of CH25H in Vero cells. An overexpression and knockdown assay indicated that CH25H has significant antiviral action against PEDV, and a CH25H mutant (CH25H-M) that lacks hydroxylase activity also retains antiviral activity to a lesser extent. Furthermore, 25HC had a broad-spectrum antiviral effect against different PEDV strains by blocking viral entry. In addition, CH25H and 25HC inhibited the replication of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). Taken together, CH25H as a natural host restriction factor could inhibit PEDV and TGEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhongbao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Min Lan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - XianWei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Chen C, Shi H, Wang B, Cao N, Yu C, Zheng L. Aberrant expression of the innate restriction factor bone marrow stromal antigen-2 in primary Sjögren's syndrome. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2018; 46:1899-1904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Canine Influenza Virus is Mildly Restricted by Canine Tetherin Protein. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100565. [PMID: 30332780 PMCID: PMC6213173 DOI: 10.3390/v10100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetherin (BST2/CD317/HM1.24) has emerged as a key host-cell ·defence molecule that acts by inhibiting the release and spread of diverse enveloped virions from infected cells. We analysed the biological features of canine tetherin and found it to be an unstable hydrophilic type I transmembrane protein with one transmembrane domain, no signal peptide, and multiple glycosylation and phosphorylation sites. Furthermore, the tissue expression profile of canine tetherin revealed that it was particularly abundant in immune organs. The canine tetherin gene contains an interferon response element sequence that can be regulated and expressed by canine IFN-α. A CCK-8 assay showed that canine tetherin was effective in helping mitigate cellular damage caused by canine influenza virus (CIV) infection. Additionally, we found that the overexpression of canine tetherin inhibited replication of the CIV and that interference with the canine tetherin gene enhanced CIV replication in cells. The impact of canine tetherin on CIV replication was mild. However, these results elucidate the role of the innate immune factor, canine tetherin, during CIV infection for the first time.
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Guan Q, Li Y, Shpiruk T, Bhagwat S, Wall DA. Inducible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 and programmed death ligand 1 expression as the potency marker for mesenchymal stromal cells. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:639-649. [PMID: 29548707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Establishment of a potency assay in the manufacturing of clinical-grade mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has been a challenge due to issues of relevance to function, timeline and variability of responder cells. In this study, we attempted to develop a potency assay for MSCs. METHODS Clinical-grade bone marrow-derived MSCs were manufactured. The phenotype and immunosuppressive functions of the MSCs were evaluated based on the International Society for Cellular Therapy guidelines. Resting MSCs licensed by interferon (IFN)-γ exposure overnight were evaluated for changes in immune suppression and immune-relevant proteins. The relationship of immune-relevant protein expression with immunosuppression of MSCs was analyzed. RESULTS MSC supressed third-party T-lymphocyte proliferation with high inter-donor and inter-test variability. The suppression of T-lymphocyte proliferation by IFN-γ-licensed MSCs correlated with that by resting MSCs. Many cellular proteins were up-regulated after IFN-γ exposure, including indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1), programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2). The expression levels of IDO-1 and PD-L1 on licensed MSCs, not VCAM-1, ICAM-1 or BST-2 on licensed MSCs, correlated with MSC suppression of third-party T-cell proliferation. CONCLUSION A flow cytometry-based assay of MSCs post-IFN-γ exposure measuring expression of intracellular protein IDO-1 and cell surface protein PD-L1 captures two mechanisms of suppression and offers the potential of a relevant, rapid assay for MSC-mediated immune suppression that would fit with the manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingdong Guan
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Cellular Therapy Laboratory, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; The Institute of Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Tanner Shpiruk
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Cellular Therapy Laboratory, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Swaroop Bhagwat
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Cellular Therapy Laboratory, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Donna A Wall
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Cellular Therapy Laboratory, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Blood and Marrow Transplant/Cellular Therapy, Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Singh H, Samani D, Ghate MV, Gangakhedkar RR. Impact of cellular restriction gene (TRIM5α, BST-2) polymorphisms on the acquisition of HIV-1 and disease progression. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3004. [PMID: 29282802 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TRIM5α and BST-2 are cellular restriction factors affecting the HIV-1 infection and its progression. Genetic variability in these genes alters the expression pattern. Hence, we aimed to examine the impact of the TRIM5α (rs10838525, rs7127617 and rs904375) and BST2 (rs3217318 and rs71694748) polymorphisms on the acquisition of HIV-1 and its progression. METHODS Genotyping of TRIM5α and BST-2 polymorphisms was performed in a total of 153 HIV-infected patients and 158 unrelated healthy individuals using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. RESULTS No significant differences were found in the genotype frequencies of TRIM5α polymorphisms between HIV patients and healthy controls. BST-2 Δ19/i19 and i19/i19+ Δ19/i19 genotypes appeared more frequently in HIV patients compared to healthy controls (10.4% versus 7.0%, p = 0.20; 11.10% versus 7.6%, p = 0.16). The BST-2 i19 allele was associated with the acquisition of HIV-1 [odds ratio (OR) = 2.76, p = 0.030)]. TRIM5α haplotypes ATG and ACA elevated the risk, whereas haplotype ATA reduced the risk for the acquisition of HIV-1 (OR = 1.92, p = 0.026; OR = 4.88, p = 0.016; OR = 0.31, p = 0.014). BST-2 Δ19/i19 and i19/i19+ Δ19/i19 genotypes were more prevalent in patients with early HIV disease stage compared to healthy controls (15.9% versus 7.0%, p = 0.096; 15.9% versus 7.6%, p = 0.12). The prevalence of TRIM5α rs7127617 CC and BST-2 Δ19/i19 genotypes was observed to be higher in alcohol-using HIV patients compared to non-users (27.8% versus 20.0%, p = 0.35, 22.2% versus 10.0%, p = 0.24). CONCLUSIONS TRIM5α haplotypes and the BST-2 i19 allele may significantly affect the modulation of HIV-1 acquisition and its progression. TRIM5α rs7127617 CC and BST-2 Δ19/i19 genotypes in alcohol-using HIV patients elevated the risk of HIV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- HariOm Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Dharmesh Samani
- Department of Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Manisha V Ghate
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
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Forlani G, Accolla RS. Tripartite Motif 22 and Class II Transactivator Restriction Factors: Unveiling Their Concerted Action against Retroviruses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1362. [PMID: 29093716 PMCID: PMC5651408 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coevolution of the three basic mechanisms of immunity, intrinsic, innate and adaptive, is a constant feature of the host defense against pathogens. Within this frame, a peculiar role is played by restriction factors (RFs), elements of intrinsic immunity that interfere with viral life cycle. Often considered as molecules whose specific functions are distinct and unrelated among themselves recent results indicate instead, at least for some of them, a concerted action against the pathogen. Here we review recent findings on the antiviral activity of tripartite motif 22 (TRIM22) and class II transactivator (CIITA), first discovered as human immunodeficiency virus 1 RFs, but endowed with general antiviral activity. TRIM22 and CIITA provide the first example of cellular proteins acting together to potentiate their intrinsic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Forlani
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology "Giovanna Tosi", Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Roberto S Accolla
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology "Giovanna Tosi", Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Sumner RP, Thorne LG, Fink DL, Khan H, Milne RS, Towers GJ. Are Evolution and the Intracellular Innate Immune System Key Determinants in HIV Transmission? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1246. [PMID: 29056936 PMCID: PMC5635324 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 is the single most important sexually transmitted disease in humans from a global health perspective. Among human lentiviruses, HIV-1 M group has uniquely achieved pandemic levels of human-to-human transmission. The requirement to transmit between hosts likely provides the strongest selective forces on a virus, as without transmission, there can be no new infections within a host population. Our perspective is that evolution of all of the virus-host interactions, which are inherited and perpetuated from host-to-host, must be consistent with transmission. For example, CXCR4 use, which often evolves late in infection, does not favor transmission and is therefore lost when a virus transmits to a new host. Thus, transmission inevitably influences all aspects of virus biology, including interactions with the innate immune system, and dictates the biological niche in which the virus exists in the host. A viable viral niche typically does not select features that disfavor transmission. The innate immune response represents a significant selective pressure during the transmission process. In fact, all viruses must antagonize and/or evade the mechanisms of the host innate and adaptive immune systems that they encounter. We believe that viewing host-virus interactions from a transmission perspective helps us understand the mechanistic details of antiviral immunity and viral escape. This is particularly true for the innate immune system, which typically acts from the very earliest stages of the host-virus interaction, and must be bypassed to achieve successful infection. With this in mind, here we review the innate sensing of HIV, the consequent downstream signaling cascades and the viral restriction that results. The centrality of these mechanisms to host defense is illustrated by the array of countermeasures that HIV deploys to escape them, despite the coding constraint of a 10 kb genome. We consider evasion strategies in detail, in particular the role of the HIV capsid and the viral accessory proteins highlighting important unanswered questions and discussing future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca P. Sumner
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy G. Thorne
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Doug L. Fink
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hataf Khan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard S. Milne
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Greg J. Towers
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication through Enzyme Activity-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00827-17. [PMID: 28724759 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00827-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) has recently been identified as a host restriction factor that exerts antiviral effects by catalyzing the production of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). CH25H can be rapidly induced upon infection with some viruses. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an arterivirus, has ranked among the most important swine pathogens since it was discovered in the late 1980s. In this study, we found that PRRSV infection significantly downregulated the expression of CH25H in cells by a so-far unknown mechanism, suggesting that CH25H exerts antiviral activity against PRRSV. Indeed, overexpression of CH25H inhibited PRRSV replication, whereas knockdown of CH25H by short interfering RNA (siRNA) promoted PRRSV infection. The anti-PRRSV effect of 25HC operates via inhibition of viral penetration. Interestingly, a CH25H mutant (CH25H-M) lacking hydroxylase activity still inhibited PRRSV infection. Screening using a yeast two-hybrid system followed by coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence colocalization analyses confirmed that both CH25H and CH25H-M interact with the nonstructural protein 1 alpha (nsp1α) of PRRSV. Unexpectedly, the expression of nsp1α decreased following coexpression with CH25H or CH25H-M. Detailed analyses demonstrated that CH25H/CH25H-M could degrade nsp1α through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and that site K169 in the nsp1α protein is the key site of ubiquitination. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that CH25H restricts PRRSV replication by targeting viral penetration as well as degrading nsp1α, revealing a novel antiviral mechanism used by CH25H.IMPORTANCE PRRSV has been a continuous threat to the global swine industry, and current vaccines are insufficient to provide sustainable control. CH25H has been found to exert a broad antiviral effect; thus, it is an attractive target for the development of anti-PRRSV drugs. Here, we demonstrate that CH25H is an interferon-stimulated gene that is highly expressed in porcine alveolar macrophages. CH25H exerts its anti-PRRSV effect not only via the production of 25HC to inhibit viral penetration but also by degrading viral protein through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, suggesting that CH25H is a candidate for the development of antiviral therapeutics. However, PRRSV infection appears to actively decrease CH25H expression to promote viral replication, highlighting the complex game between PRRSV and its host.
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Ohta K, Matsumoto Y, Yumine N, Nishio M. Human parainfluenza virus type 2 V protein inhibits induction of tetherin. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 206:311-318. [PMID: 28455649 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tetherin is an anti-viral factor that restricts viral budding through tethering virions to the cell surface. The human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2) V protein decreases cell surface tetherin in HeLa cells, which constitutively express endogenous tetherin. However, the role of the hPIV-2 V protein in tetherin induction remains unclear. Here, we examined whether hPIV-2 infection itself induces tetherin in HEK293 cells that have no basal expression of tetherin. Unlike influenza A virus (IAV) infection, hPIV-2 infection induced neither tetherin mRNA nor protein expression. In contrast, robust tetherin induction was observed by infection of rPIV-2s carrying V mutants, in which either three Trp residues (W178H/W182E/W192A) or Cys residues (C209/211/214A) that are important for decreasing cell surface tetherin are mutated. hPIV-2 infection also inhibited the induction of tetherin expression by IFN-α and IAV infection. Furthermore, hPIV-2 V protein but not P and VW178H/W182E/W192A suppressed tetherin induction. Our data collectively suggest that the hPIV-2 V protein inhibits tetherin expression induced by several external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ohta
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Natsuko Yumine
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Machiko Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
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Heusinger E, Kirchhoff F. Primate Lentiviruses Modulate NF-κB Activity by Multiple Mechanisms to Fine-Tune Viral and Cellular Gene Expression. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:198. [PMID: 28261165 PMCID: PMC5306280 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) plays a complex role during the replication of primate lentiviruses. On the one hand, NF-κB is essential for induction of efficient proviral gene expression. On the other hand, this transcription factor contributes to the innate immune response and induces expression of numerous cellular antiviral genes. Recent data suggest that primate lentiviruses cope with this challenge by boosting NF-κB activity early during the replication cycle to initiate Tat-driven viral transcription and suppressing it at later stages to minimize antiviral gene expression. Human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV, respectively) initially exploit their accessory Nef protein to increase the responsiveness of infected CD4+ T cells to stimulation. Increased NF-κB activity initiates Tat expression and productive replication. These events happen quickly after infection since Nef is rapidly expressed at high levels. Later during infection, Nef proteins of HIV-2 and most SIVs exert a very different effect: by down-modulating the CD3 receptor, an essential factor for T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, they prevent stimulation of CD4+ T cells via antigen-presenting cells and hence suppress further induction of NF-κB and an effective antiviral immune response. Efficient LTR-driven viral transcription is maintained because it is largely independent of NF-κB in the presence of Tat. In contrast, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and its simian precursors have lost the CD3 down-modulation function of Nef and use the late viral protein U (Vpu) to inhibit NF-κB activity by suppressing its nuclear translocation. In this review, we discuss how HIV-1 and other primate lentiviruses might balance viral and antiviral gene expression through a tight temporal regulation of NF-κB activity throughout their replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Heusinger
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center Ulm, Germany
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RICH2 is implicated in viraemic control of HIV-1 in black South African individuals. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 49:78-87. [PMID: 28069446 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An intronic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in RICH2 (rs2072255; 255i), in complete linkage disequilibrium (LD) with an exonic SNP (rs2072254; 254e), has been identified in a genome wide association study to be associated with progression to AIDS in Caucasian individuals. RICH2 links tetherin to the cortical actin network and the RICH2/tetherin interaction has been shown to be important for the downstream activation of NF-κβ and the consequential promotion of proinflammatory responses. We investigated the role of these two SNPs in natural control of HIV-1 in black South Africans including healthy controls (HCs; N=102) and antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected controllers (HICs; N=52) and progressors (N=74). HICs were stratified as elite controllers (ECs; N=11), viraemic controllers (VCs; N=30), high viral load (VL) long term non-progressors (HVL LTNPs; N=11) and also according to VL<400RNA copies/ml (HICs VL<400; N=20) and VL>400RNA copies/ml (HICs VL>400; N=32). Results showed that in contrast to Caucasians who had very strong LD between these SNPs (r2=0.97), black populations exhibited low LD (r2=0.11-0.27), however a 254e minor allele was always present with a 255i minor allele but not vice versa. The SNPs did not show significant over- or underrepresentation in any particular group, however the combination of 254e major allele homozygosity and 255i heterozygosity (254eAA/255iGA) was underrepresented in HICs (OR=3.26; P=0.04) and VCs (OR=7.77; P=0.02) compared to HCs, and in HICs VL>400 compared to both HCs (P=0.002) and progressors (P=0.02). A lower CD4+ T-cell count was associated with 254eAA/255iGA and 255i (GA+AA) in the total HIV-1-infected group (P=0.043) and progressors (P=0.017), respectively. In silico analysis predicted loss of an exonic splice enhancer site with the 254e-G allele. We postulate that altered splicing of RICH2 will affect levels of RICH2 expression and consequently NF-κβ activation. These findings point to a role for RICH2 and tetherin in viraemic natural control of HIV-1.
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Presti R, Pantaleo G. The Immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Vanwalscappel B, Rato S, Perez-Olmeda M, Díez Fuertes F, Casartelli N, Alcami J, Mammano F. Genetic and phenotypic analyses of sequential vpu alleles from HIV-infected IFN-treated patients. Virology 2016; 500:247-258. [PMID: 27855354 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of HIV-infected patients with IFN-α results in significant, but clinically insufficient, reductions of viremia. IFN induces the expression of several antiviral proteins including BST-2, which inhibits HIV by multiple mechanisms. The viral protein Vpu counteracts different effects of BST-2. We thus asked if Vpu proteins from IFN-treated patients displayed improved anti-BST-2 activities as compared to Vpu from baseline. Deep-sequencing analyses revealed that in five of seven patients treated by IFN-α for a concomitant HCV infection in the absence of antiretroviral drugs, the dominant Vpu sequences differed before and during treatment. In three patients, vpu alleles that emerged during treatment improved virus replication in the presence of IFN-α, and two of them conferred improved virus budding from cells expressing BST-2. Differences were observed for the ability to down-regulate CD4, while all Vpu variants potently down-modulated BST-2 from the cell surface. This report discloses relevant consequences of IFN-treatment on HIV properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Vanwalscappel
- INSERM, U941, Paris F-75010, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75475 Paris, France
| | | | - Mayte Perez-Olmeda
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Díez Fuertes
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Alcami
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fabrizio Mammano
- INSERM, U941, Paris F-75010, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75475 Paris, France.
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Single Amino Acid Substitution N659D in HIV-2 Envelope Glycoprotein (Env) Impairs Viral Release and Hampers BST-2 Antagonism. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100285. [PMID: 27754450 PMCID: PMC5086617 DOI: 10.3390/v8100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BST-2 or tetherin is a host cell restriction factor that prevents the budding of enveloped viruses at the cell surface, thus impairing the viral spread. Several countermeasures to evade this antiviral factor have been positively selected in retroviruses: the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) relies on the envelope glycoprotein (Env) to overcome BST-2 restriction. The Env gp36 ectodomain seems involved in this anti-tetherin activity, however residues and regions interacting with BST-2 are not clearly defined. Among 32 HIV-2 ROD Env mutants tested, we demonstrated that the asparagine residue at position 659 located in the gp36 ectodomain is mandatory to exert the anti-tetherin function. Viral release assays in cell lines expressing BST-2 showed a loss of viral release ability for the HIV-2 N659D mutant virus compared to the HIV-2 wild type virus. In bst-2 inactivated H9 cells, those differences were lost. Subtilisin treatment of infected cells demonstrated that the N659D mutant was more tethered at the cell surface. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments confirmed a direct molecular link between Env and BST-2 and highlighted an inability of the mutant to bind BST-2. We also tested a virus presenting a truncation of 109 amino acids at the C-terminal part of Env, a cytoplasmic tail partial deletion that is spontaneously selected in vitro. Interestingly, viral release assays and FRET experiments indicated that a full Env cytoplasmic tail was essential in BST-2 antagonism. In HIV-2 infected cells, an efficient Env-mediated antagonism of BST-2 is operated through an intermolecular link involving the asparagine 659 residue as well as the C-terminal part of the cytoplasmic tail.
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Royer D, Carr D. A STING-dependent innate-sensing pathway mediates resistance to corneal HSV-1 infection via upregulation of the antiviral effector tetherin. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1065-75. [PMID: 26627457 PMCID: PMC4889566 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 interferons (IFNs; IFNα/β) mediate immunological host resistance to numerous viral infections, including herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). The pathways responsible for IFNα/β signaling during the innate immune response to acute HSV-1 infection in the cornea are incompletely understood. Using a murine ocular infection model, we hypothesized that the stimulator of IFN genes (STING) mediates resistance to HSV-1 infection at the ocular surface and preserves the structural integrity of this mucosal site. Viral pathogenesis, tissue pathology, and host immune responses during ocular HSV-1 infection were characterized by plaque assay, esthesiometry, pachymetry, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and small interfering RNA transfection in wild-type C57BL/6 (WT), STING-deficient (STING(-/-)), and IFNα/β receptor-deficient (CD118(-/-)) mice at days 3-5 postinfection. The presence of STING was critical for sustained control of HSV-1 replication in the corneal epithelium and resistance to viral neuroinvasion, but loss of STING had a negligible impact with respect to gross tissue pathology. Auxiliary STING-independent IFNα/β signaling pathways were responsible for maintenance of corneal integrity. Lymphatic vessels, mast cells, and sensory innervation were compromised in CD118(-/-) mice concurrent with increased tissue edema. STING-dependent signaling led to the upregulation of tetherin, a viral restriction factor we identify is important in containing the spread of HSV-1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D.J.J. Carr
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
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James S, Fox J, Afsari F, Lee J, Clough S, Knight C, Ashmore J, Ashton P, Preham O, Hoogduijn M, Ponzoni RDAR, Hancock Y, Coles M, Genever P. Multiparameter Analysis of Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Identifies Distinct Immunomodulatory and Differentiation-Competent Subtypes. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 4:1004-15. [PMID: 26070611 PMCID: PMC4471830 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs, also called bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells) provide hematopoietic support and immunoregulation and contain a stem cell fraction capable of skeletogenic differentiation. We used immortalized human BMSC clonal lines for multi-level analysis of functional markers for BMSC subsets. All clones expressed typical BMSC cell-surface antigens; however, clones with trilineage differentiation capacity exhibited enhanced vascular interaction gene sets, whereas non-differentiating clones were uniquely CD317 positive with significantly enriched immunomodulatory transcriptional networks and high IL-7 production. IL-7 lineage tracing and CD317 immunolocalization confirmed the existence of a rare non-differentiating BMSC subtype, distinct from Cxcl12-DsRed(+) perivascular stromal cells in vivo. Colony-forming CD317(+) IL-7(hi) cells, identified at ∼ 1%-3% frequency in heterogeneous human BMSC fractions, were found to have the same biomolecular profile as non-differentiating BMSC clones using Raman spectroscopy. Distinct functional identities can be assigned to BMSC subpopulations, which are likely to have specific roles in immune control, lymphopoiesis, and bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally James
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - James Fox
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Farinaz Afsari
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jennifer Lee
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sally Clough
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - James Ashmore
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Peter Ashton
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Olivier Preham
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Martin Hoogduijn
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, Rotterdam 3015 GE, the Netherlands
| | | | - Y Hancock
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK; York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis, University of York, York YO10 5GE, UK
| | - Mark Coles
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Paul Genever
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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Mahauad-Fernandez WD, Okeoma CM. BST-2: at the crossroads of viral pathogenesis and oncogenesis. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BST-2 is a moonlight protein with several protective and deleterious functions. Regulation of virus restriction and tumor aggressiveness are the most studied aspects of BST-2 function and thus, the main focus of this perspective. Virus inhibition roles of BST-2 have therapeutic potential that, if properly harnessed, could result in near broad spectrum antiviral. However, the involvement of BST-2 in cancer calls for additional studies on BST-2 biology and re-evaluation of the overall role of BST-2 in host protection, as it appears that BST-2 has pleiotropic effects in the host. Here, we analyze the antiviral and protumor roles of BST-2. We also discuss potential therapeutic options for BST-2 against viral infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadie D Mahauad-Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Chioma M Okeoma
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Frankova S, Jirsa M, Merta D, Neroldova M, Urbanek P, Senkerikova R, Spicak J, Sperl J. USP18 downregulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells predicts nonresponse to interferon-based triple therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C, genotype 1: a pilot study. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:1853-61. [PMID: 26719699 PMCID: PMC4687952 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s94010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Patients with advanced liver fibrosis owing to chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 represent a difficult-to-treat group even if a protease inhibitor is added to pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin. Therefore, only patients with a high chance of cure should be treated with interferon-based treatment. Patients and methods Expression of IFNG, IFNLR1, and interferon-sensitive genes CXCL9, IFI16, IFI27, ISG15, and USP18 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was assessed before and during the initial 12 weeks of treatment. The studied group consisted of 26 treatment-experienced patients of average age of 50 years with advanced liver fibrosis compared to seven healthy volunteers. Fourteen patients were treated with pegylated interferon alpha 2b, ribavirin, and boceprevir and 12 patients with telaprevir. The overall sustained virological response (SVR) rate was 69% (18/26). Results A significant difference in the initial expression (median, interquartile range [IQR]) of CXCL9 2.9×, IQR: 1.7–12.4 vs 1.2×, IQR: 0.5–1.8; (P=0.01) IFNG 7.3×, IQR: 1.7–32.6 vs 0.7×, IQR: 0.4–1.3; P=0.002 and USP18 3.7×, IQR: 2.1–7.7 vs 1.4×, IQR: 0.9–1.6; (P=0.03) was found between the SVR and non-SVR groups. Expression of all analyzed genes was progressively increasing during the first 12 weeks of therapy, but a significant difference between SVR and non-SVR group was found only in USP18 expression at week 12 (P=0.001). Initial expression of four genes predicted SVR in univariate analysis (CXCL9 [OR: 12.00, 95% CI: 1.21–118.89], IFI27 [OR: 12.00, 95% CI: 1.21–118.89], IFNG [OR: 10.50, 95% CI: 1.50–73.67], USP18 [OR: 21.00, 95% CI: 2.05–215.18]). In multivariate analysis, only the initial expression of USP18 was identified as a predictor of SVR (P=0.047). Conclusion Initial expression of USP18 and the course of its activation could be a reliable predictor of SVR achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Frankova
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirsa
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dusan Merta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Neroldova
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Urbanek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Military Hospital, First Medical School, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Senkerikova
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Julius Spicak
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Sperl
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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Sensing of HIV-1 Infection in Tzm-bl Cells with Reconstituted Expression of STING. J Virol 2015; 90:2064-76. [PMID: 26656698 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02966-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Production of proinflammatory cytokines indicative of potent recognition by the host innate immune system has long been recognized as a hallmark of the acute phase of HIV-1 infection. The first components of the machinery by which primary HIV target cells sense infection have recently been described; however, the mechanistic dissection of innate immune recognition and viral evasion would be facilitated by an easily accessible cell line model. Here we describe that reconstituted expression of the innate signaling adaptor STING enhanced the ability of the well-established HIV reporter cell line Tzm-bl to sense HIV infection and to convert this information into nuclear translocation of IRF3 as well as expression of cytokine mRNA. STING-dependent immune sensing of HIV-1 required virus entry and reverse transcription but not genome integration. Particularly efficient recognition was observed for an HIV-1 variant lacking expression of the accessory protein Vpr, suggesting a role of the viral protein in circumventing STING-mediated immune signaling. Vpr as well as STING significantly impacted the magnitude and breadth of the cytokine mRNA expression profile induced upon HIV-1 infection. However, cytoplasmic DNA sensing did not result in detectable cytokine secretion in this cell system, and innate immune recognition did not affect infection rates. Despite these deficits in eliciting antiviral effector functions, these results establish Tzm-bl STING and Tzm-bl STING IRF3.GFP cells as useful tools for studies aimed at dissecting mechanisms and regulation of early innate immune recognition of HIV infection. IMPORTANCE Cell-autonomous immune recognition of HIV infection was recently established as an important aspect by which the host immune system attempts to fend off HIV-1 infection. Mechanistic studies on host cell recognition and viral evasion are hampered by the resistance of many primary HIV target cells to detailed experimental manipulation. We describe here that expression of the signaling adaptor STING renders the well-established HIV reporter cell line Tzm-bl competent for innate recognition of HIV infection. Key characteristics reflected in this cell model include nuclear translocation of IRF3, expression of a broad range of cytokine mRNAs, and an antagonistic activity of the HIV-1 protein Vpr. These results establish Tzm-bl STING and Tzm-bl STING IRF3.GFP cells as a useful tool for studies of innate recognition of HIV infection.
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Mahauad-Fernandez WD, Okeoma CM. The role of BST-2/Tetherin in host protection and disease manifestation. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2015; 4:4-23. [PMID: 27042298 PMCID: PMC4768070 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Host cells respond to viral infections by activating immune response genes that are not only involved in inflammation, but may also predispose cells to cancerous transformation. One such gene is BST‐2, a type II transmembrane protein with a unique topology that endows it tethering and signaling potential. Through this ability to tether and signal, BST‐2 regulates host response to viral infection either by inhibiting release of nascent viral particles or in some models inhibiting viral dissemination. However, despite its antiviral functions, BST‐2 is involved in disease manifestation, a function linked to the ability of BST‐2 to promote cell‐to‐cell interaction. Therefore, modulating BST‐2 expression and/or activity has the potential to influence course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadie D Mahauad-Fernandez
- Department of MicrobiologyCarver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIA52242USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIA52242USA
| | - Chioma M Okeoma
- Department of MicrobiologyCarver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIA52242USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIA52242USA
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Mussil B, Javed A, Töpfer K, Sauermann U, Sopper S. Increased BST2 expression during simian immunodeficiency virus infection is not a determinant of disease progression in rhesus monkeys. Retrovirology 2015; 12:92. [PMID: 26554913 PMCID: PMC4641394 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2), also known as tetherin, HM1.24 or CD317 represents a type 2 integral membrane protein, which has been described to restrict the production of some enveloped viruses by inhibiting the virus release from the cell surface. This innate antiviral mechanism is counteracted by the HIV-1 viral factor Vpu, targeting BST2 for cellular degradation. Since antiviral BST2 activity has been mainly confirmed by in vitro data, we investigated its role in vivo on the disease progression using the SIV/macaque model for AIDS. We determined BST2 expression in PBMC and leukocyte subsets of uninfected and SIV-infected rhesus macaques by real-time PCR and flow cytometry and correlated it with disease progression and viral load. Results Compared to pre-infection levels, we found increased BST2 expression in PBMC, purified CD4+ lymphocytes and CD14+ monocytes of SIV-infected animals, which correlated with viral load. Highest BST2 levels were found in progressors and lowest levels comparable to uninfected macaques were observed in long-term non-progressors (LTNPs). During acute viremia, BST2 mRNA increased in parallel with MX1, a prototype interferon-stimulated gene. This association was maintained during the whole disease course. Conclusion The detected relationship between BST2 expression and viral load as well as with MX1 indicate a common regulation by the interferon response and suggest rather limited influence of BST2 in vivo on the disease outcome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0219-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Mussil
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Centre, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Aneela Javed
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Centre, Goettingen, Germany. .,Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), H12, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Katharina Töpfer
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Centre, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Sauermann
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Centre, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, ZVG 7G5 009A, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Bst2/Tetherin Is Induced in Neurons by Type I Interferon and Viral Infection but Is Dispensable for Protection against Neurotropic Viral Challenge. J Virol 2015; 89:11011-8. [PMID: 26311886 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01745-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In permissive mouse central nervous system (CNS) neurons, measles virus (MV) spreads in the absence of hallmark viral budding or neuronal death, with transmission occurring efficiently and exclusively via the synapse. MV infection also initiates a robust type I interferon (IFN) response, resulting in the synthesis of a large number of genes, including bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (Bst2)/tetherin/CD317. Bst2 restricts the release of some enveloped viruses, but to date, its role in viral infection of neurons has not been assessed. Consequently, we investigated how Bst2 was induced and what role it played in MV neuronal infection. The magnitude of induction of neuronal Bst2 RNA and protein following IFN exposure and viral infection was notably higher than in similarly treated mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). Bst2 synthesis was both IFN and Stat1 dependent. Although Bst2 prevented MV release from nonneuronal cells, its deletion had no effect on viral pathogenesis in MV-challenged mice. Our findings underscore how cell-type-specific differences impact viral infection and pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Viral infections of the central nervous system can lead to debilitating disease and death. Moreover, it is becoming increasingly clear that nonrenewable cells, including most central nervous system neurons, combat neurotropic viral infections in fundamentally different ways than other rapidly dividing and renewable cell populations. Here we identify type I interferon signaling as a key inducer of a known antiviral protein (Bst2) in neurons. Unexpectedly, the gene is dispensable for clearance of neurotropic viral infection despite its well-defined contribution to limiting the spread of enveloped viruses in proliferating cells. A deeper appreciation of the importance of cell type heterogeneity in antiviral immunity will aid in the identification of unique therapeutic targets for life-threatening viral infections.
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Innate immunity against HIV-1 infection. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:554-62. [PMID: 25988887 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During acute HIV-1 infection, viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns are recognized by pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs) of infected cells, which triggers a signaling cascade that initiates innate intracellular antiviral defenses aimed at restricting the replication and spread of the virus. This cell-intrinsic response propagates outward via the action of secreted factors such as cytokines and chemokines that activate innate immune cells and attract them to the site of infection and to local lymphatic tissue. Antiviral innate effector cells can subsequently contribute to the control of viremia and modulate the quality of the adaptive immune response to HIV-1. The concerted actions of PRR signaling, specific viral-restriction factors, innate immune cells, innate-adaptive immune crosstalk and viral evasion strategies determine the outcome of HIV-1 infection and immune responses.
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Lv M, Zhang B, Shi Y, Han Z, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Zhang W, Niu J, Yu XF. Identification of BST-2/tetherin-induced hepatitis B virus restriction and hepatocyte-specific BST-2 inactivation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11736. [PMID: 26119070 PMCID: PMC4484258 DOI: 10.1038/srep11736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BST-2/tetherin is an interferon-inducible antiviral protein that blocks the release of various enveloped viruses, including HIV-1. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a major cause of liver disease, belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family of enveloped DNA viruses. Whether BST-2 regulates HBV production is largely unknown. In this report, we have demonstrated that HBV particle release is modulated by BST-2 in a cell type-dependent fashion. In HEK293T cells, ectopically expressed or interferon-induced BST-2 strongly inhibited HBV release. BST-2 co-localized with HBV surface protein at multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and physically interacted with HBV particles. However, exogenous BST-2-induced HBV restriction was weak in Huh-7 hepatoma cells, and the interferon-induced anti-HBV effect was independent of BST-2 induction in hepatic L02 cells. Notably, HBV could promote HIV-1 ΔVpu virus release from BST-2-positive HepG2 hepatoma cells but not HeLa cells, whereas Vpu failed to efficiently inhibit BST-2-induced HBV restriction. HBx exhibited an enhanced interaction and co-localization with BST-2 in hepatocytes. These observations indicate that BST-2 restricts HBV production at intracellular MVBs but is inactivated by HBV through a novel mechanism requiring hepatocyte-specific cellular co-factors or a hepatocyte-specific environment. Further understanding of BST-2-induced HBV restriction may provide new therapeutic targets for future HBV treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Lv
- 1] Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China [2] Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Biao Zhang
- 1] Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China [2] School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Ying Shi
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Zhu Han
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yulai Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- 1] Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China [2] Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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McLaren PJ, Gawanbacht A, Pyndiah N, Krapp C, Hotter D, Kluge SF, Götz N, Heilmann J, Mack K, Sauter D, Thompson D, Perreaud J, Rausell A, Munoz M, Ciuffi A, Kirchhoff F, Telenti A. Identification of potential HIV restriction factors by combining evolutionary genomic signatures with functional analyses. Retrovirology 2015; 12:41. [PMID: 25980612 PMCID: PMC4434878 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Known antiretroviral restriction factors are encoded by genes that are under positive selection pressure, induced during HIV-1 infection, up-regulated by interferons, and/or interact with viral proteins. To identify potential novel restriction factors, we performed genome-wide scans for human genes sharing molecular and evolutionary signatures of known restriction factors and tested the anti-HIV-1 activity of the most promising candidates. Results Our analyses identified 30 human genes that share characteristics of known restriction factors. Functional analyses of 27 of these candidates showed that over-expression of a strikingly high proportion of them significantly inhibited HIV-1 without causing cytotoxic effects. Five factors (APOL1, APOL6, CD164, TNFRSF10A, TNFRSF10D) suppressed infectious HIV-1 production in transfected 293T cells by >90% and six additional candidates (FCGR3A, CD3E, OAS1, GBP5, SPN, IFI16) achieved this when the virus was lacking intact accessory vpr, vpu and nef genes. Unexpectedly, over-expression of two factors (IL1A, SP110) significantly increased infectious HIV-1 production. Mechanistic studies suggest that the newly identified potential restriction factors act at different steps of the viral replication cycle, including proviral transcription and production of viral proteins. Finally, we confirmed that mRNA expression of most of these candidate restriction factors in primary CD4+ T cells is significantly increased by type I interferons. Conclusions A limited number of human genes share multiple characteristics of genes encoding for known restriction factors. Most of them display anti-retroviral activity in transient transfection assays and are expressed in primary CD4+ T cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0165-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J McLaren
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ali Gawanbacht
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Nitisha Pyndiah
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Krapp
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Dominik Hotter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Silvia F Kluge
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Nicola Götz
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Jessica Heilmann
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Katharina Mack
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Danielle Thompson
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jérémie Perreaud
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Antonio Rausell
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Miguel Munoz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Angela Ciuffi
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Hancock DB, Gaddis NC, Levy JL, Bierut LJ, Kral AH, Johnson EO. Associations of common variants in the BST2 region with HIV-1 acquisition in African American and European American people who inject drugs. AIDS 2015; 29:767-77. [PMID: 25985399 PMCID: PMC4439198 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2) gene encodes a host restriction factor that acts as an innate immune sensor of HIV-1 exposure and suppresses release of HIV-1 particles. We aimed to identify associations of variants in the BST2 gene region with HIV-1 acquisition and disease progression. DESIGN/METHODS Using HIV+ cases and HIV- controls from the Urban Health Study (n=3136 African Americans and European Americans who inject drugs), we tested 470 variants in BST2 and its flanking regions for association with HIV-1 acquisition and log-transformed viral load. RESULTS We found that the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs113189798 surpassed the P value threshold corrected for multiple testing. The rs113189798-G allele (frequency=16% in African Americans, 4% in European Americans) was associated with increased HIV-1 acquisition risk (meta-analysis P=1.43 × 10): odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.22 (1.01-1.49) in African Americans and 2.17 (1.43-3.33) in European Americans. We also found that the previously reported rs12609479-A allele (frequency=35% in African Americans, 81% in European Americans) was nominally associated with decreased risk of acquiring HIV-1 in our study (meta-analysis P=0.036). Rs12609479-A is predicted to increase BST2 expression and thereby decrease risk of acquiring HIV-1. Rs113189798 and rs12609479 were only weakly correlated [square of the correlation coefficient (r)=0.2-0.4] and represented distinct association signals. None of our tested variants were significantly associated with log-transformed viral load among the HIV-infected cases. CONCLUSION Our findings support BST2 as a genetic susceptibility factor for HIV-1 acquisition: identifying a novel SNP association for rs13189798 and linking the previously reported regulatory SNP rs12609479 to HIV-1 acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana B Hancock
- aBehavioral Health Epidemiology Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division bResearch Computing Division, Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina cDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri dUrban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, San Francisco, California eFellow Program and Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Chauveau L, Puigdomenech I, Ayinde D, Roesch F, Porrot F, Bruni D, Visseaux B, Descamps D, Schwartz O. HIV-2 infects resting CD4+ T cells but not monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Retrovirology 2015; 12:2. [PMID: 25582927 PMCID: PMC4307230 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human Immunodeficiency Virus-type 2 (HIV-2) encodes Vpx that degrades SAMHD1, a cellular restriction factor active in non-dividing cells. HIV-2 replicates in lymphocytes but the susceptibility of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) to in vitro infection remains partly characterized. Results Here, we investigated HIV-2 replication in primary CD4+ T lymphocytes, both activated and non-activated, as well as in MDDCs. We focused on the requirement of Vpx for productive HIV-2 infection, using the reference HIV-2 ROD strain, the proviral clone GL-AN, as well as two primary HIV-2 isolates. All HIV-2 strains tested replicated in activated CD4+ T cells. Unstimulated CD4+ T cells were not productively infected by HIV-2, but viral replication was triggered upon lymphocyte activation in a Vpx-dependent manner. In contrast, MDDCs were poorly infected when exposed to HIV-2. HIV-2 particles did not potently fuse with MDDCs and did not lead to efficient viral DNA synthesis, even in the presence of Vpx. Moreover, the HIV-2 strains tested were not efficiently sensed by MDDCs, as evidenced by a lack of MxA induction upon viral exposure. Virion pseudotyping with VSV-G rescued fusion, productive infection and HIV-2 sensing by MDDCs. Conclusion Vpx allows the non-productive infection of resting CD4+ T cells, but does not confer HIV-2 with the ability to efficiently infect MDDCs. In these cells, an entry defect prevents viral fusion and reverse transcription independently of SAMHD1. We propose that HIV-2, like HIV-1, does not productively infect MDDCs, possibly to avoid triggering an immune response mediated by these cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-014-0131-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Uversky VN. Unreported intrinsic disorder in proteins: Building connections to the literature on IDPs. INTRINSICALLY DISORDERED PROTEINS 2014; 2:e970499. [PMID: 28232880 PMCID: PMC5314882 DOI: 10.4161/21690693.2014.970499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review opens a new series entitled “Unreported intrinsic disorder in proteins.” The goal of this series is to bring attention of researchers to an interesting phenomenon of missed (or overlooked, or ignored, or unreported) disorder. This series serves as a companion to “Digested Disorder” which provides a quarterly review of papers on intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) found by standard literature searches. The need for this alternative series results from the observation that there are numerous publications that describe IDPs (or hybrid proteins with ordered and disordered regions) yet fail to recognize many of the key discoveries and publications in the IDP field. By ignoring the body of work on IDPs, such publications often fail to relate their findings to prior discoveries or fail to explore the obvious implications of their work. Thus, the goal of this series is not only to review these very interesting and important papers, but also to point out how each paper relates to the IDP field and show how common tools in the IDP field can readily take the findings in new directions or provide a broader context for the reported findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute; Morsani College of Medicine; University of South Florida; Tampa, FL USA; Institute for Biological Instrumentation; Russian Academy of Sciences; Pushchino, Russia; Biology Department; Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Long H, Sun L. CsIFIT1, an interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeat, inhibits viral infection in tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:231-237. [PMID: 25218274 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFIT) is involved in antiviral immunity in mammalian cells. In fish, the function of this group of proteins is unknown. In this study, we report the identification of an IFIT homologue (named CsIFIT1) from tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) and examined its antiviral potential. CsIFIT1 is composed of 436 residues and shares 30.9%-58.7% overall sequence identities with the known IFITs of a number of teleost species. In silico analysis identified two tetratricopeptide repeats in CsIFIT1. Quantitative real time RT-PCR analysis showed that CsIFIT1 expression was most abundant in immune relevant organs and upregulated, in a time-dependent manner, by experimental infection with the fish viral pathogen megalocytivirus. When CsIFIT1 was overexpressed in tongue sole before megalocytivirus infection, viral replication in fish tissues was blocked to significant extents. Consistently, when CsIFIT1 expression in tongue sole was knocked down by siRNA, viral replication in fish tissues was significantly enhanced. Taken together, these results indicate that CsIFIT1 is likely a key factor of antiviral immunity and is required for optimal defense against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Long
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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