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Tourani M, Franke F, Heurich M, Henrich M, Peterka T, Ebert C, Oeser J, Edelhoff H, Milleret C, Dupont P, Bischof R, Peters W. Spatial variation in red deer density in a transboundary forest ecosystem. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4561. [PMID: 36941335 PMCID: PMC10027870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Forests in Europe are exposed to increasingly frequent and severe disturbances. The resulting changes in the structure and composition of forests can have profound consequences for the wildlife inhabiting them. Moreover, wildlife populations in Europe are often subjected to differential management regimes as they regularly extend across multiple national and administrative borders. The red deer Cervus elaphus population in the Bohemian Forest Ecosystem, straddling the Czech-German border, has experienced forest disturbances, primarily caused by windfalls and bark beetle Ips typographus outbreaks during the past decades. To adapt local management strategies to the changing environmental conditions and to coordinate them across the international border, reliable estimates of red deer density and abundance are highly sought-after by policymakers, wildlife managers, and stakeholders. Covering a 1081-km2 study area, we conducted a transnational non-invasive DNA sampling study in 2018 that yielded 1578 genotyped DNA samples from 1120 individual red deer. Using spatial capture-recapture models, we estimated total and jurisdiction-specific abundance of red deer throughout the ecosystem and quantified the role of forest disturbance and differential management strategies in shaping spatial heterogeneity in red deer density. We hypothesised that (a) forest disturbances provide favourable habitat conditions (e.g., forage and cover), and (b) contrasting red deer management regimes in different jurisdictions create a differential risk landscape, ultimately shaping density distributions. Overall, we estimated that 2851 red deer (95% Credible Interval = 2609-3119) resided in the study area during the sampling period, with a relatively even overall sex ratio (1406 females, 95% CI = 1229-1612 and 1445 males, 95% CI = 1288-1626). The average red deer density was higher in Czechia (3.5 km-2, 95% CI = 1.2-12.3) compared to Germany (2 km-2, 95% CI = 0.2-11). The effect of forest disturbances on red deer density was context-dependent. Forest disturbances had a positive effect on red deer density at higher elevations and a negative effect at lower elevations, which could be explained by partial migration and its drivers in this population. Density of red deer was generally higher in management units where hunting is prohibited. In addition, we found that sex ratios differed between administrative units and were more balanced in the non-intervention zones. Our results show that the effect of forest disturbances on wild ungulates is modulated by additional factors, such as elevation and ungulate management practices. Overall density patterns and sex ratios suggested strong gradients in density between administrative units. With climate change increasing the severity and frequency of forest disturbances, population-level monitoring and management are becoming increasingly important, especially for wide-ranging species as both wildlife and global change transcend administrative boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Tourani
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, USA.
| | - Frederik Franke
- Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Research Unit Wildlife Biology and Management, Hans-Carl-Von-Carlowitz-Platz 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Marco Heurich
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Wildlife Management, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany
- Institute for Forest and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Evenstad, 2480, Koppang, Norway
| | - Maik Henrich
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Wildlife Management, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Tomáš Peterka
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha - Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Šumava National Park, Sušická 399, 341 92, Kašperské Hory, Czech Republic
| | - Cornelia Ebert
- Department Wildlife Genetics, Seq-IT GmbH & Co. KG, Pfaffplatz 10, 67655, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Julian Oeser
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Unter Den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Edelhoff
- Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Research Unit Wildlife Biology and Management, Hans-Carl-Von-Carlowitz-Platz 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Cyril Milleret
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Pierre Dupont
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Richard Bischof
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Wibke Peters
- Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Research Unit Wildlife Biology and Management, Hans-Carl-Von-Carlowitz-Platz 1, 85354, Freising, Germany.
- Wildlife Biology and Management Unit, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-Von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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Meyer P, Spînu AP, Mölder A, Bauhus J. Management alters drought-induced mortality patterns in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:1157-1170. [PMID: 35137514 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The high tree mortality during the dry and hot years of 2018-2019 in Europe has triggered concerns on the future of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests under climate change and raised questions as to whether forest management may increase tree mortality. We compared long-term mortality rates of beech between managed and unmanaged stands including the years 2018-2019 at 11 sites in Hesse, Germany. We hypothesized that mortality would increase with climate water deficits during the growing season, initial stand density, decreasing dominance of trees, and decreasing intensity of tree removals. Initial stand density, tree removals, the climate water balance and the competitive status of trees were used as predictor variables. Mean annual natural mortality rates ranged between 0.5% and 2.1%. Even in the drought years, we observed no signs of striking canopy disintegration. The significantly higher mortality (1.6-2.1%) in unmanaged stands during the drought years 2018 and 2019 was largely confined to suppressed trees. There was no significant increase of mortality in managed stands during the drought years, but a shift in mortality towards larger canopy trees. Our study did not confirm a general influence of management, in the form of tree removals, on mortality rates. Yet, we found that during drought years, management changed the distribution of mortality within the tree community. To analyse the effects of management on mortality rates more comprehensively, a wider gradient in site moisture conditions, including sites drier than in this study, and longer post-drought periods should be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Meyer
- Department of Forest Nature Conservation, Northwest German Forest Research Institute, Hann. Münden, Germany
| | - A P Spînu
- Chair of Silviculture, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Mölder
- Department of Forest Nature Conservation, Northwest German Forest Research Institute, Hann. Münden, Germany
| | - J Bauhus
- Chair of Silviculture, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Křenová Z, Janík T, Romportl D. One park, two owners—Inconsistencies in forest stewardship. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Křenová
- Department of Biodiversity Research Global Change Research Institute CAS Brno Czech Republic
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science Charles University Praha Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Janík
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science Charles University Praha Czech Republic
- Department of Spatial Ecology The Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Public Research Institution, v.v.i. Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Romportl
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science Charles University Praha Czech Republic
- Department of Spatial Ecology The Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Public Research Institution, v.v.i. Průhonice Czech Republic
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Kuhn A, Hautier L, San Martin G. Do pheromone traps help to reduce new attacks of Ips typographus at the local scale after a sanitary cut? PeerJ 2022; 10:e14093. [PMID: 36193434 PMCID: PMC9526401 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, is causing severe economic losses during epidemic phases triggered by droughts and/or windstorms. Sanitation felling and salvage logging are usually the most recommended strategies to limit the damages. However, any additional control method to limit the economic impact of an outbreak would be welcome. In this respect, the efficiency of pheromone trapping is still controversial or poorly documented. In this 2-year study (2020-2021), at the peak of a severe outbreak in Belgium, we quantified the wood volume and presence/absence of new attacks at 126 sites attacked during the previous year and within 100 m from the initial attack. Each site was randomly allocated to one of three treatments: (1) three crosstraps baited with pheromones, (2) one tree-trap baited with pheromones and treated with an insecticide and (3) control sites with no trapping device. The attacked trees of the previous year were all cut and removed before the start of the experiment and newly attacked trees were removed as they were detected. The trapping devices were only active during spring to target overwintering bark beetles that might have escaped the sanitation cuts and to limit the risk of attracting dispersing beetles from outside the patch during the summer. We found a strong decrease of the attacks relative to the previous year in all treatments, including the controls (more than 50% of the control sites had no new attacks). There was no relationship between the new attacks and the attacks of the previous year. In both years, new attacks were more frequent (presence/absence) in sites with crosstraps (95% Confidence Interval [56-84%] of the sites with new attacks) than in sites with a tree-trap (26-57% - p = 0.02) and to a lesser extent than in control sites (32-63%, p = 0.08). In 2020, the attacked volumes were slightly higher in sites with crosstraps (95% Confidence Interval [3.4-14.2 m³]) than in control sites (0.2-3.5 m³, p = 0.04) and no significant difference was found with tree-trap sites (1.1-6.2 m³, p = 0.38). In 2021, there were no significant differences between the volumes attacked in the control sites (1.8-9.4 m³), crosstraps sites (0.9-6.4 m³) and tree-trap sites (0-2.5 m³). Overall, we found no evidence in favor of the efficacy of pheromone trapping during spring to reduce economic damages at the local scale when combined with sanitation felling and during a severe outbreak. The use of baited crosstraps could even be hazardous as it seemed to increase the occurrence of new attacks probably by attracting bark beetles but failing to neutralize them.
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Kortmann M, Roth N, Buse J, Hilszczański J, Jaworski T, Morinière J, Seidl R, Thorn S, Müller JC. Arthropod dark taxa provide new insights into diversity responses to bark beetle infestations. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2516. [PMID: 34918844 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural disturbances are increasing around the globe, also impacting protected areas. Although previous studies have indicated that natural disturbances result in mainly positive effects on biodiversity, these analyses mostly focused on a few well established taxonomic groups, and thus uncertainty remains regarding the comprehensive impact of natural disturbances on biodiversity. Using Malaise traps and meta-barcoding, we studied a broad range of arthropod taxa, including dark and cryptic taxa, along a gradient of bark beetle disturbance severities in five European national parks. We identified order-level community thresholds of disturbance severity and classified barcode index numbers (BINs; a cluster system for DNA sequences, where each cluster corresponds to a species) as negative or positive disturbance indicators. Negative indicator BINs decreased above thresholds of low to medium disturbance severity (20%-30% of trees killed), whereas positive indicator BINs benefited from high disturbance severity (76%-98%). BINs allocated to a species name contained nearly as many positive as negative disturbance indicators, but dark and cryptic taxa, particularly Diptera and Hymenoptera in our data, contained higher numbers of negative disturbance indicator BINs. Analyses of changes in the richness of BINs showed variable responses of arthropods to disturbance severity at lower taxonomic levels, whereas no significant signal was detected at the order level due to the compensatory responses of the underlying taxa. We conclude that the analyses of dark taxa can offer new insights into biodiversity responses to disturbances. Our results suggest considerable potential for forest management to foster arthropod diversity, for example by maintaining both closed-canopy forests (>70% cover) and open forests (<30% cover) on the landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Kortmann
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Nicolas Roth
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, School of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jörn Buse
- Department for Ecological Monitoring, Research and Species Protection, Black Forest National Park, Seebach, Germany
| | - Jacek Hilszczański
- Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jaworski
- Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
| | | | - Rupert Seidl
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Berchtesgaden National Park, Berchtesgaden, Germany
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Jörg C Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
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Müller J, Brandl R, Cadotte MW, Heibl C, Bässler C, Weiß I, Birkhofer K, Thorn S, Seibold S. A replicated study on the response of spider assemblages to regional and local processes. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5 Rauhenebrach Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2 Grafenau Germany
| | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Ecology ‐ Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg, Karl‐von‐Frisch Str. 8 Marburg Germany
| | - Marc W. Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto–Scarborough Toronto Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - Christoph Heibl
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2 Grafenau Germany
| | - Claus Bässler
- Conservation Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity Goethe‐University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Ingmar Weiß
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2 Grafenau Germany
| | - Klaus Birkhofer
- Department of Ecology Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus‐Senftenberg, Konrad‐Wachsmann Allee 6 Cottbus Germany
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5 Rauhenebrach Germany
| | - Sebastian Seibold
- Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
- Berchtesgaden National Park Berchtesgaden Germany
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Meyer P, Schmidt M, Feldmann E, Willig J, Larkin R. Long-term development of species richness in a central European beech ( Fagus sylvatica) forest affected by windthrow-Support for the intermediate disturbance hypothesis? Ecol Evol 2021; 11:12801-12815. [PMID: 34594540 PMCID: PMC8462171 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
On the basis of long-term surveys of permanent plots and traps, we examined the communities of saproxylic beetles, fungi, herbs, and trees on an untreated 22 ha large beech forest windthrow and asked whether the results lend support to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH). We studied species richness and the similarity of community composition. Additionally, we grouped species by their frequency trend over time to successional model types to examine whether, corresponding to the IDH, the diversity of these groups explained peak richness at intermediate intervals after the disturbance. In line with the IDH, species richness showed a hump-backed temporal course for alpha and gamma diversity. We found evidence for a linear succession directly after the disturbance. This, however, did not continue, and in all species groups, a partial recovery of the initial community was observed. In the case of fungi, herbs, and trees, but not for saproxylic beetles, alpha diversity was driven by the diversity of the successional model types. Our results underline that the mechanisms driving species richness after disturbances are more complex than the IDH suggests and that these mechanisms vary with species group. We assumed that, besides competition, legacy effects, facilitation, habitat heterogeneity, and random saturation of the species pool are important. In case of trees and herbs, we found indications for strong legacy and competition effects. For fungi and beetles, substrate heterogeneity and microclimate were assumed to be important. We concluded that disturbances contribute to increasing species richness not only by reducing the effectiveness of competitors but also by increasing the amount and diversity of resources, as well as their rate of change over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Meyer
- Department Forest Nature ConservationNorthwest German Forest Research InstituteHanoversch‐MündenGermany
| | - Marcus Schmidt
- Department Forest Nature ConservationNorthwest German Forest Research InstituteHanoversch‐MündenGermany
| | - Eike Feldmann
- Department Forest Nature ConservationNorthwest German Forest Research InstituteHanoversch‐MündenGermany
| | - Jürgen Willig
- Department Forest Development and EnvironmentState Forest Enterprise HessenForstGießenGermany
| | - Robert Larkin
- Department Growth and YieldNorthwest German Forest Research InstituteGöttingenGermany
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Hardin FO, Leivers S, Grace JK, Hancock Z, Campbell T, Pierce B, Morrison ML. Secondhand homes: The multilayered influence of woodpeckers as ecosystem engineers. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:11425-11439. [PMID: 34429930 PMCID: PMC8366857 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecosystem engineers alter, and can be influenced in turn by, the ecosystems they live in. Woodpeckers choose foraging and nesting sites based, in part, on food availability. Once abandoned, these cavities, particularly within areas of high forage, may be crucial to secondary cavity-nesting birds otherwise limited by cavities formed through decay. Our study examined factors that influence the nesting success of primary cavity nesters and the subsequent impact on secondary cavity-nesting birds. Using 5 years of point count data, we monitored the outcomes of cavity-nesting birds in South Texas. We used logistic-exposure models to predict daily survival rates based on cavity metrics and used woodpecker foraging trends and insect surveys to determine if nesting where woodpeckers actively forage benefits secondary cavity-nesting birds. Both woodpeckers and secondary cavity nesters shared predictors of daily survival; nests were more successful in cavities with small openings in minimally decayed trees. All secondary cavity nesters had higher probabilities of success when nesting in an abandoned woodpecker cavity, opposed to ones formed by decay. Woodpeckers tended to forage in areas with higher-than-average levels of the insect orders Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Orthoptera, and secondary cavity nesters had higher rates of success when nesting in these areas. Our results suggest abandoned woodpecker cavities may be constructed in a way that directly benefit secondary cavity nesters. Additionally, we suggest an interplay between these ecosystem engineers, food availability, and secondary cavity nesters: Woodpeckers engineer superior nesting cavities in areas where food is more abundant, and the resultant cavities in areas of high forage may benefit local secondary cavity nesters. Our findings indicate that there is still much to be explored in the role of ecosystem engineers, and how they influence local communities on multiple trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith O. Hardin
- Department of Rangeland, Wildlife, and Fisheries ManagementTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Samantha Leivers
- Natural Resources InstituteTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Jacquelyn K. Grace
- Department of Ecology & Conservation BiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TexasTXUSA
| | - Zachary Hancock
- Department of Integrative BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | | | - Brian Pierce
- Natural Resources InstituteTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Michael L. Morrison
- Department of Rangeland, Wildlife, and Fisheries ManagementTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
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Evaluation of Salvage Logging Productivity and Costs in the Sensitive Forests of Bulgaria. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12030309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Steep terrain harvesting can only be implemented by a limited set of operational alternatives; therefore, it is important to be efficient in such conditions, in order to avoid incurring high costs. Harvesting abiotically-disturbed forests (salvage harvests caused by wet snow), which is becoming common these days, can significantly impact the operational efficiency of extraction operations. This study was implemented in order to evaluate the performance of truck-mounted uphill cable yarding operations in salvage logging deployed in coniferous stands. A time study was used to estimate the productivity and yarding costs, and predictive models were developed in order to relate the time consumption and productivity to the relevant operational factors, including the degree of wood damage. The average operational conditions were characterized by an extraction distance of 101 m and a lateral yarding distance of 18 m, resulting in a productivity rate of 20.1 m3 h−1. In response to different kind of delays, the productivity rate decreased to 12.8 m3 h−1. Under the prevailing conditions, lateral yarding accounted for 32% of the gross work cycle time, and for 50% of the delay-free work cycle time of the machine. Decreasing the lateral yarding distance and increasing the payload volume to the maximum capacity of the machine would eventually lead to a yarding productivity of close to 30 m3 per SMH (scheduled machine hour). The calculation of the gross costs of uphill yarding showed that the labor costs (35.7%) were slightly higher than the fixed costs (32.9%), and twice as high compared to the variable costs (17.7%). The remote control of the carriage, mechanical slack-pulling mechanisms, and radio-controlled chokers are just some of the improvements that would have led to increments in operational efficiency.
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Foote GG, Foote NE, Runyon JB, Ross DW, Fettig CJ. Changes in the Summer Wild Bee Community Following a Bark Beetle Outbreak in a Douglas-fir Forest. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:1437-1448. [PMID: 33315078 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The status of wild bees has received increased interest following recent estimates of large-scale declines in their abundances across the United States. However, basic information is limited regarding the factors affecting wild bee communities in temperate coniferous forest ecosystems. To assess the early responses of bees to bark beetle disturbance, we sampled the bee community of a Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.), forest in western Idaho, United States during a Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), outbreak beginning in summer 2016. We resampled the area in summer 2018 following reductions in forest canopy cover resulting from mortality of dominant and codominant Douglas-fir. Overall, results from rarefaction analyses indicated significant increases in bee diversity (Shannon's H) in 2018 compared to 2016. Results from ANOVA also showed significant increases in bee abundance and diversity in 2018 compared to 2016. Poisson regression analyses revealed percent tree mortality from Douglas-fir beetle was positively correlated with increases in total bee abundance and species richness, where community response variables displayed a cubic trend with percent tree mortality. Percent reduction in canopy cover from 2016 to 2018 was also correlated with bee species richness and diversity. These findings suggest that wild bee communities may benefit from changes in forest structure following bark beetle outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel G Foote
- Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Nathaniel E Foote
- Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Justin B Runyon
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Bozeman, MT
| | - Darrell W Ross
- Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
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Čada V, Trotsiuk V, Janda P, Mikoláš M, Bače R, Nagel TA, Morrissey RC, Tepley AJ, Vostarek O, Begović K, Chaskovskyy O, Dušátko M, Kameniar O, Kozák D, Lábusová J, Málek J, Meyer P, Pettit JL, Schurman JS, Svobodová K, Synek M, Teodosiu M, Ujházy K, Svoboda M. Quantifying natural disturbances using a large-scale dendrochronological reconstruction to guide forest management. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02189. [PMID: 32506652 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Estimates of historical disturbance patterns are essential to guide forest management aimed at ensuring the sustainability of ecosystem functions and biodiversity. However, quantitative estimates of various disturbance characteristics required in management applications are rare in longer-term historical studies. Thus, our objectives were to (1) quantify past disturbance severity, patch size, and stand proportion disturbed and (2) test for temporal and subregional differences in these characteristics. We developed a comprehensive dendrochronological method to evaluate an approximately two-century-long disturbance record in the remaining Central and Eastern European primary mountain spruce forests, where wind and bark beetles are the predominant disturbance agents. We used an unprecedented large-scale nested design data set of 541 plots located within 44 stands and 6 subregions. To quantify individual disturbance events, we used tree-ring proxies, which were aggregated at plot and stand levels by smoothing and detecting peaks in their distributions. The spatial aggregation of disturbance events was used to estimate patch sizes. Data exhibited continuous gradients from low- to high-severity and small- to large-size disturbance events. In addition to the importance of small disturbance events, moderate-scale (25-75% of the stand disturbed, >10 ha patch size) and moderate-severity (25-75% of canopy disturbed) events were also common. Moderate disturbances represented more than 50% of the total disturbed area and their rotation periods ranged from one to several hundred years, which is within the lifespan of local tree species. Disturbance severities differed among subregions, whereas the stand proportion disturbed varied significantly over time. This indicates partially independent variations among disturbance characteristics. Our quantitative estimates of disturbance severity, patch size, stand proportion disturbed, and associated rotation periods provide rigorous baseline data for future ecological research, decisions within biodiversity conservation, and silviculture intended to maintain native biodiversity and ecosystem functions. These results highlight a need for sufficiently large and adequately connected networks of strict reserves, more complex silvicultural treatments that emulate the natural disturbance spectrum in harvest rotation times, sizes, and intensities, and higher levels of tree and structural legacy retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Čada
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Volodymyr Trotsiuk
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Janda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mikoláš
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
- PRALES, Odtrnovie 563, Rosina, SK-01322, Slovakia
| | - Radek Bače
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas A Nagel
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 83, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Robert C Morrissey
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Alan J Tepley
- Division of Biological Sciences, W.A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Ondřej Vostarek
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Krešimir Begović
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Oleh Chaskovskyy
- Faculty of Forestry, Ukrainian National Forestry University, Gen. Chuprynka 103, Lviv, 790 57, Ukraine
| | - Martin Dušátko
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kameniar
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Kozák
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Lábusová
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Málek
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Meyer
- North West German Forest Research Institute, Grätzelstrasse 2, Göttingen, D-37079, Germany
| | - Joseph L Pettit
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jonathan S Schurman
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Svobodová
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Synek
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marius Teodosiu
- "Marin Drăcea" National Research-Development Institute in Forestry, Station Câmpulung Moldovenesc, Calea Bucovinei 73b, Câmpulung Moldovenesc, Suceava, 725100, Romania
- Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Universităţii 13, Suceava, 720229, Romania
| | - Karol Ujházy
- Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, Zvolen, 96053, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
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Six DL. Niche construction theory can link bark beetle-fungus symbiosis type and colonization behavior to large scale causal chain-effects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 39:27-34. [PMID: 32114295 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bark beetles form a variety of symbioses with fungi. Recent studies reveal how the fungi influence beetle nutrition and detoxify tree defenses and provide insight into why these symbioses vary so greatly in their outcomes, not only for host and symbiont, but also for the forest ecosystems within which they exist. Here, I review recent advances in our knowledge of these systems. I then introduce how niche construction theory can provide a framework to use this knowledge to better understand how different symbiosis types result in a gradient of ecosystem effects ranging from massive and durable to those of little ecological consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Six
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59804, USA.
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13
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Kozák D, Svitok M, Wiezik M, Mikoláš M, Thorn S, Buechling A, Hofmeister J, Matula R, Trotsiuk V, Bače R, Begovič K, Čada V, Dušátko M, Frankovič M, Horák J, Janda P, Kameniar O, Nagel TA, Pettit JL, Pettit JM, Synek M, Wieziková A, Svoboda M. Historical Disturbances Determine Current Taxonomic, Functional and Phylogenetic Diversity of Saproxylic Beetle Communities in Temperate Primary Forests. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Potential of Birch (Betula pendula Roth and B. pubescens Ehrh.) for Forestry and Forest-Based Industry Sector within the Changing Climatic and Socio-Economic Context of Western Europe. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Five commercial tree species comprise nearly 80% of the forest standing stock volume in Western Europe. Nowadays, there is a strong need to consider a wider diversity of tree species, as evidenced by the impact of climate change and the forest health crises over the past decades. In this context, this study focuses on the potential of birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.), a neglected indigenous species, for forestry and the forest-based industry sector. We have therefore compiled, analyzed, and discussed literature regarding the strengths and weaknesses of the species and the opportunities and threats of its use for this purpose. Among the strengths, birch tolerates various climates and sites, and high genetic variability promotes its adaptability. Birch improves forest resilience by colonizing forest gaps and quickly increasing soil functioning and biodiversity. Birch is also remarkably resistant to game overpopulation-associated damage. Large-sized logs are produced within relatively short periods with proper silvicultural treatment, and the wood characteristics allow versatile and valuable uses, as shown in Northern Europe. However, its weaknesses include high sensitivity to crown competition and to wood rot as challenges for silviculture. Among the opportunities, birch is well-suited to the global changes with its adaptability to climate change and its possible integration in diverse productive mixed tree stands. In the context of societal evolutions and customer perceptions, birch wood could play an increasing role in the building and furniture sectors, and among non-wood forest products. In Western Europe, the main obstacle to birch development is the lack of information on the wood uses and, consequently, the lack of interest among forest managers and wood processing professionals, which have led to a poor quality of the resource and to insufficient demand for its wood. Moreover, its fast height growth can affect the vitality of other species in mixed stands. Our analysis highlighted the potential of birch in the Western European forestry considering societal, ecological, and economic purposes in a changing climatic and socio-economic context and the need to (i) develop opportunities for industrial uses of birch wood, (ii) inform forest owners, managers, and industrial professionals about the potential value of birch, and (iii) define silvicultural guidelines.
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15
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Radar vision in the mapping of forest biodiversity from space. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4757. [PMID: 31628336 PMCID: PMC6802221 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in remote sensing provides much-needed, large-scale spatio-temporal information on habitat structures important for biodiversity conservation. Here we examine the potential of a newly launched satellite-borne radar system (Sentinel-1) to map the biodiversity of twelve taxa across five temperate forest regions in central Europe. We show that the sensitivity of radar to habitat structure is similar to that of airborne laser scanning (ALS), the current gold standard in the measurement of forest structure. Our models of different facets of biodiversity reveal that radar performs as well as ALS; median R² over twelve taxa by ALS and radar are 0.51 and 0.57 respectively for the first non-metric multidimensional scaling axes representing assemblage composition. We further demonstrate the promising predictive ability of radar-derived data with external validation based on the species composition of birds and saproxylic beetles. Establishing new area-wide biodiversity monitoring by remote sensing will require the coupling of radar data to stratified and standardized collected local species data.
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Fukasawa Y, Ando Y, Oishi Y, Matsukura K, Okano K, Song Z, Sakuma D. Effects of forest dieback on wood decay, saproxylic communities, and spruce seedling regeneration on coarse woody debris. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Sensitivity of Landsat-8 OLI and TIRS Data to Foliar Properties of Early Stage Bark Beetle (Ips typographus, L.) Infestation. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11040398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the early stage of European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus, L.) infestation (so-called green attack) is investigated using Landsat-8 optical and thermal data. We conducted an extensive field survey in June and the beginning of July 2016, to collect field data measurements from several infested and healthy trees in the Bavarian Forest National Park (BFNP), Germany. In total, 157 trees were selected, and leaf traits (i.e. stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, and water content) were measured. Three Landsat-8 images from May, July, and August 2016 were studied, representing an early stage, advanced stage, and post-infestation, respectively. Spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) sensitive to the measured traits were calculated from the optical domain (VIS, NIR, and SWIR), and canopy surface temperature (CST) was calculated from the thermal infrared band using the mono-window algorithm. The leaf traits were used to examine the impact of bark beetle infestation on the infested trees and to explore the link between these traits and remote sensing data (CST and SVIs). The differences between healthy and infested samples regarding measured leaf traits were assessed using Student’s t test. The relative importance of the CST and SVIs for estimating measured leaf traits was evaluated based on the variable importance in projection (VIP) obtained from the partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis. A temporal comparison was then made for SVIs with a VIP > 1, including CST, using statistical significance tests. The clustering method using a principal components analysis (PCA) was used to examine visually how well the two groups of sample plots (healthy and infested) are separated in 2-D space based on principal component scores. Finally, linear regression (LR) was used to generate the leaf traits maps using the SVI that have highest VIP score and then used to produce a stress map for the study area. The results revealed that all measured leaf traits were significantly different (p < 0.05) between healthy versus infested samples. Moreover, the study showed that CST was superior to the SVIs in detecting subtle canopy changes due to bark beetle infestation for the three months considered in this study. The results showed that CST is an essential variable for estimating measured leaf traits with VIP > 1, improving the results of clustering when used with other SVIs. Likewise, the stress map produced by CST and leaf traits well presented the infestation areas at the green attacked stage. The new insight offered by this study is that the stress induced by the early stage of bark beetle infestation is more pronounced by Landsat-8 thermal bands than the SVIs calculated from its optical bands. The potential of CST in detecting the green attack stage would have positive implications for forest practice.
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Kortmann M, Heurich M, Latifi H, Rösner S, Seidl R, Müller J, Thorn S. Forest structure following natural disturbances and early succession provides habitat for two avian flagship species, capercaillie ( Tetrao urogallus) and hazel grouse ( Tetrastes bonasia). BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 2018; 226:81-91. [PMID: 35633892 PMCID: PMC7612776 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Boreal and mountainous forests are a primary focus of conservation efforts and are naturally prone to large-scale disturbances, such as outbreaks of bark beetles. Affected stands are characterised by biological legacies which persist through the disturbance and subsequent succession. The lack of long-term monitoring data on post-disturbance forest structure precludes understanding of the complex pathways by which natural disturbances affect forest structure and subsequently species presence. We analysed the response of capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) and hazel grouse (Tetrastes bonasia) to bark beetle infestations. We combined high-resolution airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) with a 23-year time series of aerial photography to quantify present-day forest structure and stand disturbance history. Species presence was assessed by collecting droppings of hazel grouse and capercaillie in a citizen science project. Structural equation models showed that the probability of hazel grouse presence increased with increasing disturbance, and the probability of both hazel grouse and capercaillie presence increased with succession. Indirect effects of bark beetle infestations, such as a reduced abundance of deciduous trees and an enhanced herb layer cover, were positively associated with capercaillie presence. Decreasing canopy cover increased the probability of hazel grouse presence. The high temporal and spatial heterogeneity of bark beetle infestations created forest structures that meet the contrasting habitat requirements of both, capercaillie and hazel grouse. This heterogeneity resulted from biological legacies such as decomposing snags, and the simultaneous regrowth of natural regeneration. A benign-neglect strategy towards bark beetle infestations could hence foster capercaillie and hazel grouse in mountainous forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Kortmann
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter University of Würzburg Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181 Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Marco Heurich
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Zoology, Department of Conservation and Research, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstrasse 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hooman Latifi
- Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Remote Sensing, University of Würzburg, Oswald Külpe Weg 86, 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Sascha Rösner
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter University of Würzburg Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181 Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Zoology, Department of Conservation and Research, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter University of Würzburg Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181 Rauhenebrach, Germany
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20
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Effects of γ radiation on the reproduction and enteroendocrine cells of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus and prospects for its control. Biologia (Bratisl) 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-018-0009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Using Intra-Annual Landsat Time Series for Attributing Forest Disturbance Agents in Central Europe. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8070251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Kortmann M, Hurst J, Brinkmann R, Heurich M, Silveyra González R, Müller J, Thorn S. Beauty and the beast: how a bat utilizes forests shaped by outbreaks of an insect pest. Anim Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kortmann
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach; Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocenter University of Würzburg; Rauhenebrach Germany
| | - J. Hurst
- Freiburg Institute of Applied Animal Ecology; Freiburg Germany
| | - R. Brinkmann
- Freiburg Institute of Applied Animal Ecology; Freiburg Germany
| | - M. Heurich
- Bavarian Forest National Park; Zoology; Department of Conservation and Research; Grafenau Germany
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - R. Silveyra González
- Department of Biometry and Environmental System Analysis; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - J. Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach; Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocenter University of Würzburg; Rauhenebrach Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park; Zoology; Department of Conservation and Research; Grafenau Germany
| | - S. Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach; Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocenter University of Würzburg; Rauhenebrach Germany
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23
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Salvage-Logging after Windstorm Leads to Structural and Functional Homogenization of Understory Layer and Delayed Spruce Tree Recovery in Tatra Mts., Slovakia. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8030088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Habitat structure and disturbance affect small mammal populations in Mediterranean forests. Basic Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Hill S, Latifi H, Heurich M, Müller J. Individual-tree- and stand-based development following natural disturbance in a heterogeneously structured forest: A LiDAR-based approach. ECOL INFORM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Thom D, Rammer W, Dirnböck T, Müller J, Kobler J, Katzensteiner K, Helm N, Seidl R. The impacts of climate change and disturbance on spatio-temporal trajectories of biodiversity in a temperate forest landscape. J Appl Ecol 2017; 54:28-38. [PMID: 28111479 PMCID: PMC5245768 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The ongoing changes to climate challenge the conservation of forest biodiversity. Yet, in thermally limited systems, such as temperate forests, not all species groups might be affected negatively. Furthermore, simultaneous changes in the disturbance regime have the potential to mitigate climate-related impacts on forest species. Here, we (i) investigated the potential long-term effect of climate change on biodiversity in a mountain forest landscape, (ii) assessed the effects of different disturbance frequencies, severities and sizes and (iii) identified biodiversity hotspots at the landscape scale to facilitate conservation management. 2. We employed the model iLand to dynamically simulate the tree vegetation on 13 865 ha of the Kalkalpen National Park in Austria over 1000 years, and investigated 36 unique combinations of different disturbance and climate scenarios. We used simulated changes in tree cover and composition as well as projected temperature and precipitation to predict changes in the diversity of Araneae, Carabidae, ground vegetation, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Mollusca, saproxylic beetles, Symphyta and Syrphidae, using empirical response functions. 3. Our findings revealed widely varying responses of biodiversity indicators to climate change. Five indicators showed overall negative effects, with Carabidae, saproxylic beetles and tree species diversity projected to decrease by more than 33%. Six indicators responded positively to climate change, with Hymenoptera, Mollusca and Syrphidae diversity projected to increase more than twofold. 4. Disturbances were generally beneficial for the studied indicators of biodiversity. Our results indicated that increasing disturbance frequency and severity have a positive effect on biodiversity, while increasing disturbance size has a moderately negative effect. Spatial hotspots of biodiversity were currently found in low- to mid-elevation areas of the mountainous study landscape, but shifted to higher-elevation zones under changing climate conditions. 5.Synthesis and applications. Our results highlight that intensifying disturbance regimes may alleviate some of the impacts of climate change on forest biodiversity. However, the projected shift in biodiversity hotspots is a challenge for static conservation areas. In this regard, overlapping hotspots under current and expected future conditions highlight priority areas for robust conservation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Thom
- Institute of SilvicultureDepartment of Forest – and Soil SciencesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) ViennaPeter‐Jordan Straße 821190ViennaAustria
| | - Werner Rammer
- Institute of SilvicultureDepartment of Forest – and Soil SciencesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) ViennaPeter‐Jordan Straße 821190ViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Dirnböck
- Department for Ecosystem Research & Environmental Information ManagementEnvironment Agency AustriaSpittelauer Lände 51090ViennaAustria
| | - Jörg Müller
- Bavarian Forest National ParkFreyungerstraße 294481GrafenauGermany
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem ManagementChair of Terrestrial EcologyTechnische Universität MünchenHans‐Carl‐von‐Carlowitz‐Platz 285354FreisingGermany
| | - Johannes Kobler
- Department for Ecosystem Research & Environmental Information ManagementEnvironment Agency AustriaSpittelauer Lände 51090ViennaAustria
| | - Klaus Katzensteiner
- Institute of Forest EcologyDepartment of Forest‐ and Soil SciencesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) ViennaPeter‐Jordan Straße 821190ViennaAustria
| | - Norbert Helm
- Department for Ecosystem Research & Environmental Information ManagementEnvironment Agency AustriaSpittelauer Lände 51090ViennaAustria
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of SilvicultureDepartment of Forest – and Soil SciencesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) ViennaPeter‐Jordan Straße 821190ViennaAustria
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Macek M, Wild J, Kopecký M, Červenka J, Svoboda M, Zenáhlíková J, Brůna J, Mosandl R, Fischer A. Life and death of Picea abies after bark-beetle outbreak: ecological processes driving seedling recruitment. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:156-167. [PMID: 28052495 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The severity and spatial extent of bark-beetle outbreaks substantially increased in recent decades worldwide. The ongoing controversy about natural forest recovery after these outbreaks highlights the need for individual-based long-term studies, which disentangle processes driving forest regeneration. However, such studies have been lacking. To fill this gap, we followed the fates of 2,552 individual seedlings for 12 years after a large-scale bark-beetle outbreak that caused complete canopy dieback in mountain Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests in southeast Germany. We explore the contribution of advance, disturbance-related, and post-disturbance regeneration to forest recovery. Most seedlings originated directly within the three-year dieback of canopy trees induced by bark-beetle outbreak. After complete canopy dieback, the establishment of new seedlings was minimal. Surprisingly, advance regeneration formed only a minor part of all regeneration. However, because it had the highest survival rate, its importance increased over time. The most important factor influencing the survival of seedlings after disturbance was their height. Survival was further modified by microsite: seedlings established on dead wood survived best, whereas almost all seedlings surrounded by graminoids died. For 5 cm tall seedlings, annual mortality ranged from 20 to 50% according to the rooting microsite. However, for seedlings taller than 50 cm, annual mortality was below 5% at all microsites. While microsite modified seedling mortality, it did not affect seedling height growth. A model of regeneration dynamics based on short-term observations accurately predicts regeneration height growth, but substantially underestimates mortality rate, thus predicting more surviving seedlings than were observed. We found that P. abies forests were able to regenerate naturally even after severe bark-beetle outbreaks owing to advance and particularly disturbance-related regeneration. This, together with microsite-specific mortality, yields structurally and spatially diverse forests. Our study thus highlights the so far unrecognized importance of disturbance-related regeneration for stand recovery after bark-beetle outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Macek
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Wild
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21, Prague 6 -, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kopecký
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21, Prague 6 -, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Červenka
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21, Prague 6 -, Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Šumava National Park, 1. máje 260, CZ-385 01, Vimperk, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21, Prague 6 -, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Zenáhlíková
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21, Prague 6 -, Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Šumava National Park, 1. máje 260, CZ-385 01, Vimperk, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Brůna
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Reinhard Mosandl
- Institute of Silviculture, Technische Universität München TUM, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Anton Fischer
- Geobotany, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Center of Life and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München TUM, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354, Freising, Germany
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Thom D, Seidl R. Natural disturbance impacts on ecosystem services and biodiversity in temperate and boreal forests. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 91:760-81. [PMID: 26010526 PMCID: PMC4898621 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In many parts of the world forest disturbance regimes have intensified recently, and future climatic changes are expected to amplify this development further in the coming decades. These changes are increasingly challenging the main objectives of forest ecosystem management, which are to provide ecosystem services sustainably to society and maintain the biological diversity of forests. Yet a comprehensive understanding of how disturbances affect these primary goals of ecosystem management is still lacking. We conducted a global literature review on the impact of three of the most important disturbance agents (fire, wind, and bark beetles) on 13 different ecosystem services and three indicators of biodiversity in forests of the boreal, cool- and warm-temperate biomes. Our objectives were to (i) synthesize the effect of natural disturbances on a wide range of possible objectives of forest management, and (ii) investigate standardized effect sizes of disturbance for selected indicators via a quantitative meta-analysis. We screened a total of 1958 disturbance studies published between 1981 and 2013, and reviewed 478 in detail. We first investigated the overall effect of disturbances on individual ecosystem services and indicators of biodiversity by means of independence tests, and subsequently examined the effect size of disturbances on indicators of carbon storage and biodiversity by means of regression analysis. Additionally, we investigated the effect of commonly used approaches of disturbance management, i.e. salvage logging and prescribed burning. We found that disturbance impacts on ecosystem services are generally negative, an effect that was supported for all categories of ecosystem services, i.e. supporting, provisioning, regulating, and cultural services (P < 0.001). Indicators of biodiversity, i.e. species richness, habitat quality and diversity indices, on the other hand were found to be influenced positively by disturbance (P < 0.001). Our analyses thus reveal a 'disturbance paradox', documenting that disturbances can put ecosystem services at risk while simultaneously facilitating biodiversity. A detailed investigation of disturbance effect sizes on carbon storage and biodiversity further underlined these divergent effects of disturbance. While a disturbance event on average causes a decrease in total ecosystem carbon by 38.5% (standardized coefficient for stand-replacing disturbance), it on average increases overall species richness by 35.6%. Disturbance-management approaches such as salvage logging and prescribed burning were neither found significantly to mitigate negative effects on ecosystem services nor to enhance positive effects on biodiversity, and thus were not found to alleviate the disturbance paradox. Considering that climate change is expected to intensify natural disturbance regimes, our results indicate that biodiversity will generally benefit from such changes while a sustainable provisioning of ecosystem services might come increasingly under pressure. This underlines that disturbance risk and resilience require increased attention in ecosystem management in the future, and that new approaches to addressing the disturbance paradox in management are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Thom
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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Bače R, Svoboda M, Janda P, Morrissey RC, Wild J, Clear JL, Čada V, Donato DC. Legacy of Pre-Disturbance Spatial Pattern Determines Early Structural Diversity following Severe Disturbance in Montane Spruce Forests. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139214. [PMID: 26421726 PMCID: PMC4589365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe canopy-removing disturbances are native to many temperate forests and radically alter stand structure, but biotic legacies (surviving elements or patterns) can lend continuity to ecosystem function after such events. Poorly understood is the degree to which the structural complexity of an old-growth forest carries over to the next stand. We asked how pre-disturbance spatial pattern acts as a legacy to influence post-disturbance stand structure, and how this legacy influences the structural diversity within the early-seral stand. Methods Two stem-mapped one-hectare forest plots in the Czech Republic experienced a severe bark beetle outbreak, thus providing before-and-after data on spatial patterns in live and dead trees, crown projections, down logs, and herb cover. Results Post-disturbance stands were dominated by an advanced regeneration layer present before the disturbance. Both major species, Norway spruce (Picea abies) and rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), were strongly self-aggregated and also clustered to former canopy trees, pre-disturbance snags, stumps and logs, suggesting positive overstory to understory neighbourhood effects. Thus, although the disturbance dramatically reduced the stand’s height profile with ~100% mortality of the canopy layer, the spatial structure of post-disturbance stands still closely reflected the pre-disturbance structure. The former upper tree layer influenced advanced regeneration through microsite and light limitation. Under formerly dense canopies, regeneration density was high but relatively homogeneous in height; while in former small gaps with greater herb cover, regeneration density was lower but with greater heterogeneity in heights. Conclusion These findings suggest that pre-disturbance spatial patterns of forests can persist through severe canopy-removing disturbance, and determine the spatial structure of the succeeding stand. Such patterns constitute a subtle but key legacy effect, promoting structural complexity in early-seral forests as well as variable successional pathways and rates. This influence suggests a continuity in spatial ecosystem structure that may well persist through multiple forest generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Bače
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood science, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood science, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Janda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood science, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert C. Morrissey
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood science, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Wild
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Applied Geoinformatics and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jennifer L. Clear
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood science, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Čada
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood science, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel C. Donato
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood science, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington, United States of America
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Zeppenfeld T, Svoboda M, DeRose RJ, Heurich M, Müller J, Čížková P, Starý M, Bače R, Donato DC. Response of mountainPicea abiesforests to stand-replacing bark beetle outbreaks: neighbourhood effects lead to self-replacement. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Zeppenfeld
- Bavarian Forest National Park; Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau; Germany
- Landscape Ecology; Georg-August-University of Göttingen; Goldschmidtstr. 5, 37077 Göttingen; Germany
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences; Kamýcka 129, Praha 6 Suchdol 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Robert J. DeRose
- Forest Inventory and Analysis; Rocky Mountain Research Station; 507 25th Street Ogden UT 84401 USA
| | - Marco Heurich
- Bavarian Forest National Park; Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau; Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Bavarian Forest National Park; Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau; Germany
- Chair of Terrestrial Ecology; Technische Universität München; Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - Pavla Čížková
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences; Kamýcka 129, Praha 6 Suchdol 16521 Czech Republic
- Šumava National Park; 1.máje 260, 385 01 Vimperk Czech Republic
| | - Martin Starý
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences; Kamýcka 129, Praha 6 Suchdol 16521 Czech Republic
- Šumava National Park; 1.máje 260, 385 01 Vimperk Czech Republic
| | - Radek Bače
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences; Kamýcka 129, Praha 6 Suchdol 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Daniel C. Donato
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences; Kamýcka 129, Praha 6 Suchdol 16521 Czech Republic
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources; Box 47014 Olympia WA 98504 USA
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Beudert B, Bässler C, Thorn S, Noss R, Schröder B, Dieffenbach-Fries H, Foullois N, Müller J. Bark Beetles Increase Biodiversity While Maintaining Drinking Water Quality. Conserv Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claus Bässler
- Bavarian Forest National Park; 94481 Grafenau Germany
| | - Simon Thorn
- Bavarian Forest National Park; 94481 Grafenau Germany
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management; Technische Universität München; 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - Reed Noss
- Department of Biology; University of Central Florida; Orlando FL 32816-2368 USA
| | - Boris Schröder
- Institute of Geoecology; Technische Universität Braunschweig; 38106 Braunschweig Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB); 14195 Berlin Germany
| | | | | | - Jörg Müller
- Bavarian Forest National Park; 94481 Grafenau Germany
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management; Technische Universität München; 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
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Vindstad OPL, Schultze S, Jepsen JU, Biuw M, Kapari L, Sverdrup-Thygeson A, Ims RA. Numerical responses of saproxylic beetles to rapid increases in dead wood availability following geometrid moth outbreaks in sub-arctic mountain birch forest. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99624. [PMID: 24911056 PMCID: PMC4049814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Saproxylic insects play an important part in decomposing dead wood in healthy forest ecosystems, but little is known about their role in the aftermath of large-scale forest mortality caused by pest insect outbreaks. We used window traps to study short-term changes in the abundance and community structure of saproxylic beetles following extensive mortality of mountain birch in sub-arctic northern Norway caused by an outbreak of geometrid moths. Three to five years after the outbreak, the proportion of obligate saproxylic individuals in the beetle community was roughly 10% higher in forest damaged by the outbreak than in undamaged forest. This was mainly due to two early-successional saproxylic beetle species. Facultative saproxylic beetles showed no consistent differences between damaged and undamaged forest. These findings would suggest a weak numerical response of the saproxylic beetle community to the dead wood left by the outbreak. We suggest that species-specific preferences for certain wood decay stages may limit the number of saproxylic species that respond numerically to an outbreak at a particular time, and that increases in responding species may be constrained by limitations to the amount of dead wood that can be exploited within a given timeframe (i.e. satiation effects). Low diversity of beetle species or slow development of larvae in our cold sub-arctic study region may also limit numerical responses. Our study suggests that saproxylic beetles, owing to weak numerical responses, may so far have played a minor role in decomposing the vast quantities of dead wood left by the moth outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabrina Schultze
- Department of Ecology, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Jane Uhd Jepsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Martin Biuw
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lauri Kapari
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne Sverdrup-Thygeson
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Aas, Norway
| | - Rolf Anker Ims
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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Occurrence of pathogens in Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and in other spruce bark beetles from the wilderness reserve Dürrenstein (Lower Austria). Biologia (Bratisl) 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Seibold S, Buchner J, Bässler C, Müller J. Ponds in acidic mountains are more important for bats in providing drinking water than insect prey. J Zool (1987) 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Seibold
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Technische Universität München Freising Germany
| | - J. Buchner
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Technische Universität München Freising Germany
- Department of Biogeography Universität Trier Germany
| | - C. Bässler
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
| | - J. Müller
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Technische Universität München Freising Germany
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