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Nivins S, Sauce B, Liebherr M, Judd N, Klingberg T. Long-term impact of digital media on brain development in children. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13030. [PMID: 38844772 PMCID: PMC11156852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Digital media (DM) takes an increasingly large part of children's time, yet the long-term effect on brain development remains unclear. We investigated how individual effects of DM use (i.e., using social media, playing video games, or watching television/videos) on the development of the cortex (i.e., global cortical surface area), striatum, and cerebellum in children over 4 years, accounting for both socioeconomic status and genetic predisposition. We used a prospective, multicentre, longitudinal cohort of children from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study, aged 9.9 years when entering the study, and who were followed for 4 years. Annually, children reported their DM usage through the Youth Screen Time Survey and underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging scans every 2 years. Quadratic-mixed effect modelling was used to investigate the relationship between individual DM usage and brain development. We found that individual DM usage did not alter the development of cortex or striatum volumes. However, high social media usage was associated with a statistically significant change in the developmental trajectory of cerebellum volumes, and the accumulated effect of high-vs-low social media users on cerebellum volumes over 4 years was only β = - 0.03, which was considered insignificant. Nevertheless, the developmental trend for heavy social media users was accelerated at later time points. This calls for further studies and longer follow-ups on the impact of social media on brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Nivins
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Bruno Sauce
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magnus Liebherr
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas Judd
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torkel Klingberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Marrero K, Aruljothi K, Delgadillo C, Kabbara S, Swatch L, Zagha E. Goal-Directed Learning is Multidimensional and Accompanied by Diverse and Widespread Changes in Neocortical Signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.02.13.528412. [PMID: 36824924 PMCID: PMC9948952 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.13.528412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
New tasks are often learned in stages with each stage reflecting a different learning challenge. Accordingly, each learning stage is likely mediated by distinct neuronal processes. And yet, most rodent studies of the neuronal correlates of goal-directed learning focus on individual outcome measures and individual brain regions. Here, we longitudinally studied mice from naïve to expert performance in a head-fixed, operant conditioning whisker discrimination task. In addition to tracking the primary behavioral outcome of stimulus discrimination, we tracked and compared an array of object-based and temporal-based behavioral measures. These behavioral analyses identify multiple, partially overlapping learning stages in this task, consistent with initial response implementation, early stimulus-response generalization, and late response inhibition. To begin to understand the neuronal foundations of these learning processes, we performed widefield Ca2+ imaging of dorsal neocortex throughout learning and correlated behavioral measures with neuronal activity. We found distinct and widespread correlations between neocortical activation patterns and various behavioral measures. For example, improvements in sensory discrimination correlated with target stimulus evoked activations of licking-related cortices along with distractor stimulus evoked global cortical suppression. Our study reveals multidimensional learning for a simple goal-directed learning task and generates hypotheses for the neuronal modulations underlying these various learning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Marrero
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside 900 University Avenue, Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Krithiga Aruljothi
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside 900 University Avenue, Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Christian Delgadillo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside 900 University Avenue, Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Sarah Kabbara
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside 900 University Avenue, Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Lovleen Swatch
- College of Natural & Agricultural Sciences, University of California, Riverside 900 University Avenue, Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Edward Zagha
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside 900 University Avenue, Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside 900 University Avenue, Riverside CA 92521 USA
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3
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So M, Dziuban EJ, Pedati CS, Holbrook JR, Claussen AH, O'Masta B, Maher B, Cerles AA, Mahmooth Z, MacMillan L, Kaminski JW, Rush M. Childhood Physical Health and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Modifiable Factors. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2024; 25:316-336. [PMID: 35947281 PMCID: PMC10032176 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-022-01398-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Although neurobiologic and genetic factors figure prominently in the development of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), adverse physical health experiences and conditions encountered during childhood may also play a role. Poor health is known to impact the developing brain with potential lifelong implications for behavioral issues. In attempt to better understand the relationship between childhood physical health and the onset and presence of ADHD symptoms, we summarized international peer-reviewed articles documenting relationships between a select group of childhood diseases or health events (e.g., illnesses, injuries, syndromes) and subsequent ADHD outcomes among children ages 0-17 years. Drawing on a larger two-phase systematic review, 57 longitudinal or retrospective observational studies (1978-2021) of childhood allergies, asthma, eczema, head injury, infection, or sleep problems and later ADHD diagnosis or symptomatology were identified and subjected to meta-analysis. Significant associations were documented between childhood head injuries, infections, and sleep problems with both dichotomous and continuous measures of ADHD, and between allergies with dichotomous measures of ADHD. We did not observe significant associations between asthma or eczema with ADHD outcomes. Heterogeneity detected for multiple associations, primarily among continuously measured outcomes, underscores the potential value of future subgroup analyses and individual studies. Collectively, these findings shed light on the importance of physical health in understanding childhood ADHD. Possible etiologic links between physical health factors and ADHD are discussed, as are implications for prevention efforts by providers, systems, and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin So
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS-E88, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Eric J Dziuban
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caitlin S Pedati
- Virginia Beach Department of Public Health, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Joseph R Holbrook
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS-E88, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Angelika H Claussen
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS-E88, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | | | - Brion Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jennifer W Kaminski
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS-E88, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
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Schiros A, Antshel KM. Life in the fast lane: the role of temporal processing in risk-taking behaviors. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38677717 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2024.2346553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
An existing theoretical framework proposes that aberrant temporal processing and a fast internal clock, denoted by overestimation and under-reproduction of time, increases the likelihood of engagement in risky behaviors (ERB). The primary aim of this project was to improve our understanding of the relationship between temporal processing and ERB in college students. The present study used the Wittmann and Paulus (2008) theoretical framework to examine the associations between temporal processing and ERB in college students. College student participants (N = 215) completed self-report measures of ERB, delay aversion, inhibitory control, ADHD symptoms and objective cognitive time estimation and time reproduction tasks. Time estimation accuracy was significantly associated with lower engagement in sexual risk behaviors (OR = .988; 95% CI: .979, .996; p = .006) and aggressive behaviors (OR = .989; 95% CI: .980, .998; p = .018). Time reproduction was not significantly associated with ERB. The present study established preliminary support for the associations between aberrant temporal processing, namely aberrant time estimation, and ERB among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Schiros
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Kevin M Antshel
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Momtaz S, Bidelman GM. Effects of Stimulus Rate and Periodicity on Auditory Cortical Entrainment to Continuous Sounds. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0027-23.2024. [PMID: 38253583 PMCID: PMC10913036 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0027-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The neural mechanisms underlying the exogenous coding and neural entrainment to repetitive auditory stimuli have seen a recent surge of interest. However, few studies have characterized how parametric changes in stimulus presentation alter entrained responses. We examined the degree to which the brain entrains to repeated speech (i.e., /ba/) and nonspeech (i.e., click) sounds using phase-locking value (PLV) analysis applied to multichannel human electroencephalogram (EEG) data. Passive cortico-acoustic tracking was investigated in N = 24 normal young adults utilizing EEG source analyses that isolated neural activity stemming from both auditory temporal cortices. We parametrically manipulated the rate and periodicity of repetitive, continuous speech and click stimuli to investigate how speed and jitter in ongoing sound streams affect oscillatory entrainment. Neuronal synchronization to speech was enhanced at 4.5 Hz (the putative universal rate of speech) and showed a differential pattern to that of clicks, particularly at higher rates. PLV to speech decreased with increasing jitter but remained superior to clicks. Surprisingly, PLV entrainment to clicks was invariant to periodicity manipulations. Our findings provide evidence that the brain's neural entrainment to complex sounds is enhanced and more sensitized when processing speech-like stimuli, even at the syllable level, relative to nonspeech sounds. The fact that this specialization is apparent even under passive listening suggests a priority of the auditory system for synchronizing to behaviorally relevant signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Momtaz
- School of Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, Nebraska 68131
| | - Gavin M Bidelman
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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Smith T, Fitch A, Deavours A, Kirkpatrick K. Active and passive waiting in impulsive choice: Effects of fixed-interval and fixed-time delays. Learn Behav 2024:10.3758/s13420-023-00622-z. [PMID: 38216839 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00622-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Behavioral interventions to improve self-control, preference for a larger-later (LL) reward over a smaller-sooner (SS) reward, involve experience with delayed rewards. Whether they involve timing processes remains controversial. In rats, there have been inconsistent results on whether timing processes may be involved in intervention-induced improvements in self-control. Interventions that improved self-control with corresponding timing improvements used fixed-interval (FI) delays, whereas interventions that failed to find corresponding timing improvements used fixed-time (FT) delays. The FI schedule includes a response contingency (active waiting), whereas the FT schedule delivers reward automatically (passive waiting). The present study compared the effects of FI and FT schedules in interventions and impulsive choice tasks to evaluate effects on self-control and timing behavior. The impulsive choice task evaluated preference for an SS option (one pellet after 10-, 15-, 20-, 25-, and 30-s delays) versus an LL option (two pellets after a 30-s delay). The intervention task included forced-choice SS (one pellet after 10 s) and LL (two pellets after 30 s) sessions under FI or FT schedules. FI schedules produced greater sensitivity to SS delay in the impulsive choice task. Both FI and FT interventions increased LL choices. Following choice testing, temporal bisection and peak interval tasks revealed better timing precision for rats with an FI delay experience. Overall, the FI choice contingency was associated with improved temporal attention and timing precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Smith
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, 1114 Mid-Campus Drive N., Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Anderson Fitch
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, 1114 Mid-Campus Drive N., Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Aubrey Deavours
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, 1114 Mid-Campus Drive N., Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Kimberly Kirkpatrick
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, 1114 Mid-Campus Drive N., Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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Zheng Q, Shum KKM. Brief Report: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Digital Working Memory Intervention for Preschoolers Displaying ADHD Symptoms. J Autism Dev Disord 2024:10.1007/s10803-023-06213-1. [PMID: 38197998 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of a self-paced digital working memory (WM) intervention on preschoolers with ADHD symptoms and explore the relation between WM and time perception (TP) through a randomized controlled trial. METHOD Fifty preschoolers between four-to-six years of age (M = 4.93 years) were randomly assigned to three groups: a WM training group (WM; n = 14), a social-emotional (SE) training active control group (n = 15), and a waitlist control group (n = 21). Both the WM and SE groups received fifteen 10-min self-paced digital training sessions over five consecutive weeks. RESULTS The digital WM training was effective in improving children's digit span performance compared to the waitlist control group only. Within-group comparisons across two time points indicated a near-significant improvement in numeration and trends of reduced ADHD symptoms and improved TP tasks in the WM group at the post-test, but between-group differences were not observed. CONCLUSION The study showed limited effects of the WM training on preschoolers displaying ADHD symptoms. However, the results implied an association between working memory and time perception that awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Que Zheng
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Social Work, The Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Kathy Kar-Man Shum
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Moradi N, Rajabi S, Mansouri Nejad A. The effect of neurofeedback training combined with computer cognitive games on the time perception, attention, and working memory in children with ADHD. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2024; 13:24-36. [PMID: 36002025 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2022.2112679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of neurofeedback (NF) based on quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) and SmartMind game on the time perception, attention, and working memory of children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) through an experimental design. METHOD Using a purposive sampling method, 32 male students diagnosed with ADHD were selected and then randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received the treatment (NF + SmartMind) for 30 weekly sessions. Children's performances on a time perception test, a Continuous Performance Test (CPT), and a Wechsler working memory test (WISC) were examined before and after the intervention. RESULTS A significant difference was observed between the mean scores of the pretest and post-test for the experimental group, implying that NF training improved short-time perception and long-time perception attention in CPT test: omission error component, Correct Response component, and working memory: Visual forward component. However, the treatment did not have a significant effect on the commission error component (CPT), working memory in terms of the visual reverse, auditory reverse, and auditory forward components. CONCLUSION NF combined with computer cognitive games (CCGs) can improve time perception, attention, and working memory in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ali Mansouri Nejad
- Department of English Language Teaching, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran
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Metcalfe KB, McFeaters CD, Voyer D. Time-Perception Deficits in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dev Neuropsychol 2024; 49:1-24. [PMID: 38145491 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2023.2293712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The present meta-analysis quantified the deficit in time perception in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) throughout the lifespan and examined potential moderators of this deficit. Our sample of 824 effect sizes showed a mean g of 0.688 that was moderated by the age of the sample and working memory. Separate moderator analyses for samples below or above the age of 18 showed that the link with working memory only applied to the samples below the age of 18, whereas an effect of ADHD subtype only applied to samples 18 and above. The discussion highlights the implications for remediation and avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate B Metcalfe
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Voyer
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
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Derawi H, Reinisch E, Gabay Y. Internal Cognitive Load Differentially Influences Acoustic and Lexical Context Effects in Speech Perception: Evidence From a Population With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:3721-3734. [PMID: 37696049 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To overcome variability in spoken language, listeners utilize various types of context information for disambiguating speech sounds. Context effects have been shown to be affected by cognitive load. However, previous results are mixed regarding the influence of cognitive load on the use of context information in speech perception. PURPOSE We tested a population characterized by an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to better understand the relationship between attention (or internal cognitive load) and context effects. METHOD The use of acoustic versus lexical properties of the surrounding signal to disambiguate speech sounds was examined in listeners with ADHD and neurotypical listeners. RESULTS Compared to neurotypicals, individuals with ADHD relied more strongly on lexical context for speech perception; however, reliance on acoustic context information from speech rate did not differ. CONCLUSION These findings confirm that cognitive load impacts the use of high-level but not low-level context information in speech and imply that speech recognition deficits in ADHD likely arise due to impaired higher order cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeer Derawi
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Israel
- Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Eva Reinisch
- Acoustics Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yafit Gabay
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Israel
- Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Israel
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Momtaz S, Moncrieff D, Ray MA, Bidelman GM. Children with amblyaudia show less flexibility in auditory cortical entrainment to periodic non-speech sounds. Int J Audiol 2023; 62:920-926. [PMID: 35822427 PMCID: PMC10026530 DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2022.2094289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated auditory temporal processing in children with amblyaudia (AMB), a subtype of auditory processing disorder (APD), via cortical neural entrainment. DESIGN AND STUDY SAMPLES Evoked responses were recorded to click-trains at slow vs. fast (8.5 vs. 14.9/s) rates in n = 14 children with AMB and n = 11 age-matched controls. Source and time-frequency analyses (TFA) decomposed EEGs into oscillations (reflecting neural entrainment) stemming from bilateral auditory cortex. RESULTS Phase-locking strength in AMB depended critically on the speed of auditory stimuli. In contrast to age-matched peers, AMB responses were largely insensitive to rate manipulations. This rate resistance occurred regardless of the ear of presentation and in both cortical hemispheres. CONCLUSIONS Children with AMB show less rate-related changes in auditory cortical entrainment. In addition to reduced capacity to integrate information between the ears, we identify more rigid tagging of external auditory stimuli. Our neurophysiological findings may account for domain-general temporal processing deficits commonly observed in AMB and related APDs behaviourally. More broadly, our findings may inform communication strategies and future rehabilitation programmes; increasing the rate of stimuli above a normal (slow) speech rate is likely to make stimulus processing more challenging for individuals with AMB/APD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Momtaz
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Deborah Moncrieff
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Meredith A. Ray
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Gavin M. Bidelman
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
- Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Dastamooz S, Sadeghi-Bahmani D, Farahani MH, Wong SH, Yam JC, Tham CC, Sit CH. The efficacy of physical exercise interventions on mental health, cognitive function, and ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents with ADHD: an umbrella review. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 62:102137. [PMID: 37599910 PMCID: PMC10432969 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A considerable number of published reviews have addressed the effects of physical exercise on mental health, cognitive function, or attention-deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) symptoms as outcomes in children and adolescents with ADHD. Their findings have often conflicted, therefore, there is an urgent need to synthesise a hierarchy of the evidence and examine the credibility of previous meta-analyses. To establish the robustness of these findings, we conducted an additional meta-analysis on a number of individual studies that were not covered in previous reviews but were suitable for inclusion in our own study. Methods Three reviewers independently searched Web of Science, Psych INFO, Embase, Cochrane Library, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) for meta-analyses published between database inceptions to December 1, 2022. The individual studies were also screened from 1 January 2015 to 1 December 2022. We included meta-analyses and eligible individual studies that addressed the effects of exercise on at least one outcome of mental health, cognitive function, or ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents with ADHD. We excluded systematic reviews and articles that lacked sufficient data for a meaningful second analysis. The effect estimates (Hedges' g), 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 95% prediction interval (95% PI), small study effects, and excess significance bias were calculated. Finally, we categorised the meta-analyses based on the credibility of the evidence criteria and their quality using a Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2 checklist. This umbrella review was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022361331. Findings Of 181 listed review articles and 60 individual papers, 10 reviews and 12 individual articles were included in the meta-analyses. This yielded 37 meta-analyses based on 106 study estimates. Evidence was highly suggestive for the effectiveness of exercise (class II) for improving inattention (G = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.44-1.39, 95%), inhibitory control (G = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.52-1.13), and cognitive flexibility (G = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.32-0.72). However, evidence for the effectiveness of exercise on emotional, social, and working memory outcomes was weak, and these results were not significant for hyperactivity and behavioural functioning. Interpretation Improvement of cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and inattention in children and adolescents with ADHD was highly suggested by exercise interventions. However, results were weak for other outcomes (emotional functioning, social functioning, and working memory). Further high-quality randomised controlled trials are, therefore, warranted to determine the effectiveness of exercise on weak outcomes. Funding None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Dastamooz
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Dena Sadeghi-Bahmani
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad H.D. Farahani
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephen H.S. Wong
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason C.S. Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Clement C.Y. Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Cindy H.P. Sit
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
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Nissan N, Hertz U, Shahar N, Gabay Y. Distinct reinforcement learning profiles distinguish between language and attentional neurodevelopmental disorders. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2023; 19:6. [PMID: 36941632 PMCID: PMC10029183 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-023-00207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theoretical models posit abnormalities in cortico-striatal pathways in two of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders (Developmental dyslexia, DD, and Attention deficit hyperactive disorder, ADHD), but it is still unclear what distinct cortico-striatal dysfunction might distinguish language disorders from others that exhibit very different symptomatology. Although impairments in tasks that depend on the cortico-striatal network, including reinforcement learning (RL), have been implicated in both disorders, there has been little attempt to dissociate between different types of RL or to compare learning processes in these two types of disorders. The present study builds upon prior research indicating the existence of two learning manifestations of RL and evaluates whether these processes can be differentiated in language and attention deficit disorders. We used a two-step RL task shown to dissociate model-based from model-free learning in human learners. RESULTS Our results show that, relative to neurotypicals, DD individuals showed an impairment in model-free but not in model-based learning, whereas in ADHD the ability to use both model-free and model-based learning strategies was significantly compromised. CONCLUSIONS Thus, learning impairments in DD may be linked to a selective deficit in the ability to form action-outcome associations based on previous history, whereas in ADHD some learning deficits may be related to an incapacity to pursue rewards based on the tasks' structure. Our results indicate how different patterns of learning deficits may underlie different disorders, and how computation-minded experimental approaches can differentiate between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noyli Nissan
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, 199 Abba Khoushy Ave, Haifa, Israel
| | - Uri Hertz
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nitzan Shahar
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yafit Gabay
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
- Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, 199 Abba Khoushy Ave, Haifa, Israel.
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14
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Akerman A, Etkovitch A, Kalanthroff E. Global-Local Processing in ADHD Is Not Limited to the Visuospatial Domain: Novel Evidence From the Auditory Domain. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:822-829. [PMID: 36779530 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231153952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Global-local visuospatial processing has been widely investigated in both healthy and clinical populations. Recent studies indicated that individuals with ADHD lack a global processing bias. However, the extant literature regarding global-local processing style focuses solely on the visual modality. METHODS ADHD (N = 21) and typically developed (TD) controls (N = 24) underwent an auditory global-local task, in which they had to decide whether the melody is ascending or descending in global or local conditions. RESULTS TD controls exhibited a classic global processing bias in the auditory task. The ADHD group exhibited no global processing bias, indicating similar processing for global and local dimensions, implying that individuals with ADHD are distracted by incongruent information in global and local conditions similarly, in both visual and auditory tasks. CONCLUSION A lack of global processing bias in ADHD is not limited to the visuospatial modality and likely reflects a broader and more general processing style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Akerman
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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15
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Chan AS, Ding Z, Lee TL, Sze SL, Cheung MC. Temporal processing deficit in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: An online assessment. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231171500. [PMID: 37124327 PMCID: PMC10134192 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231171500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The sensory deficit has been considered as one of the core features in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The present study aimed to examine the temporal processing of simple and more complex auditory inputs in ASD children and adolescents with an online assessment that can be conducted remotely. Methods One hundred fifty-eight children and adolescents aged 5-17 years participated in this study, including 79 ASD participants and 79 typically developing (TD) participants. The online assessment consisted of two temporal-order judgment tasks that required repeating the sequence of two pure tones or consonant-vowel (CV) syllabic pairs at varying interstimulus intervals (ISIs). Results Significantly lower accuracy rates were found in ASD than TD participants in the pure tone and the CV conditions with both short and long ISI. In addition, ASD participants (M = 245.97 ms) showed a significantly higher passing threshold than TD participants (M = 178.84 ms) in the CV task. Receiver operating characteristic analysis found that the age × ISI passing threshold composite yielded a sensitivity of 74.7% and a specificity of 50.6% at the cutoff point of -0.307 in differentiating ASD participants from TD participants. Conclusion In sum, children and adolescents with ASD showed impaired temporal processing of both simple and more complex auditory stimuli, and the online assessment seems to be sensitive in differentiating individuals with ASD from those with TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes S. Chan
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department
of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre for Neuropsychological
Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Agnes S. Chan, Neuropsychology Lab,
Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong
Kong, China.
| | - Zihan Ding
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department
of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz-lok Lee
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department
of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sophia L. Sze
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department
of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre for Neuropsychological
Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mei-Chun Cheung
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China
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16
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Bach-Morrow L, Boccalatte F, DeRosa A, Devos D, Garcia-Sanchez C, Inglese M, Droby A. Functional changes in prefrontal cortex following frequency-specific training. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20316. [PMID: 36434008 PMCID: PMC9700664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies indicate a significant role of pre-frontal circuits (PFC) connectivity involving attentional and reward neural networks within attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) pathophysiology. To date, the neural mechanisms underlying the utility of non-invasive frequency-specific training systems in ADHD remediation remain underexplored. To address this issue, we created a portable electroencephalography (EEG)-based wireless system consisting of a novel headset, electrodes, and neuro program, named frequency specific cognitive training (FSCT). In a double-blind, randomized, controlled study we investigated the training effects in N = 46 school-age children ages 6-18 years with ADHD. 23 children in experimental group who underwent FCST training showed an increase in scholastic performance and meliorated their performance on neuropsychological tests associated with executive functions and memory. Their results were compared to 23 age-matched participants who underwent training with placebo (pFSCT). Electroencephalogram (EEG) data collected from participants trained with FSCT showed a significant increase in 14-18 Hz EEG frequencies in PFC brain regions, activities that indicated brain activation in frontal brain regions, the caudate nucleus, and putamen. These results demonstrate that FSCT targets specific prefrontal and striatal areas in children with ADHD, suggesting a beneficial modality for non-invasive modulation of brain areas implicated in attention and executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Boccalatte
- grid.240324.30000 0001 2109 4251Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Antonio DeRosa
- grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - David Devos
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Univ of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Carmen Garcia-Sanchez
- grid.413396.a0000 0004 1768 8905Neuropsychology Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matilde Inglese
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Neurology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Amgad Droby
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Neurology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
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17
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Zheng Q, Cheng YY, Sonuga-Barke E, Shum KKM. Do Executive Dysfunction, Delay Aversion, and Time Perception Deficit Predict ADHD Symptoms and Early Academic Performance in Preschoolers. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022; 50:1381-1397. [PMID: 35689730 PMCID: PMC9187895 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00937-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are commonly observed to have learning difficulties. This study examined how three neuropsychological constructs—executive dysfunction, delay aversion, and time perception—were associated with ADHD symptoms and early academic performance in preschoolers at risk of ADHD. One hundred and thirty-one preschoolers (70 boys, 53%) aged 4 to 6 (M = 5.31 years) were assessed on their ADHD-related behaviors, neuropsychological functioning, word reading, and math abilities at two time points one year apart. Factor analysis indicated that inhibitory and attentional control deficit, delay aversion, and time perception/working memory deficit were three dissociable factors. Among the three factors, inhibitory and attentional control measured at Time 1 was the strongest predictor of ADHD symptoms at both Time 1 and Time 2. Time perception was closely related to working memory, and they predicted word reading and numeration across time most strongly among other neuropsychological constructs. Our findings suggested that inhibitory and attentional control, delay aversion, and time perception are dissociable neuropsychological deficits underlying ADHD symptoms in preschoolers. Poor time perception may serve as a marker for the early identification of preschoolers with potential learning problems, and a possible target of intervention for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Que Zheng
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Yan Cheng
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edmund Sonuga-Barke
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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18
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Vertessen K, Luman M, Staff A, Bet P, de Vries R, Twisk J, Oosterlaan J. Meta-analysis: Dose-Dependent Effects of Methylphenidate on Neurocognitive Functioning in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 61:626-646. [PMID: 34534624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurocognitive deficits are at the heart of explanatory models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and lead to significant impairments in daily life. Determining the dosing effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on a broad range of neurocognitive functions and investigating possible impairing effects of high doses is therefore important. METHOD Placebo-controlled trials were included that investigated MPH dosing effects on neurocognitive functions in children and adolescents (aged 5-18 years) diagnosed with ADHD. Effect sizes (standardized mean differences [SMDs]) were calculated for different neurocognitive functions (baseline speed, variability in responding, nonexecutive memory and executive memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility) and, if available, for ADHD symptoms. Meta-regression analysis were used to investigate linear effects of dose (mg/kg/dose), and separate meta-analyses compared SMDs for 3 MPH dose ranges: low (0.10-0.30 mg/kg/dose), medium (0.31-0.60 mg/kg/dose), and high (0.61-1.00 mg/kg/dose). RESULTS A total of 31 studies fulfilled inclusion criteria, comprising 804 children with ADHD. Methylphenidate had beneficial effects on all neurocognitive functions (d = 0.20-0.73). Significant linear dosing effects were found for ADHD symptoms and lower-order neurocognitive functions (baseline speed, variability in responding, nonexecutive memory), with greater enhancement of functioning with increasing dose. No dosing effects were found for higher-order neurocognitive functions (executive memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility). No detrimental effects of MPH were found on any of the investigated functions. CONCLUSION Methylphenidate was superior to placebo in improving ADHD symptoms and a broad range of neurocognitive functions; however, effects sizes regarding the effects of dose vary substantially between functions. Our data highlight the importance of considering both neurocognitive and symptomatic aspects of ADHD in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Vertessen
- VU Amsterdam, the Netherlands; University Psychiatric Centre, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Pierre Bet
- Amsterdam UMC, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jos Twisk
- Amsterdam UMC, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- VU Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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19
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Campez M, Raiker JS, Little K, Altszuler AR, Merrill BM, Macphee FL, Gnagy EM, Greiner AR, Musser ED, Coles EK, Pelham WE. An evaluation of the effect of methylphenidate on working memory, time perception, and choice impulsivity in children with ADHD. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:209-219. [PMID: 33475395 PMCID: PMC8406432 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) consistently exhibit a stronger preference for immediate rewards than for larger rewards available following a delay on tasks measuring choice impulsivity (CI). Despite this, however, there remains a dearth of studies examining the impact of stimulant treatment on CI as well as associated higher order (e.g., working memory [WM]) and perceptual (e.g., time perception) cognitive processes. The present study examines the effect of osmotic release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) on CI, WM and time perception processes as well as the relation among these processes before and after taking a regimen of OROS-MPH. Thirty-five children (aged 7-12 years) with a diagnosis of ADHD participating in a concurrent stimulant medication study were recruited to complete computerized assessments of CI, WM, and time perception. Children completed the assessments after administration of a placebo as well as their lowest effective dose of OROS-MPH following a 2-week titration period. The results from one-sample t-tests indicated that OROS-MPH improves both CI and WM in youth with ADHD but does not impact time perception. Further, results revealed no significant association among the various indices of cognitive performance while taking placebo or OROS-MPH. Overall, the findings suggest that while OROS-MPH improves both CI and WM in youth with ADHD, improvements in CI as a result of OROS-MPH are unlikely to be associated with the improvements in WM given the lack of association among the two. Future studies should consider alternate cognitive, emotional, and motivational mechanisms that may account for the impact of OROS-MPH on CI. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mileini Campez
- Florida International University, Center for Children and Families
| | - Joseph S. Raiker
- Florida International University, Center for Children and Families
| | | | - Amy R. Altszuler
- Florida International University, Center for Children and Families
| | | | - Fiona L. Macphee
- Florida International University, Center for Children and Families
| | | | | | - Erica D. Musser
- Florida International University, Center for Children and Families
| | - Erika K. Coles
- Florida International University, Center for Children and Families
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20
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Ingabire HN, Qu H, Li M, He S, Amos JT, Cui Y, Wang Q, Yao D, Ma D, Ren P. Stability Analysis of fMRI BOLD Signals for Disease Diagnosis. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2022; 30:967-978. [PMID: 35363617 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2022.3164074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the stability changes in physiological signals can reflect individuals' pathological conditions. Apart from this, according to system science theory, a large-scale system can generally be divided into many subsystems whose stability level govern its overall performance. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the possibility of analyzing the stability of decomposed subsystems of resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) BOLD signals in order to assess the overall characteristic of the human brain and individuals' health conditions. We used attention deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) as an example to illustrate our method. Rs-fMRI BOLD signals were first decomposed into dynamic modes (DMs) which can illuminate the patterns of brain subsystems. Each DM is associated with one eigenvalue that determines its stability as well as oscillation frequency. Accordingly, we divided the DMs within common BOLD frequency bands into stable and unstable DMs. Then, the features related to the stability of those DMs were extracted, and nine common classifiers were used to differentiate healthy controls from ADHD patients taken from ADHD-200, a well-known dataset. The results showed that almost all features were statistically significant. Additionally, our proposed approach outperforms all existing methods with the highest possible precision, recall, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 100%. In sum, we are the first to evaluate the stability of BOLD signals and demonstrate its possibility for disease diagnosis. This method can unveil new mechanisms of brain function, and could be widely used in medicine and engineering.
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21
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It Takes Two: Interpersonal Neural Synchrony Is Increased after Musical Interaction. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030409. [PMID: 35326366 PMCID: PMC8946180 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Music’s deeply interpersonal nature suggests that music-derived neuroplasticity relates to interpersonal temporal dynamics, or synchrony. Interpersonal neural synchrony (INS) has been found to correlate with increased behavioral synchrony during social interactions and may represent mechanisms that support them. As social interactions often do not have clearly delineated boundaries, and many start and stop intermittently, we hypothesize that a neural signature of INS may be detectable following an interaction. The present study aimed to investigate this hypothesis using a pre-post paradigm, measuring interbrain phase coherence before and after a cooperative dyadic musical interaction. Ten dyads underwent synchronous electroencephalographic (EEG) recording during silent, non-interactive periods before and after a musical interaction in the form of a cooperative tapping game. Significant post-interaction increases in delta band INS were found in the post-condition and were positively correlated with the duration of the preceding interaction. These findings suggest a mechanism by which social interaction may be efficiently continued after interruption and hold the potential for measuring neuroplastic adaption in longitudinal studies. These findings also support the idea that INS during social interaction represents active mechanisms for maintaining synchrony rather than mere parallel processing of stimuli and motor activity.
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22
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Auditory time thresholds in the range of milliseconds but not seconds are impaired in ADHD. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1352. [PMID: 35079097 PMCID: PMC8789844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05425-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature on time perception in individuals with ADHD is extensive but inconsistent, probably reflecting the use of different tasks and performances indexes. A sample of 40 children/adolescents (20 with ADHD, 20 neurotypical) was engaged in two identical psychophysical tasks measuring auditory time thresholds in the milliseconds (0.25–1 s) and seconds (0.75–3 s) ranges. Results showed a severe impairment in ADHD for milliseconds thresholds (Log10BF = 1.9). The deficit remained strong even when non-verbal IQ was regressed out and correlation with age suggests a developmental delay. In the seconds range, thresholds were indistinguishable between the two groups (Log10BF = − 0.5) and not correlated with milliseconds thresholds. Our results largely confirm previous evidence suggesting partially separate mechanisms for time perception in the ranges of milliseconds and seconds. Moreover, since the evidence suggests that time perception of milliseconds stimuli might load relatively less on cognitive control and working memory, compared to longer durations, the current results are consistent with a pure timing deficit in individuals with ADHD.
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23
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Xia Y, Li L. Hypothesis Testing for Network Data with Power Enhancement. Stat Sin 2022; 32:293-321. [PMID: 35002179 PMCID: PMC8734582 DOI: 10.5705/ss.202019.0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Comparing two population means of network data is of paramount importance in a wide range of scientific applications. Numerous existing network inference solutions focus on global testing of entire networks, without comparing individual network links. The observed data often take the form of vectors or matrices, and the problem is formulated as comparing two covariance or precision matrices under a normal or matrix normal distribution. Moreover, many tests suffer from a limited power under a small sample size. In this article, we tackle the problem of network comparison, both global and simultaneous inferences, when the data come in a different format, i.e., in the form of a collection of symmetric matrices, each of which encodes the network structure of an individual subject. Such data format commonly arises in applications such as brain connectivity analysis and clinical genomics. We no longer require the underlying data to follow a normal distribution, but instead impose some moment conditions that are easily satisfied for numerous types of network data. Furthermore, we propose a power enhancement procedure, and show that it can control the false discovery, while it has the potential to substantially enhance the power of the test. We investigate the efficacy of our testing procedure through both an asymptotic analysis and a simulation study under a finite sample size. We further illustrate our method with examples of brain connectivity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xia
- Fudan University and University of California at Berkeley
| | - Lexin Li
- Fudan University and University of California at Berkeley
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24
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Chan AS, Ding Z, Lee TL, Sze SL, Yang NS. Temporal processing deficit in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An online assessment. Digit Health 2022; 8:20552076221120325. [PMID: 36060612 PMCID: PMC9434659 DOI: 10.1177/20552076221120325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Temporal processing deficits were found among children with
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study aims to
develop an online temporal processing assessment that can be conducted
remotely, and the sensitivity of the test was assessed on a group of
children with ADHD. Methods A total of 188 children were recruited, including 94 typically developing
(TD) children, and 94 children with ADHD. The online assessment consists of
two temporal-order judgment (TOJ) tasks. One task used tone pairs presented
with two interstimulus intervals (ISIs) (305ms and 40ms). Another task used
pairs of consonant-vowel (CV) syllables with 20 varying ISI levels.
Participants were asked to determine the sequence of the sound pairs. Results The results showed that ADHD children were less accurate (ISI 305ms:
M = 83.90%; ISI 40ms: M = 66.28%) than TD children (ISI
305ms: M = 89.36%; ISI 40ms: M = 77.16%)
in the tone task. Similarly, ADHD children showed a higher ISI passing
threshold (M = 283.64ms) than TD children
(M = 199.76ms) and higher accuracy in the CV task.
Hierarchical binary logistic regression suggested a model to predict ADHD
children using accuracy in ISI 40ms in the tone task and ISI passing
threshold in the CV task. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis
yielded a sensitivity of 75.58% and a specificity of 51.11%. Conclusion ADHD children showed temporal processing deficits of both tones and CVs. The
online assessment may be a valid tool for differentiating ADHD children from
TD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes S Chan
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zihan Ding
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz-lok Lee
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sophia L Sze
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Natalie S Yang
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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25
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Staff AI, Oosterlaan J, Oord S, Königs M, Hoofdakker BJ, Luman M. Child neurocognitive functioning influences the effectiveness of specific techniques in behavioral teacher training for ADHD: Moderator analyses from a randomized controlled microtrial. JCPP ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anouck I. Staff
- Department of Clinical‐, Neuro‐, and Developmental Psychology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical‐, Neuro‐, and Developmental Psychology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Emma Neuroscience Group Department of Pediatrics Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Oord
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Department of Developmental Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marsh Königs
- Emma Neuroscience Group Department of Pediatrics Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Barbara J. Hoofdakker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Luman
- Department of Clinical‐, Neuro‐, and Developmental Psychology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
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26
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Impact of Long-Rope Jumping on Monoamine and Attention in Young Adults. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101347. [PMID: 34679411 PMCID: PMC8534060 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that rope jumping improves physical health; however, little is known about its impact on brain-derived monoamine neurotransmitters associated with cognitive regulation. To address these gaps in the literature, the present study compared outcomes between 15 healthy participants (mean age, 23.1 years) after a long-rope jumping exercise and a control condition. Long-rope jumping also requires co-operation between people, attention, spatial cognition, and rhythm sensation. Psychological questionnaires were administered to both conditions, and Stroop task performance and monoamine metabolite levels in the saliva and urine were evaluated. Participants performing the exercise exhibited lower anxiety levels than those in the control condition. Saliva analyses showed higher 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (a norepinephrine metabolite) levels, and urine analyses revealed higher 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (a serotonin metabolite) levels in the exercise condition than in the control. Importantly, urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid level correlated with salivary and urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol levels in the exercise condition. Furthermore, cognitive results revealed higher Stroop performance in the exercise condition than in the control condition; this performance correlated with salivary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol levels. These results indicate an association between increased 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and attention in long-rope jumping. We suggest that long-rope jumping predicts central norepinephrinergic activation and related attention maintenance.
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27
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Parr MND, Tang H, Mallaro SR, Kearney JK, Plumert JM. Do Inattention/Hyperactivity and Motor Timing Predict Children's Virtual Road-Crossing Performance? J Pediatr Psychol 2021; 46:1130-1139. [PMID: 34402519 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this investigation was to examine how individual variation in inattention and hyperactivity is related to motor timing difficulties and whether children's performance on simple laboratory timing tasks is related to their performance on a virtual road-crossing task using a head-mounted virtual reality display system. METHODS Participants were a community sample of 92 9- to 11-year-old children. Parents completed questionnaires assessing their child's inattention and hyperactivity. Children completed two simple motor timing tasks (duration discrimination and synchronization-continuation) and crossed roads with continuous traffic in a head-mounted VR system. RESULTS Higher parent-reported inattention and hyperactivity predicted poorer performance in the duration discrimination and synchronization-continuation tasks, but not the virtual pedestrian road-crossing task. Children with higher tap onset asynchrony in the synchronization-continuation task had poorer timing of entry into the gap in the virtual pedestrian road-crossing task. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide further evidence that timing deficits are associated with individual differences in inattention and hyperactivity and that timing difficulties may be a risk factor for functional difficulties in everyday life.
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Taş Dölek G, Tugba Ozel-Kizil E, Bastug G, Baran Z, Colak B. Impaired auditory and visual time reproduction in adult patients with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2021; 43:176-186. [PMID: 33779502 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2021.1898549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Although impaired time perception is associated with significant disturbance in the everyday functioning of adult patients with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), it is not very well studied. The present study aimed to evaluate both visual and auditory time reproduction (TR) by using eight time intervals in adult ADHD patients compared to healthy controls (HC).Method: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-R (WAIS-R), Adult Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale (ASRS), Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), Hyperfocusing Scale (HS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and a 2-back task were administered to participants. In TR tasks, participants reproduced the same duration of the auditory/visual stimulus by pressing a key and absolute discrepancy scores (ADS) were calculated. A 2 (Group) x 2 (Task Modality) x 8 (Time Interval: 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000, 12000 and 16000 msec) mixed-design ANOVA was performed.Results: All clinical scores of ADHD group were higher than HC (p < .001) while WAIS-R and 2-back performances of the groups were similar. Mixed-design ANOVA yielded significant Group and Time Interval main effects as well as a Group X Time Interval effect (both p < .001). ADHD patients had larger ADS than HC and as time intervals increased, error levels increased. Errors for time intervals >8000 msec were more prominent in patients. For both TR tasks, ASRS-hyperactivity/impulsivity scores were the main predictor of ADS in the linear regression analysis, while ASRS-attention deficit and HS scores were excluded.Conclusion: Results of the present study indicate significant TR impairment in adult ADHD regardless of task modality (visual or auditory), depressive symptoms and working memory performances. Longer time intervals in TR tasks differentiated patients better and TR impairment was associated with hyperactivity/impulsivity. These findings should be replicated in larger samples and underlying neurobiological components of impaired TR need to be examined in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Taş Dölek
- School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Gulbahar Bastug
- Vocational School of Health Services, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynel Baran
- Department of Psychology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcin Colak
- School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Burns P, O'Connor PA, Atance C, McCormack T. More Later: Delay of Gratification and Thought About the Future in Children. Child Dev 2021; 92:1554-1573. [PMID: 33661540 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether individual differences in future time perception and the detail with which future events are imagined are related to children's delay of gratification. We administered a delay choice task (real rewards), a delay discounting task (hypothetical rewards), a novel future time perception measure, an episodic future thinking (EFT) interview and IQ measures to a sample of 7- to 11-year-olds (N = 132) drawn from a urban predominately white population in N. Ireland. We found a strong correlation between delay choice and delay discounting. Future time perception and EFT were related to delay discounting, however only the relation with future time perception survived controlling for age and IQ. Children who showed greater compression of future time periods were the steepest discounters.
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He JL, Wodka E, Tommerdahl M, Edden RAE, Mikkelsen M, Mostofsky SH, Puts NAJ. Disorder-specific alterations of tactile sensitivity in neurodevelopmental disorders. Commun Biol 2021; 4:97. [PMID: 33483581 PMCID: PMC7822903 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01592-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations of tactile processing have long been identified in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the extent to which these alterations are disorder-specific, rather than disorder-general, and how they relate to the core symptoms of each disorder, remains unclear. We measured and compared tactile detection, discrimination, and order judgment thresholds between a large sample of children with ASD, ADHD, ASD + ADHD combined and typically developing controls. The pattern of results suggested that while difficulties with tactile detection and order judgement were more common in children with ADHD, difficulties with tactile discrimination were more common in children with ASD. Interestingly, in our subsequent correlation analyses between tactile perception and disorder-specific clinical symptoms, tactile detection and order judgment correlated exclusively with the core symptoms of ADHD, while tactile discrimination correlated exclusively with the symptoms of ASD. When taken together, these results suggest that disorder-specific alterations of lower-level sensory processes exist and are specifically related to higher-level clinical symptoms of each disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L He
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AB, UK
| | - Ericka Wodka
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Mark Tommerdahl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Mark Mikkelsen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Nicolaas A J Puts
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AB, UK.
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Do Childhood Emotional Lability and ADHD Symptoms Have Shared Neuropsychological Roots? JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-020-09859-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Salunkhe G, Weissbrodt K, Feige B, Saville CWN, Berger A, Dundon NM, Bender S, Smyrnis N, Beauducel A, Biscaldi M, Klein C. Examining the Overlap Between ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Using Candidate Endophenotypes of ADHD. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:217-232. [PMID: 29896994 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718778114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Objective: Recent discussions of aetiological overlap between ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) require comparative studying of these disorders. METHOD We examined performance of ASD patients with (ASD+) and without (ASD-) comorbid ADHD, ADHD patients, and controls for selected putative endophenotypes of ADHD: Intrasubject Variability (ISV) of reaction times, working memory (WM), inhibition, and temporal processing. RESULTS We found that patients with ADHD or ASD+, but not ASD-, had elevated ISV across the entire task battery and temporal processing deficits, and that none of the groups were impaired in WM or inhibition. High levels of ISV and generally poor performance in ASD+ patients were only partially due to additive effects of the pure disorders. CONCLUSION Overall, we conclude that, within our limited but heterogeneous task battery, ISV and temporal processing deficits are most sensitive to ADHD symptomatology and that controlling for ADHD comorbidity is mandatory when assessing ISV in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Salunkhe
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - K Weissbrodt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - B Feige
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - A Berger
- Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - N M Dundon
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Bender
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - N Smyrnis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Greece
| | - A Beauducel
- Department for Research Methods, Diagnostics and Evaluation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Biscaldi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - C Klein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
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Wennberg B, Janeslätt G, Gustafsson PA, Kjellberg A. Occupational performance goals and outcomes of time-related interventions for children with ADHD. Scand J Occup Ther 2020; 28:158-170. [PMID: 32955952 DOI: 10.1080/11038128.2020.1820570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have difficulties with occupational performance, related to difficulties with time-processing ability. AIMS To examine the outcome of a multimodal time-related intervention designed to support children aged 9-15 years with ADHD, to achieve their occupational performance goals and improve satisfaction with occupational performance. A further aim was to compare the children's ratings of outcome with their parents' ratings and to analyse the occupational performance goals. MATERIAL AND METHODS A pre-post design was used. Participants were 27 children, aged 9-15 years. Children and parents rated occupational performance and satisfaction at baseline and follow-up, after 24 weeks, using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). The intervention consisted of time-skills training and time-assistive devices (TADs). Descriptive and non-parametric statistics were used. RESULTS Significant improvements were found in reported performance and satisfaction. Children's were higher than those of their parents. Most goals were about carrying out daily routines, knowing the duration of an activity and knowing what will happen in the near future. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE The study contributes to knowledge about suitable interventions for children with ADHD who have time-related difficulties. Occupational therapy interventions, including TADs and time-skills training, resulted in significantly improved occupational performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Wennberg
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Janeslätt
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Disability and Habilitation, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Centre for Clinical Research Dalarna, Falun, Sweden
| | - Per A Gustafsson
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anette Kjellberg
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Norrkoping, Sweden
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34
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Vicario CM, Nitsche MA, Salehinejad MA, Avanzino L, Martino G. Time Processing, Interoception, and Insula Activation: A Mini-Review on Clinical Disorders. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1893. [PMID: 32973605 PMCID: PMC7461974 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Time processing is a multifaceted skill crucial for managing different aspects of life. In the current work, we explored the relationship between interoception and time processing by examining research on clinical models. We investigated whether time processing deficits are associated with dysfunction of the interoceptive system and/or insular cortex activity, which is crucial in decoding internal body signaling. Furthermore, we explored whether insular activation predicts the subjective experience of time (i.e., the subjective duration of a target stimulus to be timed). Overall, our work suggests that alteration of the interoceptive system could be a common psychophysiological hallmark of mental disorders affected by time processing deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Mario Vicario
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e Degli Studi Culturali, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mohammad A Salehinejad
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Laura Avanzino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gabriella Martino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Tenenbaum RB, Musser ED, Morris S, Ward AR, Raiker JS, Coles EK, Pelham WE. Response Inhibition, Response Execution, and Emotion Regulation among Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 47:589-603. [PMID: 30112596 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with deficits in response inhibition, response execution, and emotion regulation. However, the nature of the associations among these deficits remains unclear. Thus, this study examines these associations using a multi-method design. One hundred sixty-six children (aged 5-13 years; 66.3% male; 75 with ADHD) completed two conditions (i.e., neutral and fear) of an emotional go/no-go task. Parasympathetic-based regulation was indexed via respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and sympathetic-based reactivity was indexed via cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP). Overall, children exhibited more difficulty with response execution (i.e., more omission errors, fewer correct go responses) and less difficulty with response inhibition (i.e., fewer commission errors, more correct no-go responses) during the fear condition than the neutral condition. Children with ADHD displayed more difficulty with response execution during the fear condition compared to typically developing youth. Additionally, children with ADHD displayed parasympathetic-based dysregulation (i.e., RSA increase from baseline) and reduced sympathetic-based reactivity (i.e., PEP lengthening) compared to typically developing youth across task conditions. In sum, children with ADHD demonstrate greater difficulty with response execution during emotionally salient contexts, as well as parasympathetic-based emotion dysregulation. Future work should examine these associations longitudinally with the aim of predicting impairment and treatment response in youth with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel B Tenenbaum
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC 4 455, Miami, FL, 33100, USA
| | - Erica D Musser
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC 4 455, Miami, FL, 33100, USA.
| | - Stephanie Morris
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC 4 455, Miami, FL, 33100, USA
| | - Anthony R Ward
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC 4 455, Miami, FL, 33100, USA
| | - Joseph S Raiker
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC 4 455, Miami, FL, 33100, USA
| | - Erika K Coles
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC 4 455, Miami, FL, 33100, USA
| | - William E Pelham
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC 4 455, Miami, FL, 33100, USA
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The Course of Neurocognitive Functioning and Prediction of Behavioral Outcome of ADHD Affected and Unaffected Siblings. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 47:405-419. [PMID: 30079436 PMCID: PMC6397140 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal studies on the course of neurocognitive functioning of children with ADHD and their unaffected siblings are scarce. Also, it is unclear to what extent that course is related to ADHD outcomes. A carefully phenotyped large sample of 838 Caucasian participants (ADHD-combined type: n = 339, unaffected siblings: n = 271, controls: n = 228; mean age at baseline = 11.4 years, mean age at follow-up = 17.3 years, SD = 3.2) was used to investigate differences in the course of neurocognitive functioning of ADHD affected and unaffected siblings versus controls, and to investigate the relationship between neurocognitive change and ADHD outcomes. At baseline, an aggregated measure of overall neurocognitive functioning and eight neurocognitive measures of working memory, timing (speed/variability), motor control, and intelligence were investigated. Outcomes at follow-up were dimensional measures of ADHD symptom severity and the Kiddie-Global Assessment Scale (K-GAS) for overall functioning. At follow up, affected and unaffected siblings trended to, or fully caught up with performance levels of controls on four (44.4%) and five (55.6%) of the nine dependent variables, respectively. In contrast, performance in remaining key neurocognitive measures (i.e. verbal working memory, variability in responding) remained impaired at follow-up. Change in neurocognitive functioning was not related to ADHD outcomes. Our results question the etiological link between neurocognitive deficits and ADHD outcomes in adolescents and young adults.
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Kinumaki S, Miyauchi E, Kawasaki M. Behavioral rhythm and EEG rhythm to determine timing deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04546. [PMID: 32775722 PMCID: PMC7394868 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
One characteristic of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a timing deficit, i.e. difficulty tapping a self-selected pace and keeping the pace. The timing disorder is reported to relate to the frontal brain area. However, optimal means for evaluating this timing deficit and the corresponding neural mechanisms that accompany ADHD symptoms have not been identified. To address the issue, we required participants to tap one key of a keyboard sequentially and to maintain arbitrary tempos of their tapping intervals. We assessed ADHD symptoms using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) and evaluated brain activity via electroencephalography (EEG). Behavioral results indicated that the high ASRS group displayed a large inter-tap-interval gap (defined as the distribution of the time difference between the current tapping interval and the last one). Moreover, EEG results indicated that the work-load related brain activity (i.e. frontal beta activity) was higher in the high ASRS group. These results suggest that our tasks and analyses are useful for the evaluation of ADHD symptoms, although it was preliminary due to the small sample size and the non-patient data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Kinumaki
- Department of Intelligent Interaction Technology, Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Eri Miyauchi
- Department of Intelligent Interaction Technology, Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawasaki
- Department of Intelligent Interaction Technology, Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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Kliger Amrani A, Zion Golumbic E. Spontaneous and stimulus-driven rhythmic behaviors in ADHD adults and controls. Neuropsychologia 2020; 146:107544. [PMID: 32598965 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of human behavior are inherently rhythmic, requiring production of rhythmic motor actions as well as synchronizing to rhythms in the environment. It is well-established that individuals with ADHD exhibit deficits in temporal estimation and timing functions, which may impact their ability to accurately produce and interact with rhythmic stimuli. In the current study we seek to understand the specific aspects of rhythmic behavior that are implicated in ADHD. We specifically ask whether they are attributed to imprecision in the internal generation of rhythms or to reduced acuity in rhythm perception. We also test key predictions of the Preferred Period Hypothesis, which suggests that both perceptual and motor rhythmic behaviors are biased towards a specific personal 'default' tempo. To this end, we tested several aspects of rhythmic behavior and the correspondence between them, including spontaneous motor tempo (SMT), preferred auditory perceptual tempo (PPT) and synchronization-continuations tapping in a broad range of rhythms, from sub-second to supra-second intervals. Moreover, we evaluate the intra-subject consistency of rhythmic preferences, as a means for testing the reality and reliability of personal 'default-rhythms'. We used a modified operational definition for assessing SMT and PPT, instructing participants to tap or calibrate the rhythms most comfortable for them to count along with, to avoid subjective interpretations of the task. Our results shed new light on the specific aspect of rhythmic deficits implicated in ADHD adults. We find that individuals with ADHD are primarily challenged in producing and maintaining isochronous self-generated motor rhythms, during both spontaneous and memory-paced tapping. However, they nonetheless exhibit good flexibility for synchronizing to a broad range of external rhythms, suggesting that auditory-motor entrainment for simple rhythms is preserved in ADHD, and that the presence of an external pacer allows overcoming their inherent difficulty in self-generating isochronous motor rhythms. In addition, both groups showed optimal memory-paced tapping for rhythms near their 'counting-based' SMT and PPT, which were slightly faster in the ADHD group. This is in line with the predictions of the Preferred Period Hypothesis, indicating that at least for this well-defined rhythmic behavior (i.e., counting), individuals tend to prefer similar time-scales in both motor production and perceptual evaluation.
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Suarez I, De Los Reyes Aragón C, Diaz E, Iglesias T, Barcelo E, Velez JI, Casini L. How Is Temporal Processing Affected in Children with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder? Dev Neuropsychol 2020; 45:246-261. [PMID: 32412304 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2020.1764566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We compared the performance of children with ADHD and typically developing children on two temporal tasks, a bisection task and a reproduction task, in auditory and visual modalities. Children with ADHD presented a larger variability when performing auditory and visual temporal tasks. Moreover, they overestimated the durations in bisection tasks and underproduced duration intervals in the visual reproduction task. In the context of the pacemaker-accumulator model, these results suggest that temporal deficits might result from a dysfunction in the switch and/or memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Suarez
- Universidad del Norte , Barranquilla, Colombia.,UMR 7291, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS , Marseille, France
| | | | - Elisa Diaz
- Universidad del Norte , Barranquilla, Colombia.,Instituto Colombiano de Neuropedagogía, Universidad de la Costa , Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | - Ernesto Barcelo
- Instituto Colombiano de Neuropedagogía, Universidad de la Costa , Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | - Laurence Casini
- UMR 7291, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS , Marseille, France
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Labrell F, Câmara Costa H, Perdry H, Dellatolas G. The Time Knowledge Questionnaire for children. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03331. [PMID: 32072043 PMCID: PMC7011039 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on a definition of time knowledge as the correct representation and use of the various time units, a validated questionnaire, the Time Knowledge Questionnaire (TKQ) has been developed with norms for typically developing children aged 6–11 years. The TKQ is a relatively short (10–45 min) and innovative tool, comprising 25 questions broken down into 7 categories. The TKQ has good internal consistency. A total score and two summary scores are provided, assessing conventional time and estimative time respectively. A clinical application of the tool was shown to be of interest for children with disorders or disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Labrell
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, Inserm, 94807, Villejuif, France.,Grhapes (EA 7287), INSHEA (national Higher Institute for Training and Research on Special Needs Education), Suresnes, France
| | - H Câmara Costa
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, Inserm, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - H Perdry
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, Inserm, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - G Dellatolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, Inserm, 94807, Villejuif, France
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Bergwerff CE, Luman M, Weeda WD, Oosterlaan J. Neurocognitive Profiles in Children With ADHD and Their Predictive Value for Functional Outcomes. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:1567-1577. [PMID: 28135892 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716688533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether neurocognitive profiles could be distinguished in children with ADHD and typically developing (TD) children, and whether neurocognitive profiles predicted externalizing, social, and academic problems in children with ADHD. METHOD Neurocognitive data of 81 children with ADHD and 71 TD children were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis. The resulting factors were used for community detection in the ADHD and TD group. RESULTS Four subgroups were detected in the ADHD group, characterized by (a) poor emotion recognition, (b) poor interference control, (c) slow processing speed, or (d) increased attentional lapses and fast processing speed. In the TD group, three subgroups were detected, closely resembling Subgroups (a) to (c). Neurocognitive subgroups in the ADHD sample did not differ in externalizing, social, and academic problems. CONCLUSION We found a neurocognitive profile unique to ADHD. The clinical validity of neurocognitive profiling is questioned, given the lack of associations with functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wouter D Weeda
- 1 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,2 Leiden University, The Netherlands
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How did I get so late so soon? A review of time processing and management in autism. Behav Brain Res 2019; 374:112121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Pineda-Cirera L, Shivalikanjli A, Cabana-Domínguez J, Demontis D, Rajagopal VM, Børglum AD, Faraone SV, Cormand B, Fernàndez-Castillo N. Exploring genetic variation that influences brain methylation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:242. [PMID: 31582733 PMCID: PMC6776507 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by an interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Epigenetics is crucial to lasting changes in gene expression in the brain. Recent studies suggest a role for DNA methylation in ADHD. We explored the contribution to ADHD of allele-specific methylation (ASM), an epigenetic mechanism that involves SNPs correlating with differential levels of DNA methylation at CpG sites. We selected 3896 tagSNPs reported to influence methylation in human brain regions and performed a case-control association study using the summary statistics from the largest GWAS meta-analysis of ADHD, comprising 20,183 cases and 35,191 controls. We observed that genetic risk variants for ADHD are enriched in ASM SNPs and identified associations with eight tagSNPs that were significant at a 5% false discovery rate (FDR). These SNPs correlated with methylation of CpG sites lying in the promoter regions of six genes. Since methylation may affect gene expression, we inspected these ASM SNPs together with 52 ASM SNPs in high LD with them for eQTLs in brain tissues and observed that the expression of three of those genes was affected by them. ADHD risk alleles correlated with increased expression (and decreased methylation) of ARTN and PIDD1 and with a decreased expression (and increased methylation) of C2orf82. Furthermore, these three genes were predicted to have altered expression in ADHD, and genetic variants in C2orf82 correlated with brain volumes. In summary, we followed a systematic approach to identify risk variants for ADHD that correlated with differential cis-methylation, identifying three novel genes contributing to the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pineda-Cirera
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anu Shivalikanjli
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Judit Cabana-Domínguez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ditte Demontis
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine - Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Veera M Rajagopal
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine - Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine - Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Bru Cormand
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Noèlia Fernàndez-Castillo
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Cainelli E, Mioni G, Boniver C, Bisiacchi PS, Vecchi M. Time perception in childhood absence epilepsy: Findings from a pilot study. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 99:106460. [PMID: 31470222 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With this explorative study, we aimed to examine time perception in children with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) and to compare those children with a matched control group. The study also investigated the association between the neuropsychological performance of the group with CAE and time judgment. We hypothesize that children with CAE could fail in time perception and that this may be because of a common underlying substrate with executive impairments. METHODS Thirteen children with CAE, aged 6-13 years, and 17 healthy children were recruited. All children performed the time bisection task; the children with CAE also performed a cognitive and neuropsychological assessment. We performed a univariate analysis using each parameter of the bisection task (bisection point [BP]) and Weber ratio (WR) as dependent variables, the group (patients vs. controls) as fixed factors and age at evaluation and vocabulary scores as covariates. In the subgroup of patients, we correlated bisection task parameters with neuropsychological tests using a nonparametric partial correlation; the analysis has corrected for age at evaluation. RESULTS The BP and WR measures differed between controls and patients with CAE. In the subgroup of patients also performing a neuropsychological assessment, we found a correlation between the WR measure and performance on the inhibition test (r = -0.641, p = .025), coding test (r = -0.815, p = .014), and Trail Making Test B (TMT B) (r = 0.72, p = .042). CONCLUSIONS We found an altered time perception in a pilot study of a small group of children with CAE. A neurophysiological mechanism underlying CAE seems to influence cognitive and behavioral deficits and time sensibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cainelli
- Department of Development and Socialization, University of Padova, Italy; Child Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Women's and Children's Health Department, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Mioni
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
| | - Clementina Boniver
- Child Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Women's and Children's Health Department, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy.
| | - Patrizia S Bisiacchi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, PNC.
| | - Marilena Vecchi
- Child Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Women's and Children's Health Department, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy; Neuromotor Rehabilitation Center La Nostra Famiglia Association, Vicenza, Italy.
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Mioni G, Capodieci A, Biffi V, Porcelli F, Cornoldi C. Difficulties of children with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in processing temporal information concerning everyday life events. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 182:86-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Smith T, Panfil K, Bailey C, Kirkpatrick K. Cognitive and behavioral training interventions to promote self-control. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-ANIMAL LEARNING AND COGNITION 2019; 45:259-279. [PMID: 31070430 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review article discusses various cognitive and behavioral interventions that have been developed with the goal of promoting self-controlled responding. Self-control can exert a significant impact on human health and impulsive behaviors are associated with a wide range of diseases and disorders, leading to the suggestion that impulsivity is a trans-disease process. The self-control interventions include effort exposure, reward discrimination, reward bundling, interval schedules of reinforcement, impulse control training, and mindfulness training. Most of the interventions have been consistently shown to increase self-control, except for mindfulness training. Some of the successful interventions are long-lasting, whereas others may be transient. Most interventions are domain-specific, targeting specific cognitive and behavioral processes that relate to self-control rather than targeting overall self-control. For example, effort exposure appears to primarily increase effort tolerance, which in turn can improve self-control. Similarly, interval schedules primarily target interval timing, which promotes self-controlled responses. A diagram outlining a proposed set of intervention effects on self-control is introduced to motivate further research in this area. The diagram suggests that the individual target processes of the interventions may potentially summate to produce general self-control, or perhaps even produce synergistic effects. In addition, it is suggested that developing a self-control profile may be advantageous for aligning specific interventions to mitigate specific deficits. Overall, the results indicate that interventions are a promising avenue for promoting self-control and may help to contribute to changing health outcomes associated with a wide variety of diseases and disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Bansal A, Weech S, Barnett-Cowan M. Movement-Contingent Time Flow in Virtual Reality Causes Temporal Recalibration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4378. [PMID: 30867525 PMCID: PMC6416345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) provides a valuable research tool for studying what occurs when sensorimotor feedback loops are manipulated. Here we measured whether exposure to a novel temporal relationship between action and sensory reaction in VR causes recalibration of time perception. We asked 31 participants to perform time perception tasks where the interval of a moving probe was reproduced using continuous or discrete motor methods. These time perception tasks were completed pre- and post-exposure to dynamic VR content in a block-counterbalanced order. One group of participants experienced a standard VR task ("normal-time"), while another group had their real-world movements coupled to the flow of time in the virtual space ("movement contingent time-flow; MCTF"). We expected this novel action-perception relationship to affect continuous motor time perception performance, but not discrete motor time perception. The results indicated duration-dependent recalibration specific to a motor task involving continuous movement such that the probe intervals were under-estimated by approximately 15% following exposure to VR with the MCTF manipulation. Control tasks in VR and non-VR settings produced similar results to those of the normal-time VR group, confirming the specificity of the MCTF manipulation. The findings provide valuable insights into the potential impact of VR on sensorimotor recalibration. Understanding this process will be valuable for the development and implementation of rehabilitation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Bansal
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Séamas Weech
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Muster R, Choudhury S, Sharp W, Kasparek S, Sudre G, Shaw P. Mapping the neuroanatomic substrates of cognition in familial attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Med 2019; 49:590-597. [PMID: 29792238 PMCID: PMC6252155 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718001241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the neuroanatomic substrates of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been investigated, less is known about the neuroanatomic correlates of cognitive abilities pertinent to the disorder, particularly in adults. Here we define the neuroanatomic correlates of key cognitive abilities and determine if there are associations with histories of psychostimulant medication. METHODS We acquired neuroanatomic magnetic resonance imaging data from 264 members of 60 families (mean age 29.5; s.d. 18.4, 116 with ADHD). Using linear mixed model regression, we tested for associations between cognitive abilities (working memory, information processing, intelligence, and attention), symptoms and both cortical and subcortical volumes. RESULTS Symptom severity was associated with spatial working memory (t = -3.77, p = 0.0002), processing speed (t = -2.95, p = 0.004) and a measure of impulsive responding (t = 2.19, p = 0.03); these associations did not vary with age (all p > 0.1). Neuroanatomic associations of cognition varied by task but centered on prefrontal, lateral parietal and temporal cortical regions, the thalamus and putamen. The neuroanatomic correlates of ADHD symptoms overlapped significantly with those of working memory (Dice's overlap coefficient: spatial, p = 0.003; verbal, p = 0.001) and information processing (p = 0.02). Psychostimulant medication history was associated with neither cognitive skills nor with a brain-cognition relationships. CONCLUSIONS Diagnostic differences in the cognitive profile of ADHD does not vary significantly with age; nor were cognitive differences associated with psychostimulant medication history. The neuroanatomic substrates of working memory and information overlapped with those for symptoms within these extended families, consistent with a pathophysiological role for these cognitive skills in familial ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Philip Shaw
- Corresponding author, Philip Shaw, Bldg 31, B1B37, Bethesda 20892, , T: (301) 451-4010, F: (301) 480-3108
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Graham-Schmidt KT, Martin-Iverson MT, Waters FAV. Setting the beat of an internal clock: Effects of dexamphetamine on different interval ranges of temporal processing in healthy volunteers. Psych J 2019; 8:90-109. [PMID: 30793518 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Drug studies are powerful models to investigate the neuropharmacological mechanisms underlying temporal processing in humans. This study administered dexamphetamine to 24 healthy volunteers to investigate time perception at different time scales, along with contributions from working memory. Healthy volunteers were administered 0.45 mg/kg dexamphetamine or placebo in a double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled design. Time perception was assessed using three experimental tasks: a time-discrimination task, which asked participants to determine whether a comparison interval (1200 ± 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 ms) was shorter or longer than a standard interval (1200 ms); a retrospective time estimation task, which required participants to verbally estimate time intervals (10, 30, 60, 90 and 120 s) retrospectively; and a prospective time-production task, where participants were required to prospectively monitor the passing of time (10, 30, 60, 90 and 120 s). Working memory was assessed with the backwards digit span. On the discrimination task, there was a change in the proportion of long-to-short responses and reaction times in the dexamphetamine condition (but no association with working memory), consistent with an increase in the speed of an internal pacemaker, and an overestimation of durations in the timing of shorter intervals. There was an interaction between dexamphetamine, working memory, and performance on the estimation and production tasks, whereby increasing digit span scores were associated with decreasing interval estimates and increased produced intervals in the placebo condition, but were associated with increased interval estimates and decreased produced intervals after dexamphetamine administration. These findings indicate that the dexamphetamine-induced increase in the speed of the internal pacemaker was modulated by the basal working memory capacity of each participant. These findings in healthy humans have important implications for the role of dopamine, and its contributions to timing deficits, in models of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyran T Graham-Schmidt
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mathew T Martin-Iverson
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Statewide Department of Neurophysiology, Clinical Research Unit, North Metro Area Mental Health, Graylands Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Flavie A V Waters
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Clinical Research Centre, Graylands Health Campus, North Metropolitan Health Services - Mental Health, Mount Claremont, Western Australia, Australia
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Postural instability in adult ADHD - A pilot study. Gait Posture 2019; 67:284-289. [PMID: 30391751 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apart from inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, ADHD in childhood presents with an impairment of motor coordination and balance functions. Until now, literature is scarce about sensorimotor deficits in adult ADHD. This is a pilot study that identifies and quantifies the role of sensory, motor, and central adaptation mechanisms for adult ADHD patients' sensorimotor deficits in a systematic way, using postural control. METHODS We analyzed spontaneous and externally perturbed stance in ten adult patients suffering from ADHD. Findings were compared to data from ten matched healthy subjects. RESULTS Spontaneous sway amplitudes and velocities were larger in ADHD patients compared to healthy subjects. Furthermore, body excursions as a function of platform tilts were abnormally large in ADHD patients, specifically in the low frequency range. Based on simple feedback model simulations, we found that ADHD patients showed a larger time delay between platform tilts and body response, and a lower value of the integral part of the neural controller, which affects the long-term control of their posture. These postural abnormalities correlated well with the hyperactivity and impulsivity dimensions of the individual ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSION We conclude that adult ADHD patients' major postural deficit consists of an impairment of a stable, long-term sensorimotor behavior, which fits very well to the concept of impulsivity and hyperactivity.
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