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Nowicka N, Zglejc-Waszak K, Juranek J, Korytko A, Wąsowicz K, Chmielewska-Krzesińska M, Wojtkiewicz J. Novel insights into RAGE signaling pathways during the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in RAGE-deficient SOD1 G93A mice. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299567. [PMID: 38457412 PMCID: PMC10923448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of motor neurons resulting in paralysis and muscle atrophy. One of the most prospective hypothesis on the ALS pathogenesis suggests that excessive inflammation and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) accumulation play a crucial role in the development of ALS in patients and SOD1 G93A mice. Hence, we may speculate that RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end-products and its proinflammatory ligands such as: HMGB1, S100B and CML contribute to ALS pathogenesis. The aim of our studies was to decipher the role of RAGE as well as provide insight into RAGE signaling pathways during the progression of ALS in SOD1 G93A and RAGE-deficient SOD1 G93A mice. In our study, we observed alternations in molecular pattern of proinflammatory RAGE ligands during progression of disease in RAGE KO SOD1 G93A mice compared to SOD1 G93A mice. Moreover, we observed that the amount of beta actin (ACTB) as well as Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was elevated in SOD1 G93A mice when compared to mice with deletion of RAGE. These data contributes to our understanding of implications of RAGE and its ligands in pathogenesis of ALS and highlight potential targeted therapeutic interventions at the early stage of this devastating disease. Moreover, inhibition of the molecular cross-talk between RAGE and its proinflammatory ligands may abolish neuroinflammation, gliosis and motor neuron damage in SOD1 G93A mice. Hence, we hypothesize that attenuated interaction of RAGE with its proinflammatory ligands may improve well-being and health status during ALS in SOD1 G93A mice. Therefore, we emphasize that the inhibition of RAGE signaling pathway may be a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nowicka
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medium, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Kamila Zglejc-Waszak
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medium, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Judyta Juranek
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medium, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Korytko
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medium, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wąsowicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Chmielewska-Krzesińska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medium, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Zglejc-Waszak K, Mukherjee K, Korytko A, Lewczuk B, Pomianowski A, Wojtkiewicz J, Banach M, Załęcki M, Nowicka N, Jarosławska J, Kordas B, Wąsowicz K, Juranek JK. Novel insights into the nervous system affected by prolonged hyperglycemia. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:1015-1028. [PMID: 37462767 PMCID: PMC10400689 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple molecular pathways including the receptor for advanced glycation end-products-diaphanous related formin 1 (RAGE-Diaph1) signaling are known to play a role in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Evidence suggests that neuropathological alterations in type 1 diabetic spinal cord may occur at the same time as or following peripheral nerve abnormalities. We demonstrated that DPN was associated with perturbations of RAGE-Diaph1 signaling pathway in peripheral nerve accompanied by widespread spinal cord molecular changes. More than 500 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) belonging to multiple functional pathways were identified in diabetic spinal cord and of those the most enriched was RAGE-Diaph1 related PI3K-Akt pathway. Only seven of spinal cord DEGs overlapped with DEGs from type 1 diabetic sciatic nerve and only a single gene cathepsin E (CTSE) was common for both type 1 and type 2 diabetic mice. In silico analysis suggests that molecular changes in spinal cord may act synergistically with RAGE-Diaph1 signaling axis in the peripheral nerve. KEY MESSAGES: Molecular perturbations in spinal cord may be involved in the progression of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy was associated with perturbations of RAGE-Diaph1 signaling pathway in peripheral nerve accompanied by widespread spinal cord molecular changes. In silico analysis revealed that PI3K-Akt signaling axis related to RAGE-Diaph1 was the most enriched biological pathway in diabetic spinal cord. Cathepsin E may be the target molecular hub for intervention against diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Zglejc-Waszak
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-085, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Konark Mukherjee
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, VA, 24016, USA
| | - Agnieszka Korytko
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-085, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bogdan Lewczuk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pomianowski
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-085, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Banach
- Department of Neurology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 31-008, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Załęcki
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Natalia Nowicka
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-085, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Julia Jarosławska
- Department of Biological Functions of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bernard Kordas
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-085, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wąsowicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Judyta K Juranek
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-085, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Messina MG, Ziv G, Byosiere SE. A preliminary examination of the contextual interference effect on trained trick retention in domestic dogs. J Exp Anal Behav 2023; 120:36-49. [PMID: 37219081 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to enhance current dog training practices by determining whether a finding from human motor skill learning research, the contextual interference (CI) effect, could be replicated in a trick-training paradigm with companion dogs. In humans, research shows that practicing skills in random order, as compared with blocked order, improves learning of those skills. To test this question in dogs, we randomly allocated 17 dogs to blocked training (low CI) or random training (high CI). The dogs performed three behaviors of varying difficulty. After training, we conducted a retention test in which half of the dogs in each group performed the tasks in blocked order and the other half in random order. We scored each trick, measured duration, and measured whether dogs required one or two tries to perform a behavior. We found no significant differences between dogs who practiced three tricks in random or in blocked order during training and during a retention test. This study is the first to apply the CI effect to dog trick training. Although no evidence of the CI effect was found, the current research provides a preliminary framework for future studies with potential implications for increasing retention of trained skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddie G Messina
- Thinking Dog Center, Hunter College, City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Gal Ziv
- The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya, Israel
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Zglejc-Waszak K, Schmidt AM, Juranek JK. The receptor for advanced glycation end products and its ligands' expression in OVE26 diabetic sciatic nerve during the development of length-dependent neuropathy. Neuropathology 2023; 43:84-94. [PMID: 35915909 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) may affect the peripheral nervous system and alter the expression of proteins contributing to inflammation and cellular cytoskeleton dysfunction, in most cases leading to the development of diabetic length-dependent neuropathy (DLDN). In the present study, we performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) to probe the expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE); its key ligands, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), and carboxymethyl-lysine (CML - advanced glycation end products (AGE)); and its cytoplasmic tail-binding partner, diaphanous related formin 1 (DIAPH1) and associated molecules, beta-actin (ACTB) and profilin 1 (PFN1) proteins in sciatic nerves harvested from seven-month old FVB/OVE26 mice with genetically-mediated T1D. We found that the amount of RAGE, HMGB1, and S100B proteins was elevated in diabetic vs the non-diabetic groups, while the amount of DIAPH1, ACTB, as well as PFN1 proteins did not differ between these groups. Moreover, our data revealed linear dependence between RAGE and HMGB1 proteins. Interaction criss-cross of selected sets of proteins in the sciatic nerve revealed that there were connected in a singular network. Our results indicate that T1D may alter expression patterns of RAGE axis proteins and thus contribute to DLDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Zglejc-Waszak
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Judyta K Juranek
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Olsztyn, Poland.,Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Liu Y, Li Y, Zang J, Zhang T, Li Y, Tan Z, Ma D, Zhang T, Wang S, Zhang Y, Huang L, Wu Y, Su X, Weng Z, Deng D, Kwan Tsang C, Xu A, Lu D. CircOGDH Is a Penumbra Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Circ Res 2022; 130:907-924. [PMID: 35189704 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide. Prediction of penumbra existence after AIS is crucial for making decision on reperfusion therapy. Yet a fast, inexpensive, simple, and noninvasive predictive biomarker for the poststroke penumbra with clinical translational potential is still lacking. We aim to investigate whether the CircOGDH (circular RNA derived from oxoglutarate dehydrogenase) is a potential biomarker for penumbra in patients with AIS and its role in ischemic neuronal damage. METHODS CircOGDH was screened from penumbra of middle cerebral artery occlusion mice and was assessed in plasma of patients with AIS by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine the penumbra volumes. CircOGDH interacted with miR-5112 in primary cortical neurons was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization, RNA immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter assay. ADV-mediated CircOGDH knockdown ameliorated neuronal apoptosis induced by COL4A4 (Gallus collagen, type VI, alpha VI) overexpression. Transmission electron microscope, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blot were performed to confirm exosomes. RESULTS CircOGDH expression was dramatically and selectively upregulated in the penumbra tissue of middle cerebral artery occlusion mice and in the plasma of 45 patients with AIS showing a 54-fold enhancement versus noncerebrovascular disease controls. Partial regression analysis revealed that CircOGDH expression was positively correlated with the size of penumbra in patients with AIS. Sequestering of miR-5112 by CircOGDH enhanced COL4A4 expression to elevate neuron damage. Additionally, knockdown of CircOGDH significantly enhanced neuronal cell viability under ischemic conditions. Furthermore, the expression of CircOGDH in brain tissue was closely related to that in the serum of middle cerebral artery occlusion mice. Finally, we found that CircOGDH was highly expressed in plasma exosomes of patients with AIS compared with those in noncerebrovascular disease individuals. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that CircOGDH is a potential therapeutic target for regulating ischemia neuronal viability, and is enriched in neuron-derived exosomes in the peripheral blood, exhibiting a predictive biomarker of penumbra in patients with AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Liu
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., A.X., D.L.).,Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., C.K.T., A.X., D.L.)
| | - Yufeng Li
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., A.X., D.L.).,Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., C.K.T., A.X., D.L.)
| | - Jiankun Zang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., A.X., D.L.).,Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., C.K.T., A.X., D.L.)
| | - Tianyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., A.X., D.L.).,Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., C.K.T., A.X., D.L.)
| | - Yaojie Li
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., A.X., D.L.).,Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., C.K.T., A.X., D.L.)
| | - Zefeng Tan
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., A.X., D.L.).,Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., C.K.T., A.X., D.L.)
| | - Dan Ma
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (D.M.)
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (T.Z.)
| | - Shiyong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (S.W.)
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., A.X., D.L.).,Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., C.K.T., A.X., D.L.)
| | - Lian Huang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., A.X., D.L.).,Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., C.K.T., A.X., D.L.)
| | - Yousheng Wu
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., A.X., D.L.).,Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., C.K.T., A.X., D.L.)
| | - Xuanlin Su
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., A.X., D.L.).,Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., C.K.T., A.X., D.L.)
| | - Zean Weng
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., A.X., D.L.).,Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., C.K.T., A.X., D.L.)
| | - Die Deng
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., A.X., D.L.).,Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., C.K.T., A.X., D.L.)
| | - Chi Kwan Tsang
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., C.K.T., A.X., D.L.)
| | - Anding Xu
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., A.X., D.L.).,Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., C.K.T., A.X., D.L.)
| | - Dan Lu
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., A.X., D.L.).,Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. (Y. Liu, Y. Li, J.Z., T.Z., Y.L., Z.T., Y.Z., L.H., Y.W., X.S., Z.W., D.D., C.K.T., A.X., D.L.)
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Alfaras I, Ejima K, Vieira Ligo Teixeira C, Di Germanio C, Mitchell SJ, Hamilton S, Ferrucci L, Price NL, Allison DB, Bernier M, de Cabo R. Empirical versus theoretical power and type I error (false-positive) rates estimated from real murine aging research data. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109560. [PMID: 34407413 PMCID: PMC8449850 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We assess the degree of phenotypic variation in a cohort of 24-month-old male C57BL/6 mice. Because murine studies often use small sample sizes, if the commonly relied upon assumption of a normal distribution of residuals is not met, it may inflate type I error rates. In this study, 3-20 mice are resampled from the empirical distributions of 376 mice to create plasmodes, an approach for computing type I error rates and power for commonly used statistical tests without assuming a normal distribution of residuals. While all of the phenotypic and metabolic variables studied show considerable variability, the number of animals required to achieve adequate power is markedly different depending on the statistical test being performed. Overall, this work provides an analysis with which researchers can make informed decisions about the sample size required to achieve statistical power from specific measurements without a priori assumptions of a theoretical distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Alfaras
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Keisuke Ejima
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Camila Vieira Ligo Teixeira
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Clara Di Germanio
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sarah J Mitchell
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Samuel Hamilton
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Nathan L Price
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David B Allison
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Hawkins P, Sya J, Hup NK, Murphy MP, McElvaney NG, Reeves EP. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Augmentation Inhibits Proteolysis of Neutrophil Membrane Voltage-Gated Proton Channel-1 in Alpha-1 Deficient Individuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57080814. [PMID: 34441020 PMCID: PMC8398194 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57080814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Alpha-1 antitrypsin is a serine protease inhibitor that demonstrates an array of immunomodulatory functions. Individuals with the genetic condition of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) are at increased risk of early onset emphysematous lung disease. This lung disease is partly driven by neutrophil mediated lung destruction in an environment of low AAT. As peripheral neutrophil hyper-responsiveness in AATD leads to excessive degranulation and increased migration to the airways, we examined the expression of the membrane voltage-gated proton channel-1 (HVCN1), which is integrally linked to neutrophil function. The objectives of this study were to evaluate altered HVCN1 in AATD neutrophils, serine protease-dependent degradation of HVCN1, and to investigate the ability of serum AAT to control HVCN1 expression. Materials and Methods: Circulating neutrophils were purified from AATD patients (n = 20), AATD patients receiving AAT augmentation therapy (n = 3) and healthy controls (n = 20). HVCN1 neutrophil expression was assessed by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. Neutrophil membrane bound elastase was measured by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Results: In this study we demonstrated that HVCN1 protein is under-expressed in AATD neutrophils (p = 0.02), suggesting a link between reduced HVCN1 expression and AAT deficiency. We have demonstrated that HVCN1 undergoes significant proteolytic degradation in activated neutrophils (p < 0.0001), primarily due to neutrophil elastase activity (p = 0.0004). In addition, the treatment of AATD individuals with AAT augmentation therapy increased neutrophil plasma membrane HVCN1 expression (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Our results demonstrate reduced levels of HVCN1 in peripheral blood neutrophils that may influence the neutrophil-dominated immune response in the AATD airways and highlights the role of antiprotease treatment and specifically AAT augmentation therapy in protecting neutrophil membrane expression of HVCN1.
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8
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Fonseca D, Cavalcanti J, Peña E, Valls V, Sanchez-Sepúlveda M, Moreira F, Navarro I, Redondo E. Mixed Assessment of Virtual Serious Games Applied in Architectural and Urban Design Education. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3102. [PMID: 33946868 PMCID: PMC8125721 DOI: 10.3390/s21093102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The creation and usage of serious games on virtual reality (VR) and/or interactive platforms for the teaching of architecture, construction, urban planning, and other derived areas, such as security and risk prevention, require design processes, studies, and research that lead to further consolidation expansion. In that sense, this paper presents two main aims developed: the improvement of a virtual navigation system through the results of previous user studies and mixed research (quantitative and qualitative) improved based on the user perception for educational and professional uses. The VR system used is based on Unreal Engine programming of the HTC Vive sensor. This study is related to the GAME4City 3.0 and a broader project focused on gamified visualization and its educational uses in architectural and urban projects. The results reflect great interest, good usability, and high motivation for further usage for all types of users. However, an apparent resistance to deepen its use continues to be perceived in academia. Based on the research results, weak points of educational gamified systems have been identified, and the main differences and needs in user profiles' function. With these data, progress regarding implementing this kind of system at the teaching and professional levels must be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fonseca
- Architecture La Salle, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08022 Barcelona, Spain; (E.P.); (V.V.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Janaina Cavalcanti
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería (I3B), Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Enric Peña
- Architecture La Salle, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08022 Barcelona, Spain; (E.P.); (V.V.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Victor Valls
- Architecture La Salle, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08022 Barcelona, Spain; (E.P.); (V.V.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Mónica Sanchez-Sepúlveda
- Architecture La Salle, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08022 Barcelona, Spain; (E.P.); (V.V.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Fernando Moreira
- REMIT, IJP, Universidade Portucalense, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- IEETA, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isidro Navarro
- Escola Tècnica Superior d’Arquitectura de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.N.); (E.R.)
| | - Ernesto Redondo
- Escola Tècnica Superior d’Arquitectura de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.N.); (E.R.)
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9
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Hayes E, Murphy MP, Pohl K, Browne N, McQuillan K, Saw LE, Foley C, Gargoum F, McElvaney OJ, Hawkins P, Gunaratnam C, McElvaney NG, Reeves EP. Altered Degranulation and pH of Neutrophil Phagosomes Impacts Antimicrobial Efficiency in Cystic Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:600033. [PMID: 33391268 PMCID: PMC7775508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.600033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have endeavored to understand the cause for impaired antimicrobial killing by neutrophils of people with cystic fibrosis (PWCF). The aim of this study was to focus on the bacterial phagosome. Possible alterations in degranulation of cytoplasmic granules and changes in pH were assessed. Circulating neutrophils were purified from PWCF (n = 28), PWCF receiving ivacaftor therapy (n = 10), and healthy controls (n = 28). Degranulation was assessed by Western blot analysis and flow cytometry. The pH of phagosomes was determined by use of BCECF-AM-labelled Staphylococcus aureus or SNARF labelled Candida albicans. The antibacterial effect of all treatments tested was determined by colony forming units enumeration. Bacterial killing by CF and healthy control neutrophils were found to differ (p = 0.0006). By use of flow cytometry and subcellular fractionation the kinetics of intraphagosomal degranulation were found to be significantly altered in CF phagosomes, as demonstrated by increased primary granule CD63 (p = 0.0001) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) content (p = 0.03). In contrast, decreased secondary and tertiary granule CD66b (p = 0.002) and decreased hCAP-18 and MMP-9 (p = 0.02), were observed. After 8 min phagocytosis the pH in phagosomes of neutrophils of PWCF was significantly elevated (p = 0.0001), and the percentage of viable bacteria was significantly increased compared to HC (p = 0.002). Results demonstrate that the recorded alterations in phagosomal pH generate suboptimal conditions for MPO related peroxidase, and α-defensin and azurocidine enzymatic killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The pattern of dysregulated MPO degranulation (p = 0.02) and prolonged phagosomal alkalinization in CF neutrophils were normalized in vivo following treatment with the ion channel potentiator ivacaftor (p = 0.04). Our results confirm that alterations of circulating neutrophils from PWCF are corrected by CFTR modulator therapy, and raise a question related to possible delayed proton channel activity in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Hayes
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark P Murphy
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kerstin Pohl
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall Browne
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen McQuillan
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Le Er Saw
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clare Foley
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fatma Gargoum
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oliver J McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Padraig Hawkins
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cedric Gunaratnam
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noel G McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emer P Reeves
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Fardel A, Peyneau PE, Béchet B, Lakel A, Rodriguez F. Performance of two contrasting pilot swale designs for treating zinc, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and glyphosate from stormwater runoff. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140503. [PMID: 32679489 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Swales are a widespread stormwater management solution to reduce pollutant concentrations in runoff. An innovative pilot facility was constructed to evaluate the treatment efficiency of the two main types of water-quality swales, i.e. standard swales and filtering swales. Using stormwater roof runoff, without any additions or spiked with organic micropollutants, 12 runoff simulation runs mimicking frequent storm events were discharged longitudinally or laterally over the pilot swales. The performance of each swale was assessed for 4 micropollutants, i.e. zinc (Zn), glyphosate, pyrene and phenanthrene. These substances were mainly found in the dissolved phase of the stormwater runoff used to supply the pilot swales. The standard swale, constructed from a silt loam soil, partially managed stormwater runoff by infiltration. Micropollutant concentration reductions were higher in the infiltrated water (35-85%) than in the overflow (-13-66%). The filtering swale, made of a sandy central part bordered by silt loam embankments, completely managed stormwater runoff by infiltration, providing high micropollutant concentration reductions (65-100%). Mass load reductions were higher for the filtering swale (67-90% for Zn and ≥89% for organic micropollutants) than for the standard swale (33-73% for Zn, 19-67% for glyphosate and ≥50% for both pyrene and phenanthrene). For both swales, lateral inflow was often associated with significantly higher concentration and mass reductions than longitudinal inflow. Consequently, when designing swales for the treatment of micropollutants, practitioners should preferentially promote filtering swales and installations providing lateral diffuse inflow over the facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Fardel
- CSTB, Aquasim, 11 Rue Henri Picherit, F-44323 Nantes, France; GERS-LEE, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, F-44344 Bouguenais, France; Univ Gustave Eiffel, CSTB, IRSTV, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Peyneau
- GERS-LEE, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, F-44344 Bouguenais, France; Univ Gustave Eiffel, CSTB, IRSTV, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Béatrice Béchet
- GERS-LEE, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, F-44344 Bouguenais, France; Univ Gustave Eiffel, CSTB, IRSTV, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Abdelkader Lakel
- CSTB, Aquasim, 11 Rue Henri Picherit, F-44323 Nantes, France; Univ Gustave Eiffel, CSTB, IRSTV, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Fabrice Rodriguez
- GERS-LEE, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, F-44344 Bouguenais, France; Univ Gustave Eiffel, CSTB, IRSTV, F-44000 Nantes, France.
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11
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Assessment of cortical reorganization and preserved function in phantom limb pain: a methodological perspective. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11504. [PMID: 32661345 PMCID: PMC7359300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phantom limb pain (PLP) has been associated with reorganization in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and preserved S1 function. Here we examined if methodological differences in the assessment of cortical representations might explain these findings. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging during a virtual reality movement task, analogous to the classical mirror box task, in twenty amputees with and without PLP and twenty matched healthy controls. We assessed the relationship between task-related activation maxima and PLP intensity in S1 and motor cortex (M1) in individually-defined or group-conjoint regions of interest (ROI) (overlap of task-related activation between the groups). We also measured cortical distances between both locations and correlated them with PLP intensity. Amputees compared to controls showed significantly increased activation in M1, S1 and S1M1 unrelated to PLP. Neural activity in M1 was positively related to PLP intensity in amputees with PLP when a group-conjoint ROI was chosen. The location of activation maxima differed between groups in S1 and M1. Cortical distance measures were unrelated to PLP. These findings suggest that sensory and motor maps differentially relate to PLP and that methodological differences might explain discrepant findings in the literature.
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12
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Hide M, Suzuki T, Tanaka A, Aoki H. Efficacy of increased dose of rupatadine up to 20 mg on itching in Japanese patients due to chronic spontaneous urticaria, dermatitis, or pruritus: A post hoc analysis of phase III clinical trial. JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cia2.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Hide
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
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13
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Ma J, Tao J, Wang C, Li C, Shene CK, Kim SH. Moving with the flow: an automatic tour of unsteady flow fields. J Vis (Tokyo) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12650-019-00592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Pohl K, Nichols DP, Taylor-Cousar JL, Saavedra MT, Strand MJ, Nick JA, Bratcher PE. Corticosteroid use and increased CXCR2 levels on leukocytes are associated with lumacaftor/ivacaftor discontinuation in cystic fibrosis patients homozygous for the F508del CFTR mutation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209026. [PMID: 30540818 PMCID: PMC6291130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-shortening genetic disease and is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Several current therapies aim at improving availability and/or function of the mutant CFTR proteins. The combination therapeutic lumacaftor/ivacaftor (Orkambi, luma/iva) partially corrects folding and potentiates CFTR function impaired by the F508del mutation. Despite the potential for clinical benefit, a substantial number of patients discontinue treatment due to intolerable adverse effects. The aim of the present study is to identify differences between individuals who continued treatment and those who discontinued due to adverse respiratory effects to potentially inform treatment decisions. Clinical data from the year prior to treatment initiation were analyzed from 82 patients homozygous for the F508del mutation treated at the Colorado Adult CF Program. Blood samples were collected from 30 of these subjects before initiation of treatment to examine expression of circulating leukocyte surface antigens and cytokines. Clinical and demographic characteristics were analyzed along with inflammatory markers to determine biomarkers of drug discontinuation. The use of oral prednisone and/or nasal budesonide in the year prior to luma/iva initiation was more prevalent in CF subjects who did not tolerate luma/iva (82% vs. 43%). Increased age, but not gender or initial lung function, was associated with higher probability of discontinuing treatment due to side effects overall. Worse lung function (lower ppFEV1, ppFEF25-75 ≤ 60%) was associated with higher incidence of discontinuing treatment due to pulmonary adverse effects. In a nested cohort of patients, increased surface levels of CXCR2 on CD14+CD16- monocytes were associated with discontinuation. Overall, the patients who tolerated luma/iva were distinguishable from those who did not tolerate the drug based on clinical and cellular markers obtained prior to treatment initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Pohl
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - David P. Nichols
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Taylor-Cousar
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Milene T. Saavedra
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Strand
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Jerry A. Nick
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Preston E. Bratcher
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Chirambo G, van Niekerk C, Crowther NJ. Specific knock-down of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase mRNA levels inhibits intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 and HepG2 cells. Int J Exp Pathol 2017; 98:260-268. [PMID: 28925080 PMCID: PMC5743820 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of non-specific inhibitors of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) in pre-adipocytes blocks intracellular lipid accumulation. TNSALP is also expressed in hepatocytes, which are known to accumulate lipid in a similar manner to pre-adipocytes. The purpose of this study was to use specific silencing of TNSALP mRNA, using short interfering (si) RNA, to investigate the role of TNSALP in intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 and HepG2 cells. Cellular activity of TNSALP was measured using an automated colorimetric assay, and intracellular lipid accumulation was determined using the lipid-specific dye, Oil Red O. Cells were transfected with siRNA directed against TNSALP mRNA, and expression of the TNSALP gene was determined at selected time points postinduction of lipid droplet formation. Expression of the TNSALP gene was inhibited by a maximum of 88 ± 1.9% (P < 0.005 vs. control) 11 days after initiation of lipid droplet formation in the 3T3-L1 cells and 80 ± 8.9% (P < 0.05 vs. control) after 4 days in the HepG2 cells. This led to significant inhibition of both TNSALP activity and intracellular lipid accumulation in both cell lines. These data demonstrates that TNSALP plays an important role in the control of lipid droplet formation in both pre-adipocyte and hepatocyte cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Chirambo
- Department of Chemical PathologyNational Health Laboratory ServiceUniversity of Witwatersrand Medical SchoolJohannesburgSouth Africa
- Department of BiochemistryCollege Of MedicineUniversity of MalawiMalawiBlantyre
| | - Chantal van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical PathologyNational Health Laboratory ServiceUniversity of Witwatersrand Medical SchoolJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Nigel J. Crowther
- Department of Chemical PathologyNational Health Laboratory ServiceUniversity of Witwatersrand Medical SchoolJohannesburgSouth Africa
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16
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Bottom-Up versus Top-Down Induction of Sleep by Zolpidem Acting on Histaminergic and Neocortex Neurons. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11171-11184. [PMID: 27807161 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3714-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zolpidem, a GABAA receptor-positive modulator, is the gold-standard drug for treating insomnia. Zolpidem prolongs IPSCs to decrease sleep latency and increase sleep time, effects that depend on α2 and/or α3 subunit-containing receptors. Compared with natural NREM sleep, zolpidem also decreases the EEG power, an effect that depends on α1 subunit-containing receptors, and which may make zolpidem-induced sleep less optimal. In this paper, we investigate whether zolpidem needs to potentiate only particular GABAergic pathways to induce sleep without reducing EEG power. Mice with a knock-in F77I mutation in the GABAA receptor γ2 subunit gene are zolpidem-insensitive. Using these mice, GABAA receptors in the frontal motor neocortex and hypothalamic (tuberomammillary nucleus) histaminergic-neurons of γ2I77 mice were made selectively sensitive to zolpidem by genetically swapping the γ2I77 subunits with γ2F77 subunits. When histamine neurons were made selectively zolpidem-sensitive, systemic administration of zolpidem shortened sleep latency and increased sleep time. But in contrast to the effect of zolpidem on wild-type mice, the power in the EEG spectra of NREM sleep was not decreased, suggesting that these EEG power-reducing effects of zolpidem do not depend on reduced histamine release. Selective potentiation of GABAA receptors in the frontal cortex by systemic zolpidem administration also reduced sleep latency, but less so than for histamine neurons. These results could help with the design of new sedatives that induce a more natural sleep. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Many people who find it hard to get to sleep take sedatives. Zolpidem (Ambien) is the most widely prescribed "sleeping pill." It makes the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA work better at its receptors throughout the brain. The sleep induced by zolpidem does not resemble natural sleep because it produces a lower power in the brain waves that occur while we are sleeping. We show using mouse genetics that zolpidem only needs to work on specific parts and cell types of the brain, including histamine neurons in the hypothalamus, to induce sleep but without reducing the power of the sleep. This knowledge could help in the design of sleeping pills that induce a more natural sleep.
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Dwivedi AK, Mallawaarachchi I, Alvarado LA. Analysis of small sample size studies using nonparametric bootstrap test with pooled resampling method. Stat Med 2017; 36:2187-2205. [PMID: 28276584 DOI: 10.1002/sim.7263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies in biomedical research frequently pose analytical problems related to small sample size. In such studies, there are conflicting findings regarding the choice of parametric and nonparametric analysis, especially with non-normal data. In such instances, some methodologists questioned the validity of parametric tests and suggested nonparametric tests. In contrast, other methodologists found nonparametric tests to be too conservative and less powerful and thus preferred using parametric tests. Some researchers have recommended using a bootstrap test; however, this method also has small sample size limitation. We used a pooled method in nonparametric bootstrap test that may overcome the problem related with small samples in hypothesis testing. The present study compared nonparametric bootstrap test with pooled resampling method corresponding to parametric, nonparametric, and permutation tests through extensive simulations under various conditions and using real data examples. The nonparametric pooled bootstrap t-test provided equal or greater power for comparing two means as compared with unpaired t-test, Welch t-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and permutation test while maintaining type I error probability for any conditions except for Cauchy and extreme variable lognormal distributions. In such cases, we suggest using an exact Wilcoxon rank sum test. Nonparametric bootstrap paired t-test also provided better performance than other alternatives. Nonparametric bootstrap test provided benefit over exact Kruskal-Wallis test. We suggest using nonparametric bootstrap test with pooled resampling method for comparing paired or unpaired means and for validating the one way analysis of variance test results for non-normal data in small sample size studies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar Dwivedi
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A.,Biostatistics and Epidemiology Consulting Lab, Office of Research Resources, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Indika Mallawaarachchi
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Consulting Lab, Office of Research Resources, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Luis A Alvarado
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Consulting Lab, Office of Research Resources, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
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18
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Zeiss CJ, Allore HG, Beck AP. Established patterns of animal study design undermine translation of disease-modifying therapies for Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171790. [PMID: 28182759 PMCID: PMC5300282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of disease-modifying therapies in neurodegenerative disease has been disappointing. Parkinson's disease (PD) was used to compare patterns of preclinical study design for symptomatic and potentially disease-modifying interventions. We examined the relationship of model, intervention type and timing, outcomes and outcome measures in 543 animal and human studies (1973-2015) across a contemporary cohort of animal and human interventional studies (n = 445), animal studies for approved interventions (n = 28), animal and human studies for those that failed to translate (n = 70). Detailed study design data were collected for 216 studies in non-human primate (NHP) and rodent toxin-induced models. Species-specific patterns of study design prevailed regardless of whether interventions were symptomatic or potentially disease-modifying. In humans and NHPs, interventions were typically given to both sexes well after the PD phenotype was established, and clinical outcome measures were collected at single (symptomatic) or multiple (disease-modifying) time-points. In rodents, interventions often preceded induction of the model, acute toxic protocols were common, usually given to young males, clinical outcome measures were used less commonly, and outcomes were less commonly assessed at multiple time points. These patterns were more prevalent in mice than rats. In contrast, study design factors such as randomization and blinding did not differ appreciably across symptomatic and disease-modifying intervention categories. The translational gap for potentially disease-modifying interventions in PD in part results from study designs, particularly in mice, that fail to model the progressive nature and relatively late intervention characteristic of PD, or that anchor mechanistic and neuropathologic data to longitudinal clinical outcomes. Even if measures to improve reproducibility are broadly adopted, perpetuation of these norms will continue to impede effective translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J. Zeiss
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Heather G. Allore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Amanda P. Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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Chedik L, Bruyere A, Le Vee M, Stieger B, Denizot C, Parmentier Y, Potin S, Fardel O. Inhibition of Human Drug Transporter Activities by the Pyrethroid Pesticides Allethrin and Tetramethrin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169480. [PMID: 28099443 PMCID: PMC5242521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroids are widely-used chemical insecticides, to which humans are commonly exposed, and known to alter functional expression of drug metabolizing enzymes. Limited data have additionally suggested that drug transporters, that constitute key-actors of the drug detoxification system, may also be targeted by pyrethroids. The present study was therefore designed to analyze the potential regulatory effects of these pesticides towards activities of main ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) drug transporters, using transporter-overexpressing cells. The pyrethroids allethrin and tetramethrin were found to inhibit various ABC and SLC drug transporters, including multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 2, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), organic anion transporter polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, organic anion transporter (OAT) 3, multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter (MATE) 1, organic cation transporter (OCT) 1 and OCT2, with IC50 values however ranging from 2.6 μM (OCT1 inhibition by allethrin) to 77.6 μM (OAT3 inhibition by tetramethrin) and thus much higher than pyrethroid concentrations (in the nM range) reached in environmentally pyrethroid-exposed humans. By contrast, allethrin and tetramethrin cis-stimulated OATP2B1 activity and failed to alter activities of OATP1B3, OAT1 and MATE2-K, whereas P-glycoprotein activity was additionally moderately inhibited. Twelve other pyrethoids used at 100 μM did not block activities of the various investigated transporters, or only moderately inhibited some of them (inhibition by less than 50%). In silico analysis of structure-activity relationships next revealed that molecular parameters, including molecular weight and lipophilicity, are associated with transporter inhibition by allethrin/tetramethrin and successfully predicted transporter inhibition by the pyrethroids imiprothrin and prallethrin. Taken together, these data fully demonstrated that two pyrethoids, i.e., allethrin and tetramethrin, can act as regulators of the activity of various ABC and SLC drug transporters, but only when used at high and non-relevant concentrations, making unlikely any contribution of these transporter activity alterations to pyrethroid toxicity in environmentally exposed humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Chedik
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, France
- Pôle Pharmacie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, Rennes, France
| | - Arnaud Bruyere
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, France
| | - Marc Le Vee
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, France
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claire Denizot
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, 25–27 rue Eugène Vignat, Orléans, France
| | - Yannick Parmentier
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, 25–27 rue Eugène Vignat, Orléans, France
| | - Sophie Potin
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, France
- Pôle Pharmacie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, France
- Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, Rennes, France
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Drug Transporter Expression and Activity in Human Hepatoma HuH-7 Cells. Pharmaceutics 2016; 9:pharmaceutics9010003. [PMID: 28036031 PMCID: PMC5374369 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics9010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hepatoma cells may represent a valuable alternative to the use of human hepatocytes for studying hepatic drug transporters, which is now a regulatory issue during drug development. In the present work, we have characterized hepatic drug transporter expression, activity and regulation in human hepatoma HuH-7 cells, in order to determine the potential relevance of these cells for drug transport assays. HuH-7 cells displayed notable multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) activity, presumed to reflect expression of various hepatic MRPs, including MRP2. By contrast, they failed to display functional activities of the uptake transporters sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP), organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) and organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1), and of the canalicular transporters P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Concomitantly, mRNA expressions of various sinusoidal and canalicular hepatic drug transporters were not detected (NTCP, OATP1B1, organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2), OCT1 and bile salt export pump) or were found to be lower (OATP1B3, OATP2B1, multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1, BCRP and MRP3) in hepatoma HuH-7 cells than those found in human hepatocytes, whereas other transporters such as OAT7, MRP4 and MRP5 were up-regulated. HuH-7 cells additionally exhibited farnesoid X receptor (FXR)- and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-related up-regulation of some transporters. Such data indicate that HuH-7 cells, although expressing rather poorly some main hepatic drug transporters, may be useful for investigating interactions of drugs with MRPs, notably MRP2, and for studying FXR- or Nrf2-mediated gene regulation.
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Leithner C, Füchtemeier M, Jorks D, Mueller S, Dirnagl U, Royl G. Infarct Volume Prediction by Early Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Murine Stroke Model Depends on Ischemia Duration and Time of Imaging. Stroke 2015; 46:3249-59. [PMID: 26451016 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.007832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite standardization of experimental stroke models, final infarct sizes after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) vary considerably. This introduces uncertainties in the evaluation of drug effects on stroke. Magnetic resonance imaging may detect variability of surgically induced ischemia before treatment and thus improve treatment effect evaluation. METHODS MCAO of 45 and 90 minutes induced brain infarcts in 83 mice. During, and 3 and 6 hours after MCAO, we performed multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. We evaluated time courses of cerebral blood flow, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), T1, T2, accuracy of infarct prediction strategies, and impact on statistical evaluation of experimental stroke studies. RESULTS ADC decreased during MCAO but recovered completely on reperfusion after 45 and partially after 90-minute MCAO, followed by a secondary decline. ADC lesion volumes during MCAO or at 6 hours after MCAO largely determined final infarct volumes for 90 but not for 45 minutes MCAO. The majority of chance findings of final infarct volume differences in random group allocations of animals were associated with significant differences in early ADC lesion volumes for 90, but not for 45-minute MCAO. CONCLUSIONS The prediction accuracy of early magnetic resonance imaging for infarct volumes depends on timing of magnetic resonance imaging and MCAO duration. Variability of the posterior communicating artery in C57Bl6 mice contributes to differences in prediction accuracy between short and long MCAO. Early ADC imaging may be used to reduce errors in the interpretation of post MCAO treatment effects on stroke volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Leithner
- From the Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (C.L., M.F., D.J., S.M., U.D., G.R.); Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany (C.L., D.J., S.M., U.D., G.R.); NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany (C.L., U.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.F., U.D.) and German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (DZHK) (U.D.), Berlin site, Charitéplatz, Berlin, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (G.R.).
| | - Martina Füchtemeier
- From the Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (C.L., M.F., D.J., S.M., U.D., G.R.); Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany (C.L., D.J., S.M., U.D., G.R.); NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany (C.L., U.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.F., U.D.) and German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (DZHK) (U.D.), Berlin site, Charitéplatz, Berlin, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Devi Jorks
- From the Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (C.L., M.F., D.J., S.M., U.D., G.R.); Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany (C.L., D.J., S.M., U.D., G.R.); NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany (C.L., U.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.F., U.D.) and German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (DZHK) (U.D.), Berlin site, Charitéplatz, Berlin, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Susanne Mueller
- From the Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (C.L., M.F., D.J., S.M., U.D., G.R.); Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany (C.L., D.J., S.M., U.D., G.R.); NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany (C.L., U.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.F., U.D.) and German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (DZHK) (U.D.), Berlin site, Charitéplatz, Berlin, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- From the Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (C.L., M.F., D.J., S.M., U.D., G.R.); Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany (C.L., D.J., S.M., U.D., G.R.); NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany (C.L., U.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.F., U.D.) and German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (DZHK) (U.D.), Berlin site, Charitéplatz, Berlin, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Georg Royl
- From the Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (C.L., M.F., D.J., S.M., U.D., G.R.); Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany (C.L., D.J., S.M., U.D., G.R.); NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany (C.L., U.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.F., U.D.) and German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (DZHK) (U.D.), Berlin site, Charitéplatz, Berlin, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (G.R.)
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Formicola D, Rainoldi A. A kinematic analysis to evaluate the start techniques’ efficacy in swimming. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-014-0207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bergin DA, Reeves EP, Hurley K, Wolfe R, Jameel R, Fitzgerald S, McElvaney NG. The circulating proteinase inhibitor α-1 antitrypsin regulates neutrophil degranulation and autoimmunity. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:217ra1. [PMID: 24382893 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathological inflammation and autoimmune disease frequently involve elevated neutrophil activity in the absence of infectious agents. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) contributes to many of the problems associated with autoimmune diseases. We investigated the ability of serum α-1 antitrypsin (AAT) to control TNF-α biosynthesis and signaling in neutrophils and assessed whether AAT deficiency (AATD) is a TNF-α-related disease. In vitro studies demonstrate that serum AAT coordinates TNF-α intracellular signaling and neutrophil degranulation of tertiary and secondary granules via modulation of ligand-receptor interactions. AATD patients homozygous for the Z allele were characterized by increased activation of the TNF-α system, as demonstrated by increased membrane TNF-α levels and increased plasma concentrations of TNF receptor 1 and neutrophil-released secondary and tertiary granule proteins. The incidence of autoantibodies directed against degranulated lactoferrin and surface protein accessible to these antibodies was increased in ZZ-AATD, leading to an enhanced rate of neutrophil reactive oxygen species production. Treatment of ZZ-AATD individuals with AAT augmentation therapy resulted in decreased membrane TNF-α expression and plasma levels of granule antigenic proteins and immunoglobulin G class autoantibodies. These results provide a mechanism by which AAT augmentation therapy affects TNF-α signaling in the circulating neutrophil, indicating promising potential of this therapy for other TNF-α-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Bergin
- Respiratory Research Division, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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A neutrophil intrinsic impairment affecting Rab27a and degranulation in cystic fibrosis is corrected by CFTR potentiator therapy. Blood 2014; 124:999-1009. [PMID: 24934256 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-02-555268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have endeavored to reconcile whether dysfunction of neutrophils in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) is a result of the genetic defect or is secondary due to infection and inflammation. In this study, we illustrate that disrupted function of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), such as that which occurs in patients with ∆F508 and/or G551D mutations, correlates with impaired degranulation of antimicrobial proteins. We demonstrate that CF blood neutrophils release less secondary and tertiary granule components compared with control cells and that activation of the low-molecular-mass GTP-binding protein Rab27a, involved in the regulation of granule trafficking, is defective. The mechanism leading to impaired degranulation involves altered ion homeostasis caused by defective CFTR function with increased cytosolic levels of chloride and sodium, yet decreased magnesium measured in CF neutrophils. Decreased magnesium concentration in vivo and in vitro resulted in significantly decreased levels of GTP-bound Rab27a. Treatment of G551D patients with the ion channel potentiator ivacaftor resulted in normalized neutrophil cytosolic ion levels and activation of Rab27a, thereby leading to increased degranulation and bacterial killing. Our results confirm that intrinsic alterations of circulating neutrophils from patients with CF are corrected by ivacaftor, thus illustrating additional clinical benefits for CFTR modulator therapy.
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Sattayut S, Trivibulwanich J, Pipithirunkarn N, Danvirutai N. A clinical efficacy of using CO2 laser irradiating to transparent gel on aphthous stomatitis patients. Laser Ther 2014; 22:283-9. [PMID: 24511206 DOI: 10.5978/islsm.13-op-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Regarding the laser energy delivery with non-tissue alteration when irradiating CO2 laser to the transparent gel, it was worth exploring the clinical efficacy of pain relief on oral ulceration using aphthous stomatitis as a model for painful oral ulcer. The aims of this study were to compare pain scores, daily activity-disturbance scores and sizes of the ulcers between the laser group and the placebo group. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The double blind- randomized- placebo- controlled trial was conducted in 14 patients with aphthous ulcers. The subjects were allocated into 2 groups; namely, the laser group and the placebo group. The two baselines were measured on the day before and the treatment day. Then the lesions were covered with the transparent gel and irradiated by either 2 W defocused CO2 laser for 5 seconds or the sham laser. The outcomes were collected immediately, on day 1, 3, 5 and 7 after treatment. RESULTS The means of pain and daily activity-disturbance scores of the laser group were lesser than the placebo group in every episode. A statistically significant difference between the groups was found only the pain score on day 3 after treatment (P-value<0.001, 95% CI of the difference = 8.8 to 19.20 mm). There were no statistically significant differences in the daily activity-disturbance scores and the sizes of the ulcers between the groups (P value > 0.05). CONCLUSION The CO2 laser therapy used in this clinical study was able to relieve pain from aphthous stomatitis compared with the placebo on the day 3 after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajee Sattayut
- Oral Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry and Lasers in Dentistry Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Thailand:
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Vega-Carrascal I, Bergin DA, McElvaney OJ, McCarthy C, Banville N, Pohl K, Hirashima M, Kuchroo VK, Reeves EP, McElvaney NG. Galectin-9 signaling through TIM-3 is involved in neutrophil-mediated Gram-negative bacterial killing: an effect abrogated within the cystic fibrosis lung. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2418-31. [PMID: 24477913 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The T cell Ig and mucin domain-containing molecule (TIM) family of receptors have emerged as potential therapeutic targets to correct abnormal immune function in chronic inflammatory conditions. TIM-3 serves as a functional receptor in structural cells of the airways and via the ligand galectin-9 (Gal-9) can modulate the inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to investigate TIM-3 expression and function in neutrophils, focusing on its potential role in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. Results revealed that TIM-3 mRNA and protein expression values of circulating neutrophils were equal between healthy controls (n = 20) and people with CF (n = 26). TIM-3 was detected on resting neutrophil membranes by FACS analysis, and expression levels significantly increased post IL-8 or TNF-α exposure (p < 0.05). Our data suggest a novel role for TIM-3/Gal-9 signaling involving modulation of cytosolic calcium levels. Via TIM-3 interaction, Gal-9 induced neutrophil degranulation and primed the cell for enhanced NADPH oxidase activity. Killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was significantly increased upon bacterial opsonization with Gal-9 (p < 0.05), an effect abrogated by blockade of TIM-3 receptors. This mechanism appeared to be Gram-negative bacteria specific and mediated via Gal-9/ LPS binding. Additionally, we have demonstrated that neutrophil TIM-3/Gal-9 signaling is perturbed in the CF airways due to proteolytic degradation of the receptor. In conclusion, results suggest a novel neutrophil defect potentially contributing to the defective bacterial clearance observed in the CF airways and suggest that manipulation of the TIM-3 signaling pathway may be of therapeutic value in CF, preferably in conjunction with antiprotease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Vega-Carrascal
- Respiratory Research Division, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Sattayut S, Trivibulwanich J, Pipithirunkarn N, Danvirutai N. A clinical efficacy of using CO2 laser irradiating to transparent gel on aphthous stomatitis patients. Laser Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.5978/islsm.13-or-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Flood ZC, Engel DLJ, Simon CC, Negherbon KR, Murphy LJ, Tamavimok W, Anderson GM, Janušonis S. Brain growth trajectories in mouse strains with central and peripheral serotonin differences: relevance to autism models. Neuroscience 2012; 210:286-95. [PMID: 22450231 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The genetic heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) suggests that their underlying neurobiology involves dysfunction at the neural network level. Understanding these neural networks will require a major collaborative effort and will depend on validated and widely accepted animal models. Many mouse models have been proposed in autism research, but the assessment of their validity often has been limited to measuring social interactions. However, two other well-replicated findings have been reported in ASDs: transient brain overgrowth in early postnatal life and elevated 5-HT (serotonin) levels in blood platelets (platelet hyperserotonemia). We examined two inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6 and BALB/c) with respect to these phenomena. The BALB/c strain is less social and exhibits some other autistic-like behaviors. In addition, it has a lower 5-HT synthesis rate in the central nervous system due to a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) gene. The postnatal growth of brain mass was analyzed with mixed-effects models that included litter effects. The volume of the hippocampal complex and the thickness of the somatosensory cortex were measured in 3D-brain reconstructions from serial sections. The postnatal whole-blood 5-HT levels were assessed with high-performance liquid chromatography. With respect to the BALB/c strain, the C57BL/6 strain showed transient brain overgrowth and persistent blood hyperserotonemia. The hippocampal volume was permanently enlarged in the C57BL/6 strain, with no change in the adult brain mass. These results indicate that, in mice, autistic-like shifts in the brain and periphery may be associated with less autistic-like behaviors. Importantly, they suggest that consistency among behavioral, anatomical, and physiological measures may expedite the validation of new and previously proposed mouse models of autism, and that the construct validity of models should be demonstrated when these measures are inconsistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z C Flood
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Janušonis S. Relationships among variables and their equilibrium values: caveats of time-less interpretation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2011; 87:275-89. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Nakagawa S, Hauber ME. Great challenges with few subjects: Statistical strategies for neuroscientists. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:462-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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