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Feng S, Li J, Liu T, Huang S, Chen X, Liu S, Zhou J, Zhao H, Hong Y. Overexpression of low-density lipoprotein receptor prevents neurotoxic polarization of astrocytes via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in experimental ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:491-502. [PMID: 38819062 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202502000-00027/figure1/v/2024-05-28T214302Z/r/image-tiff Neurotoxic astrocytes are a promising therapeutic target for the attenuation of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Low-density lipoprotein receptor, a classic cholesterol regulatory receptor, has been found to inhibit NLR family pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in neurons following ischemic stroke and to suppress the activation of microglia and astrocytes in individuals with Alzheimer's disease. However, little is known about the effects of low-density lipoprotein receptor on astrocytic activation in ischemic stroke. To address this issue in the present study, we examined the mechanisms by which low-density lipoprotein receptor regulates astrocytic polarization in ischemic stroke models. First, we examined low-density lipoprotein receptor expression in astrocytes via immunofluorescence staining and western blotting analysis. We observed significant downregulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor following middle cerebral artery occlusion reperfusion and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation. Second, we induced the astrocyte-specific overexpression of low-density lipoprotein receptor using astrocyte-specific adeno-associated virus. Low-density lipoprotein receptor overexpression in astrocytes improved neurological outcomes in middle cerebral artery occlusion mice and reversed neurotoxic astrocytes to create a neuroprotective phenotype. Finally, we found that the overexpression of low-density lipoprotein receptor inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation injured astrocytes and that the addition of nigericin, an NLRP3 agonist, restored the neurotoxic astrocyte phenotype. These findings suggest that low-density lipoprotein receptor could inhibit the NLRP3-meidiated neurotoxic polarization of astrocytes and that increasing low-density lipoprotein receptor in astrocytes might represent a novel strategy for treating cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Feng
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Juanji Li
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shiqi Huang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiangliang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junshan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongdong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ye Hong
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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2
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Kesherwani R, Bhoumik S, Kumar R, Rizvi SI. Monosodium Glutamate Even at Low Dose May Affect Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Neurodegeneration in Rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 2024; 39:101-109. [PMID: 38223009 PMCID: PMC10784434 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-022-01077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used flavour enhancer. A daily intake of MSG at high dosage (2000-4000 mg/kg body weight) is reported to be toxic to humans and experimental animals. The present study aims to investigate the toxic effect of oral administration of MSG at low concentrations (30 and 100 mg/kg body weight) by evaluating biochemical parameters of oxidative stress and inflammation in blood; expression of neuroinflammatory gene and histopathological changes in brain on male Wistar rats. The administration of MSG significantly increases serum level of fasting glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and decrease level of high-density lipoprotein. Significant low level of FRAP, GSH, SOD, CAT and higher level of MDA, PCO, AOPP, PMRS, NO, CRP, IL-6, TNF-α confirms substantial oxidative stress followed by inflammation after 100 mg MSG treatment. RT-PCR figure shows significant expression of neuroinflammatory gene IL-6 and TNF-α and histopathological examination revealed severe neurodegeneration in hippocampus (CA1 and CA3) and cerebral cortex region of brain at 100 mg MSG treatment. Our result provides evidence that MSG administration at 30 mg does not impose toxicity, however at 100 mg/kg body weight, which is considered a low dose, there is significant toxic effects and may be detrimental to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kesherwani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002 India
| | - Sukanya Bhoumik
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002 India
| | - Raushan Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002 India
| | - Syed Ibrahim Rizvi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002 India
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3
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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Li H, Feng Q, Ge W, Xu X. Investigating the Potential Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets of Inflammatory Cytokines in Post-stroke Depression. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:132-147. [PMID: 37592185 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03563-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) affects approximately one-third of stroke survivors, severely impacting general recovery and quality of life. Despite extensive studies, the exact mechanisms underlying PSD remain elusive. However, emerging evidence implicates proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-18, play critical roles in PSD development. These cytokines contribute to PSD through various mechanisms, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction, neurotransmitter alterations, neurotrophic factor changes, gut microbiota imbalances, and genetic predispositions. This review is aimed at exploring the role of cytokines in stroke and PSD while identifying their potential as specific therapeutic targets for managing PSD. A more profound understanding of the mechanisms regulating inflammatory cytokine expression and anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 in PSD may facilitate the development of innovative interventions to improve outcomes for stroke survivors experiencing depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yuehua Yang
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Yongding Hospital, Suzhou, 215028, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221600, China.
| | - Xingshun Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Auvin S, Galanopoulou AS, Moshé SL, Potschka H, Rocha L, Walker MC. Revisiting the concept of drug-resistant epilepsy: A TASK1 report of the ILAE/AES Joint Translational Task Force. Epilepsia 2023; 64:2891-2908. [PMID: 37676719 PMCID: PMC10836613 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite progress in the development of anti-seizure medications (ASMs), one third of people with epilepsy have drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). The working definition of DRE, proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) in 2010, helped identify individuals who might benefit from presurgical evaluation early on. As the incidence of DRE remains high, the TASK1 workgroup on DRE of the ILAE/American Epilepsy Society (AES) Joint Translational Task Force discussed the heterogeneity and complexity of its presentation and mechanisms, the confounders in drawing mechanistic insights when testing treatment responses, and barriers in modeling DRE across the lifespan and translating across species. We propose that it is necessary to revisit the current definition of DRE, in order to transform the preclinical and clinical research of mechanisms and biomarkers, to identify novel, effective, precise, pharmacologic treatments, allowing for earlier recognition of drug resistance and individualized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Auvin
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Paediatric Neurology, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, EpiCARE ERN Member, Robert-Debré Hospital, Paris, France
- University Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and Montefiore/Einstein Epilepsy Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Solomon L Moshé
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and Montefiore/Einstein Epilepsy Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Luisa Rocha
- Pharmacobiology Department, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Matthew C Walker
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Carretero VJ, Ramos E, Segura-Chama P, Hernández A, Baraibar AM, Álvarez-Merz I, Muñoz FL, Egea J, Solís JM, Romero A, Hernández-Guijo JM. Non-Excitatory Amino Acids, Melatonin, and Free Radicals: Examining the Role in Stroke and Aging. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1844. [PMID: 37891922 PMCID: PMC10603966 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to explore the relationship between melatonin, free radicals, and non-excitatory amino acids, and their role in stroke and aging. Melatonin has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its diverse physiological functions and potential therapeutic benefits by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Melatonin has been found to mitigate ischemic brain damage caused by stroke. By scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative damage, melatonin may help slow down the aging process and protect against age-related cognitive decline. Additionally, non-excitatory amino acids have been shown to possess neuroprotective properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in stroke and aging-related conditions. They can attenuate oxidative stress, modulate calcium homeostasis, and inhibit apoptosis, thereby safeguarding neurons against damage induced by stroke and aging processes. The intracellular accumulation of certain non-excitatory amino acids could promote harmful effects during hypoxia-ischemia episodes and thus, the blockade of the amino acid transporters involved in the process could be an alternative therapeutic strategy to reduce ischemic damage. On the other hand, the accumulation of free radicals, specifically mitochondrial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, accelerates cellular senescence and contributes to age-related decline. Recent research suggests a complex interplay between melatonin, free radicals, and non-excitatory amino acids in stroke and aging. The neuroprotective actions of melatonin and non-excitatory amino acids converge on multiple pathways, including the regulation of calcium homeostasis, modulation of apoptosis, and reduction of inflammation. These mechanisms collectively contribute to the preservation of neuronal integrity and functions, making them promising targets for therapeutic interventions in stroke and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Jiménez Carretero
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Teófilo Hernando Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Ramos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Segura-Chama
- Investigador por México-CONAHCYT, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Huipulco, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Adan Hernández
- Institute of Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma of México, Juriquilla, Santiago de Querétaro 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Andrés M Baraibar
- Department of Neurosciences, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Barrio Sarriena, s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Iris Álvarez-Merz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Teófilo Hernando Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco López Muñoz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Camilo José Cela, C/Castillo de Alarcón 49, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (i + 12), Avda. Córdoba, s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Egea
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Solís
- Neurobiology-Research Service, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Hernández-Guijo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Teófilo Hernando Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Waseem A, Rashid S, Rashid K, Khan MA, Khan R, Haque R, Seth P, Raza SS. Insight into the transcription factors regulating Ischemic Stroke and Glioma in Response to Shared Stimuli. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 92:102-127. [PMID: 37054904 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke and glioma are the two leading causes of patient mortality globally. Despite physiological variations, 1 in 10 people who have an ischemic stroke go on to develop brain cancer, most notably gliomas. In addition, glioma treatments have also been shown to increase the risk of ischemic strokes. Stroke occurs more frequently in cancer patients than in the general population, according to traditional literature. Unbelievably, these events share multiple pathways, but the precise mechanism underlying their co-occurrence remains unknown. Transcription factors (TFs), the main components of gene expression programmes, finally determine the fate of cells and homeostasis. Both ischemic stroke and glioma exhibit aberrant expression of a large number of TFs, which are strongly linked to the pathophysiology and progression of both diseases. The precise genomic binding locations of TFs and how TF binding ultimately relates to transcriptional regulation remain elusive despite a strong interest in understanding how TFs regulate gene expression in both stroke and glioma. As a result, the importance of continuing efforts to understand TF-mediated gene regulation is highlighted in this review, along with some of the primary shared events in stroke and glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshi Waseem
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India
| | - Sumaiya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Rashid
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521
| | | | - Rehan Khan
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City,Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Rizwanul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya -824236, India
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana-122052, India
| | - Syed Shadab Raza
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India
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Castañeda-Cabral JL, Orozco-Suárez SA, Beas-Zárate C, Fajardo-Fregoso BF, Flores-Soto ME, Ureña-Guerrero ME. Inhibition of VEGFR-2 by SU5416 increases neonatally glutamate-induced neuronal damage in the cerebral motor cortex and hippocampus. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23315. [PMID: 36732937 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) exerts neuroprotective or proinflammatory effects, depending on what VEGF forms (A-E), receptor types (VEGFR1-3), and intracellular signaling pathways are involved. Neonatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment triggers neuronal death by excitotoxicity, which is commonly involved in different neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of VEGFR-2 inhibition on neuronal damage triggered by excitotoxicity in the cerebral motor cortex (CMC) and hippocampus (Hp) after neonatal MSG treatment. MSG was administered at a dose of 4 g/kg of body weight (b.w.) subcutaneously on postnatal days (PD) 1, 3, 5, and 7, whereas the VEGFR-2 inhibitor SU5416 was administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg b.w. subcutaneously on PD 5 and 7, 30 min before the MSG treatment. Neuronal damage was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining, fluoro-Jade staining, and TUNEL assay. Additionally, western blot assays for some proteins of the VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling pathway (VEGF-A, VEGFR-2, PI3K, Akt, and iNOS) were carried out. All assays were performed on PD 6, 8, 10, and 14. Inhibition of VEGFR-2 signaling by SU5416 increases the neuronal damage induced by neonatal MSG treatment in both the CMC and Hp. Moreover, neonatal MSG treatment increased the expression levels of the studied VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling pathway proteins, particularly in the CMC. We conclude that VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling pathway activation could be part of the neuroprotective mechanisms that attempt to compensate for neuronal damage induced by neonatal MSG treatment and possibly also in other conditions involving excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Castañeda-Cabral
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Sandra A Orozco-Suárez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carlos Beas-Zárate
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Blanca F Fajardo-Fregoso
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Mario E Flores-Soto
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), IMSS, Guadalajara, México
| | - Mónica E Ureña-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
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Reviewing the Potential Links between Viral Infections and TDP-43 Proteinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021581. [PMID: 36675095 PMCID: PMC9867397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transactive response DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) was discovered in 2001 as a cellular factor capable to inhibit HIV-1 gene expression. Successively, it was brought to new life as the most prevalent RNA-binding protein involved in several neurological disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Despite the fact that these two research areas could be considered very distant from each other, in recent years an increasing number of publications pointed out the existence of a potentially important connection. Indeed, the ability of TDP-43 to act as an important regulator of all aspects of RNA metabolism makes this protein also a critical factor during expression of viral RNAs. Here, we summarize all recent observations regarding the involvement of TDP-43 in viral entry, replication and latency in several viruses that include enteroviruses (EVs), Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), hepatitis B virus (HBV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), West Nile virus (WNV), and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV). In particular, in this work, we aimed to highlight the presence of similarities with the most commonly studied TDP-43 related neuronal dysfunctions.
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Abu-Elfotuh K, Abdel-Sattar SA, Abbas AN, Mahran YF, Alshanwani AR, Hamdan AME, Atwa AM, Reda E, Ahmed YM, Zaghlool SS, El-Din MN. The protective effect of thymoquinone or/and thymol against monosodium glutamate-induced attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like behavior in rats: Modulation of Nrf2/HO-1, TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3/caspase-1 and Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathways in rat model. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113799. [PMID: 36271575 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Both thymoquinone (TQ) and thymol (T) have been proved to possess a positive impact on human health. In this research, we aimed to investigate the effect of these compounds separately and together on the Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like behavior induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG) in rats. Forty male, Spargue Dawley rat pups (postnatal day 21), were randomly allocated into five groups: Normal saline (NS), MSG, MSG+TQ, MSG+T, and MSG+TQ+T. MSG (0.4 mg/kg/day), TQ (10 mg/kg/day) and T (30 mg/kg/day) were orally administered for 8 weeks. The behavioral tests proved that rats treated with TQ and/or T showed improved locomotor, attention and cognitive functions compared to the MSG group with more pronounced effect displayed with their combination. All treated groups showed improvement in MSG-induced aberrations in brain levels of GSH, IL-1β, TNF-α, GFAP, glutamate, calcium, dopamine, norepinephrine, Wnt3a, β-Catenin and BDNF. TQ and/or T treatment also enhanced the mRNA expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and Bcl2 while reducing the protein expression of TLR4, NFκB, NLRP3, caspase 1, Bax, AIF and GSK3β as compared to the MSG group. However, the combined therapy showed more significant effects in all measured parameters. All of these findings were further confirmed by the histopathological examinations. Current results concluded that the combined therapy of TQ and T had higher protective effects than their individual supplementations against MSG-induced ADHD-like behavior in rats.
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Wu F, Liu Z, Zhou L, Ye D, Zhu Y, Huang K, Weng Y, Xiong X, Zhan R, Shen J. Systemic immune responses after ischemic stroke: From the center to the periphery. Front Immunol 2022; 13:911661. [PMID: 36211352 PMCID: PMC9533176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.911661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of disability and death. It imposes a heavy economic burden on individuals, families and society. The mortality rate of ischemic stroke has decreased with the help of thrombolytic drug therapy and intravascular intervention. However, the nerve damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion is long-lasting and followed by multiple organ dysfunction. In this process, the immune responses manifested by systemic inflammatory responses play an important role. It begins with neuroinflammation following ischemic stroke. The large number of inflammatory cells released after activation of immune cells in the lesion area, along with the deactivated neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous systems, link the center with the periphery. With the activation of systemic immunity and the emergence of immunosuppression, peripheral organs become the second “battlefield” of the immune response after ischemic stroke and gradually become dysfunctional and lead to an adverse prognosis. The purpose of this review was to describe the systemic immune responses after ischemic stroke. We hope to provide new ideas for future research and clinical treatments to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongchi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihui Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyuan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxiang Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renya Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Shen, ; Renya Zhan,
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Shen, ; Renya Zhan,
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Santiago-Castañeda C, Huerta de la Cruz S, Martínez-Aguirre C, Orozco-Suárez SA, Rocha L. Cannabidiol Reduces Short- and Long-Term High Glutamate Release after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury and Improves Functional Recovery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081609. [PMID: 36015236 PMCID: PMC9414526 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine if orally administered cannabidiol (CBD) lessens the cortical over-release of glutamate induced by a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and facilitates functional recovery. The short-term experiment focused on identifying the optimal oral pretreatment of CBD. Male Wistar rats were pretreated with oral administration of CBD (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) daily for 7 days. Then, extracellular glutamate concentration was estimated by cortical microdialysis before and immediately after a severe TBI. The long-term experiment focused on evaluating the effect of the optimal treatment of CBD (pre- vs. pre- and post-TBI) 30 days after trauma. Sensorimotor function, body weight, and mortality rate were evaluated. In the short term, TBI induced a high release of glutamate (738% ± 173%; p < 0.001 vs. basal). Oral pretreatment with CBD at all doses tested reduced glutamate concentration but with higher potency at when animals received 100 mg/kg (222 ± 33%, p < 0.01 vs. TBI), an effect associated with a lower mortality rate (22%, p < 0.001 vs. TBI). In the long-term experiment, the TBI group showed a high glutamate concentration (149% p < 0.01 vs. SHAM). In contrast, animals receiving the optimal treatment of CBD (pre- and pre/post-TBI) showed glutamate concentrations like the SHAM group (p > 0.05). This effect was associated with high sensorimotor function improvement. CBD pretreatment, but not pre-/post-treatment, induced a higher body weight gain (39% ± 2.7%, p < 0.01 vs. TBI) and lower mortality rate (22%, p < 0.01 vs. TBI). These results support that orally administered CBD reduces short- and long-term TBI-induced excitotoxicity and facilitated functional recovery. Indeed, pretreatment with CBD was sufficient to lessen the adverse sequelae of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Santiago-Castañeda
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Mexico City 14330, Mexico; (C.S.-C.); (S.H.d.l.C.); (C.M.-A.)
| | - Saúl Huerta de la Cruz
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Mexico City 14330, Mexico; (C.S.-C.); (S.H.d.l.C.); (C.M.-A.)
| | - Christopher Martínez-Aguirre
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Mexico City 14330, Mexico; (C.S.-C.); (S.H.d.l.C.); (C.M.-A.)
| | - Sandra Adela Orozco-Suárez
- Unit for Medical Research in Neurological Diseases, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center SXXI (CMN-SXXI), Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Luisa Rocha
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Mexico City 14330, Mexico; (C.S.-C.); (S.H.d.l.C.); (C.M.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5483-2800
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12
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AL-Nasser MN, Mellor IR, Carter WG. Is L-Glutamate Toxic to Neurons and Thereby Contributes to Neuronal Loss and Neurodegeneration? A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050577. [PMID: 35624964 PMCID: PMC9139234 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
L-glutamate (L-Glu) is a nonessential amino acid, but an extensively utilised excitatory neurotransmitter with critical roles in normal brain function. Aberrant accumulation of L-Glu has been linked to neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. To investigate this further, we systematically reviewed the literature to evaluate the effects of L-Glu on neuronal viability linked to the pathogenesis and/or progression of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). A search in PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection was conducted to retrieve studies that investigated an association between L-Glu and pathology for five NDDs: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington’s disease (HD). Together, 4060 studies were identified, of which 71 met eligibility criteria. Despite several inadequacies, including small sample size, employment of supraphysiological concentrations, and a range of administration routes, it was concluded that exposure to L-Glu in vitro or in vivo has multiple pathogenic mechanisms that influence neuronal viability. These mechanisms include oxidative stress, reduced antioxidant defence, neuroinflammation, altered neurotransmitter levels, protein accumulations, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, intracellular calcium level changes, and effects on neuronal histology, cognitive function, and animal behaviour. This implies that clinical and epidemiological studies are required to assess the potential neuronal harm arising from excessive intake of exogenous L-Glu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam N. AL-Nasser
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Ian R. Mellor
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Wayne G. Carter
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-1332-724738; Fax: +44-(0)-1332-724626
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13
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Long L, Zang Q, Jia G, Fan M, Zhang L, Qi Y, Liu Y, Yu L, Wang S. Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Promotes White Matter Repair and Improves Dysphagia Symptoms in Cerebral Ischemia Model Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:811419. [PMID: 35493949 PMCID: PMC9051615 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.811419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical and animal studies have shown that transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (ta-VNS) exerts neuroprotection following cerebral ischemia. Studies have revealed that white matter damage after ischemia is related to swallowing defects, and the degree of white matter damage is related to the severity of dysphagia. However, the effect of ta-VNS on dysphagia symptoms and white matter damage in dysphagic animals after an ischemic stroke has not been investigated. Methods Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats were randomly divided into the sham, control and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) group, which subsequently received ta-VNS for 3 weeks. The swallowing reflex was measured once weekly by electromyography (EMG). White matter remyelination, volume, angiogenesis and the inflammatory response in the white matter were assessed by electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, stereology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. Results ta-VNS significantly increased the number of swallows within 20 s and reduced the onset latency to the first swallow. ta-VNS significantly improved remyelination but did not alleviate white matter shrinkage after MCAO. Stereology revealed that ta-VNS significantly increased the density of capillaries and increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) expression in the white matter. ta-VNS significantly alleviated the increase inTLR4, MyD88, phosphorylated MAPK and NF-κB protein levels and suppressed the expression of the proinflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α. Conclusion These results indicated ta-VNS slightly improved dysphagia symptoms after ischemic stroke, possibly by increasing remyelination, inducing angiogenesis, and inhibiting the inflammatory response in the white matter of cerebral ischaemia model rats, implying that ta-VNS may be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of dysphagia after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Long
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianwen Zang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gongwei Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Fan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weinan Central Hospital, Weinan, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingqiang Qi
- Center of Electron Microscope, Institute of Life Science of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yilin Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lehua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sanrong Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Sanrong Wang
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14
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Orendáčová M, Kvašňák E. Possible Mechanisms Underlying Neurological Post-COVID Symptoms and Neurofeedback as a Potential Therapy. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:837972. [PMID: 35431842 PMCID: PMC9010738 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.837972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical considerations related to neurological post-COVID complications have become a serious issue in the COVID pandemic. We propose 3 theoretical hypotheses related to neurological post-COVID complications. First, pathophysiological processes responsible for long-term neurological complications caused by COVID-19 might have 2 phases: (1) Phase of acute Sars-CoV-2 infection linked with the pathogenesis responsible for the onset of COVID-19-related neurological complications and (2) the phase of post-acute Sars-CoV-2 infection linked with the pathogenesis responsible for long-lasting persistence of post-COVID neurological problems and/or exacerbation of another neurological pathologies. Second, post-COVID symptoms can be described and investigated from the perspective of dynamical system theory exploiting its fundamental concepts such as system parameters, attractors and criticality. Thirdly, neurofeedback may represent a promising therapy for neurological post-COVID complications. Based on the current knowledge related to neurofeedback and what is already known about neurological complications linked to acute COVID-19 and post-acute COVID-19 conditions, we propose that neurofeedback modalities, such as functional magnetic resonance-based neurofeedback, quantitative EEG-based neurofeedback, Othmer's method of rewarding individual optimal EEG frequency and heart rate variability-based biofeedback, represent a potential therapy for improvement of post-COVID symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Orendáčová
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Medical Informatics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eugen Kvašňák
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Medical Informatics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
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15
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Hazarika I, Mukundan GK, Sundari PS. Neuroprotective effect of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides against monosodium glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Nat Prod Res 2022; 36:6156-6159. [PMID: 35356842 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2057493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of H. sibthorpioides against monosodium-glutamate (MSG) induced excitoneurotoxicity in rats. We randomly divided the animals into 11 groups (n = 8) and subjected them to high doses of MSG (2 g/kg body weight) and the test dose (1 week). The test chemicals were H. sibthorpioides extracts of petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and water. We used Dizocilpine-hydrogen-maleate as a standard and assessed the cognitive property using Morris-water-maze and elevated-plus-maze. After the experimental period, we evaluated the biochemical parameters. We found chloroform and methanolic extracts significantly enhanced the cognitive behaviour of rats compared to control. Biochemical analysis suggested that there was a high level of antioxidants and lower levels of glutamate and proinflammatory cytokines in the cortex and hippocampus. We concluded that chloroform and methanolic extracts of H. sibthorpioides enhanced the level of antioxidants, decreased proinflammatory-cytokines and glutamate in the brain, and thus prevented the monosodium-glutamate-induced-excite-neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iswar Hazarika
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Geetha Kannoth Mukundan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - P Sivakami Sundari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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16
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Zhu H, Hu S, Li Y, Sun Y, Xiong X, Hu X, Chen J, Qiu S. Interleukins and Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828447. [PMID: 35173738 PMCID: PMC8841354 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke after cerebral artery occlusion is one of the major causes of chronic disability worldwide. Interleukins (ILs) play a bidirectional role in ischemic stroke through information transmission, activation and regulation of immune cells, mediating the activation, multiplication and differentiation of T and B cells and in the inflammatory reaction. Crosstalk between different ILs in different immune cells also impact the outcome of ischemic stroke. This overview is aimed to roughly discuss the multiple roles of ILs after ischemic stroke. The roles of IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-19, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-32, IL-33, IL-34, IL-37, and IL-38 in ischemic stroke were discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siping Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
| | - Yuntao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyao Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjing Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junjing Chen, ; Sheng Qiu,
| | - Sheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junjing Chen, ; Sheng Qiu,
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17
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Taskiran AS, Ergul M. The effect of salmon calcitonin against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in the C6 cell line and the roles the inflammatory and nitric oxide pathways play. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1985-1993. [PMID: 34370176 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that salmon calcitonin (sCT) has positive effects on the nervous system. However, its effect and mechanisms on glutamate-induced cytotoxicity are still unclear. The current experiment was designed to examine the effect of sCT on glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in C6 cells, involving the inflammatory and nitric oxide stress pathways. The study used the C6 glioma cell line. Four cell groups were prepared to evaluate the effect of sCT on glutamate-induced cytotoxicity. The control group was without any treatment. Cells in the glutamate group were treated with 10 mM glutamate for 24 h. Cells in the sCT group were treated with various concentrations (3, 6, 12, 25, and 50 µg/mL) of sCT for 24 h. Cells in the sCT + glutamate group were pre-treated with various concentrations of sCT for 1 h and then exposed to glutamate for 24 h. The cell viability was evaluated with an XTT assay. Nuclear factor kappa b (NF-kB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), nitric oxide (NO), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), caspase-3, and caspase-9 levels in the cells were measured by ELISA kits. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry method. sCT at all concentrations significantly improved the cell viability in C6 cells after glutamate-induced cytotoxicity (p < 0.001). Moreover, sCT significantly reduced the levels of NF-kB (p < 0.001), TNF-α, and IL-6 levels (p < 0.001). sCT also decreased nNOS, NO, and cGMP levels (P < 0.001). Furthermore, it decreased the apoptosis rate and increased the live-cell rate in the flow cytometry (P < 0.001). In conclusion, sCT has protective effects on glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in C6 glial cells by inhibiting inflammatory and nitric oxide pathways. sCT could be a useful supportive agent for people with neurodegenerative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Sevki Taskiran
- Department of Physiology, Sivas Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, 58140, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Merve Ergul
- Department of Pharmacology, Sivas Cumhuriyet University School of Pharmacy, Sivas, Turkey
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18
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GIM SA, PARK DJ, KANG JB, SHAH FA, KOH PO. Identification of regulated proteins by resveratrol in glutamate-induced cortical injury of newborn rats. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:724-733. [PMID: 33716268 PMCID: PMC8111349 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate induces neuronal damage by generating oxidative stress and neurotoxicities. The neurological damage caused by glutamate is more severe during brain development in newborns than in adults. Resveratrol is naturally present in a variety of fruits and medicinal plants and exerts a neuroprotective effect against brain damage. The goal of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of resveratrol and to identify changed proteins in response to resveratrol treatment during glutamate-induced neonatal cortical damage. Sprague-Dawley rat pups (7 days old) were randomly divided into vehicle, resveratrol, glutamate, and glutamate and resveratrol groups. The animals were intraperitoneally injected with glutamate (10 mg/kg) and/or resveratrol (20 mg/kg) and their brain tissue was collected 4 hr after drug administration. Glutamate exposure caused severe histopathological changes, while resveratrol attenuated this damage. We identified regulated proteins by resveratrol in glutamate-induced cortical damaged tissue using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Among identified proteins, we focused on eukaryotic initiation factor 4A2, γ-enolase, protein phosphatase 2A subunit B, and isocitrate dehydrogenase. These proteins decreased in the glutamate-treated group, whereas the combination treatment of glutamate and resveratrol attenuated these protein reductions. These proteins are anti-oxidant proteins and anti-apoptotic proteins. These results suggest that glutamate induces brain cortical damage in newborns; resveratrol exerts a neuroprotective effect by controlling expression of various proteins with anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-A GIM
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju,
52828, South Korea
| | - Dong-Ju PARK
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju,
52828, South Korea
| | - Ju-Bin KANG
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju,
52828, South Korea
| | - Fawad-Ali SHAH
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju,
52828, South Korea
- Current affiliation: Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Riphah International University, near Hajj Complex, I-14, Islamabad, Islamabad
Capital Territory 46000, Pakistan
| | - Phil-Ok KOH
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju,
52828, South Korea
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19
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Fischer KD, Knackstedt LA, Rosenberg PA. Glutamate homeostasis and dopamine signaling: Implications for psychostimulant addiction behavior. Neurochem Int 2021; 144:104896. [PMID: 33159978 PMCID: PMC8489281 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine abuse disorders are serious worldwide health problems. To date, there are no FDA-approved medications for the treatment of these disorders. Elucidation of the biochemical underpinnings contributing to psychostimulant addiction is critical for the development of effective therapies. Excitatory signaling and glutamate homeostasis are well known pathophysiological substrates underlying addiction-related behaviors spanning multiple types of psychostimulants. To alleviate relapse behavior to psychostimulants, considerable interest has focused on GLT-1, the major glutamate transporter in the brain. While many brain regions are implicated in addiction behavior, this review focuses on two regions well known for their role in mediating the effects of cocaine and amphetamines, namely the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). In addition, because many investigators have utilized Cre-driver lines to selectively control gene expression in defined cell populations relevant for psychostimulant addiction, we discuss potential off-target effects of Cre-recombinase that should be considered in the design and interpretation of such experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn D Fischer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Lori A Knackstedt
- Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Paul A Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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20
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Selective activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 blocks paclitaxel-induced acute neuropathic pain and suppresses spinal glial reactivity in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:107-119. [PMID: 33089875 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Paclitaxel-induced acute pain syndrome (P-APS), characterized by deep muscle aches and arthralgia, occurs in more than 70% of patients who receive paclitaxel. P-APS can be debilitating for patients and lead to reductions and discontinuation of potentially curable therapy. Despite being relatively common in clinical practice, no clear treatment exists for P-APS and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Regulation of glutamatergic transmission by metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) has received growing attention with respect to its role in neuropathic pain. To our knowledge, no study has been conducted on alterations and functions of group III mGluR7 signaling in P-APS. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we determined whether a single administration of paclitaxel induces glutamatergic alterations and whether mGluR7 activation blocks paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain by suppressing glial reactivity in the spinal cord. RESULTS A single paclitaxel injection dose-dependently induced acute mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, and was associated with increased glutamate level accompanied by reduction in mGluR7 expression in the spinal cord. Selective activation of mGluR7 by its positive allosteric modulator, AMN082, blocked the development of paclitaxel-induced acute mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, without affecting the normal pain behavior of control rats. Moreover, activation of mGluR7 by AMN082 inhibited glial reactivity and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine release during P-APS. Abortion of spinal glial reaction to paclitaxel alleviated paclitaxel-induced acute mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS There results support the hypothesis that spinal mGluR7 signaling plays an important role in P-APS; Selective activation of mGluR7 by its positive allosteric modulator, AMN082, blocks P-APS in part by reducing spinal glial reactivity and neuroinflammatory process.
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21
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Parekh RU, Sriramula S. Activation of Kinin B1R Upregulates ADAM17 and Results in ACE2 Shedding in Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010145. [PMID: 33375653 PMCID: PMC7795389 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a critical component of the compensatory axis of the renin angiotensin system. Alterations in ACE2 gene and protein expression, and activity mediated by A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17), a member of the “A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease” (ADAM) family are implicated in several cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. We previously reported that activation of kinin B1 receptor (B1R) in the brain increases neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and sympathoexcitation, leading to the development of neurogenic hypertension. We also showed evidence for ADAM17-mediated ACE2 shedding in neurons. However, whether kinin B1 receptor (B1R) activation has any role in altering ADAM17 activity and its effect on ACE2 shedding in neurons is not known. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that activation of B1R upregulates ADAM17 and results in ACE2 shedding in neurons. To test this hypothesis, we stimulated wild-type and B1R gene-deleted mouse neonatal primary hypothalamic neuronal cultures with a B1R-specific agonist and measured the activities of ADAM17 and ACE2 in neurons. B1R stimulation significantly increased ADAM17 activity and decreased ACE2 activity in wild-type neurons, while pretreatment with a B1R-specific antagonist, R715, reversed these changes. Stimulation with specific B1R agonist Lys-Des-Arg9-Bradykinin (LDABK) did not show any effect on ADAM17 or ACE2 activities in neurons with B1R gene deletion. These data suggest that B1R activation results in ADAM17-mediated ACE2 shedding in primary hypothalamic neurons. In addition, stimulation with high concentration of glutamate significantly increased B1R gene and protein expression, along with increased ADAM17 and decreased ACE2 activities in wild-type neurons. Pretreatment with B1R-specific antagonist R715 reversed these glutamate-induced effects suggesting that indeed B1R is involved in glutamate-mediated upregulation of ADAM17 activity and ACE2 shedding.
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22
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Kaur N, Chugh H, Sakharkar MK, Dhawan U, Chidambaram SB, Chandra R. Neuroinflammation Mechanisms and Phytotherapeutic Intervention: A Systematic Review. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3707-3731. [PMID: 33146995 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is indicated in the pathogenesis of several acute and chronic neurological disorders. Acute lesions in the brain parenchyma induce intense and highly complex neuroinflammatory reactions with similar mechanisms among various disease prototypes. Microglial cells in the CNS sense tissue damage and initiate inflammatory responses. The cellular and humoral constituents of the neuroinflammatory reaction to brain injury contribute significantly to secondary brain damage and neurodegeneration. Inflammatory cascades such as proinflammatory cytokines from invading leukocytes and direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity between lymphocytes and neurons are known to cause "collateral damage" in models of acute brain injury. In addition to degeneration and neuronal cell loss, there are secondary inflammatory mechanisms that modulate neuronal activity and affect neuroinflammation which can even be detected at the behavioral level. Hence, several of health conditions result from these pathogenetic conditions which are underlined by progressive neuronal function loss due to chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. In the first part of this Review, we discuss critical neuroinflammatory mediators and their pathways in detail. In the second part, we review the phytochemicals which are considered as potential therapeutic molecules for treating neurodegenerative diseases with an inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navrinder Kaur
- Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
| | - Heerak Chugh
- Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
| | - Meena K. Sakharkar
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Sasketchwan, Saskatoon S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Uma Dhawan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110075, India
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), S.S. Nagar, Mysuru-570015, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research JSS AHER, Mysuru-570015, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
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Fajardo‐Fregoso BF, Castañeda‐Cabral JL, Beas‐Zárate C, Ureña‐Guerrero ME. Neonatal excitotoxicity modifies blood‐brain barrier properties increasing its susceptibility to hypertonic shock in adulthood. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:335-346. [DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Fabiola Fajardo‐Fregoso
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA) Universidad de Guadalajara Zapopan Jalisco México
| | - Jose Luis Castañeda‐Cabral
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA) Universidad de Guadalajara Zapopan Jalisco México
| | - Carlos Beas‐Zárate
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA) Universidad de Guadalajara Zapopan Jalisco México
| | - Mónica E. Ureña‐Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA) Universidad de Guadalajara Zapopan Jalisco México
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Pirzada RH, Javaid N, Choi S. The Roles of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases and in Relevant Advanced Therapeutic Interventions. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E131. [PMID: 32012695 PMCID: PMC7074480 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes in the cytoplasm that regulate inflammation activation in the innate immune system in response to pathogens and to host self-derived molecules. Recent advances greatly improved our understanding of the activation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes at the molecular level. The NLRP3 belongs to the subfamily of NLRP which activates caspase 1, thus causing the production of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1β and interleukin 18) and pyroptosis. This inflammasome is involved in multiple neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and gout. Therefore, therapeutic targeting to the NLRP3 inflammasome complex is a promising way to treat these diseases. Recent research advances paved the way toward drug research and development using a variety of machine learning-based and artificial intelligence-based approaches. These state-of-the-art approaches will lead to the discovery of better drugs after the training of such a system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (R.H.P.); (N.J.)
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Da Silva T, Hafizi S, Rusjan PM, Houle S, Wilson AA, Prce I, Sailasuta N, Mizrahi R. GABA levels and TSPO expression in people at clinical high risk for psychosis and healthy volunteers: a PET-MRS study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2019; 44:111-119. [PMID: 30255837 PMCID: PMC6397035 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.170201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND γ-Aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) dysfunction and immune activation have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Preclinical evidence suggests that inflammation-related abnormalities may contribute to GABAergic alterations in the brain, but this has never been investigated in vivo in humans. In this multimodal imaging study, we quantified cerebral GABA plus macromolecule (GABA+) levels in antipsychotic-naive people at clinical high risk for psychosis and in healthy volunteers. We investigated for the first time the association between GABA+ levels and expression of translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO; a marker of microglial activation) using positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS Thirty-five people at clinical high risk for psychosis and 18 healthy volunteers underwent 3 T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to obtain GABA+ levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). A subset (29 people at clinical high risk for psychosis and 15 healthy volunteers) also underwent a high-resolution [18F]FEPPA PET scan to quantify TSPO expression. Each participant was genotyped for the TSPO rs6971 polymorphism. RESULTS We found that GABA+ levels were significantly associated with TSPO expression in the mPFC (F1,40 = 10.45, p = 0.002). We found no significant differences in GABA+ levels in the mPFC (F1,51 = 0.00, p > 0.99) between people at clinical high risk for psychosis and healthy volunteers. We found no significant correlations between GABA+ levels or residuals of the association with TSPO expression and the severity of prodromal symptoms or cognition. LIMITATIONS Given the cross-sectional nature of this study, we could determine no cause-and-effect relationships for GABA alterations and TSPO expression. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that TSPO expression is negatively associated with GABA+ levels in the prefrontal cortex, independent of disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Da Silva
- From the Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Silva, Hafizi, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, Prce, Sailasuta, Mizrahi); the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Silva, Rusjan, Mizrahi); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, Mizrahi); and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Rusjan, Houle, Sailasuta, Mizrahi)
| | - Sina Hafizi
- From the Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Silva, Hafizi, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, Prce, Sailasuta, Mizrahi); the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Silva, Rusjan, Mizrahi); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, Mizrahi); and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Rusjan, Houle, Sailasuta, Mizrahi)
| | - Pablo M Rusjan
- From the Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Silva, Hafizi, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, Prce, Sailasuta, Mizrahi); the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Silva, Rusjan, Mizrahi); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, Mizrahi); and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Rusjan, Houle, Sailasuta, Mizrahi)
| | - Sylvain Houle
- From the Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Silva, Hafizi, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, Prce, Sailasuta, Mizrahi); the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Silva, Rusjan, Mizrahi); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, Mizrahi); and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Rusjan, Houle, Sailasuta, Mizrahi)
| | - Alan A Wilson
- From the Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Silva, Hafizi, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, Prce, Sailasuta, Mizrahi); the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Silva, Rusjan, Mizrahi); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, Mizrahi); and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Rusjan, Houle, Sailasuta, Mizrahi)
| | - Ivana Prce
- From the Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Silva, Hafizi, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, Prce, Sailasuta, Mizrahi); the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Silva, Rusjan, Mizrahi); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, Mizrahi); and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Rusjan, Houle, Sailasuta, Mizrahi)
| | - Napapon Sailasuta
- From the Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Silva, Hafizi, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, Prce, Sailasuta, Mizrahi); the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Silva, Rusjan, Mizrahi); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, Mizrahi); and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Rusjan, Houle, Sailasuta, Mizrahi)
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- From the Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Silva, Hafizi, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, Prce, Sailasuta, Mizrahi); the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Silva, Rusjan, Mizrahi); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, Mizrahi); and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont., Canada (Rusjan, Houle, Sailasuta, Mizrahi)
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Rivera-Cervantes MC, Jarero-Basulto JJ, Murguía-Castillo J, Marín-López AG, Gasca-Martínez Y, Cornelio-Martínez S, Beas-Zárate C. The Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Administered in Neonatal Rats After Excitotoxic Damage Induces Molecular Changes in the Hippocampus. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:118. [PMID: 30837834 PMCID: PMC6390204 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo experimental evidence has contributed important knowledge regarding the antiapoptotic effect mediated by EPO signaling in the damaged brain, particularly through different models with a hypoxic component. However, little emphasis has been placed on the effectiveness of rhEPO administration against cellular alterations caused by in vivo excitotoxicity or on the molecular mechanism that regulates this effect. In this study, we investigated the effects of a single dose of rhEPO on hippocampal damage induced by subcutaneous application of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on postnatal days 1, 3, 5 and 7 in neonatal rats. We found that a dose of 1000 IU/kg of b.w. administered 24 h after MSG had the greatest protective effect. In addition, we analyzed changes in gene expression, particularly in 3 key molecules involved in EPO-mediated signaling (EPO, EPOR and βcR). We observed that the expression of EPO and EPOR was differentially modified at both the mRNA and protein levels under the evaluated conditions, while the expression of the βcR gene was substantially increased. Our data suggest that a low dose of rhEPO is sufficient to induce cellular protection under these experimental conditions and that the molecular changes could be a positive feedback mechanism, mediated by reactive astrocytes in association with in vivo neuroprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Catalina Rivera-Cervantes
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - José Jaime Jarero-Basulto
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Justo Murguía-Castillo
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Guadalupe Marín-López
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Yadira Gasca-Martínez
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Sergio Cornelio-Martínez
- Regeneration and Neural Development Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Carlos Beas-Zárate
- Regeneration and Neural Development Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
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Assessment of neuroprotective effects of Gallic acid against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in primary rat cortex neuronal culture. Neurochem Int 2018; 121:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sharma A, Kaur G. Tinospora cordifolia as a potential neuroregenerative candidate against glutamate induced excitotoxicity: an in vitro perspective. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:268. [PMID: 30285727 PMCID: PMC6167833 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter of CNS acts as a neurotoxin at higher concentrations. Prolonged activation of glutamate receptors results in progressive neuronal damage by aggravating calcium influx, inducing mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress. Excitotoxic cell death is associated with the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders such as trauma, brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. The current study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective and neuroregenerative potential of Tinospora cordifolia against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity using primary cerebellar neuronal cultures as a model system. METHODS Monosodium salt of glutamate was used to induce neurotoxic injury in primary cerebellar neurons. Four extracts including Hexane extract, Chloroform extract, Ethyl acetate, and Butanol extract were obtained from fractionation of previously reported aqueous ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia and tested for neuroprotective activity. Out of the four fractions, Butanol extract of T. cordifolia (B-TCE) exhibited neuroprotective potential by preventing degeneration of neurons induced by glutamate. Expression of different neuronal, apoptotic, inflammatory, cell cycle regulatory and plasticity markers was studied by immunostaining and Western blotting. Neurite outgrowth and migration were also studied using primary explant cultures, wound scratch and gelatin zymogram assay. RESULTS At molecular level, B-TCE pretreatment of glutamate-treated cultures normalized the stress-induced downregulation in the expression of neuronal markers (MAP-2, GAP-43, NF200) and anti-apoptotic marker (Bcl-xL). Further, cells exposed to glutamate showed enhanced expression of inflammatory (NF-κB, AP-1) and senescence markers (HSP70, Mortalin) as well as the extent of mitochondrial damage. However, B-TCE pretreatment prevented this increase and inhibited glutamate-induced onset of inflammation, stress and mitochondrial membrane damage. Furthermore, B-TCE was observed to promote regeneration, migration and plasticity of cerebellar neurons, which was otherwise significantly inhibited by glutamate treatment. CONCLUSION These results suggest that B-TCE may have neuroprotective and neuroregenerative potential against catastrophic consequences of glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity and could be a potential therapeutic candidate for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Xu J, Sriramula S, Lazartigues E. Excessive Glutamate Stimulation Impairs ACE2 Activity Through ADAM17-Mediated Shedding in Cultured Cortical Neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1235-1243. [PMID: 29766392 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The excitotoxicity of glutamate plays an important role in the progression of various neurological disorders via participating in inflammation and neuronal damage. In this study, we identified the role of excessive glutamate stimulation in the modulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2), a critical component in the compensatory axis of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In primary cultured cortical neurons, high concentration of glutamate (100 µM) significantly reduced the enzymatic activity of ACE2. The elevated activity of ADAM17, a member of the 'A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease' (ADAM) family, was found to contribute to this glutamate-induced ACE2 down-regulation. The decrease of ACE2 activity could be prevented by pre-treatment with antagonists targeting ionotropic glutamate receptors. In addition, the glutamate-induced decrease in ACE2 activity was significantly attenuated when the neurons were co-treated with MitoTEMPOL or blockers that target oxidative stress-mediated signaling pathway. In summary, our study reveals a strong relationship between excessive glutamate stimulation and ADAM17-mediated impairment in ACE2 activity, suggesting a possible cross-talk between glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and dysregulated RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, Room 5218, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Srinivas Sriramula
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, Room 5218, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, Room 5218, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Neurosciences Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Rivera-Carvantes MC, Jarero-Basulto JJ, Feria-Velasco AI, Beas-Zárate C, Navarro-Meza M, González-López MB, Gudiño-Cabrera G, García-Rodríguez JC. Changes in the expression level of MAPK pathway components induced by monosodium glutamate-administration produce neuronal death in the hippocampus from neonatal rats. Neuroscience 2017; 365:57-69. [PMID: 28954212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Excessive Glutamate (Glu) release may trigger excitotoxic cellular death by the activation of intracellular signaling pathways that transduce extracellular signals to the cell nucleus, which determines the onset of a death program. One such signaling pathway is the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), which is involved in both survival and cell death. Experimental evidences from the use of specific inhibitors supports the participation of some MAPK pathway components in the excitotoxicity mechanism, but the complete process of this activation, which terminates in cell damage and death, is not clearly understood. The present work, we investigated the changes in the expression level of some MAPK-pathway components in hippocampal excitotoxic cell death in the neonatal rats using an experimental model of subcutaneous monosodium glutamate (MSG) administration on postnatal days (PD) 1, 3, 5 and 7. Data were collected at different ages through PD 14. Cell viability was evaluated using fluorescein diacetate mixed with propidium iodide (FDA-PI), and the Nissl-staining technique was used to evaluate histological damage. Transcriptional changes were also investigated in 98 components of the MAPK pathway that are associated with cell damage. These results are an evidence of that repetitive use of MSG, in neonatal rats, induces cell damage-associated transcriptional changes of MAPK components, that might reflect a differential stage of both biochemical and molecular brain maturation. This work also suggests that some of the proteins evaluated such as phosphorylated retinoblastoma (pRb) protein, which was up-regulated, could regulate the response to excitotoxic through modulation of the process of re-entry into the cell cycle in the hippocampus of rats treated with MSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Catalina Rivera-Carvantes
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico.
| | - José Jaime Jarero-Basulto
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ignacio Feria-Velasco
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Carlos Beas-Zárate
- Regeneration and Neural Development Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Mónica Navarro-Meza
- Department of Health and Wellness, CUSur, University of Guadalajara, Ciudad Guzman, Jal., Mexico
| | - Mariana Berenice González-López
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Graciela Gudiño-Cabrera
- Regeneration and Neural Development Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
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Castañeda-Cabral JL, Beas-Zarate C, Gudiño-Cabrera G, Ureña-Guerrero ME. Glutamate Neonatal Excitotoxicity Modifies VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 Protein Expression Profiles During Postnatal Development of the Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus of Male Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 63:17-27. [PMID: 28755050 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) exerts both neuroprotective and proinflammatory effects in the brain, depending on the VEGF (A-E) and VEGF receptor (VEGFR1-3) types involved. Neonatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment triggers an excitotoxic degenerative process associated with several neuropathological conditions, and VEGF messenger RNA (mRNA) expression is increased at postnatal day (PD) 14 in rat hippocampus (Hp) following the treatment. The aim of this work was to establish the changes in immunoreactivity to VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 proteins induced by neonatal MSG treatment (4 g/kg, subcutaneous, at PD1, 3, 5 and 7) in the cerebral motor cortex (CMC) and Hp. Samples collected from PD2 to PD60 from control and MSG-treated male Wistar rats were assessed by western blotting for each protein. Considering that immunoreactivity measured by western blotting is related to the protein expression level, we found that each protein in each cerebral region has a specific expression profile throughout the studied ages, and all profiles were differentially modified by MSG. Specifically, neonatal MSG treatment significantly increased the immunoreactivity to the following: (1) VEGF-A at PD8-PD10 in the CMC and at PD6-PD8 in the Hp; (2) VEGF-B at PD2, PD6 and PD10 in the CMC and at PD8-PD9 in the Hp; and (3) VEGFR-2 at PD6-PD8 in the CMC and at PD21-PD60 in the Hp. Also, MSG significantly reduced the immunoreactivity to the following: (1) VEGF-B at PD8-PD9 and PD45-PD60 in the CMC; and (2) VEGFR-1 at PD4-PD6 and PD14-PD21 in the CMC and at PD4, PD9-PD10 and PD60 in the Hp. Our results indicate that VEGF-mediated signalling is involved in the excitotoxic process triggered by neonatal MSG treatment and should be further characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Castañeda-Cabral
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Carlos Beas-Zarate
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico. .,Laboratorio de Regeneración y Desarrollo Neural, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Km 15.5 Carretera a Nogales, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez Km 2, 45221, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Graciela Gudiño-Cabrera
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Monica E Ureña-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico. .,Laboratorio de Biología de la Neurotransmisión, Edificio de Posgrado, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Km 15.5 Carretera a Nogales, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez Km 2, 45221, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Awad K, Abushouk AI, AbdelKarim AH, Mohammed M, Negida A, Shalash AS. Bee venom for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: How far is it possible? Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:295-302. [PMID: 28477460 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta leading to depletion of striatal dopamine and motor symptoms as bradykinesia, resting tremors, rigidity, and postural instability. Current therapeutic strategies for PD are mainly symptomatic and may cause motor complications, such as motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. Therefore, alternative medicine may offer an effective adjuvant treatment for PD. Bee venom therapy (BVT) has long been used as a traditional therapy for several conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and skin diseases. Experimental and clinical studies showed that BVT could be an effective adjuvant treatment for PD. Several mechanisms were suggested for these findings including the ability of BVT to attenuate neuroinflammation, inhibit apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons, protect against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity, and restore normal dopamine levels in the nigrostriatal pathway. In this article, we reviewed and summarized the literature regarding the potential of BVT for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Awad
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; NovaMed Medical Research Association, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Helal AbdelKarim
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Maged Mohammed
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Negida
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Ali S Shalash
- Neurology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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N-Adamantyl-4-Methylthiazol-2-Amine Attenuates Glutamate-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Brain. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:107-120. [PMID: 28285348 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explored the possible mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective and anti-oxidative effects of N-adamantyl-4-methylthiazol-2-amine (KHG26693) against in vivo glutamate-induced toxicity in the rat cerebral cortex. Our results showed that pretreatment with KHG26693 significantly attenuated glutamate-induced elevation of lipid peroxidation, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon gamma, IFN-γ, interleukin-1β, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, NADPH oxidase, caspase-3, calpain activity, and Bax. Furthermore, KHG26693 pretreatment attenuated key antioxidant parameters such as levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and glutathione reductase. KHG26693 also attenuated the protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase-1, and glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit caused by glutamate toxicity. Finally, KHG26693 mitigated glutamate-induced changes in mitochondrial ATP level and cytochrome oxidase c. Thus, KHG26693 functions as neuroprotective and anti-oxidative agent against glutamate-induced toxicity through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in rat brain at least in part.
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Vitamin A deficiency suppresses fish immune function with differences in different intestinal segments: the role of transcriptional factorNF-κBandp38 mitogen-activated protein kinasesignalling pathways. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:67-82. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516003342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe present study investigated the effects of dietary vitamin A on immune function in the proximal intestine (PI), mid intestine (MI) and distal intestine (DI) of young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish were fed graded levels of dietary vitamin A for 10 weeks, and then a challenge test using an injection ofAeromonas hydrophilawas conducted for 14 d. The results showed that, compared with the optimum vitamin A level, vitamin A deficiency significantly decreased fish growth performance, increased enteritis morbidity, decreased intestinal innate humoral immune response and aggravated intestinal inflammation. However, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2A/B mRNA in the DI andIL-6,IL-17D,IL-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1andTGF-β2mRNA in the PI were not affected by vitamin A levels. Meanwhile, vitamin A deficiency disturbed inflammatory cytokines in the PI, MI and DI, which might be partly linked to p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) signalling andNF-κBcanonical signalling pathway (IκB kinaseβ(IKKβ),IKKγ, inhibitor ofκBα,NF-κB p65andc-Rel) rather thanNF-κBnon-canonical signalling pathway (NF-κB p52andIKKα). However, the signalling moleculesNF-κB p65andp38MAPKdid not participate in regulating cytokines in the PI. These results suggested that vitamin A deficiency decreased fish growth and impaired intestinal immune function, and that different immune responses in the PI, MI and DI were mediated partly byNF-κBcanonical signalling andp38MAPKsignalling pathways. On the basis of percentage of weight gain, to protect fish against enteritis morbidity and acid phosphatase activity, the optimum dietary vitamin A levels were estimated to be 0·664, 0·707 and 0·722 mg /kg, respectively.
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Crowley T, Cryan JF, Downer EJ, O'Leary OF. Inhibiting neuroinflammation: The role and therapeutic potential of GABA in neuro-immune interactions. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 54:260-277. [PMID: 26851553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system, once thought to be a site of immunological privilege, has since been found to harbour immunocompetent cells and to communicate with the peripheral nervous system. In the central nervous system (CNS), glial cells display immunological responses to pathological and physiological stimuli through pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine signalling, antigen presentation and the clearing of cellular debris through phagocytosis. While this neuroinflammatory signalling can act to reduce neuronal damage and comprises a key facet of CNS homeostasis, persistent inflammation or auto-antigen-mediated immunoreactivity can induce a positive feedback cycle of neuroinflammation that ultimately results in necrosis of glia and neurons. Persistent neuroinflammation has been recognised as a major pathological component of virtually all neurodegenerative diseases and has also been a focus of research into the pathology underlying psychiatric disorders. Thus, pharmacological strategies to curb the pathological effects of persistent neuroinflammation are of interest for many disorders of the CNS. Accumulating evidence suggests that GABAergic activities are closely bound to immune processes and signals, and thus the GABAergic neurotransmitter system might represent an important therapeutic target in modulating neuroinflammation. Here, we review evidence that inflammation induces changes in the GABA neurotransmitter system in the CNS and that GABAergic signalling exerts a reciprocal influence over neuroinflammatory processes. Together, the data support the hypothesis that the GABA system is a potential therapeutic target in the modulation of central inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadhg Crowley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Eric J Downer
- School of Medicine, Discipline of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Olivia F O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland.
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Taurine supplementation regulates Iκ-Bα protein expression in adipose tissue and serum IL-4 and TNF-α concentrations in MSG obesity. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:705-713. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Eidelkhani N, Radahmadi M, Kazemi M, Rafiee L, Alaei H, Reisi P. Effects of doxepin on brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tumor necrosis factor alpha, mitogen-activated protein kinase 14, and AKT1 genes expression in rat hippocampus. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:203. [PMID: 26601091 PMCID: PMC4620617 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.166139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that doxepin in addition to enhancement of noradrenaline and serotonin levels may have neuroprotective effects. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of doxepin on gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14), and serine-threonine protein kinase AKT1 in rat hippocampus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male rats were divided randomly into three groups: Control, doxepin 1 mg/kg, and doxepin 5 mg/kg. Rats received an i.p injection of doxepin for 21 days. Then the hippocampi were dissected for the measurement of the expression of BDNF, TNF-α, MAPK14, and AKT1 genes. RESULTS Our results showed no significant effects of doxepin on gene expression of BDNF, TNF-α, MAPK14, and AKT1 genes in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS These results did not show significant effects of doxepin on the genes that affect the neuronal survival in intact animals. However, more studies need to be done, especially in models associated with neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Eidelkhani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Radahmadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Laleh Rafiee
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hojjatallah Alaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parham Reisi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Biosensor Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Lee KM, Bang J, Kim BY, Lee IS, Han JS, Hwang BY, Jeon WK. Fructus mume alleviates chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced white matter and hippocampal damage via inhibition of inflammation and downregulation of TLR4 and p38 MAPK signaling. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:125. [PMID: 25898017 PMCID: PMC4411748 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Fructus mume (F. mume) has been used as a traditional medicine for many years in Asian countries. The present study was designed to determine the effect of a 70% ethanol extract of F. mume on white matter and hippocampal damage induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Methods Permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAo) was performed on male Wistar rats to induce chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Daily oral administration of F. mume (200 mg/kg) was initiated 21 days after BCCAo and continued for 42 days. The experimental groups in this study were divided into three groups: a sham-operated group, a BCCAo group, and a BCCAo group that was administered with the F. mume extract. The activation of glial cells, including microglia and astrocytes, and the levels of myelin basic protein (MBP), inflammatory mediators, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation were measured in brains from rats subjected to chronic BCCAo. Results Our results revealed that F. mume alleviates the reduction in MBP expression caused by chronic BCCAo in the white matter and the hippocampus and significantly attenuates microglial and astrocytic activation induced by chronic BCCAo in the optic tract of white matter. In addition, F. mume treatment reduced the increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as the activation of TLR4/MyD88 and p38 MAPK signaling, in the hippocampus of rats subjected to chronic BCCAo. Conclusion Taken together, our findings demonstrate that brain injury induced by chronic BCCAo is ameliorated by the anti-inflammatory effects of F. mume via inhibition of MBP degradation, microglial and astrocytic activation, increased inflammatory mediator expression, and activated intracellular signalings, including TLR4 and p38 MAPK, implying that F. mume is potentially an effective therapeutics for the treatment of vascular dementia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0652-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Gou H, Wen D, Ma C, Li M, Li Y, Zhang W, Liu L, Cong B. Protective effects of cholecystokinin-8 on methamphetamine-induced behavioral changes and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 283:87-96. [PMID: 25629941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether pretreatment with the neuropeptide cholecystokinin-8 affected methamphetamine (METH)-induced behavioral changes and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in male C57/BL6 mice. CCK-8 pretreatment alone had no effect on locomotion and stereotypic behavior and could not induce behavioral sensitization; however, it attenuated, in a dose-dependent manner, hyperlocomotion and behavioral sensitization induced by a low dose of METH (1mg/kg). CCK-8 attenuated METH-induced stereotypic behavior at a dose of 3mg/kg but not at 10mg/kg. CCK-8 pretreatment attenuated METH (10mg/kg)-induced hyperthermia, the decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) in the striatum, and TH in the substantia nigra. CCK-8 alone had no effect on rectal temperature, TH and DAT expression in the nigrostriatal region. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that pretreatment with CCK-8 inhibited changes typically induced by repeated exposure to METH, such as hyperlocomotion, behavioral sensitization, stereotypic behavior, and dopaminergic neurotoxicity. These findings make CCK-8 a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of multiple symptoms associated with METH abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Gou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Di Wen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Yingmin Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Wenfang Zhang
- The 8th Brigade of General Division of Criminal Investigation, Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Li Liu
- The 8th Brigade of General Division of Criminal Investigation, Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Bin Cong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
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Salamanca SA, Sorrentino EE, Nosanchuk JD, Martinez LR. Impact of methamphetamine on infection and immunity. Front Neurosci 2015; 8:445. [PMID: 25628526 PMCID: PMC4290678 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of methamphetamine (METH) use is estimated at ~35 million people worldwide, with over 10 million users in the United States. METH use elicits a myriad of social consequences and the behavioral impact of the drug is well understood. However, new information has recently emerged detailing the devastating effects of METH on host immunity, increasing the acquisition of diverse pathogens and exacerbating the severity of disease. These outcomes manifest as modifications in protective physical and chemical defenses, pro-inflammatory responses, and the induction of oxidative stress pathways. Through these processes, significant neurotoxicities arise, and, as such, chronic abusers with these conditions are at a higher risk for heightened consequences. METH use also influences the adaptive immune response, permitting the unrestrained development of opportunistic diseases. In this review, we discuss recent literature addressing the impact of METH on infection and immunity, and identify areas ripe for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Salamanca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University-Post Brookville, NY, USA
| | - Edra E Sorrentino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University-Post Brookville, NY, USA
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY, USA ; Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Luis R Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology Old Westbury, NY, USA
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Gudiño-Cabrera G, Ureña-Guerrero ME, Rivera-Cervantes MC, Feria-Velasco AI, Beas-Zárate C. Excitotoxicity triggered by neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment and blood-brain barrier function. Arch Med Res 2014; 45:653-9. [PMID: 25431840 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is likely that monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the excitotoxin that has been most commonly employed to characterize the process of excitotoxicity and to improve understanding of the ways that this process is related to several pathological conditions of the central nervous system. Excitotoxicity triggered by neonatal MSG treatment produces a significant pathophysiological impact on adulthood, which could be due to modifications in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and vice versa. This mini-review analyzes this topic through brief descriptions about excitotoxicity, BBB structure and function, role of the BBB in the regulation of Glu extracellular levels, conditions that promote breakdown of the BBB, and modifications induced by neonatal MSG treatment that could alter the behavior of the BBB. In conclusion, additional studies to better characterize the effects of neonatal MSG treatment on excitatory amino acids transporters, ionic exchangers, and efflux transporters, as well as the role of the signaling pathways mediated by erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor in the cellular elements of the BBB, should be performed to identify the mechanisms underlying the increase in neurovascular permeability associated with excitotoxicity observed in several diseases and studied using neonatal MSG treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Gudiño-Cabrera
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Monica E Ureña-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Martha C Rivera-Cervantes
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Alfredo I Feria-Velasco
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Carlos Beas-Zárate
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México; División de Neurociencias, CIBO, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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Li JM, Zhang P, Zhao YN, Chen CX, Li SX. Protective effects of edaravone on diffuse brain injury in rats. World J Emerg Med 2014; 2:222-7. [PMID: 25215014 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Edaravone can alleviate brain injury and improve neurological functions and symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of edaravone on the p38Mitogen-activated protein kinases/Caspase-3 (p38MAPK /Caspase-3) pathway after diffuse brain injury (DBI) in rats. METHODS DBI models were established according to the description of Marmarou's method. A total of 250 rats were divided (random number) into four groups: control group (CG, n=45), model group (MG, n=77), low-dose edaravone group (n=67, dosage 5 mg/kg) and high-dose edaravone group (n=61, dosage 10 mg/kg). After 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after injury, brain tissues were collected. The changes of neuron morphous in the hippocampal region were observed through Nissl staining. The expression levels of phosphorylated p38MAPK and caspase-3 were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting respectively. Learning and memory function were tested with Morris water maze from the 3rd to 7th day after injury. RESULTS Some neurons had histopathologic changes of necrosis and apoptosis in the model group compared with the control group. The phosphorylated p38MAPK expressions increased at 1, 6, 4, and 48 hours (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed at 72 hours (0.54±0.19 vs. 0.40±0.14, P>0.05). Caspase-3 expressions increased at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours respectively (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference at 1 hour (0.59±0.29 vs. 0.40±0.17, P>0.05). From the 3rd to 6th day during the Morris water maze test, the latency to find the platform was significantly prolonged (P<0.05) and times of rats crossing the platform was decreased on the 7th day (2.28±1.18 vs. 8.20±1.52, P<0.05). The phosphorylated p38MAPK expressions decreased at 6, 24 and 48 hours respectively in the low dose edaravone group compared with the model group (P<0.05), whereas no significant difference was seen at 1 hour (1.66±0.80 vs. 1.85±0.86, P>0.05). Caspase-3 expression decreased at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours (P<0.05). The latency to find the platform was significantly shortened (P<0.05), and times of rats crossing the platform increased (4.17±1.15 vs. 2.28±1.18, P<0.05). The above mentioned parameters changed more significantly in the high-dose edaravone group than in the low-dose edaravone group. CONCLUSION Edaravone can alleviate brain tissue damage after DBI, inhibit p38MAP signal activation after early injury, reduce the expression of caspase-3, and promote the recovery of neurological function in the late period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Northern China Coal Medical College, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Northern China Coal Medical College, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Ya-Ning Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Northern China Coal Medical College, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Chang-Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Northern China Coal Medical College, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Shu-Xing Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Northern China Coal Medical College, Tangshan 063000, China
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Ramesh G. Novel Therapeutic Targets in Neuroinflammation and Neuropathic Pain. INFLAMMATION AND CELL SIGNALING 2014; 1. [PMID: 26052540 DOI: 10.14800/ics.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is abounding evidence that neuroinflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration and neuropathic pain. Chemokine-induced recruitment of peripheral immune cells is a central feature in inflammatory neurodegenerative disorders. Immune cells, glial cells and neurons constitute an integral network that coordinates the immune response by releasing inflammatory mediators that in turn modulate inflammation, neurodegeneration and the signal transduction of pain, via interaction with neurotransmitters and their receptors. The chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/ chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (MCP-1/CCL2) and its receptor C-C chemokine receptor (CCR2) play a major role in mediating neuroinflammation and targeting CCL2/CCR2 represents a promising strategy to limit neuroinflammation-induced neuropathy. In addition, the CCL2/CCR2 axis is also involved in mediating the pain response. Key cellular signaling events such as phosphorylation and subsequent activation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 and its substrate MAPK-activated protein MAPKAP Kinase (MK) MK-2, regulate neuroinflammation, neuronal survival and synaptic activity. Further, MAPKs such as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 play vital roles in mediating the pain signaling cascade and contribute to the maintenance of peripheral and central neuronal sensitization associated with chronic pain. This review outlines the rationale for developing therapeutic strategies against CCL2/CCR2 and MAPK signaling networks, identifying them as novel therapeutic targets for limiting neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Ramesh
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, USA
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Cardiotonic pill attenuates white matter and hippocampal damage via inhibiting microglial activation and downregulating ERK and p38 MAPK signaling in chronic cerebral hypoperfused rat. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:334. [PMID: 24274593 PMCID: PMC4222777 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background The cardiotonic pill (CP) is a herbal medicine composed of Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM), Panax notoginseng (PN), and Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertner (DAG) that is widely used to treat cardiovascular diseases. The present experiment was conducted to examine the effects of CP on white matter and hippocampal damage induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Methods Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion was induced in male Wistar rats by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAo). Daily oral administration of CP (200 mg/kg) began 21 days after BCCAo and continued for 42 days. The levels of microglial activation and myelin basic protein (MBP) were measured in the white matter and hippocampus of rats with chronic BCCAo, and the expression levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and inflammatory markers such as cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 were examined. Results MBP expression was reduced in the white matter and hippocampal regions of rats that received BCCAo. In contrast, reduced levels of MBP were not observed in BCCAo rats given CP treatments. The administration of CP alleviated microglial activation, the alteration of ERK and p38 MAPK signaling, and inflammatory mediator expression in rats with chronic BCCAo. Conclusion These results suggest that CP may have protective effects against chronic BCCAo-induced white matter and hippocampal damage by inhibiting inflammatory processes including microglial activation and proinflammatory mediator expression, and downreguating the hyperphosphorylation of ERK and p38 MAPK signaling.
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Kim EA, Choi J, Han AR, Choi SY, Hahn HG, Cho SW. Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of 2-cyclopropylimino-3-methyl-1,3-thiazoline hydrochloride on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in rat brain. Neurotoxicology 2013; 38:106-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Ramesh G, MacLean AG, Philipp MT. Cytokines and chemokines at the crossroads of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and neuropathic pain. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:480739. [PMID: 23997430 PMCID: PMC3753746 DOI: 10.1155/2013/480739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines are proteins that coordinate the immune response throughout the body. The dysregulation of cytokines and chemokines is a central feature in the development of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and demyelination both in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in conditions of neuropathic pain. Pathological states within the nervous system can lead to activation of microglia. The latter may mediate neuronal and glial cell injury and death through production of proinflammatory factors such as cytokines and chemokines. These then help to mobilize the adaptive immune response. Although inflammation may induce beneficial effects such as pathogen clearance and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, uncontrolled inflammation can result in detrimental outcomes via the production of neurotoxic factors that exacerbate neurodegenerative pathology. In states of prolonged inflammation, continual activation and recruitment of effector cells can establish a feedback loop that perpetuates inflammation and ultimately results in neuronal injury. A critical balance between repair and proinflammatory factors determines the outcome of a neurodegenerative process. This review will focus on how cytokines and chemokines affect neuroinflammation and disease pathogenesis in bacterial meningitis and brain abscesses, Lyme neuroborreliosis, human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis, and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Ramesh
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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Ellrichmann G, Reick C, Saft C, Linker RA. The role of the immune system in Huntington's disease. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:541259. [PMID: 23956761 PMCID: PMC3727178 DOI: 10.1155/2013/541259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by a progressive course of disease until death 15-20 years after the first symptoms occur and is caused by a mutation with expanded CAG repeats in the huntingtin (htt) protein. Mutant htt (mhtt) in the striatum is assumed to be the main reason for neurodegeneration. Knowledge about pathophysiology has rapidly improved discussing influences of excitotoxicity, mitochondrial damage, free radicals, and inflammatory mechanisms. Both innate and adaptive immune systems may play an important role in HD. Activation of microglia with expression of proinflammatory cytokines, impaired migration of macrophages, and deposition of complement factors in the striatum indicate an activation of the innate immune system. As part of the adaptive immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) prime T-cell responses secreting inflammatory mediators. In HD, DCs may contain mhtt which brings the adaptive immune system into the focus of interest. These data underline an increasing interest in the peripheral immune system for pathomechanisms of HD. It is still unclear if neuroinflammation is a reactive process or if there is an active influence on disease progression. Further understanding the influence of inflammation in HD using mouse models may open various avenues for promising therapeutic approaches aiming at slowing disease progression or forestalling onset of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisa Ellrichmann
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany.
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The NLRP3 inflammasome in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:875-82. [PMID: 23686772 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity and inflammatory response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). As the major resident immune cells in the brain, microglial cells constantly survey the microenvironment and are activated by and recruited to senile plaques. Subsequently, they can phagocytose amyloid-β (Aβ) and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines that influence the surrounding brain tissue. Recently, a wealth of information linking the microglia-specific activation of NLRP3 inflammasome to AD pathogenesis has emerged. We review here the activation mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and several downstream effects in the brain, demonstrating that toxic Aβ peptide can light a fire in NLRP3 inflammasome and eventually induce AD pathology and tissue damage. More importantly, it has been demonstrated that inhibition of NLRP3 could largely protect from memory loss and decrease Aβ deposition in AD transgenic mouse model. So, we further discuss the recent advances and challenges in targeting NLRP3 inflammasome for AD therapy.
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Blaylock RL. Immunoexcitatory mechanisms in glioma proliferation, invasion and occasional metastasis. Surg Neurol Int 2013; 4:15. [PMID: 23493580 PMCID: PMC3589840 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.106577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of an interaction between inflammatory cytokines and glutamate receptors among a number of neurological diseases including traumatic brain injuries, neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system (CNS) infections. A number of recent studies have now suggested a strong relation between inflammatory mechanisms and excitatory cascades and these may play a role in glioma invasiveness and proliferation. Chronic inflammation appears to be a major initiating mechanism in most human cancers, involving cell-signaling pathways, which are responsible for cell cycling, cancer cell migration, invasion, tumor aggressiveness, and angiogenesis. It is less well appreciated that glutamate receptors also play a significant role in both proliferation and especially glioma invasion. There is some evidence that sustained elevations in glutamate may play a role in initiating certain cancers and new studies demonstrate an interaction between inflammation and glutamate receptors that may enhance tumor invasion and metastasis by affecting a number of cell-signaling mechanisms. These mechanisms are discussed in this paper as well as novel treatment options for reducing immune-glutamate promotion of cancer growth and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell L Blaylock
- Theoretical Neurosciences LLC, Visiting Professor of Biology, Department of Biology, Belhaven University, Jackson, MS 39157, USA
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50
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Jiang X, Ma H, Wang Y, Liu Y. Early life factors and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:485082. [PMID: 24455747 PMCID: PMC3876901 DOI: 10.1155/2013/485082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial disease, and its aetiology involves a complex interplay between genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. In recent years, evidences from both human and animal experiments have correlated early life factors with programming diabetes risk in adult life. Fetal and neonatal period is crucial for organ development. Many maternal factors during pregnancy may increase the risk of diabetes of offsprings in later life, which include malnutrition, healthy (hyperglycemia and obesity), behavior (smoking, drinking, and junk food diet), hormone administration, and even stress. In neonates, catch-up growth, lactation, glucocorticoids administration, and stress have all been found to increase the risk of insulin resistance or T2DM. Unfavorable environments (socioeconomic situation and famine) or obesity also has long-term negative effects on children by causing increased susceptibility to T2DM in adults. We also address the potential mechanisms that may underlie the developmental programming of T2DM. Therefore, it might be possible to prevent or delay the risk for T2DM by improving pre- and/or postnatal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Ziqiang Road 139, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Huijie Ma
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Zhongshan Road 361, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Ziqiang Road 139, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
- Orthopaedic Biomechanical Laboratory of Hebei Province, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Ziqiang Road 139, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Ziqiang Road 139, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
- *Yan Liu:
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