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Liu Q, Xu Y, Lv X, Guo C, Zhu H, Yang L, Wang Y. 2', 3', 5'-tri-O-acetyl-N6-(3-hydroxyphenyl) adenosine alleviates diet-induced hyperlipidemia by modulating intestinal gene expression profiles and metabolic pathway. Life Sci 2024; 352:122891. [PMID: 38977060 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the composition of intestinal flora plays a significant role in regulating lipid metabolism. 2', 3', 5'-tri-O-acetyl-N6-(3-hydroxyphenyl) adenosine (IMMH007) is a new candidate compound for regulating blood cholesterol and other lipids. In this study, we conducted metagenomic and metabolomic analyses on samples from high-fat diet-fed (HFD) hamsters treated with IMMH007. Our findings revealed that IMM-H007 reversed the imbalance of gut microbiota caused by a high-fat diet. Additionally, it activated adiponectin receptor and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathway-related genes, which are known to regulate lipid and glucose metabolism. Furthermore, IMM-H007 promotes cholesterol metabolism by reducing the abundance of genes and species associated with 7α-dehydroxylation and bile salt hydrolase (BSH). Metabolomics and pharmacological studies have shown that IMM-H007 effectively improved glucose and lipid metabolism disorders caused by HFD, reduced the aggregation of secondary bile acids (SBAs), significantly increased the content of hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), and also activated the expression of VDR in the small intestine. As a result, there was a reduction in the leakage of diamine oxidase (DAO) into the bloodstream in hamsters, accompanied by an upregulation of ZO-1 expression in the small intestine. The results suggested that IMM-H007 regulated glucose and lipid metabolism, promoted cholesterol metabolism through activating the expression of VDR, inhibiting inflammatory and improving the permeability of the intestinal barrier. Thus, our study provides new understanding of how IMM-H007 interacts with intestinal function, microbiota, and relevant targets, shedding light on its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Core Facilities, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqi Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Yinghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Mobasheri L, Ahadi M, Beheshti Namdar A, Alavi MS, Bemidinezhad A, Moshirian Farahi SM, Esmaeilizadeh M, Nikpasand N, Einafshar E, Ghorbani A. Pathophysiology of diabetic hepatopathy and molecular mechanisms underlying the hepatoprotective effects of phytochemicals. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115502. [PMID: 37734266 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with diabetes are at risk for liver disorders including glycogen hepatopathy, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatic fibrosis. The pathophysiological mechanisms behind diabetic hepatopathy are complex, some of them include fatty acid accumulation, increased reactive oxygen species, increased advanced glycation end-products, hyperactivity of polyol pathways, increased apoptosis and necrosis, and promotion of fibrosis. A growing number of studies have shown that herbal extracts and their active phytochemicals have antihyperglycemic properties and beneficial effects on diabetic complications. The current review, for the first time, focused on herbal agents that showed beneficial effects on diabetic hepatopathy. For example, animal studies have shown that Moringa oleifera and Morus alba improve liver function in both type-1 and type-2 diabetes. Also, evidence from clinical trials suggests that Boswellia serrata, Juglans regia, Melissa officinalis, Portulaca oleracea, Silybum marianum, Talapotaka Churna, and Urtica dioica reduce serum liver enzymes in diabetic patients. The main active ingredient of these plants to protect the liver seems to be phenolic compounds such as niazirin, chlorogenic acid, resveratrol, etc. Mechanisms responsible for the hepatoprotective activity of herbal agents include improving glucose metabolism, restoring adipokines levels, antioxidant defense, and anti-inflammatory activity. Several signaling pathways are involved in hepatoprotective effects of herbal agents in diabetes, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Mobasheri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mitra Ahadi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Beheshti Namdar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Bemidinezhad
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Esmaeilizadeh
- Innovative Medical Research Center, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Niloofar Nikpasand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Einafshar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghorbani
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Tejada Nunes V, Gonçalves IL, Martinez Oliveira P, Lima Feksa D, Muller de Moura Sarmento S, Erminda Schreiner G, Klock C, Casanova Petry C, da Costa Escobar Piccoli J, Manfredini V, Casagrande Denardin C. Aqueous extract of pummelo pulp (Citrus maxima) improves the biochemical profile and reduces the inflammation process in Wistar rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 178:113933. [PMID: 37419271 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of pummelo extract (Citrus maxima) on biochemical, inflammatory, antioxidant and histological changes in NAFLD rats. Forty male Wistar rats divided into four groups were used: (1) control group; (2) fructose associated with high-fat diet - DHF; (3) normal diet + pummelo extract (50 mg/kg); and (4) FHD + pummelo extract. This was administered at dose of 50 mg/kg of the animal's weight, by gavage, for 45 days. Significant improvement in lipid profile, liver and kidney function, inflammation, oxidative stress markers was identified in group 4 compared to group 2. Regarding TNF-α and IL-1β, group 2 showed higher values (respectively 142, 5 ± 0.7 and 560.5 ± 2.7 pg/mg protein) compared to group 4 (respectively 91.4 ± 0.9 and 402.1.4 ± 0.9 pg/mg protein), p < 0.05. Significant increases were found in SOD and CAT activities, respectively 0.10 ± 0.06 and 8.62 ± 1.67 U/mg protein for group 2 and respectively 0.28 ± 0.08 and 21.52 ± 2.28 U/mg of protein for group 4. Decreases in triglycerides, hepatic cholesterol and fat droplets in hepatic tissue were observed in group 4 compared to group 2. Results highlight that pummelo extract may be useful for prevent the development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Tejada Nunes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Itamar Luís Gonçalves
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Regional Integrada Alto Uruguai e Missões, Sete de Setembro Avenue, 1621, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Patricia Martinez Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Denise Lima Feksa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Muller de Moura Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gênifer Erminda Schreiner
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Clóvis Klock
- Grupo Infolaudo e Medicina Diagnóstica, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vanusa Manfredini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Casagrande Denardin
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Liu S, Liu K, Wang Y, Wu C, Xiao Y, Liu S, Yu J, Ma Z, Liang H, Li X, Li Y, Zhou L. Hesperidin methyl chalcone ameliorates lipid metabolic disorders by activating lipase activity and increasing energy metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166620. [PMID: 36494040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become an increasingly serious health issue with the continuous improvement in living standards. Its prevalence has become an economic burden on health care systems worldwide. Flavonoids have been shown to be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of the flavonoid hesperidin methyl chalcone (HMC) on mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis in vivo and in vitro. Treatment with HMC reduced oleic and palmitic acid-induced increases in intracellular triglyceride accumulation in HepG2, AML12 and LMH cells. HMC also enhanced energy metabolism and lowered oxidative stress. We used Discovery studio to dock key proteins associated with lipid metabolism disorders to HMC, and found that HMC interacted with lipase. Furthermore, we demonstrated that HMC improved lipase activity and lipolysis. In addition, we found that HMC promoted glucose absorption, alleviated lipid metabolic disorders, improved HFD-induced liver injury, and regulated HFD-induced changes in energy metabolism. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that HMC ameliorated HFD-induced obesity and its complications by promoting lipase activity, and provides a novel approach for the prevention and treatment of obesity and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Kang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Chou Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Siqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Jingsu Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Zeqiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Huanjie Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Xiangling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yixing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
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Xiong HH, Lin SY, Chen LL, Ouyang KH, Wang WJ. The Interaction between Flavonoids and Intestinal Microbes: A Review. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020320. [PMID: 36673411 PMCID: PMC9857828 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research on the interaction between flavonoids and intestinal microbes have prompted a rash of food science, nutriology and biomedicine, complying with future research trends. The gut microbiota plays an essential role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and human health, but once the intestinal flora dysregulation occurs, it may contribute to various diseases. Flavonoids have shown a variety of physiological activities, and are metabolized or biotransformed by gut microbiota, thereby producing new metabolites that promote human health by modulating the composition and structure of intestinal flora. Herein, this review demonstrates the key notion of flavonoids as well as intestinal microbiota and dysbiosis, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding about how flavonoids regulate the diseases by gut microbiota. Emphasis is placed on the microbiota-flavonoid bidirectional interaction that affects the metabolic fate of flavonoids and their metabolites, thereby influencing their metabolic mechanism, biotransformation, bioavailability and bioactivity. Potentially by focusing on the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota as well as their metabolites such as bile acids, we discuss the influence mechanism of flavonoids on intestinal microbiota by protecting the intestinal barrier function and immune system. Additionally, the microbiota-flavonoid bidirectional interaction plays a crucial role in regulating various diseases. We explain the underlying regulation mechanism of several typical diseases including gastrointestinal diseases, obesity, diabetes and cancer, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and guideline for the promotion of gastrointestinal health as well as the treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Xiong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Su-Yun Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ling-Li Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ke-Hui Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-791-83813655
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Lee SH, Seo D, Lee KH, Park SJ, Park S, Kim H, Kim T, Joo IH, Park JM, Kang YH, Lim GH, Kim DH, Yang JY. Biometabolites of Citrus unshiu Peel Enhance Intestinal Permeability and Alter Gut Commensal Bacteria. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020319. [PMID: 36678190 PMCID: PMC9862503 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavanones in Citrus unshiu peel (CUP) have been used as therapeutic agents to reduce intestinal inflammation; however, the anti-inflammatory effects of their biometabolites remain ambiguous. Here, we identified aglycone-type flavanones, such as hesperetin and naringenin, which were more abundant in the bioconversion of the CUP than in the ethanol extracts of the CUP. We found that the bioconversion of the CUP induced the canonical nuclear factor-κB pathway via degradation of IκB in Caco-2 cells. To check the immune suppressive capacity of the aglycones of the CUP in vivo, we orally administered the bioconversion of the CUP (500 mg/kg) to mice for two weeks prior to the 3% dextran sulfate sodium treatment. The CUP-pretreated group showed improved body weight loss, colon length shortage, and intestinal inflammation than the control mice. We also found a significant decrease in the population of lamina propria Th17 cells in the CUP-pretreated group following dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment and an increase in mRNA levels of occludin in CUP-treated Caco-2 cells. Pyrosequencing analysis revealed a decreased abundance of Alistipes putredinis and an increased abundance of Muribaculum intestinale in the feces of the CUP-pretreated mice compared to those of the control mice. Overall, these findings suggest that the pre-administration of CUP biometabolites may inhibit the development of murine colitis by modulating intestinal permeability and the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hui Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongju Seo
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hee Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jung Park
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Park
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyun Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyung Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hwan Joo
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hwan Kang
- Department of Industry Promotion, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Geongsan 38540, Republic of Korea
| | - Gah-Hyun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Yang
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-2286; Fax: +82-51-581-2962
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Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (Chenpi) Protects against Endothelial Dysfunction and Vascular Inflammation in Diabetic Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245221. [PMID: 36558380 PMCID: PMC9783663 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried tangerine peel (Citri reticulatae Pericarpium, CRP; Chenpi in Chinese) possesses medicine and food homology with hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. This study aimed to explore the protective effect of CRP extract on endothelial function and inflammation in type 2 diabetic rats and the related mechanisms. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced by high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ) in male Sprague Dawley rats, and CRP extract was orally administered at 400 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. Rat and mouse aortas were treated with high glucose and CRP extract ex vivo. The data showed that the ethanolic extract of CRP normalized blood pressure and the plasma lipid profile as well as the plasma levels of liver enzymes in diabetic rats. Impaired endothelium-dependent relaxations in aortas, carotid arteries and renal arteries were improved. CRP extract suppressed vascular inflammatory markers and induced AMPK activation in aortas of diabetic rats. Exposure to high glucose impaired vasodilation in aortas of rats and mice, and this impairment was prevented by co-incubation with CRP extract. In conclusion, our findings suggest that CRP extract protects endothelial function by inhibiting the vascular inflammatory state on activation of AMPK in diabetic rats.
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Deng M, Zhang S, Dong L, Huang F, Jia X, Su D, Chi J, Muhammad Z, Ma Q, Zhao D, Zhang M, Zhang R. Shatianyu ( Citrus grandis L. Osbeck) Flavonoids and Dietary Fiber in Combination Are More Effective Than Individually in Alleviating High-Fat-Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia in Mice by Altering Gut Microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14654-14664. [PMID: 36322531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at exploring the separate and combined anti-hyperlipidemic effect of Shatianyu (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck) flavonoids (SPFEs) and DF (SPDF) on HFD-fed mice after 14-week administration in diet, together with the possible microbiota-mediated mechanisms. SPFEs and SPDF were more effective together than separately in improving serum lipid profiles, decreasing hepatic lipid accumulation, and upregulating the expression of hepatic CPT1a, CYP7A1, ABCG5, and ABCG8. Butyrate has been previously proved to have an anti-hyperlipidemic effect. The fecal butyrate contents were negatively correlative with serum/liver lipid but positively correlated with fecal total bile acids levels, and SPDF + SPFEs had the most fecal butyrate in this study. SPDF or SPFEs enriched microbiota related to acetic and propionic acids production, while SPDF + SPFEs also bloomed norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Dubosiella, Lachnoclostridium, and norank_f_Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group, which were positively correlated to fecal butyrate contents. Thus, SPFEs and SPDF might alleviate hyperlipidemia synergistically by regulating microbiota to produce butyrate, thereby regulating lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Deng
- Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural, Guangzhou510610, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural, Guangzhou510610, P. R. China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
| | - Lihong Dong
- Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural, Guangzhou510610, P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural, Guangzhou510610, P. R. China
| | - Xuchao Jia
- Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural, Guangzhou510610, P. R. China
| | - Dongxiao Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou510006, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Chi
- Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural, Guangzhou510610, P. R. China
| | - Zafarullah Muhammad
- Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural, Guangzhou510610, P. R. China
| | - Qin Ma
- Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural, Guangzhou510610, P. R. China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural, Guangzhou510610, P. R. China
| | - Mingwei Zhang
- Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural, Guangzhou510610, P. R. China
| | - Ruifen Zhang
- Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural, Guangzhou510610, P. R. China
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Jang A, Choi GE, Kim YJ, Lee GH, Hyun KY. Neuroprotective properties of ethanolic extract of Citrus unshiu Markovich peel through NADPH oxidase 2 inhibition in chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain animal model. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6918-6931. [PMID: 34818693 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the antioxidant effect of Citrus unshiu Markovich (CUM) extract in neuronal cell lines under oxidative stress and to investigate the effect of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) on the nociceptive response in a preclinical mice model. We tested the inhibition of H2 O2 in Neuro2A cells treated with CUM. Experimental animals were treated with oxaliplatin to induce CINP, and then administered oral CUM for 4 weeks in order to observe the effect of CUM. Animals were evaluated weekly for thermal hyperalgesia and digital motor nerve conduction velocity (NCV). Lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) isolated from each animal were evaluated through immunochemical and western blot analysis for nerve damage, inflammatory response, and expression of redox signaling factors. The main mechanisms were determined to be decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) production due to the inhibition of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2). To determine the functional role of NOX2 in CINP, we administrated CUM into NOX2-deficient mice with neuropathic pain. Therefore, we suggest that CUM controls the expression levels of inflammatory factors in CINP via NOX2 inactivation. This study demonstrated that a complementary medicine such as CUM might be a potential novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of CINP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aelee Jang
- Department of Nursing, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Go-Eun Choi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Jeong Kim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Hyun Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Yae Hyun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Visvanathan R, Williamson G. Citrus polyphenols and risk of type 2 diabetes: Evidence from mechanistic studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2178-2202. [PMID: 34496701 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1971945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Citrus fruits are a rich source of (poly)phenols, a group of dietary bioactive compounds that protect against developing type 2 diabetes. Our review critically evaluates how experimental in vitro and animal models have elucidated some of the underlying mechanisms on how citrus (poly)phenols affect the markers of type 2 diabetes. According to animal studies, the beneficial effects derived from consuming citrus compounds appear to be related to long-term effects, rather than acute. There are some notable effects from citrus (poly)phenol metabolites on post-absorptive processes, such as modulation of hepatic glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in target tissues, but with a more modest effect on digestion and sugar absorption within the gut. Experimental studies on cells and other systems in vitro have indicated some of the possible mechanisms involved, but ∼70% of the studies utilized unrealistically high concentrations and forms of the compounds, compromising physiological relevance. Future studies should discuss the relevance of concentration used in in vitro experiments, relative to the proposed site of action, and also examine the role of catabolites produced by the gut microbiota. Finally, it is important to examine the relationship between the gut microbiota and bioavailability on the action of citrus (poly)phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizliya Visvanathan
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, BASE Facility, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Gary Williamson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, BASE Facility, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
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11
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Nishi K, Ito T, Kadota A, Ishida M, Nishiwaki H, Fukuda N, Kanamoto N, Nagata Y, Sugahara T. Aqueous Extract from Leaves of Citrus unshiu Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in a Mouse Model of Systemic Inflammation. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081708. [PMID: 34451753 PMCID: PMC8399385 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is related to various life-threatening diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic syndrome. Because macrophages are prominent inflammatory cells, regulation of macrophage activation is a key issue to control the onset of inflammation-associated diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory activity of Citrus unshiu leaf extract (CLE) and to elucidate the mechanism underlying its anti-inflammatory effect. We found the inhibitory activity of CLE on the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and a chemokine from mouse macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages. The inhibitory activity of CLE was attributed to downregulated JNK, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways, leading to suppressed gene expression of inflammation-associated proteins. Oral administration of CLE significantly decreased the serum level of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFα and increased that of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation mice. In addition, oral administration of CLE decreased secretion and gene expression of several proinflammatory proteins in the liver and spleen of the model mice. Overall results revealed that C. unshiu leaf is effective to attenuate inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Nishi
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Ehime, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; (K.N.); (T.I.); (M.I.); (H.N.)
- Food and Health Sciences Research Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Takako Ito
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Ehime, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; (K.N.); (T.I.); (M.I.); (H.N.)
| | - Ayumu Kadota
- Ikata Service Inc., Ikata, Ehime, Matsuyama 796-0421, Japan;
| | - Momoko Ishida
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Ehime, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; (K.N.); (T.I.); (M.I.); (H.N.)
| | - Hisashi Nishiwaki
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Ehime, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; (K.N.); (T.I.); (M.I.); (H.N.)
| | - Naohiro Fukuda
- Ehime Institute of Industrial Technology, Matsuyama, Ehime, Matsuyama 790-1101, Japan; (N.F.); (N.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Naoaki Kanamoto
- Ehime Institute of Industrial Technology, Matsuyama, Ehime, Matsuyama 790-1101, Japan; (N.F.); (N.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yoko Nagata
- Ehime Institute of Industrial Technology, Matsuyama, Ehime, Matsuyama 790-1101, Japan; (N.F.); (N.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Takuya Sugahara
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Ehime, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; (K.N.); (T.I.); (M.I.); (H.N.)
- Food and Health Sciences Research Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-89-946-9863
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12
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Liu N, Li X, Zhao P, Zhang X, Qiao O, Huang L, Guo L, Gao W. A review of chemical constituents and health-promoting effects of citrus peels. Food Chem 2021; 365:130585. [PMID: 34325351 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Citrus is one of the main fruits processed worldwide, producing a lot of industrial by-products. As the main part of citrus "residue", citrus peels have a wide application prospect. They could not only be directly used to produce various food products, but also be used as promising biofuels to produce ethanol and methane. Additionally, functional components (flavonoids, limonoids, alkaloids, essential oils and pectin) extracted from citrus peels have been related to the improvement of human health against active oxygen, inflammatory, cancer and metabolic disorders. Therefore, it is clear that the citrus peels have great potential to be developed into useful functional foods, medicines and biofuels. This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in current uses, processing, bioactive components and biological properties of citrus peels. A better understanding of citrus peels may provide reference for making full use of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Xia Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Ping Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Ou Qiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300193, China.
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13
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Ademosun AO, Oboh G, Ajeigbe OF. Antioxidant activities and glycemic indices of ice creams enriched with orange (Citrus sinensis) and shaddock (Citrus maxima) peels and effects on rat lipid profiles. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13813. [PMID: 34096081 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of ice creams produced from blends of orange (Citrus sinensis) and shaddock (Citrus maxima) peels on the blood lipid profile, glycemic index, and antioxidant indices in the liver and heart of rats. Formulated ice cream was produced at a different proportion of citrus (orange and shaddock) blends and fed to rats for 28 days. The result showed that the formulated ice cream enriched with citrus peels blends caused a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level in the plasma and antioxidant status in the liver and heart homogenates, decreased the glycemic index, concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein in the plasma as against rats fed on plain and commercial ice creams. To conclude, the use of ice creams from blends of orange and shaddock peels could serve as a functional food for weight reduction, glycemic index, management of lipid-related diseases, and prevention of oxidative stress-related complications in the liver and heart. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The consumption of ice creams has increased in many parts of the world. However, there have been limited efforts aimed at improving the medicinal properties of frozen dairy products. Hence, these ice creams could be produced on a large scale under regulated condition since they have improved medicinal properties which would be a good option for preventing/combating degenerative conditions and their related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ganiyu Oboh
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke Florence Ajeigbe
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.,Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Nigeria
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Angel-Isaza J, Carmona-Hernandez JC, Narváez-Solarte W, Gonzalez-Correa CH. Polyphenols from Passiflora ligularis Regulate Inflammatory Markers and Weight Gain. Biomol Concepts 2021; 12:36-45. [PMID: 34092047 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2021-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Weight-related disorders affect more than half of the adult population worldwide; they are also concomitant with a state of chronic low-grade inflammation manifesting in abnormal cytokine production. The present study evaluated the effect of polyphenol and flavonoid extract from Passiflora ligularis (granadilla) on low-grade inflammation and body weight in overweight Wistar rats. To induce weight-gain, rats were fed a chow diet with 30% sucrose water and supplemented with 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 g/L polyphenol extracts (n = 16). The design was a 3 +1 factorial model performed for 42 days (granadilla polyphenols, 3 levels of supplementation, and 1 control group). In addition to total polyphenol and total flavonoid content, the major identified and quantified polyphenol, via UHPLC, was ferulic acid. Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were evaluated in serum. A decline in the concentration of TNF-α and in weight-gain was found in P. ligularis (granadilla) groups treated with the 2.5 g/L dose. Consumption of polyphenol extracts from granadilla inhibits interleukin-activity as an indicator of inflammation and aids in body-weight control, considering similar food intake, in overweight Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Angel-Isaza
- Research Group on Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Security, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | | | - William Narváez-Solarte
- Research Group on Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Security, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
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Li H, Xu Q, Xu C, Hu Y, Yu X, Zhao K, Li M, Li M, Xu J, Kuang H. Bicyclol Regulates Hepatic Gluconeogenesis in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Inhibiting Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:644129. [PMID: 34093184 PMCID: PMC8175979 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.644129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic gluconeogenesis plays an important role in maintaining the body’s glucose metabolism homeostasis. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver diseases, when combined with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), it can cause severe glucose metabolism disorders. Studies have confirmed that chronic liver inflammatory lesions are the basis of T2DM combined with NAFLD (T2DM–NAFLD), inhibiting liver inflammation can improve glucose metabolism disorders. It is essential to explore safe and effective drugs to inhibit liver inflammation to improve the body’s glucose metabolism disorders. Bicyclol is a biphenyl derivative that has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, the hepatoprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of bicyclol in T2DM–NAFLD were investigated, and T2DM–NAFLD with/without bicyclol treatment models were established. The results revealed that bicyclol alleviated fasting blood glucose, serum transaminase levels, insulin resistance, hepatic adipogenesis, lipid accumulation and markedly reduced T2DM–NAFLD rat histological alterations of livers. Not only that, bicyclol markedly attenuated T2DM–NAFLD induced production of inflammation factors (IL-1β and TNF-α). Moreover, bicyclol suppressed the expression of insulin/gluconeogenesis signaling pathway (Akt, PGC-1α and PEPCK). These findings suggested that bicyclol might be a potentially effective drug for the treatment of T2DM–NAFLD and other metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxue Li
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Xu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengye Xu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuxin Hu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xingyang Yu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kangqi Zhao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingqing Li
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Li
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Junfang Xu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Kuang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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16
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Mukherjee C, Chakraborty S. Study of dietary polyphenols from natural herbal sources for providing protection against human degenerative disorders. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Perumal KV, Ja’afar NL, Mat Taib CN, Shafie NH, Bahari H. Antiobesity Activity of Elateriospermum tapos Shell Extract in Obesity-Induced Sprague Dawley Rats. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020321. [PMID: 33435518 PMCID: PMC7827679 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, abnormal liver function, diabetes, and cancers. Orlistat is currently available to treat obesity, but it is associated with adverse side effects. Natural resources are widely used for obesity treatment. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity activity of Elateriospermum tapos (E. tapos) shell extract in obesity induced Sprague Dawley rats. The rats' obesity was induced by a high-fat (HF) diet made up of 50% standard rat pellet, 20% milk powder, 6% corn starch, and 24% ghee and a cafeteria (CAF) diet such as chicken rolls, salty biscuits, cakes, and cheese snacks. A hot aqueous method for the extraction of E. tapos shells was applied by using 500 mL of distilled water for about 24 h. Various dosages of E. tapos shell extract (10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg) were used. At the end of the study, body weight, caloric intake, organ weight, lipid profile, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, and histopathology analysis were carried out. E. tapos shell extract treated groups showed a reduction in body weight, positive lipid-lowering effect, decrements in triglyceride accumulation and LPL activity, and positive improvement in histopathology analysis. A dose of 200 mg/kg showed the most effective result compared to 10 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokila Vani Perumal
- Department of Human Anatomy, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.V.P.); (N.L.J.); (C.N.M.T.)
| | - Nor Liyana Ja’afar
- Department of Human Anatomy, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.V.P.); (N.L.J.); (C.N.M.T.)
| | - Che Norma Mat Taib
- Department of Human Anatomy, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.V.P.); (N.L.J.); (C.N.M.T.)
| | - Nurul Husna Shafie
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Hasnah Bahari
- Department of Human Anatomy, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.V.P.); (N.L.J.); (C.N.M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-9769-2769
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18
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Ullah H, De Filippis A, Santarcangelo C, Daglia M. Epigenetic regulation by polyphenols in diabetes and related complications. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-200489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder and one of the most challenging health problems worldwide. Left untreated, it may progress causing serious complications. Genetics, epigenetics, and environmental factors are known to play an overlapping role in the pathogenesis of DM. Growing evidence suggests the hypothesis that the environment induces changes in the early phases of growth and development, influencing health and disease in the adulthood through the alteration in genetic expression of an individual, at least in part. DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNAs are three mechanisms responsible for epigenetic alterations. The daily diet contains a number of secondary metabolites, with polyphenols being highest in abundance, which contribute to overall health and may prevent or delay the onset of many chronic diseases. Polyphenols have the ability to alter metabolic and signaling pathways at various levels, such as gene expression, epigenetic regulation, protein expression and enzyme activity. The potential efficacy of polyphenolic compounds on glucose homeostasis has been evidenced from in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. The present review is designed to focus on epigenetic regulation exerted by polyphenolic compounds in DM and their complications, as well as to summarize clinical trials involving polyphenols in DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna De Filippis
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Kim SM, Imm JY. The Effect of Chrysin-Loaded Phytosomes on Insulin Resistance and Blood Sugar Control in Type 2 Diabetic db/db Mice. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235503. [PMID: 33255372 PMCID: PMC7727825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a variety of beneficial health effects of natural flavonoids, including chrysin, has been suggested, poor solubility and bioavailability limit their practical use. As a promising delivery system, chrysin-loaded phytosomes (CPs) were prepared using egg phospholipid (EPL) at a 1:3 molar ratio and its antidiabetic effects were assessed in db/db diabetic mice. Male C57BLKS/J-db/db mice were fed a normal diet (control), chrysin diet (100 mg chrysin/kg), CP diet (100 mg chrysin equivalent/kg), metformin diet (200 mg/kg) or EPL diet (vehicle, the same amount of EPL used for CP preparation) for 9 weeks. Administration of CP significantly decreased fasting blood glucose and insulin levels in db/db mice compared with the control. An oral glucose tolerance test and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance were significantly improved in the CP group (p < 0.05). CP treatment suppressed gluconeogenesis via downregulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase while it promoted glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle and liver of db/db mice (p < 0.05). The CP-mediated improved glucose utilization in the muscle was confirmed by upregulation of glucose transporter type 4, hexokinase2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ during treatment (p < 0.05). The CP-induced promotion of GLUT4 plasma translocation was confirmed in the skeletal muscle of db/db mice (p < 0.05). Based on the results, CP showed greater antidiabetic performance compared to the control by ameliorating insulin resistance in db/db mice and phytosome can be used as an effective antidiabetic agent.
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20
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Papoutsis K, Zhang J, Bowyer MC, Brunton N, Gibney ER, Lyng J. Fruit, vegetables, and mushrooms for the preparation of extracts with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition properties: A review. Food Chem 2020; 338:128119. [PMID: 33091976 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of the α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity facilitates the maintenance of circulating glucose levels by decreasing the rate of blood sugar absorption. Existing enzyme inhibitors such as acarbose, miglitol, and voglibose are used for inhibiting the activity of these enzymes, however, alternative solutions are required to avoid the side-effects of using these drugs. The current study aims to review recent evidence regarding the in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activities of extracts derived from selected fruit, vegetables, and mushrooms. The mechanisms of action of the extracts involved in the inhibition of both enzymes are also presented and discussed. Compounds including flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, saponins, carotenoids, terpenes, sugars, proteins, capsaicinoids, fatty acids, alkaloids have been shown to have α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activities. Harvesting period, maturity stage, sample preparation, extraction technique, and solvent type are parameters that affect the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activities of the extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinyuan Zhang
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael C Bowyer
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Nigel Brunton
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eileen R Gibney
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James Lyng
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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21
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Sun C, Liu Y, Zhan L, Rayat GR, Xiao J, Jiang H, Li X, Chen K. Anti-diabetic effects of natural antioxidants from fruits. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Kim C, Ji J, Ho Baek S, Lee JH, Ha IJ, Lim SS, Yoon HJ, Je Nam Y, Ahn KS. Fermented dried Citrus unshiu peel extracts exert anti-inflammatory activities in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and improve skin moisturizing efficacy in immortalized human HaCaT keratinocytes. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:392-402. [PMID: 31188689 PMCID: PMC6566750 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1621353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Context: Citrus unshiu Markovich (Rutaceae) peel is known to contain high concentrations of flavonoids and exerts pharmacological effects on antioxidant, anti-inflammation, allergies, diabetes and viral infections. Objective: Very little is known about potential activity of fermented dried Citrus unshiu peel extracts (FCU) using Bacillus subtilis, as well as its mechanism of action. We investigated the effects of FCU on the anti-inflammatory activities in murine macrophages and moisturizing effects in human keratinocytes. Materials and methods: We isolated the Bacillus subtilis from Cheonggukjang and FCU using these Bacillus subtilis to prepare samples. The cells were pre-treated with various extracts for 2 h and then induced with LPS for 22 h. We determined the NO assay, TNF-α, IL-6 and PGE2 in RAW 264.7 ells. The expression of SPT and Filaggrin by FCU treatment was measured in HaCaT cells. Result: We found that two types of FCU highly suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) without exerting cytotoxic effects on RAW 264.7 cells (21.9 and 15.4% reduction). FCU inhibited the expression of LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 proteins and their mRNAs in a concentration-dependent manner. TNF-α (59 and 30.9% reduction), IL-6 (39.1 and 65.6% reduction), and PGE2 secretion (78.6 and 82.5% reduction) were suppressed by FCU in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, FCU can induce the production of hyaluronic acid (38 and 38.9% induction) and expression of Filaggrin and SPT in HaCaT keratinocyte cells. Discussion and conclusion: FCU potentially inhibits inflammation, improves skin moisturizing efficacy, and it may be a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of inflammation and dry skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulwon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ji
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Baek
- College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University, Wanju, Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Jin Ha
- Korean Medicine Clinical Trial Center (K-CTC), Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Sung Lim
- Institute of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- CONTACT Kwang Seok Ahn Department of Korean Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul02447, Republic of Korea
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Tahaghoghi-Hajghorbani S, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Rafiei A, Golpour M, Hosseini-Khah Z, Akhtari J. Improvement of chemotherapy through reducing of cachexia by using Citrus unshiu peel extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 242:111929. [PMID: 31054317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
.Colorectal cancer (CRC) is now one the fourth cause of mortality and morbidity due to cancer throughout the globe. Cachexia is more prevalent in patients with this cancer and has a negative effect on response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 could play a key role in cachexia. Moreover strong chemotherapy medications such as doxorubicin have complications such as toxicity and cachexia. Citrus unshiu Peel have been used as traditional herbal drugs for the treatment of cancer in traditional oriental medicine (TOM). Since its main components have anti-inflammatory effects, we evaluated the anti-cachexia activity in order to support the traditional usage of Citrus unshiu peel. Aim of the study; We aimed to assess the preventive or therapeutic effect of Citrus unshiu Peel Extract (CUPE) on cachexia by reducing of inflammatory cytokines in mice bearing C26 tumor. Also the contribution role of CUPE has evaluated on improvement of chemotherapy through reducing of inflammatory cytokines. Materials and Methods; The CUPE was prepared by Soxhlet extractor and quantitative and qualitative analysis of aqua extract was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). C26 tumor bearing BALB/c male mice were immunized with different formulation of oral Prophylactic-therapeutic CUPE and/or intraperitoneal doxorubicin and then were monitored for weight gain, food intake and tumor size throughout the study. On the 32nd day after tumor injection, inflammatory cytokines levels, IL6, TNF-α and IL-1β were evaluated by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Malondialdehyde- Thiobarbituric acid (MDA) levels were measured by standard method. Results; Oral administration of CUPE in both prophylactic and therapeutic formulation to C26 adenocarcinoma bearing mice reduced the weight loss, tumor volume, and serum MDA levels compared with untreated tumor-bearing mice and Doxorubicin (Dox) groups. Also, the combination therapy of (CUPE + Dox) leads to reducing the levels of serum IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and tumor volume compared with untreated tumor-bearing mice and Dox groups. Serum MDA levels were considerably reduced by combination therapy of (CUPE + Dox) compared with Dox groups. Conclusions; These findings confirm the safety and efficacy of CUPE on C26 adenocarcinoma bearing mice as pure and adjuvant therapy, the results of which might be used in further human studies as a valuable natural anticancer agent alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Also the results showed that simultaneous application of CUPE and Dox leads to significant reduction of cachexia from the Dox chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tahaghoghi-Hajghorbani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - M A Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - A Rafiei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - M Golpour
- Molecular and Cell Biology Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Z Hosseini-Khah
- Molecular and Cell Biology Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - J Akhtari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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24
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Choi EO, Lee H, HwangBo H, Kwon DH, Kim MY, Ji SY, Hong SH, Kim GY, Park C, Hwang HJ, Moon SK, Yun SJ, Kim WJ, Choi YH. Citrus unshiu peel suppress the metastatic potential of murine melanoma B16F10 cells in vitro and in vivo. Phytother Res 2019; 33:3228-3241. [PMID: 31486124 PMCID: PMC6916627 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The peel of Citrus unshiu Marcow. fruits (CU) has long been used as a traditional medicine that has therapeutic effects against pathogenic diseases, including asthma, vomiting, dyspepsia, blood circulation disorders, and various types of cancer. In this study, we investigated the effect of CU peel on metastatic melanoma, a highly aggressive skin cancer, in B16F10 melanoma cells, and in B16F10 cells inoculated‐C57BL/6 mice. Our results show that ethanol extracts of CU (EECU) inhibited cell growth and increased the apoptotic cells in B16F10 cells. EECU also stimulated the induction of mitochondria‐mediated intrinsic pathway, with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and increased generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, EECU suppressed the migration, invasion, and colony formation of B16F10 cells. In addition, the oral administration of EECU reduced serum lactate dehydrogenase activity without weight loss, hepatotoxicity, nor nephrotoxicity in B16F10 cell‐inoculated mice. Moreover, EECU markedly suppressed lung hypertrophy, the number and expression of metastatic tumor nodules, and the expression of inflammatory tumor necrosis factor‐alpha in lung tissue. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the inhibitory effect of EECU on the metastasis of melanoma indicates that it may be regarded as a potential therapeutic herbal drug for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ok Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesook Lee
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun HwangBo
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hye Kwon
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Yeong Kim
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Yeong Ji
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Nursing, Healthcare Sciences & Human Ecology, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology & Natural Resource, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Joong Yun
- Personalized Tumor Engineering Research Center, Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Personalized Tumor Engineering Research Center, Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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25
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Co-Existence of Hypertensive and Anti-Hypertensive Constituents, Synephrine, and Nobiletin in Citrus unshiu Peel. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071197. [PMID: 30934724 PMCID: PMC6480055 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A single herb can contain multiple constituents with diverse bioactivities. We found that the extract of Citrus unshiu peel (CUP), induced abnormal vasoconstriction responses on the freshly isolated rat aortic rings in vitro. CUP stimulated the vasoconstriction alone, and it suppressed the phenylephrine-stimulated vasoconstriction. We studied the reasons behind this abnormal vasoconstriction pattern. Major constituents of CUP were determined and evaluated for their vaso-activities. Notably, synephrine, a contractile agonist, and nobiletin, newly identified to have anti-contractile activity co-existed in CUP. Synephrine and nobiletin competitively blocked or activated the same contractile targets resulting in contradicting and abnormal vasoconstriction responses. Accordingly, the vasoconstriction pattern varies significantly depending on the relative contents of synephrine and nobiletin in CUP. Interestingly, this response pattern could be observed with another plant extract, Acorus gramineus Sol. Collectively, we demonstrated that active ingredients with contradicting bioactivities could co-exist in a single plant extract, interact and produce abnormal response patterns in bioassay, which would give an important insight into the interpretation of unusual activity patterns induced by plant extracts.
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26
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Beneficial Effects of Citrus Flavonoids on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5484138. [PMID: 30962863 PMCID: PMC6431442 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5484138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasing over time. CVD is a comorbidity in diabetes and contributes to premature death. Citrus flavonoids possess several biological activities and have emerged as efficient therapeutics for the treatment of CVD. Citrus flavonoids scavenge free radicals, improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, modulate lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation, suppress inflammation and apoptosis, and improve endothelial dysfunction. The intake of citrus flavonoids has been associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes. Although citrus flavonoids exerted multiple beneficial effects, their mechanisms of action are not completely established. In this review, we summarized recent findings and advances in understanding the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of citrus flavonoids against oxidative stress, inflammation, diabetes, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. Further studies and clinical trials to assess the efficacy and to explore the underlying mechanism(s) of action of citrus flavonoids are recommended.
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27
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Gosslau A, Zachariah E, Li S, Ho CT. Effects of a flavonoid-enriched orange peel extract against type 2 diabetes in the obese ZDF rat model. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Lim DW, Um MY, Han T, Lee J, Kim YT, Cho S, Kim IH, Han D, Lee C. Standardized Citrus unshiu peel extract ameliorates dexamethasone-induced neurotoxicity and depressive-like behaviors in mice. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1877-1886. [PMID: 30229385 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dried Citrus unshiu peel, also known as Chinpi, have been commonly used as a traditional medicine to improve for allergy, inflammation and hepatopathy. Many previously studies have reported that citrus flavonoids show neuroprotective activities. However, the antidepressant-related effects of C. unshiu peels have not been well characterized. Here, the antidepressant-like effects of standardized C. unshiu peel extract (SCP) were evaluated in in vivo and in vitro depression models induced by dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid. Male ICR mice (9-week-old) were injected the DEX (40 mg/kg) and were orally given SCP daily (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days. The depressive-like behaviors were determined by use of open filed test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), tail suspension test (TST), and forced swim test (FST). We show that treatment with SCP significantly alleviated DEX-induced depressive-like behaviors and reduced neurotoxicity in a concentration dependent manner in SH-SY5Y cells. Additionally, repeated DEX injection markedly decreased brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), and cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), while SCP treatment improved these levels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus regions. Our findings suggest that SCP exhibits significant antidepressant-like effects in the DEX-induced depressive animal model, and this activity may be mediated by preventing corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Lim
- Research group of Functional Food Materials, Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Um
- Research group of Functional Food Materials, Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewon Han
- Research group of Functional Food Materials, Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekwang Lee
- Research group of Functional Food Materials, Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Tai Kim
- Research group of Functional Food Materials, Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Suengmok Cho
- Research group of Functional Food Materials, Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Ho Kim
- Research group of Functional Food Materials, Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeseok Han
- Research group of Functional Food Materials, Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Changho Lee
- Research group of Functional Food Materials, Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Parafati M, Lascala A, La Russa D, Mignogna C, Trimboli F, Morittu VM, Riillo C, Macirella R, Mollace V, Brunelli E, Janda E. Bergamot Polyphenols Boost Therapeutic Effects of the Diet on Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Induced by "Junk Food": Evidence for Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111604. [PMID: 30388763 PMCID: PMC6267059 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wrong alimentary behaviors and so-called “junk food” are a driving force for the rising incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among children and adults. The “junk food” toxicity can be studied in “cafeteria” (CAF) diet animal model. Young rats exposed to CAF diet become obese and rapidly develop NAFLD. We have previously showed that bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau) flavonoids, in the form of bergamot polyphenol fraction (BPF), effectively prevent CAF diet-induced NAFLD in rats. Here, we addressed if BPF can accelerate therapeutic effects of weight loss induced by a normocaloric standard chow (SC) diet. 21 rats fed with CAF diet for 16 weeks to induce NAFLD with inflammatory features (NASH) were divided into three groups. Two groups were switched to SC diet supplemented or not with BPF (CAF/SC±BPF), while one group continued with CAF diet (CAF/CAF) for 10 weeks. BPF had no effect on SC diet-induced weight loss, but it accelerated hepatic lipid droplets clearance and reduced blood triglycerides. Accordingly, BPF improved insulin sensitivity, but had little effect on leptin levels. Interestingly, the inflammatory parameters were still elevated in CAF/SC livers compared to CAF/CAF group after 10 weeks of dietary intervention, despite over 90% hepatic fat reduction. In contrast, BPF supplementation decreased hepatic inflammation by reducing interleukin 6 (Il6) mRNA expression and increasing anti-inflammatory Il10, which correlated with fewer Kupffer cells and lower inflammatory foci score in CAF/SC+BPF livers compared to CAF/SC group. These data indicate that BPF mediates a specific anti-inflammatory activity in livers recovering from NASH, while it boosts lipid-lowering and anti-diabetic effects of the dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Parafati
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
- Interregional Research Center for Food Safety and Health, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Antonella Lascala
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
- Interregional Research Center for Food Safety and Health, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Daniele La Russa
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Chiara Mignogna
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Francesca Trimboli
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Valeria Maria Morittu
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Concetta Riillo
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Rachele Macirella
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
- Interregional Research Center for Food Safety and Health, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Elvira Brunelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Elzbieta Janda
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
- Interregional Research Center for Food Safety and Health, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
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30
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Kim MY, Bo HH, Choi EO, Kwon DH, Kim HJ, Ahn KI, Ji SY, Jeong JW, Park SH, Hong SH, Kim GY, Park C, Kim HS, Moon SK, Yun SJ, Kim WJ, Choi YH. Induction of Apoptosis by Citrus unshiu Peel in Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells: Involvement of ROS-Dependent Activation of AMPK. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:713-721. [PMID: 29709909 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fruit of Citrus unshiu MARKOVICH used for various purposes in traditional medicine has various pharmacological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects. Recently, the possibility of anti-cancer activity of the extracts or components of this fruit has been reported; however, the exact mechanism has not yet been fully understood. In this study, we evaluated the anti-proliferative effect of water extract of C. unshiu peel (WECU) on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and investigated the underlying mechanism. Our results showed that reduction of MCF-7 cell survival by WECU was associated with the induction of apoptosis. WECU-induced apoptotic cell death was related to the activation of caspase-8 and -9, representative initiate caspases of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways, respectively, and increase in the Bax : Bcl-2 ratio accompanied by cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). WECU also increased the mitochondrial dysfunction and cytosolic release of cytochrome c. In addition, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its downstream target molecule, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, were activated in a concentration-dependent manner in WECU-treated cells. In contrast, compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, significantly inhibited WECU-induced apoptosis, while inhibiting increased expression of Bax and decreased expression of Bcl-2 by WECU and inhibition of WECU-induced PARP degradation. Furthermore, WECU provoked the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, the activation of AMKP and apoptosis by WECU were prevented, when the ROS production was blocked by antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine. Therefore, our data indicate that WECU suppresses MCF-7 cell proliferation by activating the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways through ROS-dependent AMPK pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yeong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
| | - Hyun Hwang Bo
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
| | - Eun Ok Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
| | - Da He Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
| | - Hong Jae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
| | - Kyu Im Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
| | - Seon Yeong Ji
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
| | - Jin-Woo Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
| | - Shin-Hyung Park
- Department of Pathology, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine
| | - Su-Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Dongeui University
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology & Natural Resource, Chung-Ang University
| | - Seok-Joong Yun
- Personalized Tumor Engineering Research Center, Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine
| | - Wun Jae Kim
- Personalized Tumor Engineering Research Center, Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
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31
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Clinical Investigations of the Effect of Citrus unshiu Peel Pellet on Obesity and Lipid Profile. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:4341961. [PMID: 30327679 PMCID: PMC6169216 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4341961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Several experimental studies have reported antiobesity and lipid-improving effects of Citrus unshiu. However, clinical studies on its effects are lacking. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of Citrus unshiu peel pellet (CUPP) on obesity and lipid profile. Methods For 118 patients with body mass index (BMI) > 23 who took Citrus unshiu peel pellet (CUPP) for 4 weeks in a Public Health Center, laboratory and biometric readings before and after CUPP administration were analyzed. Results Mean age of these subjects was 53.8±10.6 years (range: 18-75 years). There were 88 (74.6%) females in the study sample (n = 118). A significant (p < 0.01) decrease in BMI from 27.47±2.24 to 27.27±2.22 was observed in all subjects after CUPP treatment and 65.3% (N = 77) of them lost 1.03±0.83 kg of weight after 4 weeks of treatment. Total cholesterol level was significantly (p < 0.01) decreased from 204.0±37.4 mg/dL to 193.5±36.5 mg/dL. Significant (p < 0.05) decreases in levels of low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, and triglyceride were also observed. Conclusions These results suggest that CUPP in practice could help weight control and improve total cholesterol level. Findings of this study provide clinical foundation for future large-scale trials to establish clinical benefits of CUPP.
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32
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Lascala A, Martino C, Parafati M, Salerno R, Oliverio M, Pellegrino D, Mollace V, Janda E. Analysis of proautophagic activities of Citrus flavonoids in liver cells reveals the superiority of a natural polyphenol mixture over pure flavones. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 58:119-130. [PMID: 29890411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Natural compounds present in bergamot polyphenol fraction (BPF) prevent NAFLD and induce autophagy in rat livers. Here, we employed HepG2 cells expressing DsRed-LC3-GFP, a highly sensitive model system to screen for proautophagic compounds present in BPF. BPF induced autophagy in a time- and dose-dependent fashion and the effect was amplified in cells loaded with palmitic acid. Autophagy was mediated by the hydrophobic fraction of acid-hydrolyzed BPF (A-BPF), containing six flavanone and flavone aglycones as identified by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Among them, naringenin, hesperitin, eriodictyol and diosmetin were weak inducers of autophagy. Apigenin showed the strongest and dose-dependent proautophagic activity at early time points (6 h). Luteolin induced a biphasic autophagic response, strong at low doses and inhibitory at higher doses. Both flavones were toxic in HepG2 cells and in differentiated human liver progenitors HepaRG upon longer treatments (24 h). In contrast, BPF and A-BPF did not show any toxicity, but induced a persistent increase in autophagic flux. A mixture of six synthetic aglycones mimicking A-BPF was sufficient to induce a similar autophagic response, but it was mildly cytotoxic. Thus, while six main BPF flavonoids fully account for its proautophagic activity, their combined effect is not sufficient to abrogate cytotoxicity of individual compounds. This suggests that a natural polyphenol phytocomplex, such as BPF, is a safer and more effective strategy for the treatment of NAFLD than the use of pure flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Lascala
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Concetta Martino
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maddalena Parafati
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy; Interregional Research Center for Food Safety and Health, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Raffaele Salerno
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy; Interregional Research Center for Food Safety and Health, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Manuela Oliverio
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Daniela Pellegrino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy; Interregional Research Center for Food Safety and Health, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elzbieta Janda
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy; Interregional Research Center for Food Safety and Health, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Kim MY, Choi EO, HwangBo H, Kwon DH, Ahn KI, Kim HJ, Ji SY, Hong SH, Jeong JW, Kim GY, Park C, Choi YH. Reactive oxygen species-dependent apoptosis induction by water extract of Citrus unshiu peel in MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells. Nutr Res Pract 2018; 12:129-134. [PMID: 29629029 PMCID: PMC5886964 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2018.12.2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Although several recent studies have reported the anti-cancer effects of extracts or components of Citrus unshiu peel, which has been used for various purposes in traditional medicine, the molecular mechanisms for their effects remain unclear. In the present study, the anti-cancer activity of a water-soluble extract of C. unshiu peel (WECU) in MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells at the level of apoptosis induction was investigated. MATERIALS/METHODS Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected using DAPI staining and flow cytometry analyses. Mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, caspase activity and Western blotting were used to confirm the basis of apoptosis. RESULTS The results indicated that WECU-induced apoptosis was related to the activation of caspase-8, and -9, representative initiator caspases of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways, respectively, and caspase-3 accompanied by proteolytic degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and down-regulation of the inhibitors of apoptosis protein family members. WECU also increased the pro-apoptotic BAX to anti-apoptotic BCL-2 ratio, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytoplasm. Furthermore, WECU provoked the generation of ROS, but the reduction of cell viability and induction of apoptosis by WECU were prevented when ROS production was blocked by antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that WECU suppressed proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells by activating extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways in a ROS-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yeong Kim
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, 42 San, Yangjungdong, Busan 47227, Korea.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Eun Ok Choi
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, 42 San, Yangjungdong, Busan 47227, Korea.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Hyun HwangBo
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, 42 San, Yangjungdong, Busan 47227, Korea.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Da He Kwon
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, 42 San, Yangjungdong, Busan 47227, Korea.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Kyu Im Ahn
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, 42 San, Yangjungdong, Busan 47227, Korea.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea.,Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Hong Jae Kim
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, 42 San, Yangjungdong, Busan 47227, Korea.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Seon Yeong Ji
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, 42 San, Yangjungdong, Busan 47227, Korea.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Hong
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, 42 San, Yangjungdong, Busan 47227, Korea.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Jeong
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, 42 San, Yangjungdong, Busan 47227, Korea.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Gi Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, 42 San, Yangjungdong, Busan 47227, Korea.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea
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Ahn KI, Choi EO, Kwon DH, HwangBo H, Kim MY, Kim HJ, Ji SY, Hong SH, Jeong JW, Park C, Kim ND, Kim WJ, Choi YH. Induction of apoptosis by ethanol extract of Citrus unshiu Markovich peel in human bladder cancer T24 cells through ROS-mediated inactivation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Biosci Trends 2017; 11:565-573. [PMID: 29070760 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2017.01218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Citrus unshiu peel has been used to prevent and treat various diseases in traditional East-Asian medicine including in Korea. Extracts of C. unshiu peel are known to have various pharmacological effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. Although the possibility of their anti-cancer activity has recently been reported, the exact mechanisms in human cancer cells have not been sufficiently studied. In this study, the inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of C. unshiu peel (EECU) on the growth of human bladder cancer T24 cells was evaluated and the underlying mechanism was investigated. The present study demonstrated that the suppression of T24 cell viability by EECU is associated with apoptosis induction. EECU-induced apoptosis was found to correlate with an activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3 in concomitance with a decrease in the expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis family of proteins and an increase in the Bax:Bcl-2 ratio accompanied by the proteolytic degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. EECU also increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, and cytochrome c release to the cytosol, along with a truncation of Bid. In addition, EECU inactivated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) as well as Akt, a downstream molecular target of PI3K, and LY294002, a specific PI3K inhibitor significantly enhanced EECU-induced apoptosis and cell viability reduction. However, N-acetyl cysteine, a general ROS scavenger, completely reversed the EECU-induced dephosphorylation of PI3K and Akt, as well as cell apoptosis. Taken together, these findings suggest that EECU inhibits T24 cell proliferation by activating intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways through a ROS-mediated inactivation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Im Ahn
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University.,Department of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University
| | - Eun Ok Choi
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
| | - Da He Kwon
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
| | - Hyun HwangBo
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
| | - Min Yeong Kim
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
| | - Hong Jae Kim
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
| | - Seon Yeong Ji
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
| | - Su-Hyun Hong
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
| | - Jin-Woo Jeong
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Dongeui University
| | - Nam Deuk Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University
| | - Wun Jae Kim
- Personalized Tumor Engineering Research Center, Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
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35
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Hu Y, Zhang W, Ke Z, Li Y, Zhou Z. In vitro release and antioxidant activity of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus reticulata
Blanco cv. unshiu) peel flavonoids encapsulated by pectin nanoparticles. Int J Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture; Southwest University; Chongqing 400716 China
| | - Wenlin Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture; Southwest University; Chongqing 400716 China
| | - Zunli Ke
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture; Southwest University; Chongqing 400716 China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Food Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Zhiqin Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture; Southwest University; Chongqing 400716 China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing); Ministry of Agriculture; Citrus Research Institute; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
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36
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Jannat S, Ali MY, Kim HR, Koirala P, Jung HA, Choi JS. Hepatoprotective effects of different combinations of sweet orange, Unshiu mikan, and mini tomato juice powders against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susoma Jannat
- Department of Food and Life Science; Pukyong National University; Busan 608-737 Republic of Korea
| | - Md Yousof Ali
- Department of Food and Life Science; Pukyong National University; Busan 608-737 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeung-Rak Kim
- Department of Food and Life Science; Pukyong National University; Busan 608-737 Republic of Korea
| | - Prashamsa Koirala
- Department of Food and Life Science; Pukyong National University; Busan 608-737 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju 561-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science; Pukyong National University; Busan 608-737 Republic of Korea
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37
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de Castro CA, dos Santos Dias MM, da Silva KA, dos Reis SA, da Conceição LL, De Nadai Marcon L, de Sousa Moraes LF, do Carmo Gouveia Peluzio M. Liver Biomarkers and Their Applications to Nutritional Interventions in Animal Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7675-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Al-Amoudi WM. Effect of Grapefruit Juice on Aluminum-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats: Histological, Ultrastructural and Histochemical Assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2017.812034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Khalil AA, Rahman UU, Khan MR, Sahar A, Mehmood T, Khan M. Essential oil eugenol: sources, extraction techniques and nutraceutical perspectives. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04803c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphical representation regarding sources, extraction techniques and nutraceutical perspectives of eugenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees Ahmed Khalil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences
- University of Agriculture
- Faisalabad
- Pakistan
| | - Ubaid ur Rahman
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences
- University of Agriculture
- Faisalabad
- Pakistan
| | - Moazzam Rafiq Khan
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences
- University of Agriculture
- Faisalabad
- Pakistan
| | - Amna Sahar
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences
- University of Agriculture
- Faisalabad
- Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mehmood
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences
- University of Agriculture
- Faisalabad
- Pakistan
| | - Muneeb Khan
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences
- University of Agriculture
- Faisalabad
- Pakistan
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40
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Baba S, Ueno Y, Kikuchi T, Tanaka R, Fujimori K. A Limonoid Kihadanin B from Immature Citrus unshiu Peels Suppresses Adipogenesis through Repression of the Akt-FOXO1-PPARγ Axis in Adipocytes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9607-9615. [PMID: 27977180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Citrus limonoids are secondary metabolites and exhibit a variety of biological activities. In this study, we elucidated the suppression of adipogenesis by a Citrus limonoid kihadanin B and determined its molecular mechanism in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Kihadanin B was purified from the peels of immature Citrus unshiu by HPLC, and its chemical structure was determined by NMR and mass spectrometry. Kihadanin B reduced the lipid accumulation with the reduction of the expression levels of the adipogenic and lipogenic genes, but did not affect lipolysis in adipocytes. Phosphorylation levels of Akt and a forkhead transcriptional factor, FOXO1, a repressor of PPARγ, were lowered by kihadanin B. Furthermore, kihadanin B increased the binding level of FOXO1 to the PPARγ gene promoter in adipocytes. These results indicate that a Citrus limonoid kihadanin B repressed the adipogenesis by decreasing lipid accumulation through the suppression of the Akt-FOXO1-PPARγ axis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Baba
- Laboratory of Biodefense and Regulation, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Ueno
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Reiko Tanaka
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Ko Fujimori
- Laboratory of Biodefense and Regulation, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
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41
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Herbal Formula HT048 Attenuates Diet-Induced Obesity by Improving Hepatic Lipid Metabolism and Insulin Resistance in Obese Rats. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111424. [PMID: 27792149 PMCID: PMC6274173 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that obesity causes a variety of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Despite the diligent scientific efforts to find effective ways to lower the level of obesity, the size of obese population grows continuously around the world. Here we present the results that show feeding diet containing HT048, a mixture of the extracts of Crataegus pinnatifida leaves and Citrus unshiu peel, two of the well-known traditional herbal medicines in Eastern Asia, decreases obesity in rats. We fed rats with five different diets for 10 weeks: chow diet (STD), high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet with 0.04% orlistat, a drug to treat obesity (HFD + Orlistat), high-fat diet with 0.2% HT048 (w/w; HFD + 0.2% HT048), and high-fat diet with 0.6% HT048 (w/w; HFD + 0.6% HT048). It was found that both body and total white adipose tissue weight of HT048 groups significantly decreased compared to those of the HFD group. Moreover, HT048 decreased serum insulin levels in HFD-fed obese rats. At the molecular level, HT048 supplementation downregulated genes involved in lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and adipogenesis, while the expression level of β-oxidation genes was increased. Supplementation-drug interactions are not likely as HFD and HT048-containing diet did not significantly induce genes encoding CYPs. Collectively, this study suggests that HT048 taken as dietary supplement helps to decrease obesity and insulin resistance in HFD-fed obese rats.
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42
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Jannat S, Ali MY, Kim HR, Jung HA, Choi JS. Protective Effects of Sweet Orange, Unshiu Mikan, and Mini Tomato Juice Powders on t-BHP-Induced Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2016; 21:208-220. [PMID: 27752497 PMCID: PMC5063206 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2016.21.3.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of juice powders from sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck], unshiu mikan (Citrus unshiu Marcow), and mini tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and their major flavonoids, hesperidin, narirutin, and rutin in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. The increased reactive oxygen species and decreased glutathione levels observed in t-BHP-treated HepG2 cells were ameliorated by pretreatment with juice powders, indicating that the hepatoprotective effects of juice powders and their major flavonoids are mediated by induction of cellular defense against oxidative stress. Moreover, pretreatment with juice powders up-regulated phase-II genes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), thereby preventing cellular damage and the resultant increase in HO-1 expression. The high-performance liquid chromatography profiles of the juice powders confirmed that hesperidin, narirutin, and rutin were the key flavonoids present. Our results suggest that these fruit juice powders and their major flavonoids provide a significant cytoprotective effect against oxidative stress, which is most likely due to the flavonoid-related bioactive compounds present, leading to the normal redox status of cells. Therefore, these fruit juice powders could be advantageous as bioactive sources for the prevention of oxidative injury in hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susoma Jannat
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Md Yousof Ali
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Hyeung-Rak Kim
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
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43
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Shim JH, Lee SJ, Gim H, Kim HJ, Han T, Kim JG, Lim EY, Kim YT, Kim BJ. Regulation of the pacemaker activities in cultured interstitial cells of Cajal by Citrus unshiu peel extracts. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3908-16. [PMID: 27572234 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Citrus unshiu peel has been widely used for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in Eastern traditional medicine. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Citrus unshiu peel extract (CPE) on the pacemaker activity of the GI tract in cultured interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) derived from the mouse small intestine. The whole‑cell patch‑clamp configuration was used to record pacemaker potentials. In current clamp mode, exposure to CPE caused membrane pacemaker depolarization in a concentration‑dependent manner. In the presence of the muscarinic M2 receptor antagonist, methoctramine, CPE induced membrane pacemaker depolarization, whereas treatment with the muscarinic M3 receptor antagonist, 1,1-dimethyl-4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium iodide, inhibited CPE‑induced responses. When the pipette solution contained guanosine 5'-(β-thio) diphosphate trilithium salt (1 mM), CPE marginally induced membrane pacemaker depolarization. In addition, CPE‑induced membrane pacemaker depolarization was inhibited following exposure to the active phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U‑73122, but not the inactive PLC inhibitor U‑73343. In the presence of a p42/p44 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor (PD98059), a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) or a c‑jun NH2‑terminal kinase (JNK) II inhibitor, CPE failed to induce membrane pacemaker depolarization. These results suggest that CPE may affect GI motility through modulating ICC pacemaker activity by activating the muscarinic M3 receptor and inducing the G‑protein dependent PLC and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hwan Shim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnamdo 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Lee
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnamdo 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Huijin Gim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnamdo 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnamdo 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewon Han
- Research Group of Innovative Special Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13539, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Goo Kim
- Research Group of Innovative Special Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13539, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeong Lim
- Research Group of Innovative Special Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13539, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Tai Kim
- Research Group of Innovative Special Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13539, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Joo Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnamdo 50612, Republic of Korea
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Mulvihill EE, Burke AC, Huff MW. Citrus Flavonoids as Regulators of Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Nutr 2016; 36:275-99. [PMID: 27146015 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Citrus flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds with significant biological properties. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the ability of citrus flavonoids to modulate lipid metabolism, other metabolic parameters related to the metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis. Citrus flavonoids, including naringenin, hesperitin, nobiletin, and tangeretin, have emerged as potential therapeutics for the treatment of metabolic dysregulation. Epidemiological studies reveal an association between the intake of citrus flavonoid-containing foods and a decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease. Studies in cell culture and animal models, as well as a limited number of clinical studies, reveal the lipid-lowering, insulin-sensitizing, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory properties of citrus flavonoids. In animal models, supplementation of rodent diets with citrus flavonoids prevents hepatic steatosis, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance primarily through inhibition of hepatic fatty acid synthesis and increased fatty acid oxidation. Citrus flavonoids blunt the inflammatory response in metabolically important tissues including liver, adipose, kidney, and the aorta. The mechanisms underlying flavonoid-induced metabolic regulation have not been completely established, although several potential targets have been identified. In mouse models, citrus flavonoids show marked suppression of atherogenesis through improved metabolic parameters as well as through direct impact on the vessel wall. Recent studies support a role for citrus flavonoids in the treatment of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, obesity, and atherosclerosis. Larger human studies examining dose, bioavailability, efficacy, and safety are required to promote the development of these promising therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Mulvihill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7; ; .,Current address: Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3L9;
| | - Amy C Burke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7; ;
| | - Murray W Huff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7; ; .,Department of Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
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45
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Citrus unshiu peel extract alleviates cancer-induced weight loss in mice bearing CT-26 adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24214. [PMID: 27064118 PMCID: PMC4827095 DOI: 10.1038/srep24214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a critical feature of cancer-induced cachexia, caused by pro-cachectic factors secreted by host cells and tumor cells. Therefore, blockade of these factors has considered a reasonable target for pharmacological and nutritional interventions to prevent skeletal muscle loss under cancer-induced cachexia. Citrus unshiu peel (CUP) has been used for treating the common cold, dyspepsia, and bronchial discomfort and reported to have pharmacological activities against inflammation, allergy, diabetes, and viral infection. In the present study, we observed that daily oral administration of water extract of CUP (WCUP) to male BALB/c mice bearing CT-26 adenocarcinoma remarkably reduced the losses in final body weight, carcass weight, gastrocnemius muscle, epididymal adipose tissue, and hemoglobin (Hb), compared with saline treatment. The levels of serum IL-6 and muscle-specific E3 ligases elevated by tumor burden were also considerably reduced by WCUP administration. In an in vitro experiment, WCUP efficiently suppressed the production of pro-cachectic cytokines in immune cells as well as cancer cells. In addition, WCUP treatment attenuated C2C12 skeletal muscle cell atrophy caused by cancer cells. These findings collectively suggest that WCUP is beneficial as a nutritional supplement for the management of cancer patients with severe weight loss.
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Guo J, Tao H, Cao Y, Ho CT, Jin S, Huang Q. Prevention of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes with Aged Citrus Peel (Chenpi) Extract. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2053-61. [PMID: 26912037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b06157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chenpi is the dry peel of the plant Citrus reticulata Blanco after an aging processing. It has been used as an antidigestive and anti-inflammatory traditional medicine, as well as culinary seasoning and dietary supplement, in China. However, its efficacy and underlying scientific mechanism have not been sufficiently investigated. Chenpi is uniquely enriched with a high content of 5-demethylated polymethoxyflavones (5-OH PMFs). The effect of chenpi extract on improving metabolic features was examined using high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity/diabetes mouse model. Oral administration of 0.25 and 0.5% chenpi extract in food over 15 weeks markedly prevented HFD-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis, and diabetic symptoms. The beneficial effect is associated with 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in adipose tissue. Our results indicate that 5-OH PMFs-enriched chenpi extract is effective in preventing obesity and type 2 diabetes, and its effect might be related to improvement in lipid metabolism associated with activation of the AMPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Guo
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University , 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Hanlin Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yong Cao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University , 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Shengkang Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Qingrong Huang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University , 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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Baek JM, Min JY, Kim JY, Yoon KH, Choi MK, Oh J, Lee MS. The inhibitory effects of Citrus unshiu Markovich extracts on the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa-B ligand-mediated osteoclast differentiation and function. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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di Gesso JL, Kerr JS, Zhang Q, Raheem S, Yalamanchili SK, O'Hagan D, Kay CD, O'Connell MA. Flavonoid metabolites reduce tumor necrosis factor-α secretion to a greater extent than their precursor compounds in human THP-1 monocytes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1143-54. [PMID: 25801720 PMCID: PMC4973837 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Scope Flavonoids are generally studied in vitro, in isolation, and as unmetabolized precursor structures. However, in the habitual diet, multiple flavonoids are consumed together and found present in the circulation as complex mixtures of metabolites. Using a unique study design, we investigated the potential for singular or additive anti‐inflammatory effects of flavonoid metabolites relative to their precursor structures. Methods and results Six flavonoids, 14 flavonoid metabolites, and 29 combinations of flavonoids and their metabolites (0.1–10 μM) were screened for their ability to reduce LPS‐induced tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) secretion in THP‐1 monocytes. One micromolar peonidin‐3‐glucoside, cyanidin‐3‐glucoside, and the metabolites isovanillic acid (IVA), IVA‐glucuronide, vanillic acid‐glucuronide, protocatechuic acid‐3‐sulfate, and benzoic acid‐sulfate significantly reduced TNF‐α secretion when in isolation, while there was no effect on TNF‐α mRNA expression. Four combinations of metabolites that included 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid (4HBA) and/or protocatechuic acid also significantly reduced TNF‐α secretion to a greater extent than the precursors or metabolites alone. The effects on LPS‐induced IL‐1β and IL‐10 secretion and mRNA expression were also examined. 4HBA significantly reduced IL‐1β secretion but none of the flavonoids or metabolites significantly modified IL‐10 secretion. Conclusion This study provides novel evidence suggesting flavonoid bioactivity results from cumulative or additive effects of circulating metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L di Gesso
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jason S Kerr
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Qingzhi Zhang
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Saki Raheem
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | | | - David O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Colin D Kay
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Noh HJ, Hwang D, Lee ES, Hyun JW, Yi PH, Kim GS, Lee SE, Pang C, Park YJ, Chung KH, Kim GD, Kim KH. Anti-inflammatory activity of a new cyclic peptide, citrusin XI, isolated from the fruits of Citrus unshiu. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 163:106-112. [PMID: 25625351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Citrus unshiu (Rutaceae) is an easy-peeling citrus fruit, which has been used as a traditional Korean medicine for improving skin elasticity, relieving fatigue and cough, and preventing bronchitis, flu, and various cancers. However, its active components associated with anti-inflammation and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the active constituents from the fruits of Citrus unshiu and evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity in order to support the traditional usage of Citrus unshiu. MATERIAL AND METHODS Repeated column chromatography, together with a semi-preparative HPLC purification was used to separate the bioactive constituent from the EtOAc soluble fraction of the EtOH extract of Citrus unshiu fruits. Anti-inflammatory effects of the isolated compounds on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of pro-inflammatory mediators were examined using RAW264.7 macrophage cells. RESULTS A new cyclic peptide, citrusin XI (1), was isolated and identified from the fruits of Citrus unshiu. The structure of compound 1 was elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) ((1)H, (13)C, COSY, HMQC and HMBC experiments), and high resolution (HR)-mass spectrometry, and its absolute configurations were further confirmed by the Marfey׳s method. Compound 1 decreased NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 70μM. Compound 1 suppressed NO production by decreasing iNOS expression but COX-2 expression was slightly associated with the reduction by compound 1 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, compound 1 inhibited NF-κB activation by blocking IκBα degradation and NF-κB phosphorylation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that a new cyclic peptide, citrusin XI, from Citrus unshiu fruits has anti-inflammatory properties that inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Compound 1 decreases NO production by decreasing iNOS expression and NF-κB activation associated with IκBα degradation and NF-κB phosphorylation in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. This is the first study to clarify the underlying mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect exerted by a pure isolated compound from Citrus unshiu in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The phytochemical, citrusin XI of Citrus unshiu may serve as lead compound in the design of new agents for preventing and treating inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jun Noh
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseoung 369-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Dukhyun Hwang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Suk Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseoung 369-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wook Hyun
- Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeju 697-943, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyoung Ho Yi
- Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeju 697-943, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum Soog Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseoung 369-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseoung 369-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Joo Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyuck Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Do Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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An on-line HPLC-FRSD system for rapid evaluation of the total antioxidant capacity of Citrus fruits. Food Chem 2015; 172:622-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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