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Fan J, Hu J. Retinol binding protein 4 and type 2 diabetes: from insulin resistance to pancreatic β-cell function. Endocrine 2024:10.1007/s12020-024-03777-5. [PMID: 38520616 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is an adipokine that has been explored as a key biomarker of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in recent years. Researchers have conducted a series of experiments to understand the interplay between RBP4 and T2DM, including its role in insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell function. The results of these studies indicate that RBP4 has a significant influence on T2DM and is considered a potential biomarker of T2DM. However, there have also been some controversies about the relationship between RBP4 levels and T2DM. In this review, we update and summarize recent studies focused on the relationship between RBP4 and T2DM and its role in insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell function to clarify the existing controversy and provide evidence for future studies. We also assessed the potential therapeutic applications of RBP4 in treating T2DM. METHODS A narrative review. RESULTS Overall, there were significant associations between RBP4 levels, insulin resistance, pancreatic β-cell function, and T2DM. CONCLUSIONS More mechanistic studies are needed to determine the role of RBP4 in the onset of T2DM, especially in terms of pancreatic β-cell function. In addition, further studies are required to evaluate the effects of drug intervention, lifestyle intervention, and bariatric surgery on RBP4 levels to control T2DM and the role of reducing RBP4 levels in improving insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Research, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Institute of Tuberculosis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Jinxing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Research, Department of Tuberculosis, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Institute of Tuberculosis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, PR China
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Pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines are associated with cardiometabolic risk markers in Brazilian schoolchildren. Eur J Pediatr 2021; 180:2931-2941. [PMID: 33834274 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines have been regarded as potential markers of obesity and cardiometabolic comorbidities. However, few studies have evaluated this association in children. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between adipokine concentrations and cardiometabolic risk markers in Brazilian schoolchildren. This was a cross-sectional study with 378 children aged 8-9 years from Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We measured adipokines (leptin, retinol-binding protein 4, adiponectin, and chemerin) and cardiometabolic risk markers (fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, lipid profile, and blood pressure). Cardiometabolic risk markers were compared by quintiles of adipokines with linear regression adjusted for potential confounders. Leptin was positively associated with diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.03) and HOMA-IR (P = 0.01), and retinol-binding protein 4 was positively associated with total cholesterol (P = 0.04). Each standard deviation of leptin and retinol-binding protein 4 was associated to, respectively, a 0.1 (95%CI: 0.1; 0.2), 0.3 (95%CI: 0.1; 0.6), and 2.5 (95%CI: 0.1; 4.9) units increase in diastolic blood pressure, HOMA-IR, and total cholesterol. Adiponectin was negatively associated with diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.01) and HOMA-IR (P = 0.01), and chemerin was negatively associated with glucose (P = 0.001). Each standard deviation of adiponectin and chemerin was associated to, respectively, a -0.1 (95%CI: -0.2; -0.1), -0.2 (95%CI: -0.3; -0.1), and -1.2 (95%CI: -1.9; -0.5) units decrease in diastolic blood pressure, HOMA-IR, and glucose.Conclusion: Pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines were positively and negatively associated with cardiometabolic risk markers, respectively, among schoolchildren, indicating this relationship may be identified at earlier ages. What is Known: • Although leptin, retinol-binding protein 4, and adiponectin are well-known adipokines, a consensus regarding their relationship with cardiometabolic risk markers, especially in schoolchildren, has not yet been reached. • Chemerin is an adipokine that has been studied recently. Yet, due to its dependence on the target cell type, its functions are still a controversial topic. What is New: • Leptin was positively associated with diastolic blood pressure and HOMA-IR, and retinol-binding protein 4 was positively associated with total cholesterol. • Adiponectin was negatively associated with diastolic blood pressure and HOMA-IR, and chemerin was negatively associated with glucose.
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Retinol binding protein 4 primes the NLRP3 inflammasome by signaling through Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31309-31318. [PMID: 33214151 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013877117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) inflammation contributes to systemic insulin resistance. In obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), the major retinol carrier in serum, is elevated in AT and has proinflammatory effects which are mediated partially through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). We now show that RBP4 primes the NLRP3 inflammasome for interleukin-1β (IL1β) release, in a glucose-dependent manner, through the TLR4/MD2 receptor complex and TLR2. This impairs insulin signaling in adipocytes. IL1β is elevated in perigonadal white AT (PGWAT) of chow-fed RBP4-overexpressing mice and in serum and PGWAT of high-fat diet-fed RBP4-overexpressing mice vs. wild-type mice. Holo- or apo-RBP4 injection in wild-type mice causes insulin resistance and elevates PGWAT inflammatory markers, including IL1β. TLR4 inhibition in RBP4-overexpressing mice reduces PGWAT inflammation, including IL1β levels and improves insulin sensitivity. Thus, the proinflammatory effects of RBP4 require NLRP3-inflammasome priming. These studies may provide approaches to reduce AT inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity and diabetes.
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Abstract
Much evidence has accumulated in the literature over the last fifteen years that indicates vitamin A has a role in metabolic disease prevention and causation. This literature proposes that vitamin A can affect obesity development and the development of obesity-related diseases including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular disease. Retinoic acid, the transcriptionally active form of vitamin A, accounts for many of the reported associations. However, a number of proteins involved in vitamin A metabolism, including retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1, alternatively known as retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 or RALDH1), have also been identified as being associated with metabolic disease. Some of the reported effects of these vitamin A-related proteins are proposed to be independent of their roles in assuring normal retinoic acid homeostasis. This review will consider both human observational data as well as published data from molecular studies undertaken in rodent models and in cells in culture. The primary focus of the review will be on the effects that vitamin A per se and proteins involved in vitamin A metabolism have on adipocytes, adipose tissue biology, and adipose-related disease, as well as on early stage liver disease, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Blaner
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032.
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Li G, Esangbedo IC, Xu L, Fu J, Li L, Feng D, Han L, Xiao X, Li M, Mi J, Li M, Gao S, Willi SM. Childhood retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) levels predicting the 10-year risk of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome: the BCAMS study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:69. [PMID: 29759068 PMCID: PMC5950249 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) levels may contribute to the development of metabolic abnormalities, but prospective studies evaluating the association between childhood RBP4 levels and metabolic syndrome (MS) in adulthood are lacking. We investigated whether RBP4 levels during childhood predict cardiometabolic risk at 10-year follow-up. Methods The relationships between RBP4 levels, the established adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) and the components of MS were examined in 3445 school-aged children recruited in 2004 for the Beijing Child and Adolescent Metabolic Syndrome study. In 2015, 352 of these individuals completed an in-depth follow-up examination. Results Participants with higher childhood RBP4 levels had adverse cardiometabolic profiles at follow-up. Those with incident or persistent MS had higher baseline RBP4 levels than those who never exhibited the elements of MS. Moreover, baseline RBP4 predicted hyperglycemia (OR per SD increase = 1.48, P = 0.009), elevated triglyceride (OR = 1.54, P < 0.001), elevated blood pressures (OR = 1.46, P = 0.015), MS (OR = 1.68, P = 0.002) and insulin resistance (OR = 1.44, P = 0.015) in the 10-year follow-up phase, independent of baseline BMI. Significant improvements were seen for the net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination index after adding childhood RBP4 levels into the risk models using conventional cardiometabolic risk factors in predicting MS at follow-up (P < 0.05). Leptin and adiponectin demonstrated the expected associations with metabolic disorders. Conclusions Childhood RBP4 serves as a risk factor for subsequent development of MS and its components, independent of pediatric obesity. Incorporating childhood RBP4 into conventional cardiometabolic risk assessment models significantly improves the prediction of MS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12933-018-0707-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Issy C Esangbedo
- Health Weight Program, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Junling Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lujiao Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100043, China
| | - Lanwen Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100043, China
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jie Mi
- Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100043, China.
| | - Steven M Willi
- Department of Endocrinology/Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Li Q, Wu W, Lin H, Chang X, Bian H, Xia M, Yan H, Gao X. Serum retinol binding protein 4 is negatively related to estrogen in Chinese women with obesity: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:52. [PMID: 26960804 PMCID: PMC4784408 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between serum Retinol Binding Protein 4 (RBP4) and obesity is still controversial. Serum RBP4 levels varies by gender, and estradiol may play a role in the difference. To investigate the participation of sex hormones in the association of RBP4 and obesity in humans, we measured serum RBP4, BMI, and sex hormones in 87 women from the outpatient. METHODS Eighty-seven subjects of Chinese women origin from the outpatient (aged 40.22 ± 15.54 years) were enrolled. Subjects with diseases affecting the metabolic state or not suitable to participate in this study were excluded. Anthropometrics and laboratory tests, including lipid profile, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL), estradiol (E2),progesterone (PROG), testosterone (TESTO), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were conducted. Serum RBP4 was detected by an enzyme immunoassay kit and validated by quantitative Western blotting. RESULTS Circulating RBP4 levels were positively associated with BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), systolic and diastolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglycerides (TG), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-c), and testosterone (TESTO) in the total group. While only in obese individuals, serum RBP4 levels were negatively associated with E2. The highest value was in the subjects with both obesity and the low estrogen level. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that RBP4 correlated independently with TG, TC and insulin in all subjects, TC in non- obese individuals. However, E2 were significantly associated with serum RBP4 only in obese individuals. CONCLUSIONS RBP4 could be a marker of obesity-related factors; estrogen was negatively related to RBP4 and might be one of the influential factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weiyun Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Huandong Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xinxia Chang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hua Bian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mingfeng Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongmei Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Feng S, Zhu Y, Yan C, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Retinol binding protein 4 correlates with and is an early predictor of carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. J Biomed Res 2015; 29:451. [PMID: 26423613 PMCID: PMC4662206 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.29.20140087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) with atherosclerosis of the carotid artery in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains undefined. We aimed to investigate the correlation of RBP4 expression with atherosclerosis of the carotid artery in T2DM. A total of 1,076 subjects were investigated for intima-media thickness of the bilateral common carotid arteries, and they were divided into three groups: in group I, patients had normal neck vascular ultrasound, in group II, intimal carotid artery media thickness was equal to or more than 1 mm, and in group III, carotid artery plaque was present. Height, weight, blood pressure (BP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein A-1 (Apo A-1), apolipoprotein B (Apo B) and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) were determined by routine laboratory methods. RBP4 and high sensitivity C reactive protein (HsCRP) were measured by an enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay, and insulin concentration was measured by an electrochemiluminescence sandwich immunoassay. Duration of diabetes, waist and BP, FPG, HbA1c, TG, TC, LDL-C, APOB, Lp(a), HsCRP, RBP4 and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were significantly lower in group I than in the other two groups (P<0.01, P<0.01). Plasma levels of HbA1c, RBP4, LDL-C, TC, HOMA-IR, HsCRP and Lp(a), waist and BP were significantly increased in group III than in group II (P<0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that there were seven factors associated with the occurrence of carotid artery atherosclerosis and its risks in descending order were: high LDL-C, high waist, high HsCRP, duration of diabetes, high HOMA-IR, HbA1c and high RBP4. Our finding supported that RBP4 was positively correlated with carotid atherosclerosis in patients with T2DM and could be used as an early predictor of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyong Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Caifeng Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Zhenweng Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China.
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Pandey GK, Balasubramanyam J, Balakumar M, Deepa M, Anjana RM, Abhijit S, Kaviya A, Velmurugan K, Miranda P, Balasubramanyam M, Mohan V, Gokulakrishnan K. ALTERED CIRCULATING LEVELS OF RETINOL BINDING PROTEIN 4 AND TRANSTHYRETIN IN RELATION TO INSULIN RESISTANCE, OBESITY, AND GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE IN ASIAN INDIANS. Endocr Pract 2015; 21:861-9. [PMID: 26121433 DOI: 10.4158/ep14558.or] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) has been implicated in metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but few studies have looked at transthyretin (TTR) with which RBP4 is normally bound to in the circulation. We report on the systemic levels of RBP4 and TTR and their associations with insulin resistance, obesity, prediabetes, and T2DM in Asian Indians. METHODS Age-matched individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT, n = 90), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT, n = 70) and T2DM (n = 90) were recruited from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES). Insulin resistance was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). RBP4 and TTR levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Circulatory RBP4 and TTR levels (in μg/mL) were highest in T2DM (RBP4: 13 ± 3.9, TTR: 832 ± 310) followed by IGT (RBP4: 10.5 ± 3.2; TTR: 720 ± 214) compared to NGT (RBP4: 8.7 ± 2.5; TTR: 551 ± 185; P<.001). Compared to nonobese NGT individuals, obese NGT, nonobese T2DM, and obese T2DM had higher RBP4 (8.1 vs. 10.6, 12.1, and 13.2 μg/mL, P<.01) and TTR levels (478 vs. 737, 777, and 900 μg/mL, P<.01). RBP4 but not TTR was significantly (P<.001) correlated with insulin resistance even among NGT subjects. In regression analysis, RBP4 and TTR showed significant associations with T2DM after adjusting for confounders (RBP4 odds ratio [OR]: 1.107, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.008-1.216; TTR OR: 1.342, 95% CI: 1.165-1.547). CONCLUSION Circulatory levels of RBP4 and TTR showed a significant associations with glucose intolerance, obesity, T2DM and RBP4 additionally, with insulin resistance.
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Huang QT, Huang Q, Luo W, Li F, Hang LL, Yu YH, Zhong M. Circulating retinol-binding protein 4 levels in gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015; 31:337-44. [PMID: 25703255 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1005594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is a novel adipocyte-derived cytokine playing an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Although the association between RBP4 and metabolic dysfunction is well established, studies on the relationship between circulating RBP4 levels and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have yielded inconclusive results. We performed a meta-analysis to investigate whether women with GDM had higher circulating RBP4 levels than the normglycemic pregnant women. PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE were searched up to 1 August 2014. A total of 14 studies comprised of 884 women with GDM and 1251 normglycemic pregnant women were included. The overall results suggested that maternal circulating RBP4 levels were significantly higher in GDM than their normal controls (SMD: 0.49 μg/ml, 95% CI: 0.23-0.75 μg/ml, p < 0.001, random effect model). However, stratified results indicated that this significant difference only existed in the second/third trimester and was limited to Asian populations. Furthermore, subgroup analysis according to matched maternal age and BMI still demonstrated that GDM had higher circulating RBP4 levels than the normal controls. Our findings suggested that Asian women with GDM had increased circulating RBP4 levels in their second/third trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Tao Huang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , P.R. China and
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Abstract
The ever growing prevalence of childhood obesity is being accompanied by an increase in the pediatric population of diseases once believed to be exclusive of the adulthood such as the metabolic syndrome (MS). The MS has been defined as the link between insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and other metabolic abnormalities associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in adults. In this review, we will discuss the peculiar aspects of the pediatric MS and the role of novel molecules and biomarkers in its pathogenesis.
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Codoñer-Franch P, Mora-Herranz A, Simó-Jordá R, Pérez-Rambla C, Boix-García L, Faus-Pérez A. Retinol-binding protein 4 levels are associated with measures of liver and renal function and oxidant/antioxidant status in obese children. J Pediatr 2013; 163:593-5. [PMID: 23623516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Serum retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) has been proposed as a metabolic risk factor in obesity. We found that RBP4 levels also were associated with liver enzymes and cystatin C. Oxidant stress is a significant feature in obese children with greater values of RBP4 that can mediate the development of comorbidities.
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Sun Q, Kiernan UA, Shi L, Phillips DA, Kahn BB, Hu FB, Manson JE, Albert CM, Rexrode KM. Plasma retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) levels and risk of coronary heart disease: a prospective analysis among women in the nurses' health study. Circulation 2013; 127:1938-47. [PMID: 23584360 PMCID: PMC3741657 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.002073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) may play an important role in the origin of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Few prospective data are available on the relationship between RBP4 and coronary heart disease (CHD). Furthermore, previous studies did not distinguish among full-length and truncated forms of RBP4 that might have various biological activities. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured plasma levels of full-length and several C-terminally truncated subfractions of RBP4 among 468 women who developed CHD and 472 matched controls in the Nurses' Health Study cohort during 16 years of follow-up (1990-2006). We observed a temporal variation in the association of full-length RBP4 levels with CHD risk (P=0.04 for testing proportional hazard assumption). In the first 8 years of follow-up, after multivariate adjustment for covariates, the odds ratio of CHD risk comparing extreme quartiles of full-length RBP4 levels was 3.56 (95% confidence interval, 1.21-10.51; Ptrend=0.003), whereas this association was 0.77 (95% confidence interval, 0.38-1.56; Ptrend=0.44) in the follow-up period of 9 to 16 years. Results were similar for total RBP4 levels (summed levels of all RBP4 isoforms). Levels of the primary truncated isoform, RBP4-L, were not associated with CHD risk in any follow-up period; the odds ratios for extreme quartiles were 1.29 (95% confidence interval, 0.50-3.32) and 1.20 (95% confidence interval, 0.64-2.26) in the first and second 8 years of follow-up, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of women, higher circulating full-length and total RBP4 levels were associated with increased risk of CHD in a time-dependent fashion. Additional data are warranted to confirm the present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Departments of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Serum retinol-binding protein 4 is independently associated with pediatric NAFLD and fasting triglyceride level. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 56:145-50. [PMID: 22983378 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3182722aee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is identified as a major liver disease in children. The present study aimed to identify the prevalence and predictors of pediatric NAFLD and the correlation between serum retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) levels and metabolic characteristics in children. METHODS A total of 748 schoolchildren, ages 6 to 12 years, were enrolled in 2009. The body weight and height were measured in the morning before intake. Laboratory tests included overnight fasting serum lipids, insulin, liver enzymes, and RBP4 levels. Hepatic steatosis was determined by ultrasound in 219 volunteers. RESULTS The rates of NAFLD were 3% in the normal-weight, 25% in the overweight, and 76% in the obese children. Twenty (22%) of obese children had abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. In children with NAFLD, younger age and higher body mass index (BMI), insulin/homeostasis model of assessment, and male sex rate were associated with abnormal liver function. Stepwise increments in BMI, insulin, homeostasis model of assessment, and ALT were found in children with normal livers to simple steatosis, and to steatosis with abnormal ALT. Multiple logistic regression analysis confirmed that serum RBP4 levels (P = 0.048), ALT (P = 0.048), and BMI (P < 0.001) were independently predictors of pediatric NAFLD. Moreover, multiple linear regression analysis revealed that only serum triglycerides levels were positively related to RBP4 levels (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Higher RBP4 and ALT levels as well as BMI are independently associated with pediatric NAFLD in Taiwan. In addition, an increment in RBP4 levels was positively correlated to hypertriglyceridemia in children.
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DeBoer MD. Obesity, systemic inflammation, and increased risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes among adolescents: a need for screening tools to target interventions. Nutrition 2013; 29:379-86. [PMID: 23022122 PMCID: PMC3578702 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus have their roots in childhood, particularly in obese children and adolescents, raising important opportunities for early lifestyle intervention in at-risk individuals. However, not all obese individuals are at the same risk for disease progression. Accurate screening of obese adolescents may identify those in greatest need for intensive intervention to prevent or delay future disease. One potential screening target is obesity-related inflammation, which contributes to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and CVD. In adults, the inflammatory marker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) has utility for risk stratification and treatment initiation in individuals of intermediate CVD risk. In adolescents, hsCRP shares many of the associations of hsCRP in adults regarding the degree of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and carotid artery media thickness. However, long-term data linking increased hsCRP levels-and increased insulin or decreased adiponectin-in childhood to adult disease outcomes are lacking at this time. Future efforts continue to be needed to identify childhood clinical and laboratory characteristics that could be used as screening tests to predict adult disease progression. Such tests may have utility in motivating physicians and patients' families toward lifestyle changes, ultimately improving prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D DeBoer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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16
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Lin CJ, Chu NF, Hung YJ, Chang JB, He CT, Hsiao FC, Hsieh CH. The association of retinol-binding protein 4 with metabolic syndrome and obesity in adolescents: the effects of gender and sex hormones. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2013; 52:16-23. [PMID: 22967812 DOI: 10.1177/0009922812459948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) has a role in the development of insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome among adults. However, data among adolescents are limited, and the effects of gender and sex hormones on RBP4 are not well defined. MATERIALS/METHODS A total of 1082 adolescents were enrolled and categorized based on their body mass index. Blood samples were collected, and biochemical characteristics, sex hormones, RBP4 concentrations, and IR were determined. RESULTS Testosterone and estradiol were not directly correlated with RBP4 concentrations in both genders. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglyceride (TG), and testosterone levels were independently associated with RBP4 concentrations in boys; also, there was a trend of increasing RBP4 levels with the severity of obesity. CONCLUSION Plasma RBP4 concentrations correlated with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors, predominantly evident in boys. Testosterone, FPG, and TG levels were independent predictors of RBP4 concentrations.
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Do Obese Children Have Chronic Inflammation & Could This Contribute to Future CVD Risk? CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-012-0271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Sopher AB, Gerken AT, Blaner WS, Root JM, McMahon DJ, Oberfield SE. Metabolic manifestations of polycystic ovary syndrome in nonobese adolescents: retinol-binding protein 4 and ectopic fat deposition. Fertil Steril 2012; 97:1009-15. [PMID: 22341881 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.01.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether nonobese adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have higher levels of retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and ectopic fat than controls and whether RBP4 and ectopic fat correlate with comorbidities of metabolic disease. DESIGN Cross-sectional case-control study. SETTING Pediatric clinical research center based in a quaternary care medical center. PATIENT(S) Twenty-four nonobese adolescents between the ages of 13 and 21 years, 13 with PCOS and 11 controls. INTERVENTION(S) Measurement of RBP4, insulin resistance, lipids, and body composition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Retinol-binding protein 4, reproductive and adrenal hormones, insulin resistance, intrahepatic and intramyocellular lipid levels, and visceral adipose tissue. RESULT(S) Adolescents with PCOS had higher intrahepatic lipid content and a statistical trend for higher RBP4 compared with controls. Retinol-binding protein 4 correlated with body fat, triglycerides, insulin resistance, and androgens but not intrahepatic lipid content; however, when adjusted for body fat, the correlation between RBP4 and triglycerides weakened to a statistical trend and was no longer statistically significant for the other measures. CONCLUSION(S) This small preliminary study of nonobese adolescent girls suggests that RBP4 may be involved in the dyslipidemia associated with PCOS and that there may be an independent relationship between RBP4 and triglycerides but not between RBP4 and insulin resistance. Although intrahepatic lipid content was higher in PCOS, it did not correlate with RBP4, triglycerides, or insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva B Sopher
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ secreting biologically active factors called adipokines that act on both local and distant tissues. Adipokines have an important role in the development of obesity-related comorbidities not only in adults but also in children and adolescents. Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is a recently identified adipokine suggested to link obesity with its comorbidities, especially insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and certain components of the metabolic syndrome. However, data, especially resulting from the clinical studies, are conflicting. In this review, we summarize up-to-date knowledge on RBP4's role in obesity, development of insulin resistance, and T2D. Special attention is given to studies on children and adolescents. We also discuss the role of possible confounding factors that should be taken into account when critically evaluating published studies or planning new studies on this exciting adipokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Primoz Kotnik
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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20
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Mody N, Agouni A, McIlroy GD, Platt B, Delibegovic M. Susceptibility to diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance in the APP (SWE)/PSEN1 (A246E) mouse model of Alzheimer's disease is associated with increased brain levels of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), and basal phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal protein. Diabetologia 2011; 54:2143-51. [PMID: 21538175 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Obesity is a major risk factor for development of insulin resistance, a proximal cause of type 2 diabetes and is also associated with an increased relative risk of Alzheimer's disease. We therefore investigated the susceptibility of transgenic mice carrying human mutated transgenes for amyloid precursor protein (APP (SWE)) and presenilin 1 (PSEN1 (A246E)) (APP/PSEN1), or PSEN1 (A246E) alone, which are well-characterised animal models of Alzheimer's disease, to develop obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, and whether this was age- and/or diet-dependent. METHODS We analysed the effects of age and/or diet on body weight of wild-type, PSEN1 and APP/PSEN1 mice. We also analysed the effects of diet on glucose homeostasis and insulin signalling in these mice. RESULTS While there were no body weight differences between 16-17- and 20-21-month-old PSEN1 mice, APP/PSEN1 mice and their wild-type controls on standard, low-fat, chow diet, the APP/PSEN1 mice still exhibited impaired glucose homeostasis, as investigated by glucose tolerance tests. This was associated with increased brain protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B protein levels in APP/PSEN1 mice. Interestingly, short-term high-fat diet (HFD) feeding of wild-type, PSEN1 and APP/PSEN1 mice for a period of 8 weeks led to higher body weight gain in APP/PSEN1 than in PSEN1 mice and wild-type controls. In addition, HFD-feeding caused fasting hyperglycaemia and worsening of glucose maintenance in PSEN1 mice, the former being further exacerbated in APP/PSEN1 mice. The mechanism(s) behind this glucose intolerance in PSEN1 and APP/PSEN1 mice appeared to involve increased levels of brain retinol-binding protein 4 and basal phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal protein, and decreased insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt/protein kinase B and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in the brain. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results indicate that Alzheimer's disease increases susceptibility to body weight gain induced by HFD, and to the associated glucose intolerance and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mody
- Institute of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
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Yeste D, Carrascosa A. [Obesity-related metabolic disorders in childhood and adolescence]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2011; 75:135.e1-9. [PMID: 21571600 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the most frequent nutritional disorder in childhood and adolescence. The rise in its prevalence and severity has underlined the numerous and significant obesity-related metabolic disorders. Altered glucose metabolism, manifested as impaired glucose tolerance, appears early in severely obese children and adolescents. Obese young people with glucose intolerance are characterized by marked peripheral insulin resistance and relative beta-cell failure. Lipid deposition in muscle and the visceral compartment, and not only obesity per se, is related to increased peripheral insulin resistance, the triggering factor of the metabolic syndrome. Other elements of the metabolic syndrome, such as dyslipidaemia, and hypertension, are already present in obese youngsters and worsen with the degree of obesity. The long-term impact of obesity-related insulin resistance on cardiovascular morbidity in these patients is expected to emerge as these youngsters become young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yeste
- Servicio de Pediatría, Unidades de Endocrinología y Obesidad Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Vall d' Hebron, Barcelona, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, España.
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Balagopal PB, de Ferranti SD, Cook S, Daniels SR, Gidding SS, Hayman LL, McCrindle BW, Mietus-Snyder ML, Steinberger J. Nontraditional risk factors and biomarkers for cardiovascular disease: mechanistic, research, and clinical considerations for youth: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011; 123:2749-69. [PMID: 21555711 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e31821c7c64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The rapid increase in the prevalence and severity of obesity in children is likely to lower the age of onset and increase the incidence of cardiovascular disease worldwide. Understanding the pathophysiology and improving the clinical management of cardiovascular disease involve a knowledge of novel risk factors and biomarkers. The clinical and mechanistic roles of these novel biological factors during childhood are currently being investigated. The goals of this scientific statement are to present the existing knowledge and theoretical framework of nontraditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease as they relate to children and adolescents, to describe the relevance and weight of available experimental and clinical evidence and the therapeutic implications pertaining to nontraditional risk factors in the pediatric population, and to stimulate further research with a goal of developing valid and reliable approaches to identify and validate novel risk factors that will aid in the clinical evaluation and perhaps prediction of cardiovascular disease in the pediatric population. Although several biomarkers are promising, substantial research is required before nontraditional risk factors can be used to identify and reduce cardiovascular disease risk in children and adolescents.
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23
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Sopher AB, Gerken AT, Lee EJ, Blaner WE, Deeds S, Gallagher D, Shungu DC, Mao X, Hassoun A, Mahon DJM, Oberfield SE. Retinol-binding protein 4 correlates with triglycerides but not insulin resistance in prepubertal children with and without premature adrenarche. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2011; 24:683-7. [PMID: 22145457 PMCID: PMC3646629 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2011.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) has been proposed as an early marker for insulin resistance (IR), but no prior studies have addressed RBP4 in an exclusively prepubertal population. Children with premature adrenarche (PA) are at increased risk for IR and metabolic syndrome (MeS); thus finding an appropriate early marker for IR in this population would allow for early intervention and prevention of morbidity related to IR and MeS. OBJECTIVE To determine whether prepubertal children with PA have higher levels of RBP4 than controls and whether RBP4 correlates with comorbidities of metabolic disease in prepubertal children. SUBJECTS This study comprised 49 prepubertal children (24 with PA and 25 control subjects), 20 boys and 29 girls, who were between the ages of 5 and 9 years. METHODS This was a cross-sectional, case-control study conducted in a subspecialty ambulatory clinic based in a quaternary care center. RBP4 levels, hormonal values, lipids, and response to an oral glucose tolerance test were evaluated in children with PA and controls, and body composition measures were obtained in a subset of patients (n = 18). RESULTS RBP4 correlated with triglycerides (r = 0.57, p < 0.0001) but did not correlate with IR in a body mass index z-score-adjusted Pearson correlation analysis. There was no difference in RBP4 levels between the PA and control groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that RBP4 may be an early marker of dyslipidemia, which may herald future onset of hepatic IR, polycystic ovary syndrome, and MeS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva B Sopher
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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24
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Choi KM, Yannakoulia M, Park MS, Cho GJ, Kim JH, Lee SH, Hwang TG, Yang SJ, Kim TN, Yoo HJ, Baik SH, Kim SM, Mantzoros CS. Serum adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, retinol-binding protein 4, and adiponectin concentrations in relation to the development of the metabolic syndrome in Korean boys: a 3-y prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93:19-26. [PMID: 21106915 PMCID: PMC3001596 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP), retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), and adiponectin have been associated with insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome in adults. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association of A-FABP, RBP4, and adiponectin with the metabolic syndrome in Korean boys. DESIGN In this prospective cohort study, 159 boys participated in a school-based health examination and were followed up after 3 y. The metabolic syndrome in children was defined by using the pediatric adaptation of the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. RESULTS Compared with normal-weight participants, overweight children had significantly higher A-FABP (23.6 ± 8.2 compared with 12.8 ± 5.1 μg/L, P < 0.001) and RBP4 (69.3 ± 17.1 compared with 59.7 ± 15.3 μg/mL, P = 0.001) concentrations and significantly lower adiponectin concentrations (11.5 ± 5.4 compared with 18.1 ± 8.4 μg/mL, P < 0.001). Baseline A-FABP concentrations were significantly higher in children who developed the metabolic syndrome than in those who did not, whereas adiponectin concentrations were significantly lower. Baseline RBP4 concentrations were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that only A-FABP was an independent predictor of the development of the metabolic syndrome after adjustment for Tanner stage, insulin resistance, body mass index, sleep duration, and physical activity (odds ratio: 17.3; 95% CI: 1.25, 239.76; highest compared with lowest tertile), whereas the significant association between adiponectin and the metabolic syndrome observed by using bivariate analysis reflects, in part, an underlying association with obesity. CONCLUSION A-FABP predicts the development of the metabolic syndrome independently of pubertal status, adiposity, and insulin resistance in Korean boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung M Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Lass A, Zimmermann R, Oberer M, Zechner R. Lipolysis - a highly regulated multi-enzyme complex mediates the catabolism of cellular fat stores. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:14-27. [PMID: 21087632 PMCID: PMC3031774 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipolysis is the biochemical pathway responsible for the catabolism of triacylglycerol (TAG) stored in cellular lipid droplets. The hydrolytic cleavage of TAG generates non-esterified fatty acids, which are subsequently used as energy substrates, essential precursors for lipid and membrane synthesis, or mediators in cell signaling processes. Consistent with its central importance in lipid and energy homeostasis, lipolysis occurs in essentially all tissues and cell types, it is most abundant, however, in white and brown adipose tissue. Over the last 5years, important enzymes and regulatory protein factors involved in lipolysis have been identified. These include an essential TAG hydrolase named adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) [annotated as patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein A2], the ATGL activator comparative gene identification-58 [annotated as α/β hydrolase containing protein 5], and the ATGL inhibitor G0/G1 switch gene 2. Together with the established hormone-sensitive lipase [annotated as lipase E] and monoglyceride lipase, these proteins constitute the basic "lipolytic machinery". Additionally, a large number of hormonal signaling pathways and lipid droplet-associated protein factors regulate substrate access and the activity of the "lipolysome". This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the enzymes and regulatory processes governing lipolysis of fat stores in adipose and non-adipose tissues. Special emphasis will be given to ATGL, its regulation, and physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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26
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Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies have been found in obese individuals across age groups worldwide. While the effects of micronutrient deficiencies on human functions have been studied widely in different populations, there is limited information on how these micronutrient deficiencies affect obese populations. An examination of the available literature suggests associations exist between micronutrient deficiencies and obesity in different populations. These associations and possible mechanisms of the deficiencies' metabolic effects, such as their influence on leptin and insulin metabolism, are discussed here. Further studies are needed to clarify the roles of the different micronutrient deficiencies with respect to obesity and its comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga P García
- School of Natural Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Juriquilla, Mexico.
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Hassink S, Balagopal PB. RBP4: from retinol transporter to biomarker? J Pediatr 2009; 154:5-7. [PMID: 19187729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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