Atractylodin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and TLR4 pathways

Integration of microbiomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics reveals the therapeutic mechanism underlying Fuzheng-Qushi decoction for the treatment of lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Fuzheng-Qushi decoction (FZQS) is a practical Chinese herbal formula for relieving cough and fever. Therefore, the action and specific molecular mechanism of FZQS in the treatment of lung injury with cough and fever as the main symptoms need to be further investigated.

AIMS OF THE STUDY

To elucidate the protective effects of FZQS against lung injury in mice and reveal its potential targets and key biological pathways for the treatment of lung injury based on transcriptomics, microbiomics, and untargeted metabolomics analyses.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce a mouse model of lung injury, followed by the administration of FZQS. ELISA was used to detect IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-4, IL-10, and TNF-α, in mouse lung tissues. Macrophage polarization and neutrophil activation were measured by flow cytometry. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was applied to screen for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in lung tissues. RT-qPCR and Western blot assays were utilized to validate key DEGs and target proteins in lung tissues. 16S rRNA sequencing was employed to characterize the gut microbiota of mice. Metabolites in the gut were analyzed using untargeted metabolomics.

RESULTS

FZQS treatment significantly ameliorated lung histopathological damage, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. M1 macrophage levels in the peripheral blood decreased, M2 macrophage levels increased, and activated neutrophils were inhibited in mice with LPS-induced lung injury. Importantly, transcriptomic analysis showed that FZQS downregulated macrophage and neutrophil activation and migration and adhesion pathways by reversing 51 DEGs, which was further confirmed by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. In addition, FZQS modulated the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota by reversing the abundance of Corynebacterium, Facklamia, Staphylococcus, Paenalcaligenes, Lachnoclostridium, norank_f_Muribaculaceae, and unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae. Meanwhile, metabolomics analysis revealed that FZQS significantly regulated tryptophan metabolism by reducing the levels of 3-Indoleacetonitrile and 5-Hydroxykynurenine.

CONCLUSION

FZQS effectively ameliorated LPS-induced lung injury by inhibiting the activation, migration, and adhesion of macrophages and neutrophils and modulating gut microbiota and its metabolites.

Research Progress on Mechanisms and Treatment of Sepsis-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction

Sepsis is a syndrome of organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated immune response to infection, with high morbidity and mortality. At present, there have been many advances in the study of its pathogenesis, especially the cardiac dysfunction caused by sepsis, namely sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction, SIMD, which has received widespread attention. The mechanisms of SIMD mainly include excessive release of inflammatory mediators, impaired mitochondrial function, autophagy, apoptosis and myocardial dysfunction. This article reviews the pathogenesis of SIMD and elaborates on the progress in its treatment, aiming to improve the prognosis of patients with SIMD and sepsis.

Different processing methods and pharmacological effects of Atractylodis Rhizoma

Atractylodis Rhizoma, a traditional Chinese medicine with an extensive history of treating gastrointestinal disorders and other diseases, undergoes various processing methods in China to enhance its therapeutic efficacy for specific conditions. However, a comprehensive report detailing the changes in chemical composition and pharmacological effects due to these processing methods is currently lacking. This article provides a systematic review of the commonly employed processing techniques for Atractylodis Rhizoma, including raw Atractylodis Rhizoma (SCZ), bran-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma (FCZ), deep-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma (JCZ), and rice water-processed Atractylodis Rhizoma (MCZ). It examines the alterations in chemical constituents and pharmacological activities resulting from these processes and elucidates the mechanisms of action of the primary components in the various processed forms of Atractylodis Rhizoma in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.

Role of biomarkers and molecular signaling pathways in acute lung injury

BACKGROUND

Acute lung injury (ALI) is caused by bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. When pathogens invade the lungs, the immune system responds by producing cytokines, chemokines, and interferons to promote the infiltration of phagocytic cells, which are essential for pathogen clearance. Their excess production causes an overactive immune response and a pathological hyper-inflammatory state, which leads to ALI. Until now, there is no particular pharmaceutical treatment available for ALI despite known inflammatory mediators like neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS).

OBJECTIVES

Therefore, the primary objective of this review is to provide the clear overview on the mechanisms controlling NETs, ROS formation, and other relevant processes during the pathogenesis of ALI. In addition, we have discussed the significance of epithelial and endothelial damage indicators and several molecular signaling pathways associated with ALI.

METHODS

The literature review was done from Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar for ALI, NETs, ROS, inflammation, biomarkers, Toll- and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, alveolar damage, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and epithelial/endothelial damage alone or in combination.

RESULTS

This review summarized the main clinical signs of ALI, including the regulation and distinct function of epithelial and endothelial biomarkers, NETs, ROS, and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).

CONCLUSION

However, no particular drugs including vaccine for ALI has been established. Furthermore, there is a lack of validated diagnostic tools and a poor predictive rationality of current therapeutic biomarkers. Hence, extensive and precise research is required to speed up the process of drug testing and development by the application of artificial intelligence technologies, structure-based drug design, in-silico approaches, and drug repurposing.

Synthetic Amphipathic Helical Peptide L-37pA Ameliorates the Development of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and ARDS-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice

In this study, we evaluated the ability of the synthetic amphipathic helical peptide (SAHP), L-37pA, which mediates pathogen recognition and innate immune responses, to treat acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) accompanied by diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and chronic pulmonary fibrosis (PF). For the modeling of ARDS/DAD, male ICR mice were used. Intrabronchial instillation (IB) of 200 µL of inflammatory agents was performed by an intravenous catheter 20 G into the left lung lobe only, leaving the right lobe unaffected. Intravenous injections (IVs) of L-37pA, dexamethasone (DEX) and physiological saline (saline) were used as therapies for ARDS/DAD. L37pA inhibited the circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-8, TNFα, IL1α, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL9 and IL10, by 75-95%. In all cases, the computed tomography (CT) data indicate that L-37pA reduced lung density faster to -335 ± 23 Hounsfield units (HU) on day 7 than with DEX and saline, to -105 ± 29 HU and -23 ± 11 HU, respectively. The results of functional tests showed that L-37pA treatment 6 h after ARDS/DAD initiation resulted in a more rapid improvement in the physiological respiratory lung by 30-45% functions compared with the comparison drugs. Our data suggest that synthetic amphipathic helical peptide L-37pA blocked a cytokine storm, inhibited acute and chronic pulmonary inflammation, prevented fibrosis development and improved physiological respiratory lung function in the ARDS/DAD mouse model. We concluded that a therapeutic strategy using SAHPs targeting SR-B receptors is a potential novel effective treatment for inflammation-induced ARDS, DAD and lung fibrosis of various etiologies.

Analysis of the Protective Effects of Rosa roxburghii-Fermented Juice on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice through Network Pharmacology and Metabolomics

Acute lung injury, a fatal condition characterized by a high mortality rate, necessitates urgent exploration of treatment modalities. Utilizing UHPLS-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS, our study scrutinized the active constituents present in Rosa roxburghii-fermented juice (RRFJ) while also assessing its protective efficacy against LPS-induced ALI in mice through lung histopathological analysis, cytokine profiling, and oxidative stress assessment. The protective mechanism of RRFJ against ALI in mice was elucidated utilizing metabolomics, network pharmacology, and molecular docking methodologies. Our experimental findings demonstrate that RRFJ markedly ameliorates pathological injuries in ALI-afflicted mice, mitigates systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, enhances energy metabolism, and restores dysregulated amino acid and arachidonic acid metabolic pathways. This study indicates that RRFJ can serve as a functional food for adjuvant treatment of ALI.

Netrin-1 mitigates acute lung injury by preventing the activation of the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB (TLR4/NF-κB) signaling

Acute lung injury (ALI) is one of the most common high-risk diseases associated with a high mortality rate and is still a challenge to treat effectively. Netrin-1 (NT-1) is a novel peptide with a wide range of biological functions, however, its effects on ALI have not been reported before. In this study, an ALI model was constructed using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and treated with NT-1. Pulmonary function and lung wet to dry weight ratio (W/D) were detected. The expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that the levels of NT-1 were reduced in the LPS-induced ALI mice model. Administration of NT-1 improved histopathological changes of lung tissues and lung function in LPS-challenged ALI mice. We also report that NT-1 decreased Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and ameliorated pulmonary edema. Additionally, treatment with NT-1 reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-8, IL-1β, and CXCL2 in lung tissues of LPS-challenged ALI mice. Importantly, NT-1 reduced cell count in BALF and mitigated oxidative stress (OS) by reducing the levels of MDA and increasing the levels of GSH. Mechanistically, it is shown that NT-1 reduced the levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and prevented nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65. Our findings indicate that NT-1 is a promising agent for the treatment of ALI through inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signaling.

Authenticating the geographic origins of Atractylodes lancea rhizome chemotypes in China through metabolite marker identification

Introduction

Atractylodes lancea is widely distributed in East Asia, ranging from Amur to south-central China. The rhizome of A. lancea is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine, however, the quality of products varies across different regions with different geochemical characteristics.

Method

This study aimed to identify the chemotypes of A. lancea from different areas and screen for chemical markers by quantifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using a targeted metabolomics approach based on GC-MS/MS.

Results

The A. lancea distributed in Hubei, Anhui, Shaanxi, and a region west of Henan province was classified as the Hubei Chemotype (HBA). HBA is characterized by high content of β-eudesmol and hinesol with lower levels of atractylodin and atractylon. In contrast, the Maoshan Chemotype (MA) from Jiangsu, Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, and other northern regions, exhibited high levels of atractylodin and atractylon. A total of 15 categories of VOCs metabolites were detected and identified, revealing significant differences in the profiles of terpenoid, heterocyclic compound, ester, and ketone among different areas. Multivariate statistics indicated that 6 compounds and 455 metabolites could serve as candidate markers for differentiating A. lancea obtained from the southern, northern, and Maoshan areas.

Discussion

This comprehensive analysis provides a chemical fingerprint of selected A. lancea. Our results highlight the potential of metabolite profiling combined with chemometrics for authenticating the geographical origin of A. lancea.

Xuanfei Baidu decoction in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Efficacy and potential mechanisms

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread worldwide and become a major global public health concern. Although novel investigational COVID-19 antiviral candidates such as the Pfizer agent PAXLOVID™, molnupiravir, baricitinib, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently used to treat patients with COVID-19, there is still a critical need for the development of additional treatments, as the recommended therapeutic options are frequently ineffective against SARS-CoV-2. The efficacy and safety of vaccines remain uncertain, particularly with the emergence of several variants. All 10 versions of the National Health Commission's diagnosis and treatment guidelines for COVID-19 recommend using traditional Chinese medicine. Xuanfei Baidu Decoction (XFBD) is one of the "three Chinese medicines and three Chinese prescriptions" recommended for COVID-19. This review summarizes the clinical evidence and potential mechanisms of action of XFBD for COVID-19 treatment. With XFBD, patients with COVID-19 experience improved clinical symptoms, shorter hospital stay, prevention of the progression of their symptoms from mild to moderate and severe symptoms, and reduced mortality in critically ill patients. The mechanisms of action may be associated with its direct antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidative, and antimicrobial properties. High-quality clinical and experimental studies are needed to further explore the clinical efficacy and underlying mechanisms of XFBD in COVID-19 treatment.

HS-SPME coupled with GC-MS for elucidating differences between the volatile components in wild and cultivated Atractylodes chinensis

INTRODUCTION

Atractylodes chinensis is a Chinese herb that is used in traditional medicine; it contains volatile components that have enormous potential for pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic applications. The destruction of wild resources demands significant improvement in the quality of artificial cultivation of Atractylodes chinensis. However, little is known about the compositional differences in the volatile substances derived from the wild and cultivated varieties of Atractylodes chinensis.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to evaluate the specific components of Atractylodes chinensis and analyse the similarities and differences between the volatile components and metabolic pathways in the wild and cultivated varieties.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Metabolomic analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed following the extraction of volatile components from Atractylodes chinensis using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME).

RESULTS

A total of 167 volatile metabolites were extracted, and 137 substances were matched with NIST and Wiley databases. Among them, 76 compounds exhibited significant differences between the two sources; these mainly included terpenes, aromatics, and esters. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the differential metabolites were primarily involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, terpene biosynthesis, and limonene and pinene degradation; all these pathways have geranyl diphosphate (GDP) as the common link.

CONCLUSION

The total content of volatile substances extracted from wild Atractylodes chinensis was 2.5 times higher than that from the cultured variety; however, each source had different dominant metabolites. This study underscores the necessity for protecting wild Atractylodes chinensis resources, while enhancing the quality of cultivated Atractylodes chinensis.

rFGF4 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious and common clinical disease. Despite significant progress in ALI treatment, the morbidity and mortality rates remain high. However, no effective drug has been discovered for ALI. FGF4, a member of the FGF family, plays an important role in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to study the protective effects of FGF4 against LPS-induced lung injury in vivo and in vitro. We found that rFGF4 treatment improved the lung W/D weight ratio, the survival rate, immune cell infiltration and protein concentrations in mice with LPS-induced ALI. Histological analysis revealed that rFGF4 significantly attenuated lung tissue injury and cell apoptosis. Furthermore, rFGF4 inhibited the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS-injured lung tissues, murine alveolar macrophages (MH-S) and murine pulmonary epithelial (MLE-12) cells. The results of cell experiments further verified that rFGF4 inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators in MH-S cells and MLE-12 cells by regulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. These results revealed that rFGF4 protected lung tissues and inhibited inflammatory mediators in mice with LPS-induced ALI by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in MH-S and MLE-12 cells.

Atractylodin targets GLA to regulate D-mannose metabolism to inhibit osteogenic differentiation of human valve interstitial cells and ameliorate aortic valve calcification

Atractylodin (ATL) has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects. Osteogenic changes induced by inflammation in valve interstitial cells (VICs) play a key role in the development of calcified aortic valve disease (CAVD). This study aimed to investigate the anti-calcification effects of ATL on aortic valves. Human VICs (hVICs) were exposed to osteogenic induction medium (OM) containing ATL to investigate cell viability, osteogenic gene and protein expression, and anti-calcification effects. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) metabolomics analysis was used to detect changes in the metabolites of hVICs stimulated with OM before and after ATL administration. The compound-reaction-enzyme-gene network was used to identify drug targets. Gene interference was used to verify the targets. ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet were used to evaluate the inhibition of aortic valve calcification by ATL. Treatment with 20 μM ATL in OM prevented calcified nodule accumulation and decreases in the gene and protein expression levels of ALP, RUNX2, and IL-1β. Differential metabolite analysis showed that D-mannose was highly associated with the anti-calcification effect of ATL. The addition of D-mannose prevented calcified nodule accumulation and inhibited succinate-mediated HIF-1α activation and IL-1β production. The target of ATL was identified as GLA. Silencing of the GLA gene (si-GLA) reversed the anti-osteogenic differentiation of ATL. In vivo, ATL ameliorated aortic valve calcification by preventing decreases in GLA expression and the up-regulation of IL-1β expression synchronously. In conclusion, ATL is a potential drug for the treatment of CAVD by targeting GLA to regulate D-mannose metabolism, thereby inhibiting succinate-mediated HIF-1α activation and IL-1β production.

BAP31 regulates the expression of ICAM-1/VCAM-1 via MyD88/NF-κB pathway in acute lung injury mice model

AIMS

The cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that mediate neutrophil-endothelium cell adhesion are deeply involved in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI). B-cell receptor associated protein 31 (BAP31) has been reported to engage in the expression of some CAMs. This study was undertaken to explore whether BAP31 in endotheliocyte affects the pathological process of ALI by regulating CAMs, and its possible mechanism.

MAIN METHODS

Our study used the shBAP31 endothelium cell lines and endothelial-specific BAP31 conditional knockdown mice constructed via Cre/loxP system. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe the histopathological manifestations. The adhesion of neutrophils to vascular wall was examined by intravital microscopy. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB was observed by immunofluorescence staining assay. Flow cytometric, real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assay were performed to determine the expression of CAMs and key proteins in MyD88/NF-κB-related signaling pathway. Luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were analyzed for transcriptional activity of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1.

KEY FINDINGS

Mechanistic investigations indicated that endothelium-specific BAP31 depletion dramatically reduced the capacity of neutrophils adherence to endothelial cells (ECs), which was mainly attributed to the significant downregulation of ICAM-1 (p < 0.05) and VCAM-1 (p < 0.05) expression. Interestingly, BAP31 knockdown apparently deactivated MyD88/TRAF6-mediated TAK1/NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signaling cascades, resulting in the inhibition of NF-κB activation and nuclear translocation.

SIGNIFICANCE

Our data furnished convincing evidence that BAP31 deficiency performs a mitigative effect on ALI by decreasing neutrophils-ECs adhesion. These findings identified BAP31 as a promising protein for regulating the pathogenesis process of ALI.

Atractylodin Ameliorates Colitis via PPARα Agonism

Atractylodin is a major compound in the rhizome of Atractylodes lancea, an oriental herbal medicine used for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, including dyspepsia, nausea, and diarrhea. Recent studies have shown that atractylodin exerts anti-inflammatory effects in various inflammatory diseases. Herein, we investigated the anti-colitis effects of atractylodin and its molecular targets. We determined the non-cytotoxic concentration of atractylodin (50 μM) using a cell proliferation assay in colonic epithelial cells. We found that pretreatment with atractylodin significantly inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α-induced phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B in HCT116 cells. Through docking simulation analysis, luciferase assays, and in vitro binding assays, we found that atractylodin has an affinity for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Daily administration of atractylodin (40 mg/kg) increased the survival rate of mice in a dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis mouse model. Thus, atractylodin can be a good strategy for colitis therapy through inducing PPARα-dependent pathways.

HO-1/autophagic flux axis alleviated sepsis-induced acute lung injury via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome

Among the multiple organ injuries induced by sepsis, acute lung injury (ALI) triggered by an excessive inflammatory response is one of the main causes contributing to patient death, and inhibition of the inflammation cascade is the key therapeutic strategy to improve prognosis. The NLRP3 inflammasome complex is considered an intracellular signaling molecule closely associated with the uncontrolled inflammatory response in sepsis-induced ALI. Therefore, exploring new targets to repress its activation is regarded as a potential therapeutic strategy. Growing evidence demonstrated that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) contributed to general anti-inflammation and exerted a protective role in ALI, but its underlying mechanisms have not been clarified completely. Herein, we investigated HO-1 was elevated in alveolar macrophages isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of sepsis mice. HO-1 abundance suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome complex activation and attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokines release, thereby alleviating sepsis-induced ALI. Whereas inhibition of HO-1 reached the opposite effect. Meanwhile, HO-1 is an effective and functionally relevant regulator of autophagic flux. HO-1 activator decreased the expression of P62 and enhanced the LC3 II/LC3 I ratio, resulting in autophagic flux activation. In addition, the protective effects HO-1 exerted in sepsis-induced ALI could be abolished by autophagic flux inhibitor. Autophagic flux activator could suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activation and attenuate ALI, while autophagic flux inhibitor had the opposite effect. In conclusion, our study revealed increased HO-1 expression inhibited the level of NLRP3 inflammasome via regulating the activation of autophagic flux, thus attenuating inflammatory response and alleviating sepsis-induced ALI.

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-virulence roles of atractylodin in attenuating Listeria monocytogenes infection

Background

Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), as a pandemic foodborne pathogen, severely threatens food security and public health care worldwide, which evolves multiple bacterial virulence factors (such as listeriolysin O, LLO) for manipulating the immune response of L. monocytogenes-host interactions.

Methods

Hemolysis assay was employed to screen a potential LLO inhibitor and the underlying mechanisms were investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and oligomerization assay. The effects of candidates on immune response were examined by qRT-PCR and immunoblotting analysis. Histological analysis, ELISA assay and biochemistry detection were conducted to assess in vivo efficacy of candidates.

Results

In the present study, natural terpenoid atractylodin was characterized as an alternative drug candidate for the treatment of L. monocytogenes by the regulation of LLO function and host Nrf2/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Notably, in vivo infection model by L. monocytogenes also highlighted that atractylodin treatment provided effective therapeutic benefits, as evidenced by decreased bacterial burden and diminished inflammation. Congruently, the survival rate of L. monocytogenes-infection mice increased significantly from 10.0% to 40.0% by atractylodin treatment.

Conclusion

Collectively, our study showed for the first time that atractylodin has tremendous potential to attenuate L. monocytogenes pathogenicity by blocking LLO pore formation and mediating the suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress, providing a promising therapeutic strategy and broadening the applications of atractylodin against L. monocytogenes infection.

An Integrative Pharmacology Model for Decoding the Underlying Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ermiao Powder for Rheumatoid Arthritis

As a systemic inflammatory arthritis disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is complex and hereditary. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has evident advantages in treating complex diseases, and a variety of TCM formulas have been reported that have effective treatment on RA. Clinical and pharmacological studies showed that Ermiao Powder, which consists of Phellodendron amurense Rupr. (PAR) and Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (ALD), can be used in the treatment of RA. Currently, most studies focus on the anti-inflammatory mechanism of PAR and ALD and are less focused on their coordinated molecular mechanism. In this research, we established an integrative pharmacological strategy to explore the coordinated molecular mechanism of the two herbs of Ermiao Powder in treating RA. To explore the potential coordinated mechanism of PAR and ALD, we firstly developed a novel mathematical model to calculate the contribution score of 126 active components and 85 active components, which contributed 90% of the total contribution scores that were retained to construct the coordinated functional space. Then, the knapsack algorithm was applied to identify the core coordinated functional components from the 85 active components. Finally, we obtained the potential coordinated functional components group (CFCG) with 37 components, including wogonin, paeonol, ethyl caffeate, and magnoflorine. Also, functional enrichment analysis was performed on the targets of CFCG to explore the potential coordinated molecular mechanisms of PAR and ALD. The results indicated that the CFCG could treat RA by coordinated targeting to the genes involved in immunity and inflammation-related signal pathways, such as phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway. The docking and in vitro experiments were used to predict the affinity and validate the effect of CFCG and further confirm the reliability of our method. Our integrative pharmacological strategy, including CFCG identification and verification, can provide the methodological references for exploring the coordinated mechanism of TCM in treating complex diseases and contribute to improving our understanding of the coordinated mechanism.

Uncovering the active components, prospective targets, and molecular mechanism of Baihe Zhimu decoction for treating depression using network pharmacology-based analysis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Baihe Zhimu decoction (BZD) is a classical traditional Chinese medicinal herbal formula. It consists of two herbal medicines, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (Zhimu), the rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. (Liliaceae), and Bulbus Lilii (Baihe), the bulbs of Lilium brownii var. Viridulum Baker (Liliaceae). BZD has been widely used in China to treat depression and verified to be effective without evident side effects.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study was to elucidate the active components, potential targets, and molecular mechanism of Baihe Zhimu decoction for treating depression.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this research, a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice was first established to evaluate the pharmacological effects of BZD for treating depression. A component database was then constructed for BZD. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS) technique was used to identify the components in BZD and blood-absorbed components. Further screening and validation of protein targets were performed by molecule docking. The component-target binding affinity was validated by surface plasmon resonance analysis (SPR) assay. The related pathways were predicted by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Relative proteins in the predicted pathways were finally assessed by Western blot.

RESULTS

The pharmacology evaluation experiment demonstrated that BZD could improve depressive-like behavior, inhibit the hippocampal secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce neuronal apoptosis in CUMS mice model. A component database containing 163 components and a target database covering 1286 proteins were constructed. HPLC-QTOF-MS assay identified twenty-six components from BZD and ten components absorbed into rat plasma after an intragastric treatment with BZD. Next, 56 underlying targets were screened out by a virtual high-throughput screening approach. Twenty-seven of them were further screened out and confirmed by molecular docking. Afterward, a component-target network was established, and the component-protein binding affinities were validated by SPR assays. By KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, two signaling pathways PI3K/Akt and MAPK were predicted as the potential signaling cascades. Finally, Western blot showed that BZD dramatically reversed the suppression of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway and the activation of MAPK pathway in CUMS mice model.

CONCLUSIONS

BZD demonstrated a substantial pharmacological effect on CUMS mice model. Network pharmacology-based analysis predicted that ten blood-absorbed components can act on 27 target proteins. KEGG and Western blotting analysis suggested that BZD could exert antidepressant effects by regulating the PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways.

Modified Xiaoqinglong decoction alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by regulating arachidonic acid metabolism and exerting anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects

Effective therapeutics are not available for acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Modified Xiaoqinglong decoction (M-XQL) is reported to effectively treat pneumonia, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, the therapeutic effect and mechanism of M-XQL were examined using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mouse model. The effects of M-XQL on lung injury, inflammatory responses, and cell apoptosis were analyzed. Additionally, high-throughput sequencing was performed to evaluate the therapeutic mechanism of M-XQL. Pretreatment with M-XQL significantly and dose-dependently mitigated the pathological changes and upregulation of pulmonary, nitric oxide content and cell apoptosis and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha contents in the LPS-induced ALI mouse model. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the expression of several arachidonic acid metabolism-associated genes in the LPS + high-dose M-XQL group differed from that in the LPS group. In particular, the Cbr2, Cyp4f18, and Cyp2e1 levels were upregulated, whereas the Alox12, Ptges, and Ptges2 levels were downregulated in the LPS + high-dose M-XQL group. These results suggest that M-XQL exerts therapeutic effects in ALI mice by regulating arachidonic acid metabolism and exerting anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, M-XQL is a potential agent for the clinical treatment of ALI.

Atractylodin Suppresses TGF-β-Mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Alveolar Epithelial Cells and Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by fibrotic change in alveolar epithelial cells and leads to the irreversible deterioration of pulmonary function. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in type 2 lung epithelial cells contributes to excessive collagen deposition and plays an important role in IPF. Atractylodin (ATL) is a kind of herbal medicine that has been proven to protect intestinal inflammation and attenuate acute lung injury. Our study aimed to determine whether EMT played a crucial role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and whether EMT can be utilized as a therapeutic target by ATL treatment to mitigate IPF. To address this topic, we took two steps to investigate: 1. Utilization of anin vitro EMT model by treating alveolar epithelial cells (A549 cells) with TGF-β1 followed by ATL treatment for elucidating the underlying pathways, including Smad2/3 hyperphosphorylation, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway overexpression, Snail and Slug upregulation, and loss of E-cadherin. Utilization of an in vivo lung injury model by treating bleomycin on mice followed by ATL treatment to demonstrate the therapeutic effectiveness, such as, less collagen deposition and lower E-cadherin expression. In conclusion, ATL attenuates TGF-β1-induced EMT in A549 cells and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice.

Atractylodin may induce ferroptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells

BACKGROUND

It has been reported that atractylodin has a potential antitumor effect. This study aimed to investigate the effects of atractylodin on Huh7 and Hccm hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and its molecular mechanism.

METHODS

Huh7 and Hccm cells were cultured in vitro, and their viability was detected by CCK-8 assay and the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated. The cells were treated with different concentrations of atractylodin, and the migration and invasion ability of cells was detected by scratch assay and Transwell assay. The cell cycle change and apoptosis rate were detected by flow cytometry. IlluminaHiSeq4000 platform was used for transcriptome sequencing, and the results were analyzed for gene differential expression, gene function, and signal pathway enrichment. Morphological changes of cells were detected by transmission electron microscopy, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected by DCFH-DA probe, and the expressions of ferroptosis related proteins GPX4, ACSL4, FTL, and TFR1 were detected by Western blot.

RESULTS

The results showed that atractylodin could inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of Huh7 and Hccm cells, regulate the cell cycle, and induce cell apoptosis and G1 phase cell cycle arrest. In addition, it could significantly induce the increase of intracellular ROS levels, decrease the expression of GPX4 and FTL proteins, and up-regulate the expression of ACSL4 and TFR1 proteins.

CONCLUSIONS

Atractylodin can inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of Huh7 and Hccm liver cancer cells, and induce cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In addition, our results suggest that atractylodin may induce ferroptosis in HCC cells by inhibiting the expression of GPX4 and FTL proteins, and up-regulating the expression of ACSL4 and TFR1 proteins.

Class B Scavenger Receptors BI and BII Protect against LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Mediating LPS

Recent studies suggest an anti-inflammatory protective role for class B scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) in endotoxin-induced inflammation and sepsis. Other data, including ours, provide evidence for an alternative role of SR-BI, facilitating bacterial and endotoxin uptake and contributing to inflammation and bacterial infection. Enhanced endotoxin susceptibility of SR-BI-deficient mice due to their anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid deficiency complicates the understanding of SR-BI's role in endotoxemia/sepsis, calling for the use of alternative models. In this study, using human SR-BI (hSR-BI) and hSR-BII transgenic mice, we found that SR-BI and, to a lesser extent, its splicing variant SR-BII protect against LPS-induced lung damage. At 20 h after intratracheal LPS instillation, the extent of pulmonary inflammation and vascular leakage was significantly lower in hSR-BI and hSR-BII transgenic mice than in wild-type mice. Higher bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) inflammatory cell count and protein content and lung tissue neutrophil infiltration found in wild-type mice were associated with markedly (2 to 3 times) increased proinflammatory cytokine production compared to these parameters in transgenic mice following LPS administration. The markedly lower endotoxin levels detected in BALF of transgenic versus wild-type mice and the significantly increased BODIPY-LPS uptake observed in lungs of hSR-BI and hSR-BII mice 20 h after the i.t. LPS injection suggest that hSR-BI- and hSR-BII-mediated enhanced LPS clearance in the airways could represent the mechanism of their protective role against LPS-induced acute lung injury.

Atractylodin attenuates the expression of MUC5AC and extracellular matrix in lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway

This study aimed to explore the effects of atractylodin (ATR) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in human airway epithelial cells. The cytotoxicity was assessed by CCK-8 assay. The mRNA expression and concentration of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) were measured by qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Western blotting was performed to determine protein expression. We found that LPS stimulation increased the mRNA expression and concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, and MUC5AC, as well as the expression of Col-I and FN in 16HBE cells, but this effect of LPS was attenuated by ATR treatment. Mechanistically, ATR suppressed LPS-induced activation of the NF-κB pathway in 16HBE cells. Moreover, ATR repressed ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation and NF-kB pathway in mice. In conclusion, ATR attenuated the expression of MUC5AC and ECM in LPS-induced airway inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway.

Atractylodin Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Alleviating Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Inhibiting Inflammatory Response Through the MAPK Pathway

In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects and mechanism of atractylodin (ATL) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. We found that atractylodin could significantly reverse the effects of DSS-induced ulcerative colitis, such as weight loss, disease activity index score; shorten the colon length, and reverse the pathological changes in the colon of mice. Atractylodin could inhibit the activation of colonic macrophages by inhibiting the MAPK pathway and alleviate intestinal inflammation in the mouse model of ulcerative colitis. Moreover, it could protect the intestinal barrier by inhibiting the decrease of the tight junction proteins, ZO-1, occludin, and MUC2. Additionally, atractylodin could decrease the abundance of harmful bacteria and increase that of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract of mice, effectively improving the intestinal microecology. In an LPS-induced macrophage model, atractylodin could inhibit the MAPK pathway and expression of the inflammatory factors of macrophages. Atractylodin could also inhibit the production of lactate, which is the end product of glycolysis; inhibit the activity of GAPDH, which is an important rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis; inhibit the malonylation of GAPDH, and, thus, inhibit the translation of TNF-α. Therefore, ours is the first study to highlight the potential of atractylodin in the treatment of ulcerative colitis and reveal its possible mechanism.

Atractylodes oil alleviates diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome by regulating intestinal inflammation and intestinal barrier via SCF/c-kit and MLCK/MLC2 pathways

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. is a widely used traditional herb that is well known for treating spleen deficiency and diarrhea. According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is caused by cold and dampness, resulting in diarrhea and abdominal pain. Nevertheless, the effect and mechanism of Atractylodes on IBS-D are still unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study was designed to confirm the therapeutic effect of Atractylodes lanceolata oil (AO) in a rat model of IBS-D, and to determine the mechanisms by which AO protects against the disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The chemical components in AO were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The expression levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and surfactant protein (SP) in serum and colon tissue were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blotting (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and immunofluorescence (IF) were used to elucidate the mechanism of action of AO toward inflammation and the intestinal barrier in a rat model of IBS-D.

RESULTS

The 15 chemical substances of the highest concentration in AO were identified using GC-MS. AO was effective against IBS-D in the rat model, in terms of increased body weight, diarrhea grade score, levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), aquaporin 3 (AQP3), and aquaporin 8 (AQP8), and reduced fecal moisture content, levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), 5-HT, VIP, and SP, while also reducing intestinal injury, as observed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. In addition, the results indicated that AO increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of stem cell factor (SCF) and c-kit and enhanced the levels of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin, as well as decreased the levels of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and inhibited the phosphorylation of myosin light chain 2 (p-MLC2).

CONCLUSIONS

AO was found to be efficacious in the rat model of IBS-D. AO inhibited the SCF/c-kit pathway, thereby reducing inflammation and protecting against intestinal barrier damage via the MLCK/MLC2 pathway.

Atractylodis Rhizoma: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and quality control

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Atractylodis Rhizoma (AR), mainly includes Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (A. lancea) and Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz. (A. chinensis) is widely used in East Asia as a diuretic and stomachic drug, for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, digestive disorders, night blindness, and influenza as it contains a variety of sesquiterpenoids and other components of medicinal importance.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

A systematic summary on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and quality control of AR was presented to explore the future therapeutic potential and scientific potential of this plant.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A review of the literature was performed by consulting scientific databases including Google Scholar, Web of Science, Baidu Scholar, Springer, PubMed, ScienceDirect, CNKI, etc. Plant taxonomy was confirmed to the database "The Plant List".

RESULTS

Over 200 chemical compounds have been isolated from AR, notably sesquiterpenoids and alkynes. Various pharmacological activities have been demonstrated, especially improving gastrointestinal function and thus allowed to assert most of the traditional uses of AR.

CONCLUSIONS

The researches on AR are extensive, but gaps still remain. The molecular mechanism, structure-activity relationship, potential synergistic and antagonistic effects of these components need to be further elucidated. It is suggested that further studies should be carried out in the aspects of comprehensive evaluation of the quality of medicinal materials, understanding of the "effective forms" and "additive effects" of the pharmacodynamic substances based on the same pharmacophore of TCM, and its long-term toxicity in vivo and clinical efficacy.

[Mechanism and material basis of Lianhua Qingwen capsule for improving clinical cure rate of COVID-19: a study based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the potential targets, signal pathways and biological functions that mediate the effect of Lianhua Qingwen capsule in improving clinical cure rate of COVID-19 in light of network pharmacology and molecular docking technology.

METHODS

TCMSP, Target, Prediction, CooLGeN, GeneCards, DAVID and other databases were searched for the active components and their target proteins from 13 herbs including Forsythia, Honeysuckle and roasted Ephedra used in Lianhua Qingwen capsule. The common target proteins, signal pathways and biological functions shared by these components and the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 (fever, cough, and fatigue) were identified to construct the network consisting of the component drugs in Lianhua Qingwen capsule, the active ingredients of, their targets of action, and the biological functions involved using Gephi software.

RESULTS

A total 160 active components including MOL000522, and MOL003283, MOL003365, MOL003006, MOL003014 in 13 component drugs in Lianhua Qingwen capsule produced therapeutic effects against COVID-19 through 57 target proteins including MAPK1, IL6, HSP90AA1, TNF, and CCL2, involving 35 signaling pathways including NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. The results of molecular docking showed that 83 chemical components had total scores no less than 5.0 for docking with 12 target proteins (including MAPK1, IL6, and HSP90AA1) with high binding activities to form stable conformations. The binding of MOL000522, MOL004989, and MOL003330 with MAPK1; MOL001495 and MOL001494 with NLRP3; MOL004908, MOL004863 and MOL004806 with HSP90AA1; MOL001749 with TLR9; and MOL001495 with AKT1 all had total scores exceeding 9.0.

CONCLUSIONS

Lianhua Qingwen capsule contains multiple effective ingredients to improve clinical cure rate of COVID-19, and its therapeutic effect is mediated by multiple protein targets, signal pathways and biological functions.

Revealing active ingredients, potential targets, and action mechanism of Ermiao fang for treating endometritis based on network pharmacology strategy

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ermiao fang (EMF) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herbal formula from ancient times and recorded in the pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China. It is composed of two typical Chinese herbal medicines, Cortex Phellodendri (Huangbai), the bark of Phellodendron chinensis Schneid. (Rutaceae), and Rhizoma Atractylodis (Cangzhu), the rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (Compositae). EMF has been clinically used for the treatment of endometritis for many years in China.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study was aimed to identify the active ingredients, potential targets, and mechanism of action of EMF for the treatment of endometritis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this research, the pharmacological effects of EMF on endometritis were first evaluated by establishing a rat model of endometritis. A network pharmacology-based analytical strategy was then used to predict its targets and signaling pathways. An endometritis-related protein target and compound database was built for EMF. The compounds in EMF and those absorbed into the blood were identified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS). High-throughput virtual screening and molecule docking methods were used to predict the protein targets of EMF. The surface plasmon resonance analysis (SPR) method was used to validate the affinity between the compound and proteins. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis was used to predict the related pathways. Western blotting analysis was used to evaluate the expression of key proteins in the related pathways.

RESULTS

The animal study showed that EMF could reduce uterine inflammation in rats with endometritis. Then, an ingredient database including 187 compounds and a protein target database including 836 proteins were constructed. Twenty-four compounds in EMF were identified by UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS, among which eight compounds were present in rat plasma after an oral administration of EMF. Afterward, 39 potential target proteins were predicted by the high-throughput screening method, and 20 of them were selected after further screening using molecular docking. Subsequently, an ingredient-target network was constructed, and the target proteins were classified into the NF-κB and MAPK signal pathways by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Finally, the affinity between the active ingredients and the target proteins was verified by SPR. The Western blotting analysis showed that EMF significantly inhibited the elevated NF-κB and MAPK pathway proteins in rats with endometritis.

CONCLUSIONS

EMF exhibited a significant pharmacological effect on rats with endometritis. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that eight compounds were absorbed into the blood after oral administration and interacted with 20 targets. Western blotting analysis indicated that EMF exerted anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway proteins in the treatment of endometritis.

Natural Potent NAAA Inhibitor Atractylodin Counteracts LPS-Induced Microglial Activation

N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) is a lysosomal enzyme that inhibits the degradation of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endogenous lipid that induces analgesic, anti-inflammation, and anti-multiple sclerosis through PPARα activation. Only a few potent NAAA inhibitors have been reported to date, which is mainly due to the restricted substrate-binding site of NAAA. Here, we established a high-throughput fluorescence-based assay for NAAA inhibitor screening. Several new classes of NAAA inhibitors were discovered from a small library of natural products. One of these is atractylodin, a polyethylene alkyne compound from the root of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb) DC., which significantly inhibits NAAA activity and has an IC₅₀ of 2.81 µM. Kinetic analyses and dialysis assays suggested that atractylodin engages in competitive inhibition via reversible reaction to the enzyme. Docking assays revealed that atractylodin occupies the catalytic cavity of NAAA, where the atractylodin furan head group has a hydrophobic-related interaction with the backbone of the Trp181 and Leu152 residues of human NAAA. Further investigation indicated that atractylodin significantly increases PEA and OEA levels and dose-dependently inhibits LPS-induced nitrate, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokine release in BV-2 microglia. Our results show that atractylodin elevates cellular PEA levels and inhibits microglial activation by inhibiting NAAA activity, which in turn could contribute to NAAA functional research.

The Important Role of Volatile Components From a Traditional Chinese Medicine Dayuan-Yin Against the COVID-19 Pandemic

Aromatic Chinese herbs have been used to prevent plagues since ancient times. Traditional Chinese medicine has unique advantages in the prevention and treatment of epidemic diseases. According to the traditional Chinese medicine treatment plan in the National COVID-19 Diagnosis and Treatment Plan (Trial Seventh Edition) of the National Health Commission, Chinese patent medicines or prescriptions rich in aromatic Chinese herbs are selected for prevention and treatment during the period of medical observation, clinical treatment, and recovery of confirmed COVID-19 patients. Some local health committees or traditional Chinese medicine administrations recommend a variety of other ways of using traditional aromatic Chinese herbs to prevent and cure COVID-19. These involve external fumigation, use of moxibustion, and wearing of sachet. The efficacy of aromatic Chinese herbs plays a decisive role in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. The unique properties, chemical composition, and mechanism of action of aromatic Chinese herbs are worthy of extensive and in-depth experimental and clinical research. The findings are expected to provide a reference for follow-up treatment of novel coronavirus and the development of corresponding drugs. In 2003, Dayuan-Yin produced excellent results in the treatment of the SARS virus. Individually, 112 confirmed cases were administered this drug between January and April 2003, and more than 93.7% of the patients showed noticeable mitigation of the symptoms, as well as recovery. Dayuan-Yin also was selected as one of the nationally recommended prescriptions for the COVID-19. Based on the national recommendation of Dayuan-Yin prescription, this review discusses the role of volatile components in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, and speculates the possible mechanism of action, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.

Aloin suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting NLRP3/NF-κB via activation of SIRT1 in mice

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to explore the protective effects and potential mechanisms of aloin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI).

METHODS

Mice were pretreatment with aloin 1 h before LPS administration. The number of inflammatory cells and the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β was detected. The lung histopathological changes, wet/dry ratio, MPO activity, GSH, MDA, SOD, and the expression of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome were measured.

RESULTS

The results showed that aloin significantly inhibited the number of total cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, as well as the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in BALF induced by LPS. In addition, pretreatment with aloin also inhibited LPS-induced lung histopathological injuries, lung wet/dry ratio, MPO activity, and MDA content. The levels of GSH and SOD were decreased by LPS and treatment of aloin could increase the levels of GSH and SOD. To study the protective mechanisms of alion on LPS-induced ALI, the expression of SIRT1, NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome were tested. We found that aloin significantly inhibited the activation of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome in ALI induced by LPS. Meanwhile, aloin was found to increase the expression of SIRT1 and inhibition of SIRT1 by EX-527 reversed the protective effects of aloin.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that aloin exerts its protective effects on LPS-induced ALI by activation SIRT1, which subsequently results in the suppression of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome.

Systems pharmacology reveals the mechanism of activity of Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) is an important cause of mortality of patients with sepsis, shock, trauma, pneumonia, multiple transfusions and pancreatitis. Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino (PAF) has been extensively used in Chinese folk medicine because of a good therapeutic effect in respiratory diseases. Here, an integrated approach combining network pharmacology, proton nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics, histopathological analysis and biochemical assays was used to elucidate the mechanism of PAF against ALI induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a mouse model. We found that the compounds present in PAF interact with 32 targets to effectively improve the damage in the lung undergoing ALI. We predicted the putative signalling pathway involved by using the network pharmacology and then used the orthogonal signal correction partial least-squares discriminant analysis to analyse the disturbances in the serum metabolome in mouse. We also used ELISA, RT-qPCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and TUNEL assay to confirm the potential signalling pathways involved. We found that PAF reduced the release of cytokines, such as TNF-α, and the accumulation of oxidation products; decreased the levels of NF-κB, p-p38, ERK, JNK, p53, caspase-3 and COX-2; and enhanced the translocation of Nrf2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Collectively, PAF significantly reduced oxidative stress injury and inflammation, at the same time correcting the energy metabolism imbalance caused by ALI, increasing the amount of antioxidant-related metabolites and reducing the apoptosis of lung cells. These observations suggest that PAF may be an effective candidate preparation alleviating ALI.

Anti-inflammatory effect of Yam Glycoprotein on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via the NLRP3 and NF-κB/TLR4 signaling pathway

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common lung disease accompanied by acute and persistent pulmonary inflammatory response syndrome, which leads to alveolar epithelial cells and capillary endothelial cell damage. Yam glycoprotein, separated from traditional Chinese yam, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. In this experiment, we mainly studied the therapeutic effect and mechanism of a glycoprotein on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mice. An oral glycoprotein method was used to treat the mouse ALI model induced by LPS injection in the peritoneal cavity. Afterward, we measured the wet/dry (W/D) ratio, the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO), the oxidative index superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and the production of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) to evaluate the effect of yam glycoprotein on lung tissue changes. We examined the protein expression of TLR4, ASC, NF-κBp65, p-NF-κBp65, Caspase-1, IκB, NLRP3, p-IκB, and β-actin by western blot analysis. Immunohistochemical analyses of NLRP3 and p-p65 in lung tissue were carried out to assess the mechanism of glycoprotein action. This result suggests that glycoprotein markedly depressed LPS-induced lung W/D ratio, MPO activity, MDA content SOD and GSH-Px depletion, and the contents of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Moreover, glycoprotein blocked TLR4/NF-κBp65 signaling activation and NLRP3inflammasome expression in LPS-induced ALI mice. As this particular study shows, glycoprotein has a safeguarding effects on LPS-induced ALI mice, possibly via activating NLRP3inflammasome and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways.

Procyanidin B2 Suppresses Lipopolysaccharides-Induced Inflammation and Apoptosis in Human Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells and Lung Fibroblasts

Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by acute lung inflammation and apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) with a high morbidity and mortality. Procyanidin B2 (PCB2) is a naturally occurring flavonoid with anti-inflammatory activity. Our previous study demonstrated that PCB2 inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and ameliorated paraquat-induced ALI in rat, indicating the protective role of PCB2. As lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced acute cell injury and dysfunction, we continued to evaluate the protective effects of PCB2 using LPS-treated human AECs and lung fibroblasts (LFs) model. We tested the effects of PCB2 on cell permeability, viability, apoptosis, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and proinflammatory cytokines production in LPS-treated human AECs and LFs. PCB2 prevented LPS-induced cell apoptosis, and increased the cell viability in LPS-treated human AECs and LFs. PCB2 inhibited LPS-induced Bax and active caspase-3 expression, and promoted Bcl-2 expression. PCB2 prevented LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β expression, NF-κB activation, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. PCB2 suppressed LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis in human AECs and LFs by inhibiting NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome.

NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by MicroRNA-495 Promoter Methylation May Contribute to the Progression of Acute Lung Injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a pulmonary disorder that causes acute respiratory failure, thus leading to relative high mortality worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms of ALI remain largely unknown. MicroRNA (miRNA)-dependent control of gene expression at a post-transcriptional level has been recently reported. Herein, we identify a candidate miRNA, miR-495, that affects the progression of ALI. Alveolar macrophages (NR8383) were treated with 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish a cell-injury model. Combined with the data from western blot, methylation-specific PCR, methylated DNA immunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and methylation-dependent repression of miR-495 were found in LPS-exposed NR8383 cells. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and miR-495 gain-of-function experiments confirmed that NLRP3 was a target of miR-495. Next, the expression of miR-495 and NLRP3 was overexpressed or silenced to assess their effects on NLRP3 inflammasome activation, alveolar macrophage inflammation, and pyroptosis in vitro. As demonstrated, overexpressed miR-495 alleviated alveolar macrophage inflammation and pyroptosis and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation by negatively regulating the NLRP3 gene. Consistently, elevated miR-495 alleviated lung injury and reduced the neutrophil infiltration and inflammation in rat models of LPS-induced ALI. Taken together, the data in our study demonstrated that methylation of the miR-495 promoter could downregulate miR-495, whose elevation could attenuate the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome to protect against ALI, which provides novel therapeutic targets for ALI treatment.

Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba Attenuates Neuroinflammation in BV2 Microglia upon LPS Stimulation by Inducing HO-1 Activity and Inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK

Microglial activation and the resulting neuroinflammation are associated with a variety of brain diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Thus, the control of microglial activation is an important factor in the development of drugs that can treat or prevent inflammation-related neurodegenerative disorders. Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba (ARA) has been reported to exhibit antioxidant, gastroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effects of ARA ethanolic extract (ARAE) on microglia-mediated neuroinflammation have not been fully elucidated. In this work, we explored the anti-neuroinflammatory properties and underlying molecular mechanisms of ARAE in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglial BV2 cells. Our results showed that ARAE significantly attenuates the production of nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS. ARAE treatment also inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 without causing cytotoxicity. ARAE markedly attenuated the transcriptional activities of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) phosphorylation, and induced heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that ARAE contains three main components—atractylenolide I, atractylenolide III, and atractylodin—all compounds that significantly inhibit the production of inflammatory factors. These findings indicate that ARAE may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.

Microarray profiling of lung long non-coding RNAs and mRNAs in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury mouse model

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in various biological processes as well as many respiratory diseases, while the role of lncRNAs in acute lung injury (ALI) remains unclear. The present study aimed to profile the expression of lung lncRNAs and mRNAs in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mouse model. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to LPS or phosphate-buffered saline for 24 h, and lncRNAs and mRNAs were profiled by Arraystar mouse LncRNA Array V3.0. Bioinformatics analysis gene ontology including (GO) and pathway analysis and cell study in vitro was used to investigate potential mechanisms. Based on the microarray results, 2632 lncRNAs and 2352 mRNAs were differentially expressed between ALI and control mice. The microarray results were confirmed by the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results of ten randomized selected lncRNAs. GO analysis showed that the altered mRNAs were mainly related to the processes of immune system, immune response and defense response. Pathway analysis suggests that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor pathway, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction may be involved in ALI. LncRNA-mRNA co-expression network analysis indicated that one individual lncRNA may interact with several mRNAs, and one individual mRNA may also interact with several lncRNAs. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) for ENSMUST00000170214.1, - ENSMUST00000016031.13 significantly inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-1β production in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Our results found significant changes of lncRNAs and mRNAs in the lungs of LPS-induced ALI mouse model, and intervention targeting lncRNAs may attenuate LPS-induced inflammation, which may help to elucidate the role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis and treatment of ALI.

Pharmacological effects of medicinal components of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC

Atractylodes lancea Thunb. DC. (AL) has a long history as one of the important herbs used in East Asia. This review is on the purpose of providing a comprehensive summary of the pharmacological effects of AL and its extractions. The publication from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Wiley database was collected and summarized. The potential application of AL on the disease could be attributed to its pharmacological properties such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and other essential effects. Hence, this review aims at providing evidence of the pharmacological activities of AL as one of natural products used in clinical trial.

Levocetirizine Pretreatment Mitigates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Lung Inflammation in Rats

This research was conducted to investigate possible protective influences of levocetirizine, a nonsedating H₁ antihistamine, against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats received either levocetirizine (1 mg/kg/day, orally) or the vehicle of the drug (2 ml/kg/day, orally) for 1 week before a single IP injection of LPS (7.5 mg/kg). A group of normal rats served as control. The experiments were terminated 18 h after the LPS challenge. Serum C-reactive protein levels were determined. Moreover, total cell count, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, protein levels, and total NOx were evaluated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Pulmonary edema was evaluated as the wet/dry lung weight ratio. Lung tissue homogenate was assessed for antioxidant/pro-oxidant status. BALF and lung tissue levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were assessed. Lungs were examined for histological alterations. LPS-mediated lung injury was manifested by pulmonary edema, leukocyte infiltration, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Levocetirizine attenuated lung edema and mitigated the increases in BALF protein levels, LDH activity, and lung leukocyte recruitment in LPS-challenged rats. Additionally, TNF-α protein levels in BALF and lung tissue were diminished by levocetirizine administration. Levocetirizine also exhibited a potent antioxidant activity as indicated by a decrease in lung tissue levels of malondialdehyde and an enhancement of superoxide dismutase activity. Histological examination of lung tissues confirmed the beneficial effect of levocetirizine against LPS-induced histopathological alterations. In conclusion, levocetirizine may offer protection against lung tissue damage and inflammation in LPS-challenged rats.