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Mutations in DISC1 alter IP 3R and voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel functioning, implications for major mental illness. Neuronal Signal 2021; 5:NS20180122. [PMID: 34956649 PMCID: PMC8663806 DOI: 10.1042/ns20180122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) participates in a wide variety of
developmental processes of central neurons. It also serves critical roles that
underlie cognitive functioning in adult central neurons. Here we summarize
DISC1’s general properties and discuss its use as a model system for
understanding major mental illnesses (MMIs). We then discuss the cellular
actions of DISC1 that involve or regulate Ca2+ signaling in adult
central neurons. In particular, we focus on the tethering role DISC1 plays in
transporting RNA particles containing Ca2+ channel subunit RNAs,
including IP3R1, CACNA1C and CACNA2D1, and in transporting mitochondria into
dendritic and axonal processes. We also review DISC1’s role in modulating
IP3R1 activity within mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM).
Finally, we discuss DISC1-glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β)
signaling that regulates functional expression of voltage-gated Ca2+
channels (VGCCs) at central synapses. In each case, DISC1 regulates the movement
of molecules that impact Ca2+ signaling in neurons.
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2
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Priya I, Sharma I, Sharma S, Gupta S, Arora M, Bhat GR, Mahajan R, Kapoor N. Genetic association of DISC1 variant rs3738401 with susceptibility to Schizophrenia risk in North Indian population. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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3
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Abstract
Since its earliest conceptualization, schizophrenia has been considered a disorder of "young men." Contemporary research suggests that there are sex differences in schizophrenia that are both transdiagnostic and representative of general sex/gender differences across the psychopathology spectrum. This chapter selectively summarizes representative sex/gender differences in clinical expression, epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, as well as course and outcome in schizophrenia. The consistent sex differences found, such as onset age, generic brain anomalies, and hormonal involvement, are not specific to schizophrenia or necessarily to psychopathology. It is suggested that in working with those diagnosed as meeting the current criteria for schizophrenia, clinicians adopt a transdiagnostic framework informed by sex and gender role processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lewine
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.
| | - Mara Hart
- Department of Psychiatry, Worcester Recovery Center and Hospital, Worcester, MA, United States
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4
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Ma JH, Sun XY, Guo TJ, Barot E, Wang DF, Yan LL, Ni DW, Huang NH, Xie Q, Zeng J, Ou-Yang L, Liu YQ, Lu QB. Association on DISC1 SNPs with schizophrenia risk: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:306-309. [PMID: 30286368 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a major psychiatric disorder with complex genetic, environmental, and psychological etiologies. Although DISC1 gene has been shown as a risk factor for schizophrenia in some reports, there is a lack of a consensus. We therefore performed separate meta-analyses aiming to assess the associations between DISC1 SNPs and schizophrenia risk. We found that SNP rs821597 is significantly associated with schizophrenia risk in terms of both allelic and genotypic distribution, while SNP rs821616 is associated with schizophrenia in terms of genotypic distribution, especially in cases above 40 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Ma
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Yu Sun
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Tong-Jun Guo
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Emily Barot
- Bioinformatics Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
| | | | - Lai-Lai Yan
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Da-Wei Ni
- Central Hospital of Fengxian, Shanghai 201499, China
| | - Ning-Hua Huang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Li Ou-Yang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Ya-Qiong Liu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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5
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Gene polymorphisms of DISC1 is associated with schizophrenia: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 81:64-73. [PMID: 29031911 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest an association between Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) polymorphisms and schizophrenia (SCZ). However, the available data are often inconsistent, regarding the difference in sample size, ethnicity, genotyping method, etc. Thus, we carried out a meta-analysis to determine whether DISC1 polymorphisms contributed susceptibility to SCZ. METHODS A methodical literature review was operated using the English and Chinese core electronic databases. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to determine the correlation between DISC1 gene polymorphisms and SCZ susceptibility. Subgroup analyses were carried out by stratification of ethnicity. P values were Bonferroni adjusted to account for multiple testing. Publication bias was evaluated by funnel plots, Egger's test and the trim and fill method. RESULTS Meta-analyses results suggested that DISC1 polymorphisms (rs821616 and rs821597) increased SCZ risk in overall populations. In subgroups of ethnicity, DISC1 polymorphisms (rs821616 and rs821597) was associated with susceptibility to SCZ among the Chinese population (for rs821616: TT+AT vs. AA: OR=1.338, 95% CI=1.124-1.592, P=0.001; T vs. A: OR=1.300, 95% CI=1.124-1.504, P<0.000; for rs821597: AA+AG vs. GG: OR=1.508, 95% CI=1.268-1.794, P<0.001; A vs. G: OR=1.345, 95% CI=1.184-1.527, P<0.001). A positive correlation was also observed between the single marker rs821616 and SCZ among the Japanese population in the recessive model (TT vs. AT+AA: OR=1.524, 95% CI=1.185-1.959, P=0.001). There was no significant relationship between other DISC1 polymorphisms (rs3738401, rs2273890, rs3738398, rs3738402, rs2492367, rs843979, rs3737597, rs4658971, rs1538979, rs1000731 and rs3738399) and SCZ. CONCLUSIONS DISC1 polymorphisms increased a risk of SCZ, especially in the Chinese population. In order to further corroborate our findings, large well-designed epidemiological studies are needed.
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6
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Xu Y, Ren J, Ye H. Association between variations in the disrupted in schizophrenia 1 gene and schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Gene 2018; 651:94-99. [PMID: 29410289 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder. Genetic and functional studies have strongly implicated the disrupted in schizophrenia 1 gene (DISC1) as a candidate susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. Moreover, recent association studies have indicated that several DISC1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with schizophrenia. However, the association is hardly replicate in different ethnic group. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of the association between DISC1 SNPs and schizophrenia in which the samples were divided into subgroups according to ethnicity. Both rs3738401 and rs821616 showed not significantly association with schizophrenia in the Caucasian, Asian, Japanese or Han Chinese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Center of Schizophrenia, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Center of Schizophrenia, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Haihong Ye
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Center of Schizophrenia, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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7
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Deng D, Jian C, Lei L, Zhou Y, McSweeney C, Dong F, Shen Y, Zou D, Wang Y, Wu Y, Zhang L, Mao Y. A prenatal interruption of DISC1 function in the brain exhibits a lasting impact on adult behaviors, brain metabolism, and interneuron development. Oncotarget 2017; 8:84798-84817. [PMID: 29156684 PMCID: PMC5689574 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental illnesses like schizophrenia (SCZ) and major depression disorder (MDD) are devastating brain disorders. The SCZ risk gene, disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), has been associated with neuropsychiatric conditions. However, little is known regarding the long-lasting impacts on brain metabolism and behavioral outcomes from genetic insults on fetal NPCs during early life. We have established a new mouse model that specifically interrupts DISC1 functions in NPCs in vivo by a dominant-negative DISC1 (DN-DISC1) with a precise temporal and spatial regulation. Interestingly, prenatal interruption of mouse Disc1 function in NPCs leads to abnormal depression-like deficit in adult mice. Here we took a novel unbiased metabonomics approach to identify brain-specific metabolites that are significantly changed in DN-DISC1 mice. Surprisingly, the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, is augmented. Consistently, parvalbumin (PV) interneurons are increased in the cingulate cortex, retrosplenial granular cortex, and motor cortex. Interestingly, somatostatin (SST) positive and neuropeptide Y (NPY) interneurons are decreased in some brain regions, suggesting that DN-DISC1 expression affects the localization of interneuron subtypes. To further explore the cellular mechanisms that cause this change, DN-DISC1 suppresses proliferation and promotes the cell cycle exit of progenitors in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), whereas it stimulates ectopic proliferation of neighboring cells through cell non-autonomous effect. Mechanistically, it modulates GSK3 activity and interrupts Dlx2 activity in the Wnt activation. In sum, our results provide evidence that specific genetic insults on NSCs at a short period of time could lead to prolonged changes of brain metabolism and development, eventually behavioral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhi Deng
- Department of Emergency, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chongdong Jian
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ling Lei
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Health Examination Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yijing Zhou
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Colleen McSweeney
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Fengping Dong
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yilun Shen
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Donghua Zou
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingwei Mao
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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8
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Lord LD, Stevner AB, Deco G, Kringelbach ML. Understanding principles of integration and segregation using whole-brain computational connectomics: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017; 375:rsta.2016.0283. [PMID: 28507228 PMCID: PMC5434074 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To survive in an ever-changing environment, the brain must seamlessly integrate a rich stream of incoming information into coherent internal representations that can then be used to efficiently plan for action. The brain must, however, balance its ability to integrate information from various sources with a complementary capacity to segregate information into modules which perform specialized computations in local circuits. Importantly, evidence suggests that imbalances in the brain's ability to bind together and/or segregate information over both space and time is a common feature of several neuropsychiatric disorders. Most studies have, however, until recently strictly attempted to characterize the principles of integration and segregation in static (i.e. time-invariant) representations of human brain networks, hence disregarding the complex spatio-temporal nature of these processes. In the present Review, we describe how the emerging discipline of whole-brain computational connectomics may be used to study the causal mechanisms of the integration and segregation of information on behaviourally relevant timescales. We emphasize how novel methods from network science and whole-brain computational modelling can expand beyond traditional neuroimaging paradigms and help to uncover the neurobiological determinants of the abnormal integration and segregation of information in neuropsychiatric disorders.This article is part of the themed issue 'Mathematical methods in medicine: neuroscience, cardiology and pathology'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angus B Stevner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gustavo Deco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituci Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avanats (ICREA), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, Clayton VIC 3800
| | - Morten L Kringelbach
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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9
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He BS, Zhang LY, Pan YQ, Lin K, Zhang LL, Sun HL, Gao TY, Su TQ, Wang SK, Zhu CB. Association of the DISC1 and NRG1 genetic polymorphisms with schizophrenia in a Chinese population. Gene 2016; 590:293-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Dachtler J, Elliott C, Rodgers RJ, Baillie GS, Clapcote SJ. Missense mutation in DISC1 C-terminal coiled-coil has GSK3β signaling and sex-dependent behavioral effects in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18748. [PMID: 26728762 PMCID: PMC4700527 DOI: 10.1038/srep18748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a risk factor for schizophrenia and affective disorders. The full-length DISC1 protein consists of an N-terminal 'head' domain and a C-terminal tail domain that contains several predicted coiled-coils, structural motifs involved in protein-protein interactions. To probe the in vivo effects of missense mutation of DISC1's C-terminal tail, we tested mice carrying mutation D453G within a predicted α-helical coiled-coil region. We report that, relative to wild-type littermates, female DISC1(D453G) mice exhibited novelty-induced hyperlocomotion, an anxiogenic profile in the elevated plus-maze and open field tests, and reduced social exploration of unfamiliar mice. Male DISC1(D453G) mice displayed a deficit in passive avoidance, while neither males nor females exhibited any impairment in startle reactivity or prepulse inhibition. Whole brain homogenates showed normal levels of DISC1 protein, but decreased binding of DISC1 to GSK3β, decreased phospho-inhibition of GSK3β at serine 9, and decreased levels of β-catenin in DISC1(D453G) mice of either sex. Interrupted GSK3β signaling may thus be part of the mechanism underlying the behavioral phenotype associated with D453G, in common with the previously described N-terminal domain mutations Q31L and L100P in mice, and the schizophrenia risk-conferring variant R264Q in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Dachtler
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christina Elliott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - R John Rodgers
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Steven J Clapcote
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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11
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Johnstone M, Maclean A, Heyrman L, Lenaerts AS, Nordin A, Nilsson LG, De Rijk P, Goossens D, Adolfsson R, St Clair DM, Hall J, Lawrie SM, McIntosh AM, Del-Favero J, Blackwood DHR, Pickard BS. Copy Number Variations in DISC1 and DISC1-Interacting Partners in Major Mental Illness. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2015; 1:175-190. [PMID: 27239468 PMCID: PMC4872463 DOI: 10.1159/000438788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Robust statistical, genetic and functional evidence supports a role for DISC1 in the aetiology of major mental illness. Furthermore, many of its protein-binding partners show evidence for involvement in the pathophysiology of a range of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Copy number variants (CNVs) are suspected to play an important causal role in these disorders. In this study, CNV analysis of DISC1 and its binding partners PAFAH1B1, NDE1, NDEL1, FEZ1, MAP1A, CIT and PDE4B in Scottish and Northern Swedish population-based samples was carried out using multiplex amplicon quantification. Here, we report the finding of rare CNVs in DISC1, NDE1 (together with adjacent genes within the 16p13.11 duplication), NDEL1 (including the overlapping MYH10 gene) and CIT. Our findings provide further evidence for involvement of DISC1 and its interaction partners in neuropsychiatric disorders and also for a role of structural variants in the aetiology of these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Johnstone
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Medical Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan Maclean
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Medical Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lien Heyrman
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An-Sofie Lenaerts
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annelie Nordin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Peter De Rijk
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk Goossens
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David M St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jurgen Del-Favero
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Douglas H R Blackwood
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Medical Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Benjamin S Pickard
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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12
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New findings support the association of DISC1 genetic variants with susceptibility to schizophrenia in the Han Chinese population. Psychiatry Res 2015; 228:966-8. [PMID: 26162659 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Norlelawati AT, Kartini A, Norsidah K, Ramli M, Tariq AR, Wan Rohani WT. Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 SNPs and Susceptibility to Schizophrenia: Evidence from Malaysia. Psychiatry Investig 2015; 12:103-11. [PMID: 25670952 PMCID: PMC4310907 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2015.12.1.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Even though the role of the DICS1 gene as a risk factor for schizophrenia is still unclear, there is substantial evidence from functional and cell biology studies that supports the connection of the gene with schizophrenia. The studies associating the DISC1 gene with schizophrenia in Asian populations are limited to East-Asian populations. Our study examined several DISC1 markers of schizophrenia that were identified in the Caucasian and East-Asian populations in Malaysia and assessed the role of rs2509382, which is located at 11q14.3, the mutual translocation region of the famous DISC1 translocation [t (1; 11) (p42.1; q14.3)]. METHODS We genotyped eleven single-neucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) within or related to DISC1 (rs821597, rs821616, rs4658971, rs1538979, rs843979, rs2812385, rs1407599, rs4658890, and rs2509382) using the PCR-RFLP methods. RESULTS In all, there were 575 participants (225 schizophrenic patients and 350 healthy controls) of either Malay or Chinese ethnicity. The case-control analyses found two SNPs that were associated with schizophrenia [rs4658971 (p=0.030; OR=1.43 (1.35-1.99) and rs1538979-(p=0.036; OR=1.35 (1.02-1.80)] and rs2509382-susceptibility among the males schizophrenics [p=0.0082; OR=2.16 (1.22-3.81)]. This is similar to the meta-analysis findings for the Caucasian populations. CONCLUSION The study supports the notion that the DISC1 gene is a marker of schizophrenia susceptibility and that rs2509382 in the mutual DISC1 translocation region is a susceptibility marker for schizophrenia among males in Malaysia. However, the finding of the study is limited due to possible genetic stratification and the small sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Talib Norlelawati
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Kartini
- Department of Psychiatry, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Kuzaifah Norsidah
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Musa Ramli
- Department of Psychiatry, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Razak Tariq
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Wan Taib Wan Rohani
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia
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14
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Booth CA, Brown JT, Randall AD. Neurophysiological modification of CA1 pyramidal neurons in a transgenic mouse expressing a truncated form of disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1074-90. [PMID: 24712988 PMCID: PMC4232873 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A t(1;11) balanced chromosomal translocation transects the Disc1 gene in a large Scottish family and produces genome-wide linkage to schizophrenia and recurrent major depressive disorder. This study describes our in vitro investigations into neurophysiological function in hippocampal area CA1 of a transgenic mouse (DISC1tr) that expresses a truncated version of DISC1 designed to reproduce aspects of the genetic situation in the Scottish t(1;11) pedigree. We employed both patch-clamp and extracellular recording methods in vitro to compare intrinsic properties and synaptic function and plasticity between DISC1tr animals and wild-type littermates. Patch-clamp analysis of CA1 pyramidal neurons (CA1-PNs) revealed no genotype dependence in multiple subthreshold parameters, including resting potential, input resistance, hyperpolarization-activated ‘sag’ and resonance properties. Suprathreshold stimuli revealed no alteration to action potential (AP) waveform, although the initial rate of AP production was higher in DISC1tr mice. No difference was observed in afterhyperpolarizing potentials following trains of 5–25 APs at 50 Hz. Patch-clamp analysis of synaptic responses in the Schaffer collateral commissural (SC) pathway indicated no genotype-dependence of paired pulse facilitation, excitatory postsynaptic potential summation or AMPA/NMDA ratio. Extracellular recordings also revealed an absence of changes to SC synaptic responses and indicated input–output and short-term plasticity were also unaltered in the temporoammonic (TA) input. However, in DISC1tr mice theta burst-induced long-term potentiation was enhanced in the SC pathway but completely lost in the TA pathway. These data demonstrate that expressing a truncated form of DISC1 affects intrinsic properties of CA1-PNs and produces pathway-specific effects on long-term synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair A Booth
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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15
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Cui D, Jiang K. Research in China on the molecular genetics of schizophrenia. SHANGHAI ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY 2014; 24:187-99. [PMID: 25324626 PMCID: PMC4198854 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex disease caused by genetic and environmental factors with a global heritability of more than 80%. By the end of the 1970s, Chinese scientists reported a heritability of schizophrenia of 82.9% in the Chinese Han population. Continuous improvements in research techniques and the recruitment of larger samples have made it possible for Chinese scientists to identify a number of candidate susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. This article reviews the results in genetic research of schizophrenia by Chinese scientists over the last five decades
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Cui
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaida Jiang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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16
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Vázquez-Bourgon J, Mata I, Roiz-Santiáñez R, Ayesa-Arriola R, Suárez Pinilla P, Tordesillas-Gutiérrez D, Vázquez-Barquero JL, Crespo-Facorro B. A Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 Gene Variant is Associated with Clinical Symptomatology in Patients with First-Episode Psychosis. Psychiatry Investig 2014; 11:186-91. [PMID: 24843375 PMCID: PMC4023094 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2014.11.2.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE DISC1 gene is one of the main candidate genes for schizophrenia since it has been associated to the illness in several populations. Moreover, variations in several DISC1 polymorphisms, and in particular Ser704Cys SNP, have been associated in schizophrenic patients to structural and functional modifications in two brain areas (pre-frontal cortex and hippocampus) that play a central role in the genesis of psychotic symptoms. This study tested the association between Ser704Cys DISC1 polymorphism and the clinical onset of psychosis. METHODS Two hundred and thirteen Caucasian drug-naive patients experiencing a first episode of non-affective psychosis were genotyped for rs821616 (Ser704Cys) SNP of the DISC1 gene. The clinical severity of the illness was assessed using SAPS and SANS scales. Other clinical and socio-demographic variables were recorded to rule out possible confounding effects. RESULTS Patients homozygous for the Ser allele of the Ser704Cys DISC1 SNP had significantly (p<0.05) higher rates at the positive symptoms dimension (SAPS-SANS scales) and hallucinations item, compared to Cys carriers. CONCLUSION DISC1 gene variations may modulate the clinical severity of the psychosis at the onset of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Vázquez-Bourgon
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla-IFIMAV, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Mata
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Roiz-Santiáñez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla-IFIMAV, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla-IFIMAV, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Suárez Pinilla
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla-IFIMAV, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutiérrez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla-IFIMAV, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Vázquez-Barquero
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla-IFIMAV, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla-IFIMAV, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
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Bae JS, Kim JY, Park BL, Cheong HS, Kim JH, Shin JG, Park CS, Kim BJ, Lee CS, Kim JW, Lee M, Choi WH, Shin TM, Hwang J, Shin HD, Woo SI. Lack of association between DISC1 polymorphisms and risk of schizophrenia in a Korean population. Psychiatry Res 2013; 208:189-90. [PMID: 23497821 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The DISC1 gene is considered to be a strong candidate gene for the development of schizophrenia. This study examines the association of DISC1 polymorphisms with schizophrenia in a Korean population. Although we fail to discover convincing evidence that DISC1 affects schizophrenia development, our findings may be useful for further genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Seol Bae
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Shinsu-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea
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18
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Cao F, Zhang H, Feng J, Gao C, Li S. Association study of three microsatellite polymorphisms located in introns 1, 8, and 9 of DISC1 with schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2013; 17:407-11. [PMID: 23581481 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study explores more polymorphisms in Disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) for schizophrenia, which confer risk of developing the disorder. RESULTS We report three short tandem repeat (STR) loci ((ATCC)n1, D1S1621, and (ATCC)n2) in DISC1 that showed a significant association with schizophrenia in a set of Chinese Han individuals, including 310 schizophrenics and 400 controls. The STRs in DISC1 associated with schizophrenia occur in intronic sequences in the vicinity of a critical splice junction that gives rise to the expression of DISC1 isoforms. The frequencies of allele 12 of (ATCC)n1, alleles 11 and 12, allele 13 and allele 15 of D1S1621, and allele 10 of (ATCC)n2 were significantly higher in schizophrenia patients than in controls. In contrast, the frequencies of alleles 9 and 10 of (ATCC)n1 and allele 16 and alleles17 and 18 of D1S1621 were significantly lower in schizophrenia patients than in controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide further evidence for an effect of the DISC1 gene on the etiology of schizophrenia and suggest that STRs in the DISC1 gene may be genetic risk factors for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cao
- The Key Laboratory of National Ministry of Health for Forensic Sciences, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Republic of China
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Yang HC, Liu CM, Liu YL, Chen CW, Chang CC, Fann CSJ, Chiou JJ, Yang UC, Chen CH, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT, Hwu HG. The DAO gene is associated with schizophrenia and interacts with other genes in the Taiwan Han Chinese population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60099. [PMID: 23555897 PMCID: PMC3610748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a highly heritable disease with a polygenic mode of inheritance. Many studies have contributed to our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of schizophrenia, but little is known about how interactions among genes affect the risk of schizophrenia. This study aimed to assess the associations and interactions among genes that confer vulnerability to schizophrenia and to examine the moderating effect of neuropsychological impairment. METHODS We analyzed 99 SNPs from 10 candidate genes in 1,512 subject samples. The permutation-based single-locus, multi-locus association tests, and a gene-based multifactorial dimension reduction procedure were used to examine genetic associations and interactions to schizophrenia. RESULTS We found that no single SNP was significantly associated with schizophrenia. However, a risk haplotype, namely A-T-C of the SNP triplet rsDAO7-rsDAO8-rsDAO13 of the DAO gene, was strongly associated with schizophrenia. Interaction analyses identified multiple between-gene and within-gene interactions. Between-gene interactions including DAO*DISC1 , DAO*NRG1 and DAO*RASD2 and a within-gene interaction for CACNG2 were found among schizophrenia subjects with severe sustained attention deficits, suggesting a modifying effect of impaired neuropsychological functioning. Other interactions such as the within-gene interaction of DAO and the between-gene interaction of DAO and PTK2B were consistently identified regardless of stratification by neuropsychological dysfunction. Importantly, except for the within-gene interaction of CACNG2, all of the identified risk haplotypes and interactions involved SNPs from DAO. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that DAO, which is involved in the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor regulation, signaling and glutamate metabolism, is the master gene of the genetic associations and interactions underlying schizophrenia. Besides, the interaction between DAO and RASD2 has provided an insight in integrating the glutamate and dopamine hypotheses of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chou Yang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Liu
- Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Cathy S. J. Fann
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Jie Chiou
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ueng-Cheng Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Houh Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Medical Genetics Research Center and Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, and Departments of Epidemiology and Psychiatry, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute of Behavioral Genomics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Debono R, Topless R, Markie D, Black MA, Merriman TR. Analysis of the DISC1 translocation partner (11q14.3) in genetic risk of schizophrenia. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2012; 11:859-63. [PMID: 22891933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2012.00832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) locus on human chromosome 1 was identified as a consequence of its involvement in a balanced translocation (1;11)(q42.1;q14.3) segregating with major psychiatric disorders in a Scottish family. Recently a comprehensive meta-analysis of genome-wide association scan data found no evidence that common variants of DISC1 (1q42.1) are associated with schizophrenia. Our aim was to test for association of variants in the 11q14.3 translocation region with schizophrenia. The 11q14.3 region was examined by meta-analysis of genome-wide scan data made available by the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) and other investigators (non-GAIN) through dbGap. P-values were adjusted for multiple testing using the false discovery rate (FDR) approach. There were no single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significant (P < 0.05) after correction for multiple testing in the combined schizophrenia dataset. However, one SNP (rs2509382) was significantly associated in the male-only analysis with P(FDR) = 0.024. Whilst the relevance of the (1;11)(q42.1;q14.3) translocation to psychiatric disorders is currently specific to the Scottish family, genetic material in the chromosome 11 region may contain risk variants for psychiatric disorders in the wider population. The association found in this region does warrant follow-up analysis in further sample sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Debono
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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21
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Kähler AK, Rimol LM, Brown AA, Djurovic S, Hartberg CB, Melle I, Dale AM, Andreassen OA, Agartz I. Effect of DISC1 SNPs on brain structure in healthy controls and patients with a history of psychosis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:722-30. [PMID: 22815203 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) has been suggested as a susceptibility locus for a broad spectrum of psychiatric disorders. Risk variants have been associated with brain structural changes, which overlap alterations reported in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients. We used genome-wide genotyping data for a Norwegian sample of healthy controls (n = 171) and patients with a history of psychosis (n = 184), to investigate 61 SNPs in the DISC1 region for putative association with structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) measures (hippocampal volume; mean cortical thickness; and total surface area, as well as cortical thickness and area divided into four lobar measures). SNP rs821589 was associated with mean temporal and total brain cortical thickness in controls (P(adjusted) = 0.009 and 0.02, respectively), but not in patients. SNPs rs11122319 and rs1417584 were associated with mean temporal cortical thickness in patients (P(adjusted) = 0.04 and 0.03, respectively), but not in controls, and both SNPs have previously been highly associated with DISC1 gene expression. There were significant genotype × case-control interactions. There was no significant association between SNPs and cortical area or hippocampal volume in controls, or with any of the structural measures in cases, after correction for multiple comparisons. In conclusion, DISC1 SNPs might impact brain structural variation, possibly differently in psychosis patients versus controls, but independent replication will be needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Kähler
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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22
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Gender-specific association of TSNAX/DISC1 locus for schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder in South Indian population. J Hum Genet 2012; 57:523-30. [PMID: 22673686 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2012.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic association studies have implicated the TSNAX/DISC1 (disrupted in schizophrenia 1) in schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) and major depression. This study was performed to assess the possible involvement of TSNAX/DISC1 locus in the aetiology of BPAD and SCZ in the Southern Indian population. We genotyped seven single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) from TSNAX/DISC1 region in 1252 individuals (419 BPAD patients, 408 SCZ patients and 425 controls). Binary logistic regression revealed a nominal association for rs821616 in DISC1 for BPAD and also combined cases of BPAD or SCZ, but after correcting for multiple testing, these results were non-significant. However, significant association was observed with BPAD, as well as combined cases of BPAD or SCZ, within the female subjects for the rs766288 after applying false discovery rate corrections at the 0.05 level. Two-locus analysis showed C-C (rs766288-rs2812393) as a risk combination in BPAD, and G-T (rs2812393-rs821616) as a protective combination in SCZ and combined cases of BPAD or SCZ. Female-specific associations were observed for rs766288-rs2812393, rs766288-rs821616 and rs8212393-rs821616 in two-locus analysis. Our results provide further evidence for sex-dependent effects of the TSNAX/DISC1 locus in the aetiology of SCZ and BPAD.
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Mathieson I, Munafò MR, Flint J. Meta-analysis indicates that common variants at the DISC1 locus are not associated with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:634-41. [PMID: 21483435 PMCID: PMC3359642 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several polymorphisms in the Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) gene are reported to be associated with schizophrenia. However, to date, there has been little effort to evaluate the evidence for association systematically. We carried out an imputation-driven meta-analysis, the most comprehensive to date, using data collected from 10 candidate gene studies and three genome-wide association studies containing a total of 11 626 cases and 15 237 controls. We tested 1241 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in total, and estimated that our power to detect an effect from a variant with minor allele frequency >5% was 99% for an odds ratio of 1.5 and 51% for an odds ratio of 1.1. We find no evidence that common variants at the DISC1 locus are associated with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mathieson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M R Munafò
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J Flint
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Greenwood TA, Lazzeroni LC, Murray SS, Cadenhead KS, Calkins ME, Dobie DJ, Green MF, Gur RE, Gur RC, Hardiman G, Kelsoe JR, Leonard S, Light GA, Nuechterlein KH, Olincy A, Radant AD, Schork NJ, Seidman LJ, Siever LJ, Silverman JM, Stone WS, Swerdlow NR, Tsuang DW, Tsuang MT, Turetsky BI, Freedman R, Braff DL. Analysis of 94 candidate genes and 12 endophenotypes for schizophrenia from the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168:930-46. [PMID: 21498463 PMCID: PMC3751972 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors used a custom array of 1,536 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to interrogate 94 functionally relevant candidate genes for schizophrenia and identify associations with 12 heritable neurophysiological and neurocognitive endophenotypes in data collected by the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia. METHOD Variance-component association analyses of 534 genotyped subjects from 130 families were conducted by using Merlin software. A novel bootstrap total significance test was also developed to overcome the limitations of existing genomic multiple testing methods and robustly demonstrate significant associations in the context of complex family data and possible population stratification effects. RESULTS Associations with endophenotypes were observed for 46 genes of potential functional significance, with three SNPs at p<10(-4), 27 SNPs at p<10(-3), and 147 SNPs at p<0.01. The bootstrap analyses confirmed that the 47 SNP-endophenotype combinations with the strongest evidence of association significantly exceeded that expected by chance alone, with 93% of these findings expected to be true. Many of the genes interact on a molecular level, and eight genes (e.g., NRG1 and ERBB4) displayed evidence for pleiotropy, revealing associations with four or more endophenotypes. The results collectively support a strong role for genes related to glutamate signaling in mediating schizophrenia susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS This study supports use of relevant endophenotypes and the bootstrap total significance test for identifying genetic variation underlying the etiology of schizophrenia. In addition, the observation of extensive pleiotropy for some genes and singular associations for others suggests alternative, independent pathways mediating pathogenesis in the "group of schizophrenias."
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
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25
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Moens LN, De Rijk P, Reumers J, Van den Bossche MJA, Glassee W, De Zutter S, Lenaerts AS, Nordin A, Nilsson LG, Medina Castello I, Norrback KF, Goossens D, Van Steen K, Adolfsson R, Del-Favero J. Sequencing of DISC1 pathway genes reveals increased burden of rare missense variants in schizophrenia patients from a northern Swedish population. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23450. [PMID: 21853134 PMCID: PMC3154939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, DISC1 has emerged as one of the most credible and best supported candidate genes for schizophrenia and related neuropsychiatric disorders. Furthermore, increasing evidence--both genetic and functional--indicates that many of its protein interaction partners are also involved in the development of these diseases. In this study, we applied a pooled sample 454 sequencing strategy, to explore the contribution of genetic variation in DISC1 and 10 of its interaction partners (ATF5, Grb2, FEZ1, LIS-1, PDE4B, NDE1, NDEL1, TRAF3IP1, YWHAE, and ZNF365) to schizophrenia susceptibility in an isolated northern Swedish population. Mutation burden analysis of the identified variants in a population of 486 SZ patients and 514 control individuals, revealed that non-synonymous rare variants with a MAF<0.01 were significantly more present in patients compared to controls (8.64% versus 4.7%, P = 0.018), providing further evidence for the involvement of DISC1 and some of its interaction partners in psychiatric disorders. This increased burden of rare missense variants was even more striking in a subgroup of early onset patients (12.9% versus 4.7%, P = 0.0004), highlighting the importance of studying subgroups of patients and identifying endophenotypes. Upon investigation of the potential functional effects associated with the identified missense variants, we found that ∼90% of these variants reside in intrinsically disordered protein regions. The observed increase in mutation burden in patients provides further support for the role of the DISC1 pathway in schizophrenia. Furthermore, this study presents the first evidence supporting the involvement of mutations within intrinsically disordered protein regions in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. As many important biological functions depend directly on the disordered state, alteration of this disorder in key pathways may represent an intriguing new disease mechanism for schizophrenia and related neuropsychiatric diseases. Further research into this unexplored domain will be required to elucidate the role of the identified variants in schizophrenia etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte N Moens
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Flanders, Belgium
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Kvajo M, McKellar H, Gogos JA. Avoiding mouse traps in schizophrenia genetics: lessons and promises from current and emerging mouse models. Neuroscience 2011; 211:136-64. [PMID: 21821099 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, but despite progress in identifying the genetic factors implicated in its development, the mechanisms underlying its etiology and pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Development of mouse models is critical for expanding our understanding of the causes of schizophrenia. However, translation of disease pathology into mouse models has proven to be challenging, primarily due to the complex genetic architecture of schizophrenia and the difficulties in the re-creation of susceptibility alleles in the mouse genome. In this review we highlight current research on models of major susceptibility loci and the information accrued from their analysis. We describe and compare the different approaches that are necessitated by diverse susceptibility alleles, and discuss their advantages and drawbacks. Finally, we discuss emerging mouse models, such as second-generation pathophysiology models based on innovative approaches that are facilitated by the information gathered from the current genetic mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kvajo
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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27
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Ibrahim HM, Tamminga CA. Schizophrenia: treatment targets beyond monoamine systems. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 51:189-209. [PMID: 20868275 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We develop the proposal in this review that schizophrenia is a syndrome made up of component symptom complexes, each with distinctive clinical correlates, pathophysiology, and selective treatments. Psychosis is the necessary component of the syndrome; it has a young-adult onset and is sensitive to current antipsychotic drugs. Cognitive dysfunction often precedes psychosis onset, does not present an episodic course, and is poorly responsive to antipsychotic drugs. Treatments for cognition are being developed largely on the basis of animal pharmacology. Drugs for component symptom complexes will theoretically be coadministered to independent symptomatic end points. Animal models, some with genetic characteristics, can be more easily and directly developed to match an individual component than to match an illness definition as broad as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham M Ibrahim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, 75390-9086, USA.
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28
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Dick DM, Riley B, Kendler KS. Nature and nurture in neuropsychiatric genetics: where do we stand? DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [PMID: 20373663 PMCID: PMC3181950 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2010.12.1/ddick] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Both genetic and nongenetic risk factors, as well as interactions and correlations between them, are thought to contribute to the etiology of psychiatric and behavioral phenotypes. Genetic epidemiology consistently supports the involvement of genes in liability. Molecular genetic studies have been less successful in identifying liability genes, but recent progress suggests that a number of specific genes contributing to risk have been identified. Collectively, the results are complex and inconsistent, with a single common DNA variant in any gene influencing risk across human populations. Few specific genetic variants influencing risk have been unambiguously identified. Contemporary approaches, however, hold great promise to further elucidate liability genes and variants, as well as their potential inter-relationships with each other and with the environment. We will review the fields of genetic epidemiology and molecular genetics, providing examples from the literature to illustrate the key concepts emerging from this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond 23298, USA
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Association study between the pericentrin (PCNT) gene and schizophrenia. Neuromolecular Med 2009; 12:243-7. [PMID: 19937158 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-009-8106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), a known genetic risk factor for schizophrenia (SZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD), interacts with several proteins and some of them are reported to be genetically associated with SZ. Pericentrin (PCNT) also interacts with DISC1 and recently single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the PCNT gene have been found to show significant associations with SZ and MDD. In this study, case-controlled association analysis was performed to determine if the PCNT gene is implicated in SZ. Nine SNPs were analyzed in 1,477 individuals (726 patients with SZ and 751 healthy controls). No significant difference was observed between the controls and the patients in allelic frequencies or genotypic distributions of eight SNPs. Although allelic distribution of rs11702684 was different between the two groups (P = 0.042), the difference did not reach statistical significance after permutation correction for multiple comparisons. In the haplotypic analysis, we could not find any significant association in our subjects, either. This gene may not play a major role independently in the etiology of SZ in the Japanese population.
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Anitha A, Nakamura K, Yamada K, Iwayama Y, Toyota T, Takei N, Iwata Y, Suzuki K, Sekine Y, Matsuzaki H, Kawai M, Thanseem I, Miyoshi K, Katayama T, Matsuzaki S, Baba K, Honda A, Hattori T, Shimizu S, Kumamoto N, Kikuchi M, Tohyama M, Yoshikawa T, Mori N. Association studies and gene expression analyses of the DISC1-interacting molecules, pericentrin 2 (PCNT2) and DISC1-binding zinc finger protein (DBZ), with schizophrenia and with bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:967-76. [PMID: 19191256 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and its molecular cascade have been implicated in the pathophysiology of major psychoses. Previously, we identified pericentrin 2 (PCNT2) and DISC1-binding zinc finger protein (DBZ) as binding partners of DISC1; further, we observed elevated expression of PCNT2 in the postmortem brains and in the lymphocytes of bipolar disorder patients, compared to controls. Here, we examined the association of PCNT2 with schizophrenia in a case-control study of Japanese cohorts. We also examined the association of DBZ with schizophrenia and with bipolar disorder, and compared the mRNA levels of DBZ in the postmortem brains of schizophrenia, bipolar and control samples. DNA from 180 schizophrenia patients 201 controls were used for the association study of PCNT2 and DBZ with schizophrenia. Association of DBZ with bipolar disorder was examined in DNA from 238 bipolar patients and 240 age- and gender-matched controls. We observed significant allelic and genotypic associations of the PCNT2 SNPs, rs2249057, rs2268524, and rs2073380 (Ser/Arg) with schizophrenia; the association of rs2249057 (P = 0.002) withstand multiple testing correction. Several two SNP- and three SNP-haplotypes showed significant associations; the associations of haplotypes involving rs2249057 withstand multiple testing correction. No associations were observed for DBZ with schizophrenia or with bipolar disorder; further, there was no significant difference between the DBZ mRNA levels of control, schizophrenia and bipolar postmortem brains. We suggest a possible role of PCNT2 in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Abnormalities of PCNT2, the centrosomal protein essential for microtubule organization, may be suggested to lead to neurodevelopmental abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyappan Anitha
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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DISC1 splice variants are upregulated in schizophrenia and associated with risk polymorphisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:15873-8. [PMID: 19805229 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0903413106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) is a promising susceptibility gene for major mental illness, but the mechanism of the clinical association is unknown. We searched for DISC1 transcripts in adult and fetal human brain and tested whether their expression is altered in patients with schizophrenia and is associated with genetic variation in DISC1. Many alternatively spliced transcripts were identified, including groups lacking exon 3 (Delta3), exons 7 and 8 (Delta7Delta8), an exon 3 insertion variant (extra short variant-1, Esv1), and intergenic splicing between TSNAX and DISC1. Isoforms Delta7Delta8, Esv1, and Delta3, which encode truncated DISC1 proteins, were expressed more abundantly during fetal development than during postnatal ages, and their expression was higher in the hippocampus of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia risk-associated polymorphisms [non-synonymous SNPs rs821616 (Cys704Ser) and rs6675281 (Leu607Phe), and rs821597] were associated with the expression of Delta3 and Delta7Delta8. Moreover, the same allele at rs6675281, which predicted higher expression of these transcripts in the hippocampus, was associated with higher expression of DISC1Delta7Delta8 in lymphoblasts in an independent sample. Our results implicate a molecular mechanism of genetic risk associated with DISC1 involving specific alterations in gene processing.
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Hennah W, Thomson P, McQuillin A, Bass N, Loukola A, Anjorin A, Blackwood D, Curtis D, Deary IJ, Harris SE, Isometsä ET, Lawrence J, Lönnqvist J, Muir W, Palotie A, Partonen T, Paunio T, Pylkkö E, Robinson M, Soronen P, Suominen K, Suvisaari J, Thirumalai S, St Clair D, Gurling H, Peltonen L, Porteous D. DISC1 association, heterogeneity and interplay in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:865-73. [PMID: 18317464 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) has been associated with risk of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, major depression, autism and Asperger syndrome, but apart from in the original translocation family, true causal variants have yet to be confirmed. Here we report a harmonized association study for DISC1 in European cohorts of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We identify regions of significant association, demonstrate allele frequency heterogeneity and provide preliminary evidence for modifying interplay between variants. Whereas no associations survived permutation analysis in the combined data set, significant corrected associations were observed for bipolar disorder at rs1538979 in the Finnish cohorts (uncorrected P=0.00020; corrected P=0.016; odds ratio=2.73+/-95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42-5.27) and at rs821577 in the London cohort (uncorrected P=0.00070; corrected P=0.040; odds ratio=1.64+/-95% CI 1.23-2.19). The rs821577 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) showed evidence for increased risk within the combined European cohorts (odds ratio=1.27+/-95% CI 1.07-1.51), even though significant corrected association was not detected (uncorrected P=0.0058; corrected P=0.28). After conditioning the European data set on the two risk alleles, reanalysis revealed a third significant SNP association (uncorrected P=0.00050; corrected P=0.025). This SNP showed evidence for interplay, either increasing or decreasing risk, dependent upon the presence or absence of rs1538979 or rs821577. These findings provide further support for the role of DISC1 in psychiatric illness and demonstrate the presence of locus heterogeneity, with the effect that clinically relevant genetic variants may go undetected by standard analysis of combined cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hennah
- Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland.
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Liu YL, Liu CM, Tien HF, Hwu HG. Construction of balanced translocation t(1;11)(q42.1;q14.3) probe and screening application in genomic samples in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2009; 108:587-91. [PMID: 19586833 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) gene is a candidate gene in schizophrenia. The balanced t(1;11)(q42.1;q14.3) translocation with a breakpoint between exons 8 and 9 of DISC1 has been found to be co-segregated with psychosis in a Scottish family. To examine whether the t(1;11)(q42.1;q14.3) translocation exists in Taiwanese samples, we constructed a plasmid probe that carried the two DNA fragments of chromosome 1 (738 bp) and chromosome 11 (719 bp) that covered the breakpoint. This probe was validated using a derived DNA gift from the translocation carrier of the Scottish family. We screened genomic DNA samples from 619 subjects (507 cases and 112 controls). None of the subjects showed the designed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product detected by the probe. We concluded that the significant association between schizophrenia and the DISC1 gene in the Taiwanese sample was not caused by balance translocation, but rather by polymorphic variations of the gene to be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Li Liu
- Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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Tomppo L, Hennah W, Lahermo P, Loukola A, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Suvisaari J, Partonen T, Ekelund J, Lönnqvist J, Peltonen L. Association between genes of Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) interactors and schizophrenia supports the role of the DISC1 pathway in the etiology of major mental illnesses. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65:1055-62. [PMID: 19251251 PMCID: PMC2696182 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is currently one of the most interesting candidate genes for major mental illness, having been demonstrated to associate with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, autism, and Asperger's syndrome. We have previously reported a DISC1 haplotype, HEP3, and an NDE1 spanning tag haplotype to associate to schizophrenia in Finnish schizophrenia families. Because both DISC1 and NDE1 display association in our study sample, we hypothesized that other genes interacting with DISC1 might also have a role in the etiology of schizophrenia. METHODS We selected 11 additional genes encoding components of the "DISC1 pathway" and studied these in our study sample of 476 families including 1857 genotyped individuals. We performed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and haplotype association analyses in two independent sets of families. For markers and haplotypes found to be consistently associated in both sets, the overall significance was tested with the combined set of families. RESULTS We identified three SNPs to be associated with schizophrenia in PDE4D (rs1120303, p = .021), PDE4B (rs7412571, p = .018), and NDEL1 (rs17806986, p = .0038). Greater significance was observed with allelic haplotypes of PDE4D (p = .00084), PDE4B (p = .0022 and p = .029), and NDEL1 (p = .0027) that increased or decreased schizophrenia susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS Our findings with other converging lines of evidence support the underlying importance of DISC1-related molecular pathways in the etiology of schizophrenia and other major mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Tomppo
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM and National Public Health Institute (LT, WH, AL, JE, LP); Finnish Genome Center (PL, AL); Department of Psychology (AT-H); Department of Medical Genetics (LP), University of Helsinki; Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research (AT-H, JS, TP, JE, JL), National Public Health Institute; Department of Psychiatry (JE, JL), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Medical Genetics Section (WH), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (LP), Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; and The Broad Institute (LP), MIT, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William Hennah
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM and National Public Health Institute (LT, WH, AL, JE, LP); Finnish Genome Center (PL, AL); Department of Psychology (AT-H); Department of Medical Genetics (LP), University of Helsinki; Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research (AT-H, JS, TP, JE, JL), National Public Health Institute; Department of Psychiatry (JE, JL), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Medical Genetics Section (WH), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (LP), Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; and The Broad Institute (LP), MIT, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Päivi Lahermo
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM and National Public Health Institute (LT, WH, AL, JE, LP); Finnish Genome Center (PL, AL); Department of Psychology (AT-H); Department of Medical Genetics (LP), University of Helsinki; Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research (AT-H, JS, TP, JE, JL), National Public Health Institute; Department of Psychiatry (JE, JL), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Medical Genetics Section (WH), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (LP), Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; and The Broad Institute (LP), MIT, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anu Loukola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM and National Public Health Institute (LT, WH, AL, JE, LP); Finnish Genome Center (PL, AL); Department of Psychology (AT-H); Department of Medical Genetics (LP), University of Helsinki; Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research (AT-H, JS, TP, JE, JL), National Public Health Institute; Department of Psychiatry (JE, JL), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Medical Genetics Section (WH), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (LP), Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; and The Broad Institute (LP), MIT, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Annamari Tuulio-Henriksson
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM and National Public Health Institute (LT, WH, AL, JE, LP); Finnish Genome Center (PL, AL); Department of Psychology (AT-H); Department of Medical Genetics (LP), University of Helsinki; Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research (AT-H, JS, TP, JE, JL), National Public Health Institute; Department of Psychiatry (JE, JL), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Medical Genetics Section (WH), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (LP), Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; and The Broad Institute (LP), MIT, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM and National Public Health Institute (LT, WH, AL, JE, LP); Finnish Genome Center (PL, AL); Department of Psychology (AT-H); Department of Medical Genetics (LP), University of Helsinki; Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research (AT-H, JS, TP, JE, JL), National Public Health Institute; Department of Psychiatry (JE, JL), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Medical Genetics Section (WH), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (LP), Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; and The Broad Institute (LP), MIT, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timo Partonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM and National Public Health Institute (LT, WH, AL, JE, LP); Finnish Genome Center (PL, AL); Department of Psychology (AT-H); Department of Medical Genetics (LP), University of Helsinki; Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research (AT-H, JS, TP, JE, JL), National Public Health Institute; Department of Psychiatry (JE, JL), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Medical Genetics Section (WH), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (LP), Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; and The Broad Institute (LP), MIT, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jesper Ekelund
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM and National Public Health Institute (LT, WH, AL, JE, LP); Finnish Genome Center (PL, AL); Department of Psychology (AT-H); Department of Medical Genetics (LP), University of Helsinki; Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research (AT-H, JS, TP, JE, JL), National Public Health Institute; Department of Psychiatry (JE, JL), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Medical Genetics Section (WH), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (LP), Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; and The Broad Institute (LP), MIT, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jouko Lönnqvist
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM and National Public Health Institute (LT, WH, AL, JE, LP); Finnish Genome Center (PL, AL); Department of Psychology (AT-H); Department of Medical Genetics (LP), University of Helsinki; Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research (AT-H, JS, TP, JE, JL), National Public Health Institute; Department of Psychiatry (JE, JL), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Medical Genetics Section (WH), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (LP), Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; and The Broad Institute (LP), MIT, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM and National Public Health Institute (LT, WH, AL, JE, LP); Finnish Genome Center (PL, AL); Department of Psychology (AT-H); Department of Medical Genetics (LP), University of Helsinki; Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research (AT-H, JS, TP, JE, JL), National Public Health Institute; Department of Psychiatry (JE, JL), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Medical Genetics Section (WH), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (LP), Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; and The Broad Institute (LP), MIT, Boston, Massachusetts
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Schumacher J, Laje G, Abou Jamra R, Becker T, Mühleisen TW, Vasilescu C, Mattheisen M, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Hillmer AM, Georgi A, Herold C, Schulze TG, Propping P, Rietschel M, McMahon FJ, Nöthen MM, Cichon S. The DISC locus and schizophrenia: evidence from an association study in a central European sample and from a meta-analysis across different European populations. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:2719-27. [PMID: 19414483 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Association studies, as well as the initial translocation family study, identified the gene Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) as a risk factor for schizophrenia. DISC1 encodes a multifunctional scaffold protein involved in neurodevelopmental processes implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia. The present study explores the contribution of the DISC locus to schizophrenia using three different approaches: (i) systematic association mapping aimed at detecting DISC risk variants in a schizophrenia sample from a central European population (556 SNPs, n = 1621 individuals). In this homogenous sample, a circumscribed DISC1 interval in intron 9 was significantly associated with schizophrenia in females (P = 4 x 10(-5)) and contributed most strongly to early-onset cases (P = 9 x 10(-5)). The odds ratios (ORs) were in the range of 1.46-1.88. (ii) The same sample was used to test for the locus-specific SNP-SNP interaction most recently associated with schizophrenia. Our results confirm the SNP interplay effect between rs1538979 and rs821633 that significantly conferred disease risk in male patients with schizophrenia (P = 0.016, OR 1.57). (iii) In order to detect additional schizophrenia variants, a meta-analysis was performed using nine schizophrenia samples from different European populations (50 SNPs, n = 10 064 individuals maximum, n = 3694 minimum). We found evidence for a common schizophrenia risk interval within DISC1 intron 4-6 (P = 0.002, OR 1.27). The findings point to a complex association between schizophrenia and DISC, including the presence of different risk loci and SNP interplay effects. Furthermore, our phenotype-genotype results--including the consideration of sex-specific effects--highlight the value of homogenous samples in mapping risk genes for schizophrenia in general, and at the DISC locus in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schumacher
- Unit on the Genetic Basis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892-3719, USA.
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Tomppo L, Hennah W, Miettunen J, Järvelin MR, Veijola J, Ripatti S, Lahermo P, Lichtermann D, Peltonen L, Ekelund J. Association of variants in DISC1 with psychosis-related traits in a large population cohort. ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 2009; 66:134-41. [PMID: 19188535 PMCID: PMC2704396 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is an abundance of data from human genetic studies and animal models that implies a role for the disrupted in schizophrenia 1 gene (DISC1) in the etiology of schizophrenia and other major mental illnesses. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of previously identified risk alleles of DISC1 on quantitative intermediate phenotypes for psychosis in an unselected population. DESIGN We examined 41 single-nucleotide polymorphisms within DISC1 and performed tests of association with 4 quantitative phenotypes. SETTING Academic research. PARTICIPANTS Individuals from an unselected birth cohort in Finland. Originally, everyone born in the catchment area in 1966 (N = 12 058) was included in the study. Of these, 4651 (38.6%) attended the 31-year follow-up and could be included in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Scores on 4 psychometric instruments selected to function as proxies for positive and negative aspects of psychotic disorders, including the Perceptual Aberration Scale, Revised Social Anhedonia Scale, Revised Physical Anhedonia Scale, and Schizoidia Scale by Golden and Meehl. RESULTS Carriers of the minor allele of marker rs821577 had significantly higher scores on social anhedonia (P < .001). The minor allele of marker rs821633 was strongly associated with lower scores on social anhedonia when analyzed dependent on the absence of the minor alleles of markers rs1538979 and rs821577 (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Variants in DISC1 affect the level of social anhedonia, a cardinal symptom of schizophrenia in the general population. DISC1 might be more central to human psychological functioning than previously thought, as it seems to affect the degree to which people enjoy social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Tomppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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Schizophrenia-related neural and behavioral phenotypes in transgenic mice expressing truncated Disc1. J Neurosci 2008; 28:10893-904. [PMID: 18945897 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3299-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1), identified by positional cloning of a balanced translocation (1;11) with the breakpoint in intron 8 of a large Scottish pedigree, is associated with a range of neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. To model this mutation in mice, we have generated Disc1(tr) transgenic mice expressing 2 copies of truncated Disc1 encoding the first 8 exons using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). With this partial simulation of the human situation, we have discovered a range of phenotypes including a series of novel features not previously reported. Disc1(tr) transgenic mice display enlarged lateral ventricles, reduced cerebral cortex, partial agenesis of the corpus callosum, and thinning of layers II/III with reduced neural proliferation at midneurogenesis. Parvalbumin GABAergic neurons are reduced in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, and displaced in the dorsolateral frontal cortex. In culture, transgenic neurons grow fewer and shorter neurites. Behaviorally, transgenic mice exhibit increased immobility and reduced vocalization in depression-related tests, and impairment in conditioning of latent inhibition. These abnormalities in Disc1(tr) transgenic mice are consistent with findings in severe schizophrenia.
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Hayesmoore JBG, Bray NJ, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC. DISC1 mRNA expression is not influenced by common Cis-acting regulatory polymorphisms or imprinting. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:1065-9. [PMID: 18270998 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that genetic variation in Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) influences risk of schizophrenia and other major psychiatric disorders is supported by a growing body of genetic association data and plausible functional biology. Risk of psychiatric disorder is not attributable to non-synonymous changes that alter the protein coding sequence of DISC1, although certain such variants possibly contribute to risk haplotypes. Thus, it is widely hypothesized that the risk variants at DISC1 influence its expression. As a complicating factor, it has also been recently proposed that DISC1 is subject to imprinting, a hypothesis that would profoundly influence the interpretation of current genetic studies. We have tested these two main hypotheses using allelic expression analysis. Of 148 human brain mRNA samples, 65 were informative for analysis. However, only a single sample showed evidence for unequal expression of paternal and maternal transcripts. Analysis of the proximal promoter region in that subject revealed the presence of a previously unknown duplication of the 22 nucleotides -168 to -147 relative to the transcription start site. However, the altered expression in that subject did not appear to be explained by this insertion. Our data robustly demonstrate that DISC1 is not imprinted in the adult human brain, and strongly suggest that reports of genetic association between DISC1 and psychiatric disorder are not explicable by sequence changes that alter mRNA abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B G Hayesmoore
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Abstract
Chromosomal abnormalities can be powerful tools to identify genes that influence disease risk. The study of a chromosome translocation that segregated with severe psychiatric illness in a large family led directly to the discovery of a gene disrupted by a chromosomal breakpoint. Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) is now an important candidate risk gene for schizophrenia and affective disorders. We review the work that led up to this discovery and the evidence that it is important in the wider population with schizophrenia and affective disorders. We also discuss the latest findings on the neuronal functions of the protein DISC1 encoded by the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Muir
- Division of Psychiatry, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park, Edinburgh, Scotland EH10 5HF, United Kingdom.
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Pletnikov MV, Ayhan Y, Nikolskaia O, Xu Y, Ovanesov MV, Huang H, Mori S, Moran TH, Ross CA. Inducible expression of mutant human DISC1 in mice is associated with brain and behavioral abnormalities reminiscent of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:173-86, 115. [PMID: 17848917 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A strong candidate gene for schizophrenia and major mental disorders, disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) was first described in a large Scottish family in which a balanced chromosomal translocation segregates with schizophrenia and other psychiatric illnesses. The translocation mutation may result in loss of DISC1 function via haploinsufficiency or dominant-negative effects of a predicted mutant DISC1 truncated protein product. DISC1 has been implicated in neurodevelopment, including maturation of the cerebral cortex. To evaluate the neuronal and behavioral effects of mutant DISC1, the Tet-off system under the regulation of the CAMKII promoter was used to generate transgenic mice with inducible expression of mutant human DISC1 (hDISC1) limited to forebrain regions, including cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum. Expression of mutant hDISC1 was not associated with gross neurodevelopmental abnormalities, but led to a mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles and attenuation of neurite outgrowth in primary cortical neurons. These morphological changes were associated with decreased protein levels of endogenous mouse DISC1, LIS1 and SNAP-25. Compared to their sex-matched littermate controls, mutant hDISC1 transgenic male mice exhibited spontaneous hyperactivity in the open field and alterations in social interaction, and transgenic female mice showed deficient spatial memory. The results show that the neuronal and behavioral effects of mutant hDISC1 are consistent with a dominant-negative mechanism, and are similar to some features of schizophrenia. The present mouse model may facilitate the study of aspects of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Pletnikov
- Division of Neurobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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41
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How has DISC1 enabled drug discovery? Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 37:187-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Marino MJ, Knutsen LJS, Williams M. Emerging Opportunities for Antipsychotic Drug Discovery in the Postgenomic Era. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1077-107. [PMID: 18198826 DOI: 10.1021/jm701094q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Marino
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
| | - Lars J. S. Knutsen
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
| | - Michael Williams
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
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Abstract
The DISC locus is located at the breakpoint of a balanced t(1;11) chromosomal translocation in a large and unique Scottish family. This translocation segregates in a highly statistically significant manner with a broad diagnosis of psychiatric illness, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression, as well as with a narrow diagnosis of schizophrenia alone. Two novel genes were identified at this locus and due to the high prevalence of schizophrenia in this family, they were named Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) and Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-2 (DISC2). DISC1 encodes a novel multifunctional scaffold protein, whereas DISC2 is a putative noncoding RNA gene antisense to DISC1. A number of independent genetic linkage and association studies in diverse populations support the original linkage findings in the Scottish family and genetic evidence now implicates the DISC locus in susceptibility to schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder and major depression as well as various cognitive traits. Despite this, with the exception of the t(1;11) translocation, robust evidence for a functional variant(s) is still lacking and genetic heterogeneity is likely. Of the two genes identified at this locus, DISC1 has been prioritized as the most probable candidate susceptibility gene for psychiatric illness, as its protein sequence is directly disrupted by the translocation. Much research has been undertaken in recent years to elucidate the biological functions of the DISC1 protein and to further our understanding of how it contributes to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. These data are the main subject of this review; however, the potential involvement of DISC2 in the pathogenesis of psychiatric illness is also discussed. A detailed picture of DISC1 function is now emerging, which encompasses roles in neurodevelopment, cytoskeletal function and cAMP signalling, and several DISC1 interactors have also been defined as independent genetic susceptibility factors for psychiatric illness. DISC1 is a hub protein in a multidimensional risk pathway for major mental illness, and studies of this pathway are opening up opportunities for a better understanding of causality and possible mechanisms of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Chubb
- Medical Genetics Section, The Centre for Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Song W, Li W, Feng J, Heston LL, Scaringe WA, Sommer SS. Identification of high risk DISC1 structural variants with a 2% attributable risk for schizophrenia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 367:700-6. [PMID: 18164685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The causes of schizophrenia remain elusive. In a large Scottish pedigree, a balanced translocation t(1;11) (q42.1;q14.3) disrupting the DISC1 and DISC2 genes segregates with major mental illness, including schizophrenia and unipolar depression. A frame-shift carboxyl-terminal deletion was reported in DISC1 in an American family, but subsequently found in two controls. A few common structural variants have been associated with less than a 2-fold increased risk for schizophrenia, but replication has not been uniform. No large scale case-control mutation study has been performed. We have analyzed the regions of likely functional significance in the DISC1 gene in 288 patients with schizophrenia and 288 controls (5 megabases of genomic sequence analyzed). Six patients with schizophrenia were heterozygous for ultra-rare missense variants not found in the 288 controls (p=0.015) and shown to be ultra-rare by their absence in a pool of 10,000 control alleles. We conclude that ultra-rare structural variants in DISC1 are associated with an attributable risk of about 2% for schizophrenia. In addition, we confirm that two common structural variants (Q264R and S704C) elevate the risk for schizophrenia slightly (odds ratio 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0-1.7). DISC1 illustrates how common/moderate risk alleles suggested by the HapMap project might be followed up by resequencing to identify genes with high risk, low frequency alleles of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Song
- Department of Molecular Genetics, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
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45
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Abstract
Genetic factors play a fundamental role in the genesis of many mental disorders. The identification of the underlying genetic variation will therefore transform parts of psychiatry toward a neuroscience-based discipline. With the sequence of the human genome now available, the majority of common variations identified, and new high-throughput technologies arriving in academic research laboratories, the identification of genes is expected to explain a large proportion of the risk of developing mental disorders. So far, a number of risk genes have been identified, but no major gene has emerged. The majority of these genes participate in the regulation of biogenic amines that play critical roles in affect modulation and reward systems. The identification of genetic variations associated with mental disorders should provide an approach to evaluate risk for mental disorders, adjust pharmacotherapy on the individual level, and even allow for preventive interactions. New targets for the development of treatment are anticipated to derive from results of genetic studies. In this review, we summarize the current state of psychiatric genetics, underscore current discussions, and predict where the field is expected to move in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Züchner
- Veterans Administration Mid-Atlantic Region Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Liu YL, Fann CSJ, Liu CM, Chen WJ, Wu JY, Hung SI, Chen CH, Jou YS, Liu SK, Hwang TJ, Hsieh MH, Ouyang WC, Chan HY, Chen JJ, Yang WC, Lin CY, Lee SFC, Hwu HG. A single nucleotide polymorphism fine mapping study of chromosome 1q42.1 reveals the vulnerability genes for schizophrenia, GNPAT and DISC1: Association with impairment of sustained attention. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:554-62. [PMID: 16997000 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The marker D1S251 of chromosome 1q42.1 showed significant association with schizophrenia in a Taiwanese sample. We used single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) fine mapping to search for the vulnerability genes of schizophrenia. METHODS We selected 120 SNPs covering 1 Mb around D1S251 from the public database. These selected SNPs were initially validated if allele frequency was >10%. Forty-seven validated SNPs were genotyped in 102 families with at least 2 siblings affected with schizophrenia. RESULTS Two SNP blocks showed significant association with schizophrenia. Block 1 (five-SNP), located between intron 2 and intron 13 of the glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPAT) gene, showed the most significant associations using single-locus TDT (z = -2.07, p = .038, df = 1) and haplotype association analyses (z = -1.99, p = .046, df = 1). Block 2 (two-SNP), located between intron 4 and intron 5 of the disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) gene, also showed the most significant results in both the single-locus (z = -3.22, p = .0013, df = 1) and haplotype association analyses (z = 3.35, p = .0008, df = 1). The association of the DISC1 gene with schizophrenia was mainly in the patient group with sustained attention deficits as assessed by the Continuous Performance Test. CONCLUSIONS Chromosome 1q42.1 harbors GNPAT and DISC1 as candidate genes for schizophrenia, and DISC1 is associated with sustained attention deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Li Liu
- Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hennah W, Thomson P, Peltonen L, Porteous D. Genes and schizophrenia: beyond schizophrenia: the role of DISC1 in major mental illness. Schizophr Bull 2006; 32:409-16. [PMID: 16699061 PMCID: PMC2632250 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbj079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and related disorders have a major genetic component, but despite much effort and many claims, few genes have been consistently replicated and fewer have biological support. One recent exception is "Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1" (DISC1), which was identified at the breakpoint on chromosome 1 of the balanced translocation (1;11)(q42.1;q14.3) that co-segregated in a large Scottish family with a wide spectrum of major mental illnesses. Since then, genetic analysis has implicated DISC1 in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar affective disorder, and major depression. Importantly, evidence is emerging from genetic studies for a causal relationship between DISC1 and directly measurable trait variables such as working memory, cognitive aging, and decreased gray matter volume in the prefrontal cortex, abnormalities in hippocampal structure and function, and reduction in the amplitude of the P300 event-related potential. Further, DISC1 binds a number of proteins known to be involved in essential processes of neuronal function, including neuronal migration, neurite outgrowth, cytoskeletal modulation, and signal transduction. Thus, both genetic and functional data provide evidence for a critical role for DISC1 in schizophrenia and related disorders, supporting the neurodevelopmental hypothesis for the molecular pathogenesis of these devastating illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Hennah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; e-mail: or
| | - Pippa Thomson
- Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; e-mail: or
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
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