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Zhu Y, Yin L, Liu Q, Guan Y, Nie S, Zhu Y, Mo F. Tryptophan metabolic pathway plays a key role in the stress-induced emotional eating. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 8:100754. [PMID: 38736909 PMCID: PMC11087915 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress disrupts the emotional and energetic balance, which may lead to abnormal behaviors such as binge eating. This overeating behavior alleviating the negative emotions is called emotional eating, which may exacerbate emotional instability and lead to obesity. It is a complex and multifaceted process that has not yet been fully understood. In this study, we constructed an animal model of chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced emotional eating. The emotional eating mice were treated with tryptophan for 21 days to reveal the key role of tryptophan. Furthermore, serum-targeted metabolomics, immunohistochemical staining, qPCR and ELISA were performed. The results showed that CMS led to the binge eating behavior, accompanied by the disturbed intestinal tryptophan-derived serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) metabolic pathways. Then we found that tryptophan supplementation improved depression and anxiety-like behaviors as well as abnormal eating behaviors. Tryptophan supplementation improved the abnormal expression of appetite regulators (e.g., AgRP, OX1R, MC4R), and tryptophan supplementation also increased the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (tph2) and 5-HT receptors in the hypothalamus of CMS mice, which indicates that the 5-HT metabolic pathway influences feeding behavior. In vitro experiments confirmed that 5-HT supplementation ameliorated corticosterone-induced aberrant expression of appetite regulators, such as AgRP and OX1R, in the hypothalamic cell line. In conclusion, our findings revealed that the tryptophan-derived 5-HT pathway plays an important role in emotional eating, especially in providing targeted therapy for stress-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lifeng Yin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Nautical Medicine and Translation of Drugs and Medical Devices, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yaoxing Guan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuang Nie
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Nautical Medicine and Translation of Drugs and Medical Devices, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yongheng Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Fengfeng Mo
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Nautical Medicine and Translation of Drugs and Medical Devices, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Fowler N, Mikhail ME, Neale M, Keel PK, Katzman DK, Sisk CL, Burt SA, Klump KL. Between- and within-person effects of stress on emotional eating in women: a longitudinal study over 49 days. Psychol Med 2023; 53:5167-5176. [PMID: 37650340 PMCID: PMC10471857 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722002185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress is associated with binge eating and emotional eating (EE) cross-sectionally. However, few studies have examined stress longitudinally, limiting understanding of how within-person fluctuations in stress influence EE over time and whether stress is a risk factor or consequence of EE. Additionally, little is known regarding how the biological stress response relates to EE. METHODS We used an intensive, longitudinal design to examine between-person and within-person effects of major life stress, daily stress, and cortisol on EE in a population-based sample of women (N = 477; ages 15-30; M = 21.8; s.d. = 3.0) from the Michigan State University Twin Registry. Participants reported past year major life stress, then provided daily ratings of EE and stress for 49 consecutive days. Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) was collected as a longitudinal biological stress measure. RESULTS Women reported greater EE when they experienced greater mean stress across days (between-person effects) or greater stress relative to their own average on a given day (within-person effects). Daily stress was more strongly associated with EE than major life stress. However, the impact of daily stress on EE was amplified in women with greater past year major life stress. Finally, participants with lower HCC had increased EE. CONCLUSIONS Findings confirm longitudinal associations between stress and EE in women, and highlight the importance of within-person shifts in stress in EE risk. Results also highlight HCC as a novel biological stress measure that is significantly associated with EE and may overcome limitations of prior physiological stress response indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Fowler
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Megan E. Mikhail
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael Neale
- Department of Psychiatry, Human Genetics, and Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Pamela K. Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Debra K. Katzman
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl L. Sisk
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - S. Alexandra Burt
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kelly L. Klump
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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3
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Concas MP, Cocca M, Catamo E, Gasparini P, Robino A. Eating disinhibition and food liking are influenced by variants in CAV1 (caveolin 1) gene. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Vo PT, Fowler N, Rolan EP, Culbert KM, Racine SE, Burt SA, Klump KL. The effects of puberty on associations between mood/personality factors and disordered eating symptoms in girls. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:1619-1631. [PMID: 34165208 PMCID: PMC8609476 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Negative and positive urgency, anxiety, and depressive symptoms are significant factors of disordered eating (DE) symptoms in early adolescence through young adulthood. However, it is unclear how puberty-a critical developmental milestone that is associated with increased risk for DE symptoms-affects the relationship between these factors and DE symptoms, given that the role of pubertal status has rarely been considered in relation to these associations. Thus, the present study examined whether puberty moderates associations between mood/personality factors and DE in pre-adolescent and adolescent girls. METHOD Participants included 981 girls (aged 8-16 years) from the Michigan State University Twin Registry. Mood/personality factors, pubertal status, and DE were assessed with self-report questionnaires. RESULTS Puberty significantly moderated associations between several factors (negative urgency, positive urgency, trait anxiety, depressive symptoms) and the cognitive symptoms of DE (e.g., shape/weight concerns, body dissatisfaction). Associations between mood/personality factors and cognitive DE were stronger in girls with more advanced pubertal status. By contrast, no significant moderation effects were detected for mood/personality-dysregulated eating (e.g., binge eating, emotional eating) associations. DISCUSSION Findings identify pubertal development as an important moderator of mood/personality-DE symptom associations, especially for cognitive DE symptoms that are known to predict the later onset of clinical pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong T. Vo
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University
| | | | | | - Kristen M. Culbert
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University
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5
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Ohrt TK, Perez M, Liew J, Hernández JC, Yu KY. The influence of temperament on stress-induced emotional eating in children. Obes Sci Pract 2020; 6:524-534. [PMID: 33082994 PMCID: PMC7556421 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stress‐induced emotional eating is a risk factor for overweight and obesity. Previous research proposes both the human serotonin transporter gene (5‐HTTLPR) and child's reactive temperament are promising candidates to help explain individual differences in stress‐induced emotional eating and weight. Understanding the association between specific genotypes, reactive temperament factors, and stress‐induced emotional eating may inform the development of personalized and effective treatment for children who may be at risk for overweight and obesity. Objective The current study explored the conditional indirect effect of genetic and environmental susceptibility (i.e., the interaction between 5‐HTTLPR and reactive temperament) on weight (as measured by percent body fat) mediated by stress‐induced emotional eating. Method One hundred and forty‐seven children (4 to 6 years old; 50.3% female; 22.4% Hispanic), along with their primary caregiver, completed laboratory tasks and questionnaires that assessed the child's reactive temperament, stress‐induced emotional eating, and percent body fat. Results The interaction between 5‐HTTLPR and impulsivity as well as with negative affectivity significantly predicted percent body fat. The interaction between 5‐HTTLPR and impulsivity as well as with negative affectivity significantly predicted both total calorie consumption and rate of total calorie consumption. However, the mediation aspect of this statistical model was not supported. Conclusions Child reactive temperament is an important indicator of how children approach eating when stressed. Mental health providers may consider prescribing strategies to reduce emotional eating among children with the SL variant and moderate to high impulsivity as well as children with the LL variant and high negative affectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of PsychologyArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Jeffrey Liew
- Department of Educational PsychologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | | | - Kimberly Yim Yu
- Department of PsychologyArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
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6
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Wu YT, Huang DH, Hsu TH, Hong FY. Children’s stress, negative emotions, emotional eating, and eating disorders: A moderated mediation model. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2020.1821319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Teng Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Der-Hsiang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Professional Development in Education, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Hao Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Yuan Hong
- Graduate Institute of Professional Development in Education, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
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7
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Zeng J, Liu M, Hou X, Zhang Q, Chen H, Su L. Can genes modulate anchoring effect? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 55:1011-1015. [PMID: 32319088 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The anchoring effect is a well-known decision bias, referring that initial irrelevant number (anchor) can impact late estimation. Anchoring effect can be explained as people starting from the anchor and stopping incremental adjustment too early-in other words, jumping into the conclusion impulsively. High impulsivity is associated with AA genotype of rs806379. Therefore, we hypothesized that rs806379 polymorphism can exert an influence on the anchoring effect. The subjects completed an experimental task of anchoring effect and provided saliva for genotyping. As expected, we found that subjects with AA genotype of rs806379 demonstrated stronger anchoring effect. This is the first article that explores the anchoring effect from the gene perspective. Our finding suggests that nature plays a role in anchoring effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Zeng
- Sino-Britain Centre for Cognition and Ageing Research, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest University, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Southwest University, China
| | - Manru Liu
- Sino-Britain Centre for Cognition and Ageing Research, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest University, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Southwest University, China
| | - Xingrong Hou
- Sino-Britain Centre for Cognition and Ageing Research, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest University, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Southwest University, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Sino-Britain Centre for Cognition and Ageing Research, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest University, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Southwest University, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Sino-Britain Centre for Cognition and Ageing Research, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest University, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Southwest University, China
| | - Li Su
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
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Hardee JE, Phaneuf C, Cope L, Zucker R, Gearhardt A, Heitzeg M. Neural correlates of inhibitory control in youth with symptoms of food addiction. Appetite 2020; 148:104578. [PMID: 31904390 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prior research has found that food addiction is associated with reward-related neural differences, but research has yet to examine whether there are also neural differences in inhibitory control. This may be particularly relevant during adolescence as it is a key developmental period where difficulties in inhibitory control are more prevalent. The Yale Food Addiction Scale is a self-report questionnaire that applies substance use disorder diagnostic criteria to certain foods that has also been adapted for children. Here we investigate the association between addictive-like eating and brain functioning during inhibitory control in youth. Seventy-six right-handed participants 8.2-17.8 years (44 male) were recruited. Participants performed a go/no-go task during functional magnetic resonance imaging and completed the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children, after which they were categorized into two groups according to their scores (No Symptom Group = 0; YFAS-C Group: score ≥ 1). Inhibitory control was probed with a contrast of correct no-go versus go trials. An independent-samples t-test comparing groups revealed a significant difference in three primary clusters, all exclusively in the left hemisphere (No Symptom Group > YFAS-C Group): middle temporal gyrus/occipital gyrus, precuneus/calcarine sulcus, and inferior frontal gyrus. Specifically, the YFAS-C Group showed deactivation in all three clusters. Adolescents who endorse food addiction appear to show hypo-activation in response to the inhibitory control portion of a go/no-go task, which suggests possible inhibitory control difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian E Hardee
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Camille Phaneuf
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, 530 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lora Cope
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Robert Zucker
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ashley Gearhardt
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, 530 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mary Heitzeg
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Turovsky YA, Gureev AP, Vitkalova IY, Popov VN. Connection between polymorphisms in HTR2A, TPH2, BDNF, TOMM40 genes and the successful mastering of human-computer interfaces. J Genet 2019; 98:93. [PMID: 31767813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of human-computer interfaces in different individuals occur with different efficiencies, this is due to the individual characteristics of the genotype determined by the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of a person. Here, we checked the connection between the success of the acquisition of the brain-computer, eye-tracking, electromyographic, and respiratory interfaces and SNP of the TOMM40, BDNF, HTR2A and TPH2 genes. Here, we show that the T-allele in rs6313 of the HTR2A gene is associated with an increase in the number of correctly submitted commands of the electromyographic and eye-tracking interfaces. This is probably due to the fact that, the T-allele carriers decrease expression of this serotonin receptor. The decreased expression of HTR2A may be a reason for an increase in the number of accurately submitted commands. It was shown that the TT genotype of rs4290270 polymorphism was associated with an increase in the accuracy of work with the myographic interface. In addition, the association of subjective interfaces work time with polymorphisms rs429358 and rs2030324 was noted. Thus, the genotypic characteristics of individuals can be a predictive sign for the degree of success of mastering human-computer interfaces, which can allow to expand the understanding of training the neural mechanisms when working with this class of devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav A Turovsky
- Laboratory of Medical Cybernetics, Voronezh State University, Voronezh 394018, Russia.
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10
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Turovsky YA, Gureev AP, Vitkalova IY, Popov VN. Connection between polymorphisms in HTR2A, TPH2, BDNF, TOMM40 genes and the successful mastering of human–computer interfaces. J Genet 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-019-1138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Zheng D, Chen J, Wang X, Zhou Y. Genetic contribution to the phenotypic correlation between trait impulsivity and resting-state functional connectivity of the amygdala and its subregions. Neuroimage 2019; 201:115997. [PMID: 31284029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trait impulsivity, a predisposition to respond to stimuli without regard for the potentially negative consequences, contributes to many maladaptive behaviors. Studies have shown that both genetic factors and interregional functional interactions underlie trait impulsivity. However, whether common genes contribute to both trait impulsivity and its neural basis is still unknown. This study investigated the phenotypic correlations between trait impulsivity and the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the amygdala as well as its subregions and the genetic contribution to the phenotypic correlations. By recruiting a sample of 292 twins in late adolescence and young adulthood, we found that trait impulsivity was positively correlated with the rsFC between the left full amygdala and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Further analyses on the subregions of the amygdala showed that trait impulsivity was positively correlated with the rsFCs between the left basolateral (BL) amygdala and both the right DLPFC and the right inferior frontal gyrus and with the rsFCs between the right superficial (SF) amygdala and both the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and right anterior insula. Bivariate genetic modelling analyses found genetic overlaps between trait impulsivity and the rsFC of the left full amygdala or the left BL amygdala with the right DLPFC. The proportions of phenotypic associations accounted for by overlapping genes were 82% and 60%, respectively. These results provide evidence for the genetic overlap between trait impulsivity and the intrinsic brain functional connectivity centered at the amygdala and especially at its BL subregion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, 100101, PR China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, 100101, PR China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, 100101, PR China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.
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Genis-Mendoza AD, Ruiz-Ramos D, López-Narvaez ML, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Rosa García A, Cortes Meda G, Martinez-Magaña JJ, González-Castro TB, Juárez-Rojop IE, Nicolini H. Genetic association analysis of 5-HTR2A gene variants in eating disorders in a Mexican population. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01286. [PMID: 31199591 PMCID: PMC6625474 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 5-HTR2A gene has been implicated as candidate gene for eating disorders. The aim of the present study was to analyze the association of rs6311 and rs6313 polymorphisms of 5-HTR2A gene with eating disorders in Mexican population, and to evaluate if the polymorphisms of 5-HTR2A gene were associated with comorbidities in eating behavior. METHODS We conducted a case-control analysis with 460 subjects. We included 168 patients with eating disorders and 292 controls; two polymorphisms of 5-HTR2A gene were genotyped. We assessed the association by allele, genotype, and inheritance models. Psychiatric comorbidities were analyzed by genotype in patients with eating disorders. RESULTS We found an association between rs6311 and eating disorders in a Mexican population by allele (OR = 8.09; 95% CI = 5.99-11.03; p = 2.2e-16) and genotype (OR = 76.14; 95% CI = 35.61-177.18; p = 2.2e-16). Individuals who carried GG genotype showed increased risk for suicide attempted (OR = 2.14; CI = 1.10-4.26; p = 0.035) as comorbidity associated with eating disorders. No positive associations were observed for rs6313 polymorphism. CONCLUSION Our results showed an association of rs6311 (A1438G) polymorphism of 5-HTR2A gene with eating disorders, and these polymorphic variants could increase the risk of psychiatric comorbidities. However, more studies are required to replicate the results and to reach to a conclusive association between eating disorders and rs6311.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Ruiz-Ramos
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | | | - Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zárate
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México
| | - Ana Rosa García
- Hospital Psiquiátrico Infantil Juan N Navarro, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gabriela Cortes Meda
- Hospital Psiquiátrico Infantil Juan N Navarro, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Thelma Beatriz González-Castro
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, México
| | - Isela Esther Juárez-Rojop
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, México
| | - Humberto Nicolini
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Ciudad de México, México
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Fowler N, Keel PK, Burt SA, Neale M, Boker S, Sisk CL, Klump KL. Associations between ovarian hormones and emotional eating across the menstrual cycle: Do ovulatory shifts in hormones matter? Int J Eat Disord 2019; 52:195-199. [PMID: 30648266 PMCID: PMC6394872 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated ovarian hormone levels are associated with increased risk for binge eating (BE) and emotional eating (EE) during the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle. However, past studies have not examined whether pronounced hormonal changes that precede the midluteal phase (i.e., the dramatic decrease in estradiol and increase in progesterone during/after ovulation) also influence midluteal increases in binge-related symptoms. Past theories and studies of phenotypes strongly related to BE (e.g., depression) suggest that these pronounced hormonal changes may also contribute. This study examined this possibility in 375 female twins (aged 15-25 years) from the Michigan State University Twin Registry. METHODS Daily ratings of EE (assessed with the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire) and daily saliva samples of estradiol and progesterone were collected for 45 consecutive days. RESULTS No significant associations were found between pronounced changes in estradiol or progesterone across ovulation and changes in EE scores in the midluteal phase. Results remained unchanged after controlling for body mass index and negative affect and examining participants with clinical BE episodes or more extreme hormonal fluctuations. DISCUSSION In aggregate, the current findings and past data suggest that hormone levels are more significant predictors of EE than pronounced hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Fowler
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824
| | - Pamela K. Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306
| | - S. Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824
| | - Michael Neale
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284
| | - Steven Boker
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903
| | - Cheryl L. Sisk
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824
| | - Kelly L. Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824
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14
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Bénard M, Bellisle F, Etilé F, Reach G, Kesse-Guyot E, Hercberg S, Péneau S. Impulsivity and consideration of future consequences as moderators of the association between emotional eating and body weight status. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018; 15:84. [PMID: 30189878 PMCID: PMC6127957 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-018-0721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emotional eating (EmE) is characterized by an over consumption of food in response to negative emotions and is associated with an increased weight status. Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC) or a low level of impulsivity could influence the association between EmE and weight status. The objective was to analyze the moderating influence of CFC and impulsivity on the relationship between EmE and BMI. Methods A total of 9974 men and 39,797 women from the NutriNet-Santé cohort study completed the revised 21-item Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire to assess their EmE, the CFC questionnaire (CFC-12) to assess their level of time perspective, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) to assess their impulsivity. Weight and height were self-reported each year over a median follow-up of 5.3 years. The associations between EmE and repeated measures of BMI were estimated by multiple linear mixed-effects regression models stratified by gender, tertiles of the CFC, or tertiles of the BIS-11, taking into account sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Results Overall, EmE was positively associated with BMI. CFC and impulsivity did not moderate the effect of EmE on changes of BMI per year, but quantitatively moderated the effect of EmE on overall BMI. In women, the strength of the association between EmE and weight status increased with CFC level. Difference of BMI slopes between a low and a high level of CFC was − 0.43 kg/m2 (95% CI: -0.55, − 0.30) (p < .0001). In addition, the strength of the association between emotional eating and weight status increased with impulsivity level. Difference of BMI slopes between a low and a high level of impulsivity was + 0.37 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.24, 0.51) (p < .0001). In men, only individuals with a low CFC presented a stronger association of EmE with BMI. Conclusions Impulsivity and consideration of future consequences moderated the association between emotional eating and body weight status. This study emphasizes the importance of taking into account psychological traits in obesity prevention. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12966-018-0721-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bénard
- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1153, INRA U1125, Cnam, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France.
| | - France Bellisle
- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1153, INRA U1125, Cnam, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Fabrice Etilé
- Paris School of Economics and INRA, UMR1393 PjSE, 48 Boulevard Jourdan, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Reach
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie, Maladies Métaboliques, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot
- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1153, INRA U1125, Cnam, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Serge Hercberg
- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1153, INRA U1125, Cnam, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France.,Département de Santé Publique, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Sandrine Péneau
- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1153, INRA U1125, Cnam, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
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Atalayer D. Dürtüsellik ve Aşırı Yeme Arasındaki İlişki: Psikolojik ve Nörobiyolojik Yaklaşımlar. PSIKIYATRIDE GUNCEL YAKLASIMLAR 2018. [DOI: 10.18863/pgy.358090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Gray JC, MacKillop J, Weafer J, Hernandez KM, Gao J, Palmer AA, de Wit H. Genetic analysis of impulsive personality traits: Examination of a priori candidates and genome-wide variation. Psychiatry Res 2018; 259:398-404. [PMID: 29120849 PMCID: PMC5742029 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Impulsive personality traits are heritable risk factors and putative endophenotypes for addiction and other psychiatric disorders involving disinhibition. This study examined the genetic basis of impulsive personality traits, defined as scores on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P). In 983 healthy young adults of European ancestry, the study examined genetic variation in relation to a combined phenotype of seven subscales based on high phenotypic intercorrelations. The study first tested 14 a priori loci that have previously been associated impulsive personality traits or closely related constructs. Second, the study included an exploratory genome-wide scan (i.e., GWAS), acknowledging that only relatively large effects would be detectable in a sample size of ~ 1000. A priori SNP analyses revealed a significant association between the combined impulsivity phenotype and two SNPs within the 5-HT2a receptor gene (HTR2A; rs6313 and rs6311). Follow-up analyses suggested that the effects were specific to the Motor and Non-planning subscales on the BIS-11, and also that the two loci were in linkage disequilibrium. The GWAS yielded no statistically significant findings. This study further implicates loci within HTR2A with certain forms of self-reported impulsivity and identifies candidates for future investigation from the genome-wide analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Gray
- Center for Deployment Psychology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S4L8; Homewood Research Institute, Homewood Health Centre, Guelph, ON, Canada N1E 6K9
| | - Jessica Weafer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kyle M Hernandez
- Center for Research Informatics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jianjun Gao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92103, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92103, USA
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92103, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92103, USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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17
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Abstract
AbstractNegative affect or stress is often found to increase energy intake for high palatable energy-rich foods and hence weight gain. Reduced brain serotonin (5-HT) function is known to increase stress vulnerability and the risk for eating-related disturbances. A short (S) allele polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) is associated with a less efficient functioning brain serotonin system and therefore higher stress vulnerability. It has been suggested that this genotype may be directly linked to an increased risk for weight gain and/or obesity. However, a high amount of variability has been apparent in replicating such a direct gene on weight gain relationship. A most recent suggestion is that this gene by weight relationship might be moderated by an additional (cognitive) vulnerability factor involving repetitive negative thinking (rumination). Our objective was to investigate whether the S-allele of 5-HTTLPR contributes to weight gain particularly in high cognitive ruminating individuals. A total of 827 healthy young male and female college students (aged 21·3 (sd 3·0) years; BMI 16–41·7 kg/m2) were genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and assessed for rumination (Event Related Ruminative Index) and body weight. In line with the hypothesis, a hierarchical regression model showed that higher BMI scores were observed in specifically high ruminating S'-carriers (P=0·031, f²=0·022). These results suggest that cognitive rumination may be a critical moderator of the association between 5-HTTLPR and body mass.
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18
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Positive and negative emotional eating have different associations with overeating and binge eating: Construction and validation of the Positive-Negative Emotional Eating Scale. Appetite 2017; 116:423-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rozenblat V, Ryan J, Wertheim EH, King R, Olsson CA, Krug I. Investigating Direct Links between Depression, Emotional Control, and Physical Punishment with Adolescent Drive for Thinness and Bulimic Behaviors, Including Possible Moderation by the Serotonin Transporter 5-HTTLPR Polymorphism. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1361. [PMID: 28848475 PMCID: PMC5552700 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To examine the relationship between psychological and social factors (depression, emotional control, sexual abuse, and parental physical punishment) and adolescent drive for Thinness and Bulimic behaviors in a large community sample, and to investigate possible genetic moderation. Method: Data were drawn from the Australian Temperament Project (ATP), a population-based cohort study that has followed a representative sample of 2443 participants from infancy to adulthood across 16 waves since 1983. A subsample of 650 participants (50.2% female) of Caucasian descent who provided DNA were genotyped for a serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR). Adolescent disordered eating attitudes and behaviors were assessed using the Bulimia and Drive for Thinness scales of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (15–16 years). Depression and emotional control were examined at the same age using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, and an ATP-devised measure of emotional control. History of sexual abuse and physical punishment were assessed retrospectively (23–24 years) in a subsample of 467 of those providing DNA. Results: EDI-2 scores were associated with depression, emotional control, and retrospectively reported parental physical punishment. Although there was statistically significant moderation of the relationship between parental physical punishment and bulimic behaviors by 5-HTTLPR (p = 0.0048), genotypes in this subsample were not in Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium. No other G×E interactions were significant. Conclusion: Findings from this study affirm the central importance of psychosocial processes in disordered eating patterns in adolescence. Evidence of moderation by 5-HTTLPR was not conclusive; however, genetic moderation observed in a subsample not in Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Rozenblat
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
| | - Joanne Ryan
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
| | - Eleanor H Wertheim
- School of Psychology and Public Health, Faculty of Health, La Trobe University, MelbourneVIC, Australia
| | - Ross King
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, GeelongVIC, Australia
| | - Craig A Olsson
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, GeelongVIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
| | - Isabel Krug
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
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20
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Pavey L, Churchill S. Impulsivity and temporal frame: Reducing frequency of snacking by highlighting immediate health benefits. Eat Behav 2017; 26:1-5. [PMID: 28131004 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to examine the effect of giving temporally framed health information regarding either the immediate or long-term health consequences of consuming high-calorie snacks, for people with high Negative Urgency (a dimension of impulsivity), and for those primed with impulsivity. We expected that for participants with high Negative Urgency, and those primed with impulsivity, information which detailed the immediate health benefits of avoiding snack consumption would be more effective than information which detailed long-term health benefits. Participants (N=110) completed a measure of Negative Urgency, reported their snacking frequency over the previous seven days, and completed either an impulsivity or neutral prime task. Following this, they read information detailing either the immediate or long-term health benefits of avoiding high-calorie snacks. High-calorie snack consumption was reported 7days later. The results showed a significant three-way interaction between Negative Urgency, prime task, and temporal frame. Participants who were primed with impulsivity and those high in Negative Urgency showed a greater reduction in snacking frequency after being given information about the immediate vs. long-term health benefits of snacking. The results suggest that the immediacy of health consequences should be considered when designing health information to reduce impulsive snacking behaviour.
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21
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Schepers R, Markus CR. Gene by cognition interaction on stress-induced attention bias for food: Effects of 5-HTTLPR and ruminative thinking. Biol Psychol 2017; 128:21-28. [PMID: 28712729 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stress is often found to increase the preference and intake of high caloric foods. This effect is known as emotional eating and is influenced by cognitive as well as biological stress vulnerabilities. An S-allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene has been linked to decreased (brain) serotonin efficiency, leading to decreased stress resilience and increased risks for negative affect and eating related disturbances. Recently it has been proposed that a cognitive ruminative thinking style can further exacerbate the effect of this gene by prolonging the already increased stress response, thereby potentially increasing the risk of compensating by overeating high palatable foods. OBJECTIVE This study was aimed at investigating whether there is an increased risk for emotional eating in high ruminative S/S-allele carriers reflected by an increased attention bias for high caloric foods during stress. METHODS From a large (N=827) DNA database, participants (N=100) were selected based on genotype (S/S or L/L) and ruminative thinking style and performed an eye-tracking visual food-picture probe task before and after acute stress exposure. A significant Genotype x Rumination x Stress-interaction was found on attention bias for savory food; indicating that a stress-induced attention bias for specifically high-caloric foods is moderated by a gene x cognitive risk factor. CONCLUSION Both a genetic (5-HTTLPR) and cognitive (ruminative thinking) stress vulnerability may mutually increase the risk for stress-related abnormal eating patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbie Schepers
- University Maastricht, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - C Rob Markus
- University Maastricht, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Virtual Reality as a Promising Strategy in the Assessment and Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder: A Systematic Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2017; 7:bs7030043. [PMID: 28698483 PMCID: PMC5618051 DOI: 10.3390/bs7030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that Virtual Reality (VR) has a potential utility in eating disorders. The objective of this study is to review the literature on the use of VR in bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED). Using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement for reporting systematic reviews, we performed a PubMed, Web of Knowledge and SCOPUS search to identify studies employing VR in the assessment and treatment of BN and BED. The following search terms were used: "virtual reality", "eating disorders", "binge eating", and "bulimia nervosa". From the 420 articles identified, 19 were selected, nine investigated VR in assessment and 10 were treatment studies (one case-report, two non-controlled and six randomized controlled trials). The studies using VR in BN and BED are at an early stage. However, considering the available evidence, the use of VR in the assessment of those conditions showed some promise in identifying: (1) how those patients experienced their body image; and (2) environments or specific kinds of foods that may trigger binge-purging cycle. Some studies using VR-based environments associated to cognitive behavioral techniques showed their potential utility in improving motivation for change, self-esteem, body image disturbances and in reducing binge eating and purging behavior.
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23
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Association between Impulsivity and Weight Status in a General Population. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030217. [PMID: 28257032 PMCID: PMC5372880 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine the association between impulsivity and weight status in a large sample of the adult general population in France, and the influence of gender on this relationship. A total of 11,929 men and 39,114 women participating in the NutriNet-Santé cohort were selected in this cross-sectional analysis. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) was used to assess impulsivity. Weight and height were self-reported. The association between impulsivity and BMI was estimated using logistic regressions adjusted for socio-demographic and lifestyle factors. Individuals with high impulsivity levels (BIS-11 total score >71) were more likely to be obese (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.80, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.39, 2.33 in men; OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.48 in women) compared to individuals in the average range of impulsivity. The strongest associations between impulsivity and obesity were observed in men, where highly impulsive participants were more likely to be class III obese (BMI > 40 kg/m2) (OR = 3.57, 95% CI: 1.86, 6.85). This large sample analysis supports the existence of a relationship between impulsivity and weight status and the importance of psychological factors in the prevention of obesity.
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Rozenblat V, Ong D, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Akkermann K, Collier D, Engels RCME, Fernandez-Aranda F, Harro J, Homberg JR, Karwautz A, Kiive E, Klump KL, Larson CL, Racine SE, Richardson J, Steiger H, Stoltenberg SF, van Strien T, Wagner G, Treasure J, Krug I. A systematic review and secondary data analysis of the interactions between the serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and environmental and psychological factors in eating disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 84:62-72. [PMID: 27701012 PMCID: PMC5125869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize and synthesize the growing gene x environment (GxE) research investigating the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) in the eating disorders (ED) field, and overcome the common limitation of low sample size, by undertaking a systematic review followed by a secondary data meta-analysis of studies identified by the review. METHOD A systematic review of articles using PsycINFO, PubMed, and EMBASE was undertaken to identify studies investigating the interaction between 5-HTTLPR and an environmental or psychological factor, with an ED-related outcome variable. Seven studies were identified by the systematic review, with complete data sets of five community (n = 1750, 64.5% female) and two clinical (n = 426, 100% female) samples combined to perform four secondary-data analyses: 5-HTTLPR x Traumatic Life Events to predict ED status (n = 909), 5-HTTLPR x Sexual and Physical Abuse to predict bulimic symptoms (n = 1097), 5-HTTLPR x Depression to predict bulimic symptoms (n = 1256), and 5-HTTLPR x Impulsiveness to predict disordered eating (n = 1149). RESULTS Under a multiplicative model, the low function (s) allele of 5-HTTLPR interacted with traumatic life events and experiencing both sexual and physical abuse (but not only one) to predict increased likelihood of an ED and bulimic symptoms, respectively. However, under an additive model there was also an interaction between sexual and physical abuse considered independently and 5-HTTLPR, and no interaction with traumatic life events. No other GxE interactions were significant. CONCLUSION Early promising results should be followed-up with continued cross-institutional collaboration in order to achieve the large sample sizes necessary for genetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Rozenblat
- Department of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
| | - Deborah Ong
- Department of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | | | - Kirsti Akkermann
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - David Collier
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Rutger C M E Engels
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge - IDIBELL, 08907, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Karwautz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Evelyn Kiive
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - Kelly L Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, United States
| | - Christine L Larson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Sarah E Racine
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, United States
| | - Jodie Richardson
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada; Psychiatry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Howard Steiger
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada; Psychiatry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Scott F Stoltenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Tatjana van Strien
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gudrun Wagner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Janet Treasure
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Krug
- Department of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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Klump KL, O'Connor SM, Hildebrandt BA, Keel PK, Neale M, Sisk CL, Boker S, Burt SA. Differential Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Genetic and Environmental Risk for Emotional Eating in Women. Clin Psychol Sci 2016; 4:895-908. [PMID: 27747142 DOI: 10.1177/2167702616641637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent data show shifts in genetic and environmental influences on emotional eating across the menstrual cycle, with significant shared environmental influences during pre-ovulation, and primarily genetic effects during post-ovulation. Factors driving differential effects are unknown, although increased estradiol during pre-ovulation and increased progesterone during post-ovulation are thought to play a role. We indirectly investigated this possibility by examining whether overall levels of estradiol and progesterone differentially impact genetic and environmental risk for emotional eating in adult female twins (N = 571) drawn from the MSU Twin Registry. Emotional eating, estradiol levels, and progesterone levels were assessed daily and then averaged to create aggregate measures for analysis. As predicted, shared environmental influences were significantly greater in twins with high estradiol levels, whereas additive genetic effects increased substantially across low versus high progesterone groups. Results highlight significant and differential effects of ovarian hormones on etiologic risk for emotional eating in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shannon M O'Connor
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Pamela K Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Michael Neale
- Departments of Psychiatry, Human Genetics, and Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Cheryl L Sisk
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Steven Boker
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Klump KL, Hildebrandt BA, O’Connor SM, Keel PK, Neale M, Sisk CL, Boker S, Burt SA. Changes in genetic risk for emotional eating across the menstrual cycle: a longitudinal study. Psychol Med 2015; 45:3227-37. [PMID: 26174083 PMCID: PMC4631616 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715001221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown significant within-person changes in binge eating and emotional eating across the menstrual cycle, with substantial increases in both phenotypes during post-ovulation. Increases in both estradiol and progesterone levels appear to account for these changes in phenotypic risk, possibly via increases in genetic effects. However, to date, no study has examined changes in genetic risk for binge phenotypes (or any other phenotype) across the menstrual cycle. The goal of the present study was to examine within-person changes in genetic risk for emotional eating scores across the menstrual cycle. METHOD Participants were 230 female twin pairs (460 twins) from the Michigan State University Twin Registry who completed daily measures of emotional eating for 45 consecutive days. Menstrual cycle phase was coded based on dates of menstrual bleeding and daily ovarian hormone levels. RESULTS Findings revealed important shifts in genetic and environmental influences, where estimates of genetic influences were two times higher in post- as compared with pre-ovulation. Surprisingly, pre-ovulation was marked by a predominance of environmental influences, including shared environmental effects which have not been previously detected for binge eating phenotypes in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Our study was the first to examine within-person shifts in genetic and environmental influences on a behavioral phenotype across the menstrual cycle. Results highlight a potentially critical role for these shifts in risk for emotional eating across the menstrual cycle and underscore the need for additional, large-scale studies to identify the genetic and environmental factors contributing to menstrual cycle effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Pamela K. Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Michael Neale
- Departments of Psychiatry, Human Genetics, and Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Cheryl L. Sisk
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Steven Boker
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S. Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Culbert KM, Racine SE, Klump KL. Research Review: What we have learned about the causes of eating disorders - a synthesis of sociocultural, psychological, and biological research. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:1141-64. [PMID: 26095891 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders are severe psychiatric disorders with a complex etiology involving transactions among sociocultural, psychological, and biological influences. Most research and reviews, however, focus on only one level of analysis. To address this gap, we provide a qualitative review and summary using an integrative biopsychosocial approach. METHODS We selected variables for which there were available data using integrative methodologies (e.g., twin studies, gene-environment interactions) and/or data at the biological and behavioral level (e.g., neuroimaging). Factors that met these inclusion criteria were idealization of thinness, negative emotionality, perfectionism, negative urgency, inhibitory control, cognitive inflexibility, serotonin, dopamine, ovarian hormones. Literature searches were conducted using PubMed. Variables were classified as risk factors or correlates of eating disorder diagnoses and disordered eating symptoms using Kraemer et al.'s (1997) criteria. FINDINGS Sociocultural idealization of thinness variables (media exposure, pressures for thinness, thin-ideal internalization, thinness expectancies) and personality traits (negative emotionality, perfectionism, negative urgency) attained 'risk status' for eating disorders and/or disordered eating symptoms. Other factors were identified as correlates of eating pathology or were not classified given limited data. Effect sizes for risk factors and correlates were generally small-to-moderate in magnitude. CONCLUSIONS Multiple biopsychosocial influences are implicated in eating disorders and/or disordered eating symptoms and several can now be considered established risk factors. Data suggest that psychological and environmental factors interact with and influence the expression of genetic risk to cause eating pathology. Additional studies that examine risk variables across multiple levels of analysis and that consider specific transactional processes amongst variables are needed to further elucidate the intersection of sociocultural, psychological, and biological influences on eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E Racine
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Kelly L Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Hildebrandt BA, Racine SE, Keel PK, Burt SA, Neale M, Boker S, Sisk CL, Klump KL. The effects of ovarian hormones and emotional eating on changes in weight preoccupation across the menstrual cycle. Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:477-86. [PMID: 24965609 PMCID: PMC4277499 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research has shown that fluctuations in ovarian hormones (i.e., estradiol and progesterone) predict the changes in binge eating and emotional eating across the menstrual cycle. However, the extent to which other eating disorder symptoms fluctuate across the menstrual cycle and are influenced by ovarian hormones remains largely unknown. This study sought to examine whether the levels of weight preoccupation vary across the menstrual cycle and whether the changes in ovarian hormones and/or other factors (i.e., emotional eating and negative affect) account for menstrual cycle fluctuations in this eating disorder phenotype. METHOD For 45 consecutive days, 352 women (age, 15-25 years) provided daily ratings of weight preoccupation, negative affect, and emotional eating. Saliva samples were also collected on a daily basis and assayed for levels of estradiol and progesterone using enzyme immunoassay techniques. RESULTS Weight preoccupation varied significantly across the menstrual cycle, with the highest levels in the premenstrual and menstrual phases. However, ovarian hormones did not account for within-person changes in weight preoccupation across the menstrual cycle. Instead, the most significant predictor of menstrual cycle changes in weight preoccupation was the change in emotional eating. DISCUSSION Fluctuations in weight preoccupation across the menstrual cycle appear to be influenced primarily by emotional eating rather than ovarian hormones. Future research should continue to examine the relationships among ovarian hormones, weight preoccupation, emotional eating, and other core eating disorder symptoms (e.g., body dissatisfaction, compensatory behaviors) in an effort to more fully understand the role of these biological and behavioral factors for the full spectrum of eating pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britny A. Hildebrandt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Sarah E. Racine
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Pamela K. Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306, USA
| | - S. Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Michael Neale
- Departments of Psychiatry, Human Genetics, and Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298, USA
| | - Steven Boker
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA
| | - Cheryl L. Sisk
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Kelly L. Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
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van Strien T, Levitan RD, Engels RC, Homberg JR. Season of birth, the dopamine D4 receptor gene and emotional eating in males and females. Evidence of a genetic plasticity factor? Appetite 2015; 90:51-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Schepers R, Markus CR. Gene × cognition interaction on stress-induced eating: effect of rumination. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 54:41-53. [PMID: 25678186 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
People often crave for high-caloric sweet foods when facing stress and this 'emotional eating' is a most important cause for weight gain and obesity. Eating under stress contrasts with the normally expected response of a loss of appetite, yet in spite of intensive research from neurobiological and cognitive disciplines we still do not know why stress or negative affect triggers overeating in so many of us. Since the prevalence of overweight and obesity still rises, the discovery of crucial risk factors is a most desirable goal of today's research on sub-optimal eating habits. This paper summarizes the most relevant current knowledge from the (human) literature regarding cognitive and biological vulnerabilities for stress-induced emotional eating. A (non-systematic) review of the most relevant studies reveals that most studies contemplate a rather one-directional way of focusing on either cognitive or biological factors, showing inconsistent results. The current paper elaborates and/or integrates these findings into a biological-cognitive interaction model in which a specific combination of genetic and cognitive vulnerabilities are thought to increase our bio-behavioral response to stress, critically increasing the rewarding value of pleasant foods and, hence, emotional eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbie Schepers
- University Maastricht, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C Rob Markus
- University Maastricht, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Markus CR, Jonkman LM, Capello A, Leinders S, Hüsch F. Sucrose preload reduces snacking after mild mental stress in healthy participants as a function of 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter gene promoter polymorphism. Stress 2015; 18:149-59. [PMID: 25423193 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2014.990880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) dysfunction is considered to promote food intake and eating-related disturbances, especially under stress or negative mood. Vulnerability for 5-HT disturbances is considered to be genetically determined, including a short (S) allele polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) that is associated with lower serotonin function. Since 5-HT function may be slightly increased by carbohydrate consumption, S-allele 5-HTTLPR carriers in particular may benefit from a sugar-preload due to their enhanced 5-HT vulnerability. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether a sugar-containing preload may reduce appetite and energy intake after exposure to stress to induce negative mood, depending on genetic 5-HT vulnerability. From a population of 771 healthy young male and female genotyped college students 31 S/S carriers (8 males, 23 females) and 26 long allele (L/L) carriers (9 males, 17 females) (mean ± S.D. 22 ± 1.6 years; body mass index, BMI, 18-33 kg/m(2)) were monitored for changes in appetite and snacking behavior after stress exposure. Results revealed an increased energy intake after mild mental stress (negative mood) mainly for high-fat sweet foods, which was significantly greater in S/S carriers, and only in these genotypes this intake was significantly reduced by a sucrose-containing preload. Although alternative explanations are possible, it is suggested that S/S participants may have enhanced brain (hypothalamic) 5-HT responsiveness to food that makes them more susceptible to the beneficial satiation effects of a sucrose-preload as well as to the negative effects of mild mental stress on weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rob Markus
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience and
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Hernández-Muñoz S, Camarena-Medellin B. [Role of Serotonin Transporter Gene in Eating Disorders]. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA 2014; 43:218-224. [PMID: 26574079 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serotoninergic system has been implicated in mood and appetite regulation, and the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) is a commonly studied candidate gene for eating disorders. However, most studies have focused on a single polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in SLC6A4. OBJECTIVE We present the studies published on the association between eating disorders (ED) and 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS). METHOD Search of databases: MEDLINE, ISI, and PubMed for SLC6A4 and ED. CONCLUSIONS From a review of 37 original articles, it was suggested that carriers of S allele is a risk factor for eating disorders, especially for AN. However, BN did not show any association. Also, BMI, impulsivity, anxiety, depression, and age of onset have been associated with S allele in ED patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hernández-Muñoz
- Departamento de Genética Psiquiátrica, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México, D.F., México
| | - Beatriz Camarena-Medellin
- Departamento de Genética Psiquiátrica, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México, D.F., México.
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Poínhos R, Oliveira BMPM, Correia F. Eating behavior in Portuguese higher education students: the effect of social desirability. Nutrition 2014; 31:310-4. [PMID: 25592009 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to relate social desirability with eating behavior dimensions among higher education students in Portugal, and to assess the effect of social desirability on the association between pairs of eating behavior dimensions. METHODS Data from 266 higher education students (62.8% women) aged between 18 and 27 y were evaluated. Social desirability and several eating behavior dimensions (emotional and external eating, flexible and rigid restraint, binge eating, and eating self-efficacy) were assessed. RESULTS In both women and men, social desirability showed negative associations with emotional, external, and binge eating, and positive associations with eating self-efficacy. For the majority of the correlations, the control for social desirability led to a decrease in the strength of the association: Social desirability showed a greater effect on the associations between external and binge eating, external eating and eating self-efficacy, binge eating and eating self-efficacy, and emotional and external eating. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that social desirability should be considered when assessing the dimensions of eating behavior, namely eating self-efficacy and dimensions related to overeating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Poínhos
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Bruno M P M Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório de Inteligência Artificial e Apoio à Decisão, Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores-Tecnologia e Ciência, Porto, Portugal
| | - Flora Correia
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal; Unidade de Investigação e Desenvolvimento de Nefrologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Klump KL, Racine SE, Hildebrandt B, Burt SA, Neale M, Sisk CL, Boker S, Keel PK. Ovarian Hormone Influences on Dysregulated Eating: A Comparison of Associations in Women with versus without Binge Episodes. Clin Psychol Sci 2014; 2:545-559. [PMID: 25343062 DOI: 10.1177/2167702614521794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Changes in ovarian hormones predict changes in emotional eating across the menstrual cycle. However, prior studies have not examined whether the nature of associations varies across dysregulated eating severity. The current study determined whether the strength and/or nature of hormone/dysregulated eating associations differ based on the presence of clinically diagnosed binge episodes (BEs). Participants included 28 women with BEs and 417 women without BEs who provided salivary hormone samples, ratings of emotional eating, and BE frequency for 45 days. Results revealed stronger associations between dysregulated eating and ovarian hormones in women with BEs as compared to women without BEs. The nature of associations also differed, as progesterone moderated the effects of lower estradiol levels on dysregulated eating in women with BEs only. Although hormone/dysregulated eating associations are present across the spectrum of pathology, the nature of associations may vary in ways that have implications for etiological models and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E Racine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Michael Neale
- Department of Psychiatry, Human Genetics, and Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Cheryl L Sisk
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University ; Department of Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University
| | - Steven Boker
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia
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Gene × environment interaction studies have not properly controlled for potential confounders: the problem and the (simple) solution. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:18-24. [PMID: 24135711 PMCID: PMC3859520 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Candidate gene × environment (G × E) interaction research tests the hypothesis that the effects of some environmental variable (e.g., childhood maltreatment) on some outcome measure (e.g., depression) depend on a particular genetic polymorphism. Because this research is inherently nonexperimental, investigators have been rightly concerned that detected interactions could be driven by confounders (e.g., ethnicity, gender, age, socioeconomic status) rather than by the specified genetic or environmental variables per se. In an attempt to eliminate such alternative explanations for detected G × E interactions, investigators routinely enter the potential confounders as covariates in general linear models. However, this practice does not control for the effects these variables might have on the G × E interaction. Rather, to properly control for confounders, researchers need to enter the covariate × environment and the covariate × gene interaction terms in the same model that tests the G × E term. In this manuscript, I demonstrate this point analytically and show that the practice of improperly controlling for covariates is the norm in the G × E interaction literature to date. Thus, many alternative explanations for G × E findings that investigators had thought were eliminated have not been.
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Poínhos R, Oliveira BMPM, Correia F. Eating behaviour patterns and BMI in Portuguese higher education students. Appetite 2013; 71:314-20. [PMID: 24045208 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to determine prototypical patterns of eating behaviour among Portuguese higher education students, and to relate these patterns with BMI. Data from 280 higher education students (63.2% females) aged between 18 and 27 years were analysed. Several eating behaviour dimensions (emotional and external eating, flexible and rigid restraint, binge eating, and eating self-efficacy) were assessed, and eating styles were derived through cluster analysis. BMI for current, desired and maximum self-reported weights and the differences between desired and current BMI and between maximum and current BMI were calculated. Women scored higher in emotional eating and restraint, whereas men showed higher eating self-efficacy. Men had higher current, desired and maximum BMI. Cluster analysis showed three eating styles in both male and female subsamples: "Overeating", "High self-efficacy" and "High restraint". High self-efficacy women showed lower BMI values than the others, and restrictive women had higher lost BMI. High self-efficacy men showed lower desired BMI than overeaters, and lower maximum and lost BMI than highly restrictive ones. Restrictive women and men differ on important eating behaviour features, which may be the cause of differences in the associations with BMI. Eating self-efficacy seems to be a central variable influencing the relationships between other eating behaviour dimensions and BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Poínhos
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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An examination of the representativeness assumption for twin studies of eating pathology and internalizing symptoms. Behav Genet 2013; 43:427-35. [PMID: 23897244 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-013-9603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Little research has investigated whether the twin representativeness assumption (that results from twin research generalize to singletons) holds for eating pathology and internalizing symptoms. This study compared disordered eating, depression, and anxiety among young adult female twins versus singletons. Participants included 292 twins and 997 singletons in three samples. Questionnaires included the Minnesota Eating Behavior Survey, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. We examined mean differences between twins' and singletons' scores, after adjusting for age, body mass index, and ethnicity. We found statistically significant mean differences on psychopathology, with twins reporting less disordered eating and internalizing symptoms compared with singletons. Effect sizes of these mean differences were small to moderate. Our results suggest that twins report less disordered eating and internalizing symptoms than singletons, which, combined with the generally small effect sizes, indicate that results from twin samples generalize to singletons.
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Dick DM, Aliev F, Latendresse S, Porjesz B, Schuckit M, Rangaswamy M, Hesselbrock V, Edenberg H, Nurnberger J, Agrawal A, Bierut L, Wang J, Bucholz K, Kuperman S, Kramer J. How phenotype and developmental stage affect the genes we find: GABRA2 and impulsivity. Twin Res Hum Genet 2013; 16:661-9. [PMID: 23561058 PMCID: PMC3663593 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2013.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The detection and replication of genes involved in psychiatric outcome has been notoriously difficult. Phenotypic measurement has been offered as one explanation, although most of this discussion has focused on problems with binary diagnoses. OBJECTIVE This article focuses on two additional components of phenotypic measurement that deserve further consideration in evaluating genetic associations: (1) the measure used to reflect the outcome of interest, and (2) the developmental stage of the study population. We focus our discussion of these issues around the construct of impulsivity and externalizing disorders, and the association of these measures with a specific gene, GABRA2. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Data were analyzed from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism Phase IV assessment of adolescents and young adults (ages 12-26; N = 2,128). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Alcohol dependence, illicit drug dependence, childhood conduct disorder, and adult antisocial personality disorder symptoms were measured by psychiatric interview; Achenbach youth/adult self-report externalizing scale; Zuckerman Sensation-Seeking scale; Barratt Impulsivity scale; NEO extraversion and consciousness. RESULTS GABRA2 was associated with subclinical levels of externalizing behavior as measured by the Achenbach in both the adolescent and young adult samples. Contrary to previous associations in adult samples, it was not associated with clinical-level DSM symptom counts of any externalizing disorders in these younger samples. There was also association with sensation-seeking and extraversion, but only in the adolescent sample. There was no association with the Barratt impulsivity scale or conscientiousness. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the pathway by which GABRA2 initially confers risk for eventual alcohol problems begins with a predisposition to sensation-seeking early in adolescence. The findings support the heterogeneous nature of impulsivity and demonstrate that both the measure used to assess a construct of interest and the age of the participants can have profound implications for the detection of genetic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychiatry, Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Racine SE, Keel PK, Burt SA, Sisk CL, Neale M, Boker S, Klump KL. Exploring the relationship between negative urgency and dysregulated eating: etiologic associations and the role of negative affect. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 122:433-44. [PMID: 23356217 PMCID: PMC3759363 DOI: 10.1037/a0031250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Negative urgency (i.e., the tendency to engage in rash action in response to negative affect) has emerged as a critical personality trait contributing to individual differences in binge eating. However, studies investigating the extent to which genetic and/or environmental influences underlie the effects of negative urgency on binge eating are lacking. Moreover, it remains unclear whether negative urgency-binge eating associations are simply a result of the well-established role of negative affect in the development/maintenance of binge eating. The current study addresses these gaps by examining phenotypic and etiologic associations between negative urgency, negative affect, and dysregulated eating (i.e., binge eating, emotional eating) in a sample of 222 same-sex female twin pairs from the Michigan State University Twin Registry. Negative urgency was significantly associated with both dysregulated eating symptoms, even after controlling for the effects of negative affect. Genetic factors accounted for the majority (62-77%) of this phenotypic association, although a significant proportion of this genetic covariation was due to genetic influences in common with negative affect. Nonshared environmental factors accounted for a relatively smaller (23-38%) proportion of the association, but these nonshared environmental effects were independent of negative affect. Findings suggest that the presence of emotion-based rash action, combined with high levels of negative affect, may significantly increase genetic risk for dysregulated eating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cheryl L. Sisk
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University
| | - Michael Neale
- Departments of Psychiatry, Human Genetics, and Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Steven Boker
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia
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Racine SE, Keel PK, Burt SA, Sisk CL, Neale M, Boker S, Klump KL. Individual differences in the relationship between ovarian hormones and emotional eating across the menstrual cycle: a role for personality? Eat Behav 2013; 14:161-6. [PMID: 23557813 PMCID: PMC3618657 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Within-person changes in estradiol and progesterone predict changes in binge eating tendencies across the menstrual cycle. However, all women have menstrual-cycle fluctuations in hormones, but few experience binge eating. Personality traits may be critical individual difference factors that influence who will engage in emotional eating in the presence of a vulnerable hormonal environment. Women (N=239) provided self-reports of emotional eating and saliva samples for hormone measurement for 45 consecutive days. Negative urgency and negative emotionality were measured once and were examined as moderators of hormone-emotional eating associations. Consistent with prior research, within-person changes in the interaction between estradiol and progesterone predicted emotional eating. Neither negative urgency nor negative emotionality interacted with changes in estradiol and progesterone to predict changes in emotional eating. Additional factors, other than the two personality traits examined, may account for individual differences in within-person associations between hormones and emotional eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Racine
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
MI 48824-1116, USA
| | - Pamela K. Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
32306-4301, USA
| | - S. Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
MI 48824-1116, USA
| | - Cheryl L. Sisk
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
MI 48824-1116, USA ,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
48824-1116, USA
| | - Michael Neale
- Departments of Psychiatry, Human Genetics, and Psychology, Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Steven Boker
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville,
VA 22904-4400, USA
| | - Kelly L. Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
MI 48824-1116, USA
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41
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Klump KL, Keel PK, Burt SA, Racine SE, Neale MC, Sisk CL, Boker S. Ovarian hormones and emotional eating associations across the menstrual cycle: an examination of the potential moderating effects of body mass index and dietary restraint. Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:256-63. [PMID: 23315657 PMCID: PMC3600109 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Associations between within-person changes in ovarian hormones and dysregulated eating (binge eating, emotional eating) have been observed across the menstrual cycle. However, studies have not examined moderators that may contribute to differential associations between individuals. We investigated body-weight regulation variables [body mass index (BMI), dietary restraint] that have theoretical relevance by virtue of their associations with both phenotypes. METHOD Women (N = 196) provided emotional eating ratings and saliva samples for 45 days. BMI and restraint were assessed at three time points and averaged. RESULTS Results showed significant estradiol × progesterone interactions in the prediction of within-subject changes in emotional eating. Neither BMI nor restraint moderated these relationships, although a trend-level dietary restraint × estradiol interaction was observed where estradiol's effects were enhanced in high restraint scorers. DISCUSSION Findings confirm a role for hormones in changes in emotional eating and suggest that restraint might enhance hormone effects in severegroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116
| | - Pamela K. Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301
| | - S. Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116
| | - Sarah E. Racine
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116
| | - Michael C. Neale
- Departments of Psychiatry, Human Genetics, and Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Cheryl L. Sisk
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Steven Boker
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400
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42
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Genetic Variation at the TPH2 Gene Influences Impulsivity in Addition to Eating Disorders. Behav Genet 2012; 43:24-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10519-012-9569-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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43
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Jasinska AJ, Yasuda M, Burant CF, Gregor N, Khatri S, Sweet M, Falk EB. Impulsivity and inhibitory control deficits are associated with unhealthy eating in young adults. Appetite 2012; 59:738-47. [PMID: 22885454 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Heightened impulsivity and inefficient inhibitory control are increasingly recognized as risk factors for unhealthy eating and obesity but the underlying processes are not fully understood. We used structural equation modeling to investigate the relationships between impulsivity, inhibitory control, eating behavior, and body mass index (BMI) in 210 undergraduates who ranged from underweight to obese. We demonstrate that impulsivity and inhibitory control deficits are positively associated with several facets of unhealthy eating, including overeating in response to external food cues and in response to negative emotional states, and making food choices based on taste preferences without consideration of health value. We further show that such unhealthy eating is, for the most part, associated with increased BMI, with the exception of Restraint Eating, which is negatively associated with BMI. These results add to our understanding of the impact of individual differences in impulsivity and inhibitory control on key aspects of unhealthy eating and may have implications for the treatment and prevention of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes J Jasinska
- Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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44
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Varga G, Szekely A, Antal P, Sarkozy P, Nemoda Z, Demetrovics Z, Sasvari-Szekely M. Additive effects of serotonergic and dopaminergic polymorphisms on trait impulsivity. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:281-8. [PMID: 22259185 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Twin studies suggest 45% heritability of trait impulsivity. Results from candidate gene studies to date are contradictory; impulsivity phenotypes were measured by different behavioral and questionnaire methods related either to the dopaminergic or to the serotonergic system. Here we report an association study of both dopaminergic (COMT rs4680, DRD4 48 bp VNTR, DRD2/ANKK1 rs1800497) and serotonergic (HTR1A rs6925, HTR1B rs13212041, SLC6A4 5-HTTLPR) gene polymorphisms and trait impulsivity assessed with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) in a sample of 687 Caucasian young adults. Results showed lower impulsivity in the presence of the DRD4 7-repeat (P = 0.006) and the HTR1B rs13212041 alleles (P = 0.003). These findings stayed significant after Bonferroni correction. A multivariate analysis using Bayesian networks confirmed independent effects of these two polymorphisms and provided a coherent characterization of the system of dependencies with respect to the impulsivity construct as well as its subscales. These results clearly suggest an additive effect of dopaminergic and serotonergic polymorphisms on trait impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Varga
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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45
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Archer T, Oscar-Berman M, Blum K, Gold M. Neurogenetics and Epigenetics in Impulsive Behaviour: Impact on Reward Circuitry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 3:1000115. [PMID: 23264884 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7412.1000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adverse, unfavourable life conditions, particularly during early life stages and infancy, can lead to epigenetic regulation of genes involved in stress-response, behavioral disinhibition, and cognitive-emotional systems. Over time, the ultimate final outcome can be expressed through behaviors bedeviled by problems with impulse control, such as eating disorders, alcoholism, and indiscriminate social behavior. While many reward gene polymorphisms are involved in impulsive behaviors, a polymorphism by itself may not translate to the development of a particular behavioral disorder unless it is impacted by epigenetic effects. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) affects the development and integrity of the noradrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic neurotransmitter systems, and plasma levels of the neurotrophin are associated with both cognitive and aggressive impulsiveness. Epigenetic mechanisms associated with a multitude of environmental factors, including premature birth, low birth weight, prenatal tobacco exposure, non-intact family, young maternal age at birth of the target child, paternal history of antisocial behavior, and maternal depression, alter the developmental trajectories for several neuropsychiatric disorders. These mechanisms affect brain development and integrity at several levels that determine structure and function in resolving the final behavioral expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Archer
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Box 500, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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46
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Akkermann K, Kaasik K, Kiive E, Nordquist N, Oreland L, Harro J. The impact of adverse life events and the serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism on the development of eating disorder symptoms. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46:38-43. [PMID: 22018958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Adverse life events have been shown to predict weight fluctuations and dietary restraint, as well as eating disorders during adolescence or early adulthood. Since the s-allele carriers of the 5-HTT gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) are biologically more reactive to stress related stimuli, we aimed to explore whether the eating disturbances are predicted by environmental stressors and moderated by the 5-HTTLPR genotype. The sample was based on the younger cohort of the Estonian Children Personality, Behaviour and Health Study and included those participating in its second and third wave. The history of stressful life events was self-reported at age 15. Data on eating behaviour and attitudes, anxiety, impulsivity and depressiveness were collected at age 18. The effect of the adverse life events on binge eating and on drive for thinness was found to be moderated by the 5-HTTLPR. Adolescent girls who at age 15 had reported a history of frequent adverse life events had elevated scores in EDI-2 Bulimia subscale at age 18 if they were carrying the s-allele. The effect of the s-allele on binge eating was even more pronounced when solely the experience of sexual abuse was considered. The interaction effect of the 5-HTTLPR and the past sexual abuse was also observed on drive for thinness. These data give further support to the idea that adverse life events in childhood may heighten susceptibility to serotonergic dysregulation following stress, and suggest that in individuals vulnerable to eating disorders this may result in disturbed eating behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsti Akkermann
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tiigi 78, Tartu 50410, Estonia
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47
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Archer T, Oscar-Berman M, Blum K. Epigenetics in Developmental Disorder: ADHD and Endophenotypes. JOURNAL OF GENETIC SYNDROMES & GENE THERAPY 2011; 2:1000104. [PMID: 22224195 PMCID: PMC3250517 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7412.1000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with complex interactive operations of genetic and environmental factors, is expressed in a variety of disorder manifestations: severity, co-morbidities of symptoms, and the effects of genes on phenotypes. Neurodevelopmental influences of genomic imprinting have set the stage for the structural-physiological variations that modulate the cognitive, affective, and pathophysiological domains of ADHD. The relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors provide rapidly proliferating insights into the developmental trajectory of the condition, both structurally and functionally. Parent-of-origin effects seem to support the notion that genetic risks for disease process debut often interact with the social environment, i.e., the parental environment in infants and young children. The notion of endophenotypes, markers of an underlying liability to the disorder, may facilitate detection of genetic risks relative to a complex clinical disorder. Simple genetic association has proven insufficient to explain the spectrum of ADHD. At a primary level of analysis, the consideration of epigenetic regulation of brain signalling mechanisms, dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline is examined. Neurotrophic factors that participate in the neurogenesis, survival, and functional maintenance of brain systems, are involved in neuroplasticity alterations underlying brain disorders, and are implicated in the genetic predisposition to ADHD, but not obviously, nor in a simple or straightforward fashion. In the context of intervention, genetic linkage studies of ADHD pharmacological intervention have demonstrated that associations have fitted the "drug response phenotype," rather than the disorder diagnosis. Despite conflicting evidence for the existence, or not, of genetic associations between disorder diagnosis and genes regulating the structure and function of neurotransmitters and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), associations between symptoms-profiles endophenotypes and single nucleotide polymorphisms appear reassuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Archer
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Box 500, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marlene Oscar-Berman
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, and Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
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48
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Racine SE, Burt SA, Iacono WG, McGue M, Klump KL. Dietary restraint moderates genetic risk for binge eating. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 120:119-28. [PMID: 21171725 PMCID: PMC3057961 DOI: 10.1037/a0020895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dietary restraint is a prospective risk factor for the development of binge eating and bulimia nervosa. Although many women engage in dietary restraint, relatively few develop binge eating. Dietary restraint may increase susceptibility for binge eating only in individuals who are at genetic risk. Specifically, dietary restraint may be a behavioral exposure factor that activates genetic predispositions for binge eating. We investigated this possibility in 1,678 young adolescent and adult same-sex female twins from the Minnesota Twin Family Study and the Michigan State University Twin Registry. Twin moderation models were used to examine whether levels of dietary restraint moderate genetic and environmental influences on binge eating. Results indicated that genetic and nonshared environmental factors for binge eating increased at higher levels of dietary restraint. These effects were present after controlling for age, body mass index, and genetic and environmental overlap among dietary restraint and binge eating. Results suggest that dietary restraint may be most important for individuals at genetic risk for binge eating and that the combination of these factors could enhance individual differences in risk for binge eating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
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49
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van Strien T, van der Zwaluw CS, Engels RCME. Emotional eating in adolescents: a gene (SLC6A4/5-HTT) - depressive feelings interaction analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:1035-42. [PMID: 20416884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Eating in response to distress--i.e. emotional eating--is highly prevalent in (female) adults with binge eating, but has only a very low prevalence in young children. The present study addresses the emergence of emotional eating in adolescence in relation to depressive feelings. Because a reduction of food intake is considered the biologically natural response to distress, we tested whether the a-typical stress-response of emotional eating develops in interaction with genetic vulnerability. We hypothesized that the short allele of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene, which is associated with lower serotonin activity, would moderate the relation between depressive feelings and the increase in emotional eating, particularly in females. A sample of Dutch families with two adolescents was included in a longitudinal study with a four-year follow-up. A moderator effect of 5-HTTLPR genotype on the relation between depressive feelings and the increase in emotional eating was found in both sexes in the youngest siblings (n = 286). In the older siblings (n = 298), this specific moderator effect was only found in the girls. Younger adolescents and older adolescent girls showed a higher increase in emotional eating if they carried the 5-HTTLPR short allele. This is the first study that found support for a gene × depressive feelings interaction on emergence of emotional eating in (female) adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana van Strien
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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50
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Culbert KM, Burt SA, McGue M, Iacono WG, Klump KL. Puberty and the genetic diathesis of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 118:788-96. [PMID: 19899848 DOI: 10.1037/a0017207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Twin studies from the Minnesota Twin Family Study (MTFS) suggest negligible genetic effects on eating pathology before puberty but increased genetic effects during puberty. However, an independent study found no pubertal differences in genetic and environmental effects (R. Rowe, A. Pickles, E. Simonoff, C. M. Bulik, & J. L. Silberg, 2002). Discrepant results may be due to methodological differences. The MTFS studies divided twins at mid-puberty, whereas R. Rowe et al. (2002) divided twins based on menarche alone. In the present study, the authors aimed to reconcile discrepant findings by examining differences in etiologic effects for disordered eating attitudes and behaviors (i.e., levels of weight preoccupation, body dissatisfaction, binge eating, compensatory behaviors) using both classification methods in a new sample of 656 female twins. Using the MTFS method (i.e., K. L. Klump, M. McGue, & W. G. Iacono, 2003), the authors observed nominal genetic effects in prepubertal twins but significant genetic effects in pubertal and young adult twins. Conversely, genetic effects were moderate and equal in all groups using the R. Rowe et al. (2002) method. Findings highlight the potentially important role of puberty in the genetic diathesis of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors and the need to use early indicators of pubertal status in studies of developmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Culbert
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824-1116, USA
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