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Abreu CDO, Aburachid LMC, Lima IM, Moura FA, Bedo BLS, Ribas S, Praça GM. Impact of implicit vs. explicit Instructions on tactical performance in under-20 soccer players. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1441125. [PMID: 39346493 PMCID: PMC11438476 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1441125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to verify whether implicit and explicit informational constraints generate differences in tactical performance and behavior in U-20 national-level soccer players. Methods Thirty-two under-20 male athletes from two clubs participated. Four 4-a-side small-sided games (SSG) protocols were used: R1 - explicit rule for high-press marking, R2 - implicit rule for high-press marking, R3 - game with both previous rules simultaneous and FR - free game, without additional rules. SSGs comprised 4 vs. 4+ goalkeepers games on a 42 m × 29 m field. Position data from 10 Hz Global Positioning System (GPS) devices were used to evaluate individual and collective tactical behavior (spatial occupation metrics) and performance (interpersonal coordination). MANOVA was used for normally distributed variables, and Friedman's with Dunn or Bonferroni post hoc was used for variables without normal distribution. For SEI, an ANOVA was used with Bonferroni post hoc. Results The R1 protocol showed higher SEI, length, width, and LpWratio than the FR protocol (p = 0.009). There was an effect of the different protocols in SEI values (p < 0.001). Under the explicit rule, players also showed the highest in-phase interpersonal coordination values (p < 0.001). Discussion Providing players with explicit tactical instructions improves tactical performance acutely for high-pressing defensive actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóvão de Oliveira Abreu
- CECA/UFMG Soccer Science Center, Sports Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Layla Maria Campos Aburachid
- GEMEPE/UFMT, Theory and Foundation in Physical Education Department, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso-UFMT, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Igor Mendes Lima
- GEMEPE/UFMT, Physical Education Department, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso-UFMT, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Moura
- Sport Sciences Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Bruno L S Bedo
- Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Schelyne Ribas
- GEMEPE/UFMT, Physical Education Department, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso-UFMT, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Gibson Moreira Praça
- CECA/UFMG Soccer Science Center, Sports Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Liu Q, Huang Z, Coutinho D, Wei X, An T, Gonçalves B. Assessing Variations in Positional Performance across Age Groups and during Matches in Youth Association Football Competitions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4536. [PMID: 39065932 PMCID: PMC11280735 DOI: 10.3390/s24144536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore how positional performance varies across different youth age groups and during matches in football competitions. The study encompassed 160 male outfield youth football players (n = 80, under-13, U13; n = 80, under-15, U15) who belonged to the starting line-up and played the entire first half of each match. The players' positional data were gathered through the global positional system for each of the eight matches performed by each age group. The frequency of near-in-phase synchronization based on speed displacements, spatial exploration index, and the distance to the nearest teammate and opponent were used as variables. Additionally, each match half was segmented into three equal parts to assess changes over time and used as a period factor along with age group. The results indicated that U13 players showed a significant decrease (from small to large ES) in synchronization speed and spatial exploration index throughout the first half of the match, along with a decrease in the distance to the nearest opponent. In contrast, U15 players exhibited most changes during the third segment of the half, with a decrease in speed synchronization and spatial exploration, but an increase in the distance and regularity to the nearest opponent. Comparing both age groups revealed significant differences in speed synchronization across the entire half of the match and within each segmented period (from small to large ES), with U13 consistently showing higher values. The study highlights that long durations in 11 vs. 11 matches might not provide an appropriate learning environment in the U13 age group. Conversely, the U15 group displayed better capacity for tactical adjustments over time, suggesting a higher level of tactical maturity. Overall, these findings emphasize the importance of adapting youth football training and competition structures to the developmental needs and capabilities of different age groups to optimize learning and performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanchen Liu
- China Football College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Zhuhang Huang
- China Football College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Diogo Coutinho
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal;
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Xiaobin Wei
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Tao An
- Sport Development Center of Tengzhou City, Tengzhou 277500, China;
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal;
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, 1495-433 Oeiras, Portugal
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Asian-Clemente JA, Rabano-Muñoz A, Requena B, Suarez-Arrones L. Influence of the Number of Players on the Load of Soccer Players During Transition Games. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:616-623. [PMID: 38471657 DOI: 10.1055/a-2286-3914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the effect of different compositions in transition games (TGs) on the load of soccer players and to evaluate their performance in physical tests. Using a GPS system, 18 players were monitored during: 3vs2, 2vs1 and 1vs1. Distance covered (DC), DC 18-20.9 km·h-1, 21-23.9 km·h-1,>24 km·h-1, peak speed, accelerations (Acc) and decelerations (Dec)>1.0 m·s-2 and>2.5 m·s-2 and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. Before and after each TG, countermovement-jump (CMJ), 15- (S15) and 30 m (S30) speed tests were assessed. TG3vs2 showed greater DC and Dec>1.0 m·s-2 than TG2vs1, and DC, DC 18.0-23.9 km·h-1, Acc>1.0 m·s-2 and Dec>2.5 m·s-2 than TG1vs1 (p<0.01). TG2vs1 achieved higher DC, DC 18.0-23.9 km·h-1, and Acc>2.5 m·s-2 (p<0.01) but lower peak speed (p=0.02) and RPE (p=0.02) than TG1vs1. Post-intervention, TG1vs1 showed lower CMJ and higher S15 (p=0.02), while TG3vs2, showed improvements in CMJ (p<0.01). The three tasks showed large variations for DC>24 km·h-1, Acc>1.0 m·s-2, Dec>1.0 m·s-2 and Dec>2.5 m·s-2. The load of TGs is sensitive to their player composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Asian-Clemente
- Department of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Football Science Institute, FSI lab, Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Rabano-Muñoz
- Department of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Football Science Institute, FSI lab, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Luis Suarez-Arrones
- Department of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- FC Lugano, Performance Departament, Lugano, Switzerland
- Football Science Institute, FSI lab, Granada, Spain
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Rodríguez-Fernández A, Clemente FM, Ramírez-Campillo R, Sánchez-Sánchez J. Locomotor and Physiological Demands of Small-Sided Soccer Games in Wildcard and Regular Players: Effects of Goalkeepers and Type of Wildcard. Sports Health 2024:19417381241257175. [PMID: 38898821 DOI: 10.1177/19417381241257175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small-sided games (SSGs) are frequent training drills in soccer. This study investigated whether type of game (ie, with/without goalkeepers) and wildcard ( without vs internal vs external wildcard) impact the physiological (heartrate [HR]) and locomotor (total distance [TD] covered) demands in regular and wildcard players and to evaluate between-player and within-player variability. HYPOTHESIS Demands are influenced by wildcard and game type, with higher demand (distance covered at high intensities and sprint speed) in regular players and with higher variability in SSG with wildcard players. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive/comparative study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS Twenty-four soccer players completed 6 SSG as 3 versus 3 without (NG) or with (GK) goalkeepers, and with internal (NG+IW and GK+IW) and external (NG+EW and GK+EW) wildcard. Average HR (HRavg), rate of perceived exertion, and locomotor demands (TD, medium [MID = 7.0-13.9 km h-1], high [HID = 14.0-20.9 km h-1] and sprint [SPD >21.0 km h-1] distance and peak speed [PS]) were registered. RESULTS The inclusion of GK and internal wildcard led to decreased HRavg and TD in regular players. Wildcard players positioned internally exhibited higher TD, PS, and lower HRavg than externally positioned wildcards. Regular players demonstrated higher TD, PS, MID, HID, HRavg and time spent in Z3 (>90% HRmax) compared with wildcard players in SSG played with external wildcard. Regular and wildcard players displayed great between- and within-player variability in high-intensity metrics. CONCLUSION Specific game type and wildcard inclusion impact the physiological and locomotor demands in SSG, with variations observed between regular and wildcard players. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study provides comprehensive information on the physiological and locomotor demands of SSG depending on the inclusion and position of goalkeepers and wildcards, which can be useful for strength and conditioning coaches when designing specific training tasks, individualizing training load and applying return-to-play programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rodríguez-Fernández
- VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Filipe M Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research and Innovation Center, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- Research Group for Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Gantois P, Piqueras-Sanchiz F, Cid MJFA, Pino-Ortega J, Castillo D, Nakamura FY. The effects of different small-sided games configurations on heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and running demands in professional soccer players. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:1214-1222. [PMID: 35723596 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2092427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of different small-sided games (SSG) configurations on heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and running demands in soccer players. Twelve male soccer players (U18) participated in this randomized cross-over study. Players performed three SSG in different "fixed" and "dynamic" pitch sizes (3v3 in large (SSGL) and small (SSGS) fixed area; or 3v3 in dynamic dimensions [SSGD]), with 4x4 minutes interspersed by 2 minutes of rest. HR measures (maximum [HRmax], average [HRavg], and percentage of maximum [%HRmax]), RPE, and running demands were collected across the SGG sessions. The following running activities were recorded: total distance covered (TD), distance covered (DC) at 6-12 km·h-1, ≥ 12-18 km·h-1, and >18 km·h-1, peak running speed, acceleration (ACC) and deceleration (DEC) at 1-2 m·s-2 and 2-3 m·s-2, player load, and high metabolic load distance (HMLD). SSGL displayed higher HRavg, %HRmax, and RPE values than SSGS (p < 0.05). SSGL resulted in higher TD, DC at 6-12 km·h-1, ≥ 12-18 km·h-1, > 18 km·h-1, and higher peak speed than SSGS and SSGD (p < 0.05). Moreover, SSGD presented higher TD and DC at 6-12 km·h-1 and ≥ 12-18 km·h-1 than SSGS (p < 0.05). In contrast, SSGD and SSGS showed higher number of ACC and DEC at 1-2 m·s-2 than SSGL (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the pitch size and playing area of the SSG can be manipulated to promote desired physiological and physical demands in young soccer players.HighlightsWe examined how fixed (small and large) or variable (dynamic) pitch sizes affected the psychophysiological and running demands of young soccer players during small-sided games.Small-sided games with larger pitch sizes and areas per player elicited greater psychophysiological and running demands than small areas.The pitch size designed in the current study does not appear to affect the number of acceleration and deceleration (> 2 m·s-2).Varying the pitch size during the small-sided games (i.e. dynamic condition) could be an interesting constraint to be considered by soccer coaches in order to enhance task variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrus Gantois
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Francisco Piqueras-Sanchiz
- Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | | | - José Pino-Ortega
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
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Rigon TA, Drezner R, Nogueira FF, Yousefian F, Travassos B, Dantas LEPBT. What to look for in setting sports training tasks for young players? Analysis of the numerical configuration of players and court size constraints on futsal small-sided games performance difficulty level and player participation. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2199475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago André Rigon
- School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rene Drezner
- School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Farzad Yousefian
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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How many creatives are enough? Exploring how manipulating the number of creative players in the opposing team impacts footballers' performance during small-sided games. Hum Mov Sci 2023; 87:103043. [PMID: 36459763 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2022.103043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study explored how varying the number of creative opponents affects youth players' performance during football small-sided games (SSGs). Initially, 60 players from 3 different age groups with n = 20 in each (under-9, U9; under-11, U11; and under-13, U13) were tested during SSGs to rank them according to their creative potential. Based on these rankings, four players shown to possess with a medium creative potential were assigned to the intermediate team for each age group. This team competed against a team on which players with high creative potential were progressively included (from one to finally all four players, 1C to 4C) during a 4-a-side plus goalkeeper SSG. The results showed that U9 players increased the individual space explored when facing more creative opponents (p = .012), while the U11 (p = .026) and U13 (p < .001) only increased when facing 2C and 3C. Playing against more creative opponents induced more variability in the distance to own (p = .046) and the opponent team's centroid (p = .046) in the U9, regularity in the U11 (team centroid, p < .001; opponents' centroid, p = .001) and lower regularity in the U13 (team centroid, p = .013 opponents' centroid, p = .009). These distinct movement patterns seemed to reflect the differences in players' perceptual and motor skills. A higher creative score was found against 1C (vs 2C and 4C, p = .006) and 3C (vs 4C, p = .006) in the U9. The results from the effect sizes indicated higher values on the players' attempts, fluency and versatility when facing 1C to 3C, whereas a clear decrease was observed against 4C for all age groups. Hence, moderate and high demanding scenarios prompt the emergence of new behaviours while extremely high demanding scenarios (i.e. 4C) seem to constrain all the creativity components. Overall, adding creative players mostly impacts the team's collective behaviour rather than the players' creativity-related skills.
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Castillo-Rodríguez A, Durán-Salas Á, Giménez JV, Onetti-Onetti W, Suárez-Arrones L. The Influence of Pitch Dimensions during Small-Sided Games to Reach Match Physical and Physiological Demands on the Youth Soccer Players. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1299. [PMID: 36772339 PMCID: PMC9921840 DOI: 10.3390/s23031299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to (i) analyze the physical and physiological responses of four matches competition and (ii) to investigate the relationships among three different pitch dimensions of small-sided game (SSG) on the youth soccer players. Fifteen male U19 soccer players (age 17.3 ± 0.5 years, height 175.7 ± 5.6 cm, weight 68.5 ± 8.6 kg, playing experience 7.8 ± 1.4 years) were randomly assigned to three play areas: small (50 m2), medium (SSG-m, 150 m2) and large (SSG-l, 250 m2) area per player including goalkeeper. During the 4-week intervention, both groups performed three sets of 8 min with a passive rest period of 5 min between games. Differences in time-motion characteristics of players were measured with the Global Positioning System and assessed using a repeated measures ANOVA to compare the three game conditions and the magnitude-based inference to evaluate the pairwise comparison effects. The results showed that only the variables distance covered between 7.0-12.9 km·h-1 was not statistically significantly different among game conditions (p < 0.05; η = 0.21; small) and physiological response (i.e., hear rate of playing time spent 85-89% HRmax) also showed differences (p < 0.05; η = 0.25; small). The responses in SSG-m and SSG-l established them ass the format sizes ideal for replicating the physical responses during match competition. These findings could provide relevant information for coaches for use adequate pitch size (areas of 150 m2 and 250 m2) to reach the match-play scenarios found in match competition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Álvaro Durán-Salas
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Vicente Giménez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | - Wanesa Onetti-Onetti
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Luis Suárez-Arrones
- Department of Sports and Computer, University of Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
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Díaz-García J, Ponce-Bordón JC, Moreno-Gil A, Rubio-Morales A, López-Gajardo MÁ, García-Calvo T. Influence of Scoring Systems on Mental Fatigue, Physical Demands, and Tactical Behavior during Soccer Large-Sided Games. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20032087. [PMID: 36767454 PMCID: PMC9915233 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Constraints are common in soccer training to develop physical, technical-tactical, and mental training concurrently. This study examined how different scoring systems influence physical, tactical, and mental demands during large-sided games in soccer. Eighteen youth-elite male (17.39 ± 1.04 y) soccer players completed three 8 vs. 8 large-sided games where the different score systems were i) official score system (OSS; i.e., 1 goal = 1 goal), ii) double the value of the goal-4 min (DVx4; i.e., 1 goal = 1 goal from 0.00 to 7.59 min, and 1 goal = 2 goals from 8.00 to 12.00 min), and iii) double the value of the goal-8 min (DVx8; i.e., 1 goal = 1 goal from 0.00 to 3.59 min, and 1 goal = 2 goals from 4.00 to 12.00 min). Physical demands and tactical behaviors were recorded during tasks using a global positioning system and video camera. Mental fatigue was recorded pre- and post-task using a visual analogue scale. Also, the ratio of perceived exertion and mental load were recorded after tasks were finished. Results reported the highest values of mental and physical demands in DVx4. Mental fatigue increased during all three large-sided games, although this increase was significantly higher in DVx4 compared with OSS (p = 0.006) and DVx8 (p = 0.027). Tactical behavior showed a trend towards more direct play during DVx4, which was less observed during DVx8, and not at all during OSS. In conclusion, changing the scoring system affects physical, tactical, and mental demands.
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Integration of Obese Children in Physical Education Sessions: An Exploratory Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10010133. [PMID: 36670682 PMCID: PMC9856531 DOI: 10.3390/children10010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the role of the joker in children with obesity (OCs) on integration and physio-psychological responses during small-sided games (SSG) training programs. Sixteen OC students (age 13.8 ± 0.73 years) performed training programs consisting of two sessions a week for three weeks. The experimental protocol consisted of 16 teams of 4 children (3 of normal weight and 1 OC). The 16 teams were divided into 2 groups, one with an OC playing as the joker (SSG-J) and the other group with OC playing as non-joker (SSG-NJ). Maximum heart rates (HRmax), blood lactate concentration [La] and OMNI-Child perceived exertion were measured at the end of each SSG. A physical activity enjoyment Scale (PACES) was accomplished during physical activity for the evaluation of feelings in OCs. Additionally, the profile of mood states (POMS) was measured before and after the SSG-J and SSG-NJ programs. HRmax, [La], perceived exertion, and PACES scores were significantly higher after the SSG-J compared with SSG-NJ (increments of 6.4%, 31.7%, 19.5% and 18.1%, respectively). The score of the POMS variables was positively increased in the presence of jokers. The vigor score increased by 30%, while tension and total mood disturbance scores decreased by 27.6% and 4.5%, respectively. These findings suggest that the joker role could be effective in improving integration, physical enjoyment, physiological responses and mood states in OCs when a team game is used during PE sessions. PE teachers could then program joker exercises with the aim of improving OCs' physical commitment willingness to play.
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Dambroz F, Teoldo I. Better decision-making skills support tactical behaviour and reduce physical wear under physical fatigue in soccer. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1116924. [PMID: 37123262 PMCID: PMC10130636 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1116924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify whether decision-making skills influence the tactical behavior and physical performance of soccer players under acute physical fatigue, assessed in an actual game-play. The sample was comprised of 24 trained soccer players (18.25 ± 1.48 years old) from two Brazilian clubs grouped into two categories with 12 players each (with high and low decision-making skills). The assessment of decision making, tactical behavior, and physical performance were carried out using TacticUP®, FUT-SAT, and GPSports®, respectively. Acute physical fatigue was induced through the T-SAFT90 test. Results showed that under acute physical fatigue players with high decision-making skills maintained tactical behavior efficiency and had their paces reduced, in addition to displaying reduced total distance covered (p < 0.001), number of accelerations (p < 0.001), and decelerations (p < 0.001), and average movement speed (p < 0.001). On the other hand, players with low decision-making skills displayed reduced tactical behavior efficiency (p = 0.002) and maintained their movement pace under physical fatigue. It is concluded that decision-making skills contribute to players' tactical behavior efficiency under acute physical fatigue, besides promoting reduced physical strain in movement actions throughout the field.
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12
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Teixeira JE, Forte P, Ferraz R, Branquinho L, Silva AJ, Monteiro AM, Barbosa TM. Integrating physical and tactical factors in football using positional data: a systematic review. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14381. [PMID: 36405022 PMCID: PMC9671036 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Positional data have been used to capture physical and tactical factors in football, however current research is now looking to apply spatiotemporal parameters from an integrative perspective. Thus, the aim of this article was to systematically review the published articles that integrate physical and tactical variables in football using positional data. Methods and Materials Following the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA), a systematic search of relevant English-language articles was performed from earliest record to August 2021. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the modified Downs and Black Quality Index (observational and cross-sectional studies) and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale (intervention studies). Results The literature search returned 982 articles (WoS = 495; PubMed = 232 and SportDiscus = 255). After screening, 26 full-text articles met the inclusion criteria and data extraction was conducted. All studies considered the integration of physical and tactical variables in football using positional data (n = 26). Other dimensions were also reported, such as psychophysiological and technical factors, however the results of these approaches were not the focus of the analysis (n = 5). Quasi-experimental approaches considered training sets (n = 20) and match contexts (n = 6). One study analysed both training and play insights. Small sided-games (SSG) were the most common training task formats in the reviewed studies, with only three articles addressing medium-sided (MSG) (n = 1) and large-sided games (LSG) (n = 2), respectively. Conclusions Among the current systematic review, the physical data can be integrated by player's movement speed. Positional datasets can be computed by spatial movement, complex indexes, playing areas, intra-team and inter-team dyads. Futures researches should consider applying positional data in women's football environments and explore the representativeness of the MSG and LSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Eduardo Teixeira
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal,Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal,Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal,Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal,Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal,Sport Sciences Department, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luís Branquinho
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal,Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - António José Silva
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal,University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - António Miguel Monteiro
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal,Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal,Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
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13
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Sahli F, Hammami R, Sahli H, Jebabli N, Selmi W, Zghibi M, van den Tillaar R. The Effects of Combined Verbal Encouragement and Technical Instruction on Technical Skills and Psychophysiological Responses During Small-Sided Handball Games Exercise in Physical Education. Front Psychol 2022; 13:902088. [PMID: 35756207 PMCID: PMC9226905 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.902088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the effects of combined positive verbal encouragement and general technical guidelines on technical and psychophysiological parameters in pupils during a small-sided handball passing game. Twenty secondary school pupils (age, 16 ± 1 years; body mass, 55.3 ± 6.6 kg; body height, 1.77 ± 0.13 m; BMI, 22.6 ± 2.2 kg m−1) performed small-sided games (2 × 10 min) with three conditions: small-sided game (1) with combined verbal encouragement and technical instruction; (2) with technical instruction; (3) without any instruction (control) in which the passes for each pupil in each set was measured together with the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and feeling mood after the first and second set. Results: A two-way analysis of variance demonstrated that the combined condition resulted in more passes compared to the technical instruction and control conditions, while the number of passes increased in set 2 for all conditions. RPE and the feeling mood were also differently between the conditions. Combined verbal encouragement and technical instruction during handball exercise were more beneficial for optimal passing numbers, positive mood with less perception of physical effort compared to only technical instruction and a control condition. The results evidenced positive acute effects of combined verbal encouragement and technical instruction during handball, indicating the usefulness of these training methods for optimal passing numbers, positive mood with less perception of physical effort in physical education pupils. Future studies should evaluate the applicability combined verbal encouragement and technical skills in the training of other conditioning capacities and the individual responsiveness of players toward verbal encouragement tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feten Sahli
- Research Unit (Code de l'unité) "Sportive Performance and Physical Rehabilitation", Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Raouf Hammami
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia.,Research Laboratory (EM2S, UR15JS01) "Education, Motor Skills, Sports and Health", Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hajer Sahli
- Research Unit (Code de l'unité) "Sportive Performance and Physical Rehabilitation", Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Nidhal Jebabli
- Research Unit (Code de l'unité) "Sportive Performance and Physical Rehabilitation", Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Walid Selmi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia.,Research Unit (UR17JS01) "Sport Performance, Health & Society", Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Makrem Zghibi
- Research Unit (Code de l'unité) "Sportive Performance and Physical Rehabilitation", Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
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14
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Coutinho D, Gonçalves B, Folgado H, Travassos B, Santos S, Sampaio J. Amplifying the effects of adding extra players during association football game-based scenarios. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270052. [PMID: 35749354 PMCID: PMC9231771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare under-18 association football players’ performance (age = 17.7±1.0 years; playing experience = 9.0 ± 3.2 years) when manipulating the number of teammates and opponents during football game-based practices. Time-motion, individual and tactical-related variables were monitored when manipulating conditions with different number of teammates and opponents (11vs11, No-Sup, No-Inf; 11vs12, Low-Sup, Low-Inf; 11vs13, Mod-Sup, Mod-Inf; and 11vs14, High-Sup, High-Inf). Results showed that adding teammates promoted increases in the longitudinal synchronization from No-Sup to Mod-Sup (Cohen’s d with 95% of confidence intervals: 0.25 [0.12; 0.39]; p < .001) and High-Sup (0.61 [0.41; 0.82]; p < .001), while decreases in the distance to the nearest teammate, both in the offensive and defensive phases (p < .001 and p = .005, respectively). In addition, it was observed lower distance covered while running when playing in High-Sup compared to No-Sup (0.30 [-0.01; 0.61]; p = .002) during the defensive phase. Attacking in numerical inferiority promoted a higher variability in the distance to the nearest teammate from No-Inf to High-Inf (0.83 [0.27; 1.38]; p = .044), while decreasing the physical demands, specifically distance covered while running (-0.49 [-0.99; 0.01]; p = .039). In turn, defending, mainly in high-inferiority, increased the total distance covered compared to No-Inf (0.61 [0.30; 0.91]; p < .001) and led to a decrease in the distance to the nearest teammate (-0.90 [-1.35; -0.44]; p = .002). Overall, coaches may manipulate the number of teammates and opponents to promote distinct effects at the level of cooperation and opposition dynamical interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Coutinho
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- University Institute of Maia, UMAIA, Maia, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Hugo Folgado
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sara Santos
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
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15
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Rico-González M, Pino-Ortega J, Praça GM, Clemente FM. Practical Applications for Designing Soccer´ Training Tasks from Multivariate Data Analysis: A Systematic Review Emhasizing Tactical Training. Percept Mot Skills 2022; 129:892-931. [PMID: 35084256 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211073404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel viewpoints have led to an understanding that good soccer performers are capable of continuous decision-making and performing excellent motor skills in a well conditioned mental state. Our aims in this review were to: (a) summarize the effects of different conditions and constraints on a soccer player's response and (b) identify potential training designs for varied soccer tasks from a multivariate perspective, emphasizing tactical training. We performed a systematic literature review according to PRISMA guidelines and identified multiple different player constraints, including model strategies for play, drills designed for varied conditions, and training regimens for the dimensions of the physical demands soccer players will face. The use of match-sized training spaces may improve physical fitness and collective tactical behavior, while smaller spaces may contribute to improving tactical behavior from micro-structures (e.g., 1 vs. 1). Pre-session exercises that accelerate the appearance of fatigue during training may help delay the onset of match fatigue and boost players´ creativity. Pitch modifications (dimensions or boundary modifications), modification of game principles (defending strategies or team formations), and altering the number of players involved or coach instructions may contribute to different players improvements. Differential learning, as a non-linear pedagogy, may induce improvements in all dimensions, but especially in creative thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markel Rico-González
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, Ringgoldid: 16402University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, Ringgoldid: 567872University of Murcia, San Javier, España
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ringgoldid: 567872University of Murcia, San Javier, España
| | - Gibson Moreira Praça
- Sports Department, Ringgoldid: 28114Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisboa, Portugal
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16
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The Influence of Small-Sided Football Games with Numerical Variability in External Training Load. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14021000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Small-sided games (SSGs) are a motivational strategy and effective training method to develop skills and physical fitness at optimal intensity. This study investigates the influence of variability in the number of players on the physiological response using SSGs. The sample was composed of 10 field players with an average age of 15.9 ± 0.50 years old. Three sessions were held on 3 different days to collect information. The 10 min SSG exercise with temporal numerical variability was repeated twice on each day. The numerical ratio of players involved changed every 2 min without disrupting the practice. In a game space with 35 × 25 m, the exercise always started in a situation of 3 vs. 3. External training load metrics (i.e., physical activity counts, activity intensity, and energy expenditure) were assessed using Actigraph WGT3X accelerometers. The 3 vs. 3 format game had higher physical activity counts (i.e., higher vector magnitude) and requested more time spent in very vigorous physical activity intensity. Consequently, the 3 vs. 3 format in young football players had higher energy expenditure (i.e., a higher METs) than that in the other studied game formats. This study confirms the influence of SSGs with numerical variability in external training load.
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17
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Rojas-Valverde D, Gómez-Carmona CD, Bastida Castillo A, Nakamura FY, Giménez-Martínez E, Matabosch-Pijuán M, Bernal JR, Pino-Ortega J. A longitudinal analysis and data mining of the most representative external workload indicators of the whole elite Mexican soccer clubs elite Mexican soccer clubS. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1996131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Clínica de Lesiones Deportivas (Rehab & Readapt), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
- Grupo de Investigación en Optimización Del Entrenamiento y Rendimiento Deportivo (Goerd), Departamento de Didáctica de la Música, Plástica y Expresión Corporal, Universidad de Extremadura. Cáceres, Extremadura, España
| | - Alejandro Bastida Castillo
- BioVetMed & Sport Sci Research Group. Departamento de Actividad Física y Deporte. Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Murcia, San Javier, Murcia, España
| | - Fabio Y. Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University Institute of Maia (Ismai), Maia, Portugal
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education Upe/ufpb, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jose R. Bernal
- Centro de Innovación Tecnológica, Liga BBVA, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- BioVetMed & Sport Sci Research Group. Departamento de Actividad Física y Deporte. Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Murcia, San Javier, Murcia, España
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18
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Low B, Rein R, Schwab S, Memmert D. Defending in 4-4-2 or 5-3-2 formation? small differences in footballers' collective tactical behaviours. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:351-363. [PMID: 34726127 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1993655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study explored footballers' tactical behaviours, based on their position data, as an effect of two defending formations, 4-4-2 and 5-3-2, using an experimental approach. Sixty-nine youth footballers participated in this 11-versus-11 study, performing 72 trials of attack-versus-defence. Players' position data were tracked using a local positioning system, and processed to calculate measures of collective movement. This was supplemented by the analysis of passing networks. The results showed small differences between the two conditions. Compared to a 4-4-2 formation, defending in 5-3-2 reduced dispersion (-0.69 m,p=0.012), midfield-forward distance (-0.81 m, p=0.047), and defence-forward distance (-1.29 m, p=0.038); the consequent effects on attacking teams included reduced team widths (-1.78 m, p=0.034), reduced necessity for back-passes to the goalkeeper, and less connectivity in the passing network. The effects of the two defending formations seem to have the greatest impact on fullbacks of the attacking teams, since they were main contributors of the reduced team widths, received more passes, and had higher betweenness centrality in the right-back position during 5-3-2 defending. In summary, the present study potentially demonstrates how the underlying mechanisms in players' collective movements and passing behaviours show that the 5-3-2 is more conservatively defensive than the 4-4-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Low
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Robert Rein
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schwab
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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19
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Branquinho L, Ferraz R, Travassos B, Marinho DA, Marques MC. Effects of Different Recovery Times on Internal and External Load During Small-Sided Games in Soccer. Sports Health 2021; 13:324-331. [PMID: 33622118 PMCID: PMC8645317 DOI: 10.1177/1941738121995469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to maintain a high intensity of exercise over several repetitions depends on recovery from previous exercises. This study aimed to identify the effects of different recovery times on internal and external load during small-sided soccer games. HYPOTHESIS An increase in recovery time will increase the external training load and decrease the internal exercise load, which will result in a greater physical impact of the exercise. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. METHODS Twenty male semiprofessional soccer players participated in the present study. They performed the same exercise (5-a-side game format) continuously (1 × 18 minutes) and repeatedly/fractionated (3 × 6 minutes) with different recovery times (30 seconds, 1 minute, 1.5 minutes, and 2 minutes). Their internal load (ie, average heart rate (HR) and maximum HR) and external load (ie, total distance, maximum speed, and ratio meters) were measured using an HR band and an inertial device equipped with a global positioning system, respectively. RESULTS The manipulation of recovery times induced differences in the internal and external load. For the same total duration, the external and internal load indicators exhibited higher values during the fractionated method, particularly with short recovery periods. CONCLUSION The application of small-sided soccer games with different recovery times induced varying responses in training load. To maintain high physical performance and high training load, the fractional method with short recovery periods (ie, 30 seconds) should be used. In contrast, to carefully manage players' efforts and decrease response to training load, continuous or fractional methods with longer recovery periods (ie, 1-2 minutes) should be used. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The proper prescription of recovery time between exercises facilitates enhanced training efficiency and optimized performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Branquinho
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portugal Football Federation (FPF), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel A. Marinho
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário C. Marques
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal
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20
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Low B, Rein R, Raabe D, Schwab S, Memmert D. The porous high-press? An experimental approach investigating tactical behaviours from two pressing strategies in football. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2199-2210. [PMID: 33982645 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1925424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse footballers' tactical behaviours from their position data, as an effect of two contrasting pressing strategies, high-press defending and deep-defending, using a trial-based experimental approach. Sixty-nine youth footballers participated in this 11 versus 11 study, performing 72 trials of attack versus defence, in a counterbalanced crossover study design. Players' position data were captured using a local positioning system, and processed to calculate measures of inter-team distance, trial duration, distance to nearest opponent, dispersion, team length, team width, team shape, space control gain, inter-line distance, and individual area. This was augmented by the notational analyses of passes. The findings showed that using a high-press defending strategy leads to: closer inter-team distance; larger dispersion, due to a longer team length; and larger inter-line distances between defenders, midfielders, and forwards. The resulting effects on the attacking team include reduced ball possession time; larger individual areas for attacking midfielders and forwards; longer team length; and more penetrative passes performed. Some differences in marking behaviour were also observed. Consequently, the study recommends that high-press defending be used sparingly due to these trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Low
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Robert Rein
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Dominik Raabe
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schwab
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, NRW, Germany
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21
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Nunes NA, Gonçalves B, Roca A, Travassos B. Effects of numerical unbalance constraints on workload and tactical individual actions during ball possession small-sided soccer games across different age groups. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1903249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno André Nunes
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health, Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC, Universidade de Évora, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - André Roca
- Expert Performance and Skill Acquisition Research Group, Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Sciences, St Mary’s University, London, UK
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health, Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
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22
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de Carvalho G, Girasol CE, Gonçalves LGC, Guirro ECO, Guirro RRDJ. Correlation between skin temperature in the lower limbs and biochemical marker, performance data, and clinical recovery scales. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248653. [PMID: 33735213 PMCID: PMC7971490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between tools commonly used in the detection of physiological changes, such as clinical complaints, a biochemical marker of muscle injury, and performance data during official matches, with infrared thermography, which has been commonly used in the possible tracking of musculoskeletal injuries in athletes. Twenty-two athletes from a professional soccer club (age 27.7 ± 3.93 years; BMI 24.35 ± 1.80 kg/cm2) were followed during the season of a national championship, totaling 19 matches with an interval of 7 days between matches. At each match, the athletes used a Global Positioning System (GPS) device to collect performance data. Forty-eight hours after each match, every athlete’s perception of recovery, fatigue, and pain was documented. Blood was collected for creatine kinase (CK) analysis, and infrared thermography was applied. Only athletes who presented pain above 4 in either limb were included for thermographic analysis. Each thermographic image was divided into 14 regions of interest. For statistical analysis, we included only the images that showed differences ≥ 1° C. Data normality was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with Dallal-Wilkinson-Lilliefors correction. We used the Pearson correlation coefficient to verify the correlation between infrared thermography and the biochemical marker, performance data, and clinical recovery scales. No correlation was observed between mean skin temperature and blood CK levels, pain level, perception of recovery, and fatigue perception (r <0.2, p>0.05). Thus, infrared thermography did not correlate with CK level, pain, fatigue perception, or recovery, nor with performance variables within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela de Carvalho
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Department of Healthy Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Girasol
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Department of Healthy Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Guilherme Cruz Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Department of Healthy Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Physiology department of Botafogo Futebol Clube, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine Caldeira Oliveira Guirro
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Department of Healthy Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo Roberto de Jesus Guirro
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Department of Healthy Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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23
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Asian-Clemente JA, Rabano-MuÑoz A, NuÑez FJ, Suarez-Arrones L. External and internal load during Small-Sided Games in soccer: use or not floaters. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:301-307. [PMID: 33721980 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to analyse the internal and external loads on regular and floater players during standardized small-sided games (SSGs) with different numbers of players (teams of 3, 5, or 7 players). METHODS Fifteen male semi-professional football players played different SSGs maintaining the same relative area per player. Total distance (TD), distance covered at different speeds (DC), the number of accelerations and decelerations, maximal (HRmax) and mean (HRmean) heart rate and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were registered. RESULTS Regular players showed greater internal and external loads in SSGs with 3 and 5 players without floaters than with floaters (ES 0.60-to-1.27). Likewise, with floaters, regular players in the SSGs with 3 performed more accelerations (ES 1.40 and 1.17) and with 7 achieved higher TD, DC > 14 km·h-1, HRmax and HRmean (ES 0.66-to-2.79) than any other. During SSGs with 7 players the floaters showed a higher TD and decelerations than in other SSGs (ES 0.47-to-1.70), and a higher DC (0-6.9 km·h-1,14-17.9 km·h-1) and RPE than in SSGs with 3 players (ES 0.59-to-0.89). During SSGs with 5, the floaters showed a higher TD, HRmax, HRmean and RPE than in SSGs with 3 (ES 0.86-to-1.45). In all SSGs, regular players showed higher TD, DC (14-17.9 km·h-1), accelerations, decelerations and HRmean than floaters (ES 1.24-to-6.23). CONCLUSIONS Coaches must carefully design SSGs because the number of players and the presence or absence of floaters can affect the external-internal load expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Asian-Clemente
- Real Betis Balompié, Performance Department, Seville, Spain - .,Department of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain - .,Football Science Institute, Granada, Spain -
| | | | - Francisco J NuÑez
- Department of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Football Science Institute, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Suarez-Arrones
- Department of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Football Science Institute, Granada, Spain.,FC Basel 1893, Performance Department, Basel, Switzerland
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24
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Calderón Pellegrino G, Paredes-Hernández V, Sánchez-Sánchez J, García-Unanue J, Gallardo L. Effect of the Fatigue on the Physical Performance in Different Small-Sided Games in Elite Football Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 34:2338-2346. [PMID: 30299393 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Calderón Pellegrino, G, Paredes-Hernández, V, Sánchez-Sánchez, J, García-Unanue, J, and Gallardo, L. Effect of the fatigue on the physical performance in different small-sided games in elite football players. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2338-2346, 2020-Football players need to be able to perform high-intensity efforts of short duration with brief recovery periods. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of the pitch dimension on high-intensity actions and the effect of a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test on the physical performance in different 4-against-4 (4v4) small-sided games (SSG) dimensions. Sixteen U-18 elite football players performed an RSA test between two 4v4 SSGs (pre and post) to induce fatigue and compare physical data. Speed, sprint number, accelerations, sprint distance, total distance covered, and total distance covered of the players at different intensities were evaluated in 3 different SSGs (125, 150, 250, and 300 m). Results revealed a significant detriment of physical performance in the 125-m SSG after RSA, mostly in number of sprints (-6.56; confidence interval [CI] 95%: -10.13 to -3.00; effect size [ES]: 1.13 p < 0.001), accelerations (-2.69; CI 95%: -5.13 to -0.24; ES: 0.68; p = 0.032), and sprint distance (-65.44 m; CI 95%: -103.73 to -27.16; ES: 1.20; p = 0.001). In bigger SSGs (250 and 300 m), higher distance at high intensity was covered and Vmax, Vmean, and sprint distance were greater. In summary, accelerations, sprint number, and fatigue were higher in smaller pitches, and higher velocities were reached in bigger SSGs. Football players should be aware that changes in pitch size can modify the physical performance on high-intensity actions in SSGs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Paredes-Hernández
- Physical Performance Department, Rayo Vallecano of Madrid SA, Madrid, Spain.,Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- IGOID Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge García-Unanue
- IGOID Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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25
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Pizarro D, Práxedes A, Travassos B, Gonçalves B, Moreno Domínguez A. Floaters as coach’s joker? Effects of the floaters positioning in 3vs3 small-sided games in futsal. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1866861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Pizarro
- Faculty of Languages and Education, University of Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Práxedes
- Faculty of Languages and Education, University of Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Departamento De Desporto E Saúde, Escola De Ciências E Tecnologia, Universidade De Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade De Évora, Évora, Portugal
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26
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Baptista J, Travassos B, Gonçalves B, Mourão P, Viana JL, Sampaio J. Exploring the Effects of Playing Formations on Tactical Behavior and External Workload During Football Small-Sided Games. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2024-2030. [PMID: 29337830 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Baptista, J, Travassos, B, Gonçalves, B, Mourão, P, Viana, JL, and Sampaio, J. Exploring the effects of playing formations on tactical behavior and external workload during football small-sided games. J Strength Cond Res 34(7): 2024-2030, 2020-This study aimed to identify the effects of playing formations on tactical behavior and external workload during football small-sided games. Twenty-three semiprofessional footballers integrated 3 different playing formations in a 7-a-side small-sided game, according to their specific player positions: team 4:3:0 (4 defenders and 3 midfielders); team 4:1:2 (4 defenders, 1 midfielder, and 2 forwards); and team 0:4:3 (4 midfielders and 3 forwards). Based on players' movement trajectories, the following individual and collective tactical variables were calculated: total distance covered and distance covered while walking, jogging, running, and sprinting, distance from each player to both own-team centroid and opponent-team centroid, individual area, team length, team width, and surface area. Approximate entropy was computed to identify the regularity of each variable. The team 4:3:0 promoted players' space exploration with moderate physical efforts. The team 4:1:2 promoted compactness and regularity of the team with increase in the physical efforts. The team 0:4:3 promoted team balance and adaptability on space coverage with increase in physical efforts. Concluding, different playing formations support different game dynamics, and variations on external load were directly linked with the variations on tactical behavior. The analysis of tactical behavior through quantification of variability of patterns of play and quantification of distance covered at different velocities were the most useful information for the analysis of the effects of practice task manipulations. Therefore, in a practical sense, strength and conditioning coaches should plan and monitor these tasks in interaction with the head coaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Baptista
- University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Portugal, Maia, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal.,Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal.,Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; and
| | | | - João L Viana
- University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Portugal, Maia, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal.,Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; and
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27
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Aasgaard M, Kilding AE. Does Man Marking Influence Running Outputs and Intensity During Small-Sided Soccer Games? J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:3266-3274. [PMID: 33105379 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Aasgaard, M and Kilding, AE. Does man marking influence running outputs and intensity during small-sided soccer games? J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3266-3274, 2020-Small-sided games (SSGs) are considered an effective training tool for physical development in soccer. Small-sided games can be modified in several ways to manipulate the physical demands to best match the game demands, player characteristics, and session objectives. The aim of this study was to compare the physiological, perceptual, and Global Positioning System (GPS)-derived time-motion characteristics of man marking (MM) vs. non-man marking (NMM) in 2v2, 3v3, and 4v4 SSGs. In an acute crossover design, 8 amateur soccer players (mean age ± SD: 23.6 ± 3.3 years) played 2v2, 3v3, and 4v4 SSGs consisting of 4 × 4-minute bouts, with 2-minute passive recovery. During all SSGs, players wore a heart rate (HR) monitor and GPS unit and reported their rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Average percent HR (%HRave) induced small to moderate effects with MM compared with NMM (%Δ = 1-2.7%; effect size [ES] = 0.22-0.65). Comparisons between MM formats indicated a decrease in %HRave with increased player numbers (%Δ = 1.6-3.5%; ES = 0.39-0.86). Perceptual load increased with MM compared with NMM (%Δ = 6.7-17.6%; ES = 0.66-2.09), whereas increases in player numbers (MM only) reduced RPE output (%Δ = 9.4-24.3%; ES = 1.14-3.61). Time-motion characteristics revealed substantially greater total distance covered in MM irrespective of player number (%Δ = 6.8-14.7%; ES = 1.34-2.82). There were very likely increases in distances covered at striding (13.1-17.8 km·h) (%Δ: 23.4-33.2; ES = 2.42-4.35) and high-intensity running (HIR) (17.9-21 km·h) (%Δ: 47.3-104; ES = 0.91-1.68) for MM compared with NMM irrespective of player number. In conclusion, MM substantially elevated perceptual load and distances from striding to HIR regardless of player number, whereas differences between NMM and MM for internal load remain unclear. Use of MM may allow coaches to condition for particularly demanding phases of the game and prescription of larger SSG formats to increase distance covered at higher velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Aasgaard
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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28
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Match and Training High Intensity Activity-Demands Profile During a Competitive Mesocycle in Youth Elite Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2020; 75:195-205. [PMID: 33312307 PMCID: PMC7706676 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2020-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The monitoring of the high intensity activity-demands profile during official matches (OMs) and training sessions (TSs) provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between training and competition loads as well as players’ fitness characteristics. The aims of this study were to: 1) describe the training and match high intensity activity-demands profile in U-19 soccer players; 2) compare the profile depending on the type of session (OM or TS) throughout match-weeks; and 3) differentiate between profiles depending on the match location (home or away). Twenty-five U-19 Spanish soccer players were monitored during TSs and OMs for a one-month competitive period using a WIMU PROTM wearable inertial device. The variables of the study were: high speed running distance (HSRD), total sprints (SPs), maximum speed (MS) and player load (PL). OMs required higher demands than TSs in HSRD (460.99 ± 206.18 vs. 315.45 ± 180.12 m; p < 0.01; d = 0.75), SPs (10.86 ± 6.64 vs. 7.23 ± 4.82; p < 0.01; d = 0.69), MS (29.99 ± 2.54 vs. 28.50 ± 2.4 km/h; p < 0.01; d = 0.59) and PL (103.08 ± 24.15 vs. 83.18 ± 17.96 a.u.; p < 0.01; d = 0.94). The interaction between the type of session and mean week’s demands presented differences with medium effect size in MS (p < 0.01; ωp2 = 0.06) and small effect size in HSRD (p = 0.04; ωp2 = 0.03), and SP (p = 0.05; ωp2 = 0.03), but there were no differences in PL (p = 0.18; ωp2 = 0). Finally, no differences were found in the match location comparison (p > 0.33; d = 0.22–0.33). Therefore, the profiles presented could be useful for future scientific purposes and serve as valid information for coaches trying to optimize performance.
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Pizarro D, Práxedes A, Travassos B, Moreno A. Development of Defensive Actions in Small-Sided and Conditioned Games With Offensive Purposes in Futsal. Front Psychol 2020; 11:591572. [PMID: 33192934 PMCID: PMC7649284 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on ecological dynamics approach, non-linear pedagogy (NLP) have emerged with the goal of promoting a holistic approach through the use of small-sided and conditioned games (SSCGs), to optimize specific tactical defensive and offensive behaviors of players. This study analyzed the indirect effects of an intervention program, based on NLP (task design based on tactical principles of attack and numerical advantage of attacking team), in decision-making (DM) and execution (Ex) in defensive technical–tactical actions in U16 futsal. Eight futsal players (U16 years) participated in 12 training sessions, spread over two phases: preintervention and intervention. The Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET) instrument was used to analyze the DM and Ex of 2,600 defensive actions measured during competitive matches. Results showed significant improvements in marking actions (to the player with the ball: DM, p = 0.001; Ex, p = 0.001; and to the player without the ball: DM, p = 0.039; Ex, p = 0.046), improvements in blocking actions (DM, p = 0.015), and improvements in help-coverage actions (Ex, p = 0.014). No significant differences were found in the interception and tackling actions. This study has shown evidence that the NLP approach is an appropriate theoretical framework to enhance acquisition of defensive tactical behavior in futsal. However, not all actions improved. Therefore, coaches should design representative tasks to optimally develop technical–tactical training processes based on the phases of futsal game (offensive and defensive) and considering the level of opposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pizarro
- Faculty of Languages and Education, University of Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Práxedes
- Faculty of Languages and Education, University of Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Department of Sport Sciences, Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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30
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Caicedo-Parada S, Lago-Peñas C, Ortega-Toro E. Passing Networks and Tactical Action in Football: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186649. [PMID: 32933080 PMCID: PMC7559986 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the most significant literature on network analyses and factors associated with tactical action in football. A systematic review was conducted on Web of Science, taking into account the PRISMA guidelines using the keyword “network”, associated with “football” or “soccer”. The search yielded 162 articles, 24 of which met the inclusion criteria. Significant results: (a) 50% of the studies ratify the importance of network structures, quantifying and comparing properties to determine the applicability of the results instead of analyzing them separately; (b) 12.5% analyze the process of offensive sequences and communication between teammates by means of goals scored; (c) the studies mainly identify a balance in the processes of passing networks; (d) the variables allowed for the interpretation of analyses of grouping metrics, centralization, density and heterogeneity in connections between players of the same team. Finally, a systematic analysis provides a functional understanding of knowledge that will help improve the performance of players and choose the most appropriate response within the circumstances of the game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Caicedo-Parada
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Sport and Recreation, Universidad Santo Tomás, Campus Piedecuesta, Santander 681027, Colombia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +57-320-356-1739
| | - Carlos Lago-Peñas
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, 36310 Pontevedra, Spain;
- Sports Performance Analysis Association, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Enrique Ortega-Toro
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
- Sports Performance Analysis Association, 30107 Murcia, Spain
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31
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Nunes NA, Gonçalves B, Coutinho D, Travassos B. How Numerical Unbalance Constraints Physical and Tactical Individual Demands of Ball Possession Small-Sided Soccer Games. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1464. [PMID: 32760317 PMCID: PMC7371931 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effects of playing different unbalanced ball possession small-sided games on external workload (distance covered while walking, running, and sprinting, and max speed), tactical individual actions (number of passes with dominant and non-dominant foot), and internal load (rating of perceived exertion, RPE) in under-23 soccer players. Participants played 4v2, 4v3, 4v4, 4v5, and 4v6 small-sided games (SSGs) on a 30 × 25 m playing area. Data were analyzed under an opponent-based perspective, by fixing one team (4vX), and by cooperation-based perspective according to teammates (4v2+X). Global Position System (GPS) monitors were used to collect and compute external workloads and individual tactical actions, and Borg Scale CR10 was used to evaluate RPE. High-Superiority (4v2), Superiority (4v3), and Very Low-Cooperation (4v2+0) formats allow players in balanced teams to cover more distance while walking; on the other side, Inferiority (4v5), High-Inferiority (4v6), and Very High-Cooperation (4v2+4) allow players to sprint more and practice more tactical individual actions as a resultant emergent behavior; all players in SSG conditions with a lower number of conditions, perceived the exercise as more intense, especially in situations with less than two players. Overall, playing in high inferiority situations (4v2 and 4v6) may be used to increase physical demand for the outnumbered team, while coaches may use low superiority situations to adjust the task complexity when developing the players’ tactical individual actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno André Nunes
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health, Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal.,Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diogo Coutinho
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health, Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health, Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
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32
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Worst case scenario match analysis and contextual variables in professional soccer players: a longitudinal study. Biol Sport 2020; 37:429-436. [PMID: 33343077 PMCID: PMC7725043 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.97067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to describe the worst-case scenarios (WCS) of professional soccer players by playing position in different durations and analyse WCS considering different contextual variables (match half, match location and match outcome). A longitudinal study was conducted in a professional soccer team. Data were collected from different WCS durations in the total distance (TD), high-speed running distance (HSRD), and sprinting distance (SPD). A mixed analysis of variance was performed to compare different WCS durations between playing positions and contextual variables, making pairwise comparisons by Bonferroni post hoc test. Positional differences were found for TD (p < 0.01, ωp2 = 0.02), HSRD (p < 0.01, ωp2 = 0.01) and SPD (p < 0.01, ωp2 = 0.02). There was a significant interaction when comparing WCS by match half in TD (F = 6.1, p < 0.01, ωp2 = 0.07) but no significant differences in HSRD (p = 0.403, ωp2 = 0) or SPD (p = 0.376, ωp2 = 0). A significant interaction was identified when comparing WCS by match location in TD (F = 51.5, p < 0.01, ωp2 = 0.14), HSRD (F = 19.15, p < 0.01, ωp2 = 0.05) and SPD (F = 8.95, p < 0.01, ωp2 = 0.01) as well as WCS by match outcome in TD (F = 36.4, p < 0.01, ωp2 = 0.08), HSRD (F = 13.6, p < 0.01, ωp2 = 0.04) and SPD (F = 7.4, p < 0.01, ωp2 = 0.02). Positional differences exist in TD, HSRD, and SPD in match-play WCS, and contextual variables such as match half, match location and match outcome have a significant impact on the WCS of professional soccer players.
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33
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Ferraz R, Gonçalves B, Coutinho D, Oliveira R, Travassos B, Sampaio J, C. Marques M. Effects of Knowing the Task's Duration on Soccer Players' Positioning and Pacing Behaviour During Small-Sided Games. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17113843. [PMID: 32481705 PMCID: PMC7312572 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to identify how the manipulation of knowledge regarding a training task duration constrains the pacing and tactical behaviour of soccer players when playing small-sided games (SSG). Twenty professional and experienced soccer players participated in a cross-sectional field study using three conditions: not informed on the duration of the SSG, which ended after 20 min (Unknown Condition); briefed about playing the SSG for 10 min, but after they completed the 10-min game, they were requested to complete another 10 min (Partial Condition) and informed before that they would play for 20 min (Known Condition). A global positioning system was used to measure the total distance covered and distances of different exercise training zones (walking to sprinting) and to access the dynamic players positioning through the distance from each player to all the teammates and opponents. Additionally, approximate entropy was measured to identify the regularity pattern of each gathered individual variable. The results indicate that the first 10 min of each scenario presented a higher physical impact independently of the initial information. During this time, the tactical behaviour also revealed higher variability. An increase in the distance of the teammates during the second period of 10-min for the Known scenario was also found, which may result from a lower pacing strategy. This study showed that the prior knowledge of the task duration led to different physical and tactical behaviours of the players. Furthermore, the relationship between the physical impact and the regularity of team game patterns should be well analysed by the coach, because the physical impact may be harmful to the development of the collective organization of the team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ferraz
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (B.T.); (M.C.M.)
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD; 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (D.C.); (J.S.)
- Castelo Branco Football Association, Research Department, 6000-050 Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, 7000-645 Évora, Portugal;
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, 7000-645 Évora, Portugal
- Portuguese Football Federation, Portugal Football School, 1495-433 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diogo Coutinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD; 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (D.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior—Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal;
- Life Quality Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (B.T.); (M.C.M.)
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD; 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (D.C.); (J.S.)
- Portuguese Football Federation, Portugal Football School, 1495-433 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD; 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (D.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Mário C. Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (B.T.); (M.C.M.)
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD; 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (D.C.); (J.S.)
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34
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Kunrath CA, Nakamura FY, Roca A, Tessitore A, Teoldo Da Costa I. How does mental fatigue affect soccer performance during small-sided games? A cognitive, tactical and physical approach. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1818-1828. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1756681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caito André Kunrath
- Department of Physical Education, Centre of Research and Studies in Soccer of Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - André Roca
- Expert Performance and Skill Acquisition Research Group, Faculty of Sport, Health, and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Italy
| | - Israel Teoldo Da Costa
- Department of Physical Education, Centre of Research and Studies in Soccer of Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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35
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Goes FR, Meerhoff LA, Bueno MJO, Rodrigues DM, Moura FA, Brink MS, Elferink-Gemser MT, Knobbe AJ, Cunha SA, Torres RS, Lemmink KAPM. Unlocking the potential of big data to support tactical performance analysis in professional soccer: A systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:481-496. [PMID: 32297547 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1747552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In professional soccer, increasing amounts of data are collected that harness great potential when it comes to analysing tactical behaviour. Unlocking this potential is difficult as big data challenges the data management and analytics methods commonly employed in sports. By joining forces with computer science, solutions to these challenges could be achieved, helping sports science to find new insights, as is happening in other scientific domains. We aim to bring multiple domains together in the context of analysing tactical behaviour in soccer using position tracking data. A systematic literature search for studies employing position tracking data to study tactical behaviour in soccer was conducted in seven electronic databases, resulting in 2338 identified studies and finally the inclusion of 73 papers. Each domain clearly contributes to the analysis of tactical behaviour, albeit in - sometimes radically - different ways. Accordingly, we present a multidisciplinary framework where each domain's contributions to feature construction, modelling and interpretation can be situated. We discuss a set of key challenges concerning the data analytics process, specifically feature construction, spatial and temporal aggregation. Moreover, we discuss how these challenges could be resolved through multidisciplinary collaboration, which is pivotal in unlocking the potential of position tracking data in sports analytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Goes
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L A Meerhoff
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Sciences (LIACS), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M J O Bueno
- Sport Sciences Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - D M Rodrigues
- Institute of Computing (IC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - F A Moura
- Sport Sciences Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - M S Brink
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M T Elferink-Gemser
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A J Knobbe
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Sciences (LIACS), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S A Cunha
- Sport Sciences Department (DCE), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - R S Torres
- Institute of Computing (IC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - K A P M Lemmink
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
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Identification, Computational Examination, Critical Assessment and Future Considerations of Distance Variables to Assess Collective Tactical Behaviour in Team Invasion Sports by Positional Data: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17061952. [PMID: 32192000 PMCID: PMC7143020 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was the identification, computational examination, critical assessment and future considerations of distance variables to assess collective tactical behaviour in team invasion sports by positional data. A total of 3973 documents were initially retrieved. Finally, 72 articles met the inclusion criteria, but only 26 suggested original tactical variables based on the distance variables. The distance variables can be classified into player–player, player–space, player–ball, and Geometrical Centre (GC)–GC /player/space/goal. In addition, several nonlinear techniques have been used to analyse the synchronisation and predictability of the distance variables in team invasion sports. Player–opponent distance is of special interest in those sports in which man-marking is commonly used, and in the micro-structure close to scoring situations in all sports. In addition, player–player distances are used to measure the length and the width of the team and player–GC distance to assess the dispersion of the team. Player–space distances have been measured to assess the distance of the player/team-line to relevant areas of the playing space. Several techniques have been applied to analyse the synchronisation (i.e., Hilbert transformation and cluster analyses) and the complexity and regularity or predictability (i.e., approximate entropies, sample entropy, cross-sample entropy and average mutual information) of the distance variables in team invasion sports, revealing the lack of consensus. Although the distance variables may be interesting tactical variables when considered in isolation, it would be enriching to analyse the relationship among these variables.
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Lorenzo-Martínez M, de Dios-Álvarez VM, Padrón-Cabo A, Costa PB, Rey E. Effects of score-line on internal and external load in soccer small-sided games. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1736938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexis Padrón-Cabo
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pablo B. Costa
- Human Performance Laboratory, Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Ezequiel Rey
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Tactical Analysis According to Age-level Groups during a 4 vs. 4 Plus Goalkeepers Small-sided Game. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17051667. [PMID: 32143393 PMCID: PMC7084353 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the collective dynamics of three different age-level groups (i.e., U13, U15 and U18) during a 4 vs. 4 plus goalkeepers small-sided game (SSG). Fifty-four male outfield soccer players aged between 13 and 18 years took part in the study. Team tactical behaviors were assessed by measuring (a) the area occupied by players of each team, (b) the distance between both teams’ centroids, (c) the players’ distance to their own team and d) the stretch index during a 4 vs. 4 plus goalkeepers SSG format. The main results revealed that larger areas were occupied by the older players (p < 0.001; Effect size (ES) = 0.44–0.25, small). Additionally, the mean distance between teams’ centroids was greater in older groups (p < 0.001; ES = 0.44–0.81, large–small). Finally, the distance between players (p < 0.001; ES = 0.75–0.81, moderate–large) and the stretch index (p < 0.001; ES = 0.44–0.47, small) were also greater in older age categories. The evidence provided in the present study might help coaches identify the influence of age on collective dynamics during SSGs and help them find task conditions that could help to improve the behaviors and positioning of younger players.
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Coutinho D, Gonçalves B, Travassos B, Folgado H, Figueira B, Sampaio J. Different Marks in the Pitch Constraint Youth Players' Performances During Football Small-sided Games. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2020; 91:15-23. [PMID: 31479411 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1645938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to compare players' performances when manipulating the external markings of the pitch during football small-sided games. Methods: Ten under-15 players performed a 5-a-side (plus goalkeepers) under three conditions: (i) Lines, the game was played in a pitch in which the external boundaries were painted with full lines; (ii) Dashed, the game was played in a pitch in which the external boundaries were painted with dashed lines; (iii) Corners, the game was played in a pitch were the external boundaries were delimited by one marker at each pitch corner. Players' positional data was used to compute tactical and time-motion variables. Also, technical analysis was comprised using video footage. Results: Results showed similar tactical, physical and technical performances between the Lines and Dashed conditions. In contrast, the Lines condition showed small higher effects than Corners scenario in the time spent synchronized in longitudinal and lateral displacements, game pace, total distance covered, distance covered while jogging, number successful dribbles and shots on target. The Lines scenario has also revealed a lower effective playing space, distance covered at walking and running and a lower number of passes (small effects) compared to Corners. Conclusions: These results highlight that these changes in informational perception constraints modify players movement behavior. Accordingly, pitches with more visible boundaries were likely to decrease team dispersion, which may optimize team synchrony and technical performances, while decreasing the distance covered at higher speeds. Coaches may use this information to modify the types of pitch external boundaries markings, exposing the players to different environmental information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Coutinho
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro
- CIDESD - Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro
- CIDESD - Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development
| | - Bruno Travassos
- CIDESD - Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development
- University of Beira Interior
| | - Hugo Folgado
- CIDESD - Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development
- University of Évora
| | - Bruno Figueira
- CIDESD - Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development
- Lithuanian Sports University
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro
- CIDESD - Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development
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Influence of Contextual Variables in the Changes of Direction and Centripetal Force Generated during an Elite-Level Soccer Team Season. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030967. [PMID: 32033182 PMCID: PMC7036788 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The study of the contextual variables that affect soccer performance is important to be able to reproduce the competition context during the training sessions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of match outcome as related to goal difference (large win, >2 goals, LW; narrow win, 1–2 goals, NW; drawing, D; narrow loss, 1–2 goals, NL; or large loss, >2 goals, LL), match location (home, H; away, A; neutral, N), type of competition (international, INT; national, NAT; friendly, F), phase of the season (summer preseason, SPS; in-season 1, IS1; winter preseason, WPS; in-season 2), and the field surface (natural grass, NG; artificial turf, TF) on the change of direction (COD) and centripetal force (CentF) generated during official games. Thirty male elite-level soccer players (age: 26.57 ± 5.56 years) were assessed while using WIMU PROTM inertial devices (RealTrack Systems, Almeria, Spain) in 38 matches during the 2017–2018 season, selecting for analysis the number of COD at different intensities and the CentF, depending on the turn direction. Statistical analyses comprised a one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni post-hoc and t-test for independent samples. The main results showed that the match outcome (ωp2 = 0.01–0.04; NW = D = NL > LL), match location (ωp2 = 0.01–0.06; A = N > H), type of competition (ωp2 = 0.01–0.02; INT > NAT > F), and period of the season (ωp2 = 0.01–0.02; SPS = IS1 = WPS > IS2) all exert some influence. No effect was found for the playing surface. Therefore, match outcome, match location, type of competition, and period of the season influence the demands of centripetal force and changes of direction. These aspects should be considered in the design of training sessions and microcycle workload planning during the season to improve competitive success.
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Low B, Coutinho D, Gonçalves B, Rein R, Memmert D, Sampaio J. A Systematic Review of Collective Tactical Behaviours in Football Using Positional Data. Sports Med 2020; 50:343-385. [PMID: 31571155 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Performance analysis research in association football has recently cusped a paradigmatic shift in the way tactical behaviours are studied. Based on insights from system complexity research, a growing number of studies now analyse tactical behaviours in football based on the collective movements of team players. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review is to provide a summary of empirical research on collective tactical behaviours in football, with a particular focus on organising the methods used and their key findings. METHODS A systematic search of relevant English-language articles was performed on one database (Web of Science Core Collection) and one search engine (PubMed), based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines. The keywords 'football' and 'soccer' were each paired with all possible combinations of the following keywords: 'collective movement behaviour', 'collective behaviour', 'tactical behaviour', 'interpersonal coordination', 'space', 'Voronoi', 'synchronisation', 'tactical analysis', 'constraints', 'ecological dynamics', and 'dynamic positioning'. Empirical studies that were related to tactical analyses of footballers' positional data were sought for inclusion and analysis. RESULTS Full-text articles of 77 studies were reviewed. A total of 27 tactical variables were identified, which were subsequently organised into 6 categories. In addition to conventional methods of linear analysis, 11 methods of nonlinear analysis were also used, which can be organised into measures of predictability (4 methods) and synchronisation (7 methods). The key findings of the reviewed studies were organised into two themes: levels of analysis, and levels of expertise. CONCLUSIONS Some trends in key findings revealed the following collective behaviours as possible indicators of better tactical expertise: higher movement regularity; wider dispersion in youth players and shorter readjustment delay between teammates and opponents. Characteristic behaviours were also observed as an effect of playing position, numerical inequality, and task constraints. Future research should focus on contextualising positional data, incorporating the needs of coaching staff, to better bridge the research-practice gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Low
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Diogo Coutinho
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Quinta de Prados, Ap. 202, 5000-911, Vila Real, Portugal
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Ap. 202, 5000-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Quinta de Prados, Ap. 202, 5000-911, Vila Real, Portugal
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Ap. 202, 5000-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Robert Rein
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Quinta de Prados, Ap. 202, 5000-911, Vila Real, Portugal
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Ap. 202, 5000-911, Vila Real, Portugal
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Effect of an Inside Floater on Soccer Players Tactical Behaviour in Small Sided and Conditioned Games. J Hum Kinet 2020; 71:167-177. [PMID: 32148581 PMCID: PMC7052718 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the effect of an inside floater on soccer players' tactical behaviour in small-sided and conditioned games (SSCGs). The sample comprised 54 Brazilian top-level academy players. The instrument used to assess players' tactical behaviour was the System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT). Tactical behaviour was analysed through the number of tactical actions and the percentage of correct actions regarding the core tactical principles of soccer. Repeated measures test was used to compare tactical behaviour between games (SSCGs) with and without an inside floater. Pearson's r was used to verify the effect size of the inside floater on tactical behaviour. As for tactical actions, SSCGs with an inside floater displayed significantly lower means for the tactical principles of penetration (2.76 ± 1.63; p < .001), delay (6.11 ± 2.68; p < .018), defensive coverage (1.64 ± 1.14; p < .001) and significantly higher means for the tactical principle of defensive unity (14.98 ± 4.57; p < .032). With respect to the percentage of correct actions, SSCGs with an inside floater displayed significantly lower means for all tactical principles, except for offensive coverage (90.5 ± 18.48; p < 1.000). It was concluded that the inside floater allowed players to modify their behaviour in such a way that they adapted to the constraints imposed by the presence of an inside floater. Furthermore, the inside floater provided more difficulty for players, and thus may be considered an important task constraint to be added in SSCGs.
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Comparison between Continuous and Fractionated Game Format on Internal and External Load in Small-Sided Games in Soccer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020405. [PMID: 31936244 PMCID: PMC7014000 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the effects of continuous and fractionated game formats on internal and external load in small-sided games in soccer. Twenty male professional soccer players participated in the study performing the same exercise (5 vs. 5 players) continuously (1 × 24 min) and in a repeated/fractioned manner (2 × 12 min, 4 × 6 min, and 6 × 4 min). A comparison between playing conditions was assessed by means of standardized mean differences calculated with combined variance and respective confidence intervals of 90%. The limits for the statistics were 0.2, trivial; 0.6, small; 1.2, moderate; 2.0, large; and >2.0, very large. The results indicate that the use of the continuous method seems to present the tendency of less physical impact on the internal and external loads compared to the fractionated method. In addition, the higher number of exercise repetitions in the fractionated method was found to increase the external load compared to the continuous method. This study showed that application of small-sided games by the fractionated method tends to result in higher training loads.
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Lutz J, Memmert D, Raabe D, Dornberger R, Donath L. Wearables for Integrative Performance and Tactic Analyses: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010059. [PMID: 31861754 PMCID: PMC6981928 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) have reduced drastically in size, cost, and power consumption, while improving accuracy. The combination of different sensor technologies is considered a promising step in the monitoring of athletes. Those "wearables" enable the capturing of relevant physiological and tactical information in individual and team sports and thus replacing subjective, time-consuming and qualitative methods with objective, quantitative ones. Prior studies mainly comprised sports categories such as: targeting sports, batting and fielding games as well as net and wall games, focusing on the detection of individual, non-locomotive movements. The increasing capabilities of wearables allow for more complex and integrative analysis expanding research into the last category: invasion sports. Such holistic approaches allow the derivation of metrics, estimation of physical conditions and the analysis of team strategic behavior, accompanied by integrative knowledge gains in technical, tactical, physical, and mental aspects of a sport. However, prior and current researchers find the precise measurement of the actual movement within highly dynamic and non-linear movement difficult. Thus, the present article showcases an overview of the environments in which the wearables are employed. It elaborates their use in individual as well as team-related performance analyses with a special focus on reliability and validity, challenges, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Lutz
- Institute for Information Systems, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Peter Merian-Strasse, 86 4052 Basel, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (D.M.); (D.R.); (L.D.)
| | - Dominik Raabe
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (D.M.); (D.R.); (L.D.)
| | - Rolf Dornberger
- Institute for Information Systems, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Peter Merian-Strasse, 86 4052 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Lars Donath
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (D.M.); (D.R.); (L.D.)
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Reche-Soto P, Cardona-Nieto D, Diaz-Suarez A, Bastida-Castillo A, Gomez-Carmona C, Garcia-Rubio J, Pino-Ortega J. Player Load and Metabolic Power Dynamics as Load Quantifiers in Soccer. J Hum Kinet 2019; 69:259-269. [PMID: 31666908 PMCID: PMC6815086 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2018-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There has recently been an increase in quantification and objective analysis of soccer performance due to improvements in technology using load indexes such as Player Load (PL) and Metabolic Power (MP). The objectives of this study were: (1) to describe the performance of PL and MP in competition according to the specific role, match-to- match variation, periods of play, game location and match status according to game periods, and (2) to analyze the relationship between both indexes. Twenty-one national-level soccer players were distributed in the following specific positional roles: external defenders (ED) (n = 4), central defenders (CD) (n = 4), midfielders (M) (n = 5), external midfielders (EM) (n = 4) and attackers (A) (n = 4). A total of 12 matches played by a Spanish Third Division team during the 2016/2017 season were analyzed. WIMU PROTM inertial devices (RealTrack System, Almeria, Spain) were used for recording the data. The main results were: (1) a performance reduction in both variables over the course of match time, (2) significant differences in both variables based on the specific position, (3) differences in physical demands during the season matches, (4) winning during a game period and the condition of being the visitor team provoked higher demands, and (5) a high correlation between both variables in soccer. In conclusion, different contextual variables influence the external load demands; both indexes are related so they could be used for external load quantification, and it is necessary to analyze physical demands of the competition for a specific and individualized load design in training sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Reche-Soto
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, International Campus “Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Donaldo Cardona-Nieto
- Department of Physical Education, Recreation and Sports, Colombian Polytechnic University Jaime Isaza Cadavid, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Arturo Diaz-Suarez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, International Campus “Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Bastida-Castillo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, International Campus “Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlos Gomez-Carmona
- Optimization of Training and Sport Performance Research Group (GOERD). Department of Didactics of Plastic, Music and Body Expression. Sport Science Faculty University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Javier Garcia-Rubio
- Optimization of Training and Sport Performance Research Group (GOERD). Department of Didactics of Plastic, Music and Body Expression. Sport Science Faculty University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Jose Pino-Ortega
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, International Campus “Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Rico-González M, Los Arcos A, Nakamura FY, Moura FA, Pino-Ortega J. The use of technology and sampling frequency to measure variables of tactical positioning in team sports: a systematic review. Res Sports Med 2019; 28:279-292. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2019.1660879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markel Rico-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Asier Los Arcos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | | | - José Pino-Ortega
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
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Canton A, Torrents C, Ric A, Gonçalves B, Sampaio J, Hristovski R. Effects of Temporary Numerical Imbalances on Collective Exploratory Behavior of Young and Professional Football Players. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1968. [PMID: 31507502 PMCID: PMC6718725 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore how the use of temporary numerical imbalances during small-sided Game SSGs affects team’s exploratory behaviors (i.e., variety and quantity of responses given in an ever-changing game context and its rate of change) in different age groups. Two different age groups (under−15 and under−23) of football players participated in the study. For each age group, three teams of five players played six small-sided games of 5 min duration in different conditions: (i) numerical balance (GK + 4 vs. 4 + GK); (ii) temporary numerical imbalance, which consisted of a numerical change of teammates and opponents every one minute. Latitude and longitude GPS coordinates were used to determine the positioning-derived variables. The dynamic overlap (i.e. the measure of average similarity of the game patterns that take place in increasingly larger time intervals) was used to provide information of the rate and breadth of exploratory behavior. The results revealed that the long-term exploratory breadth increased for the under−23 age group. Non-clear effects were found for the short-term rate of exploration, but with an increasing trend. In the under−15 group, the exploratory behavior was more likely to increase in the long term. The increase for the short-term rate of exploration was unclear, but it follows an increasing trend. These results suggest that the use of temporary numerical imbalances could offer coaches more dynamic training situations and different adaptive training environments similar to matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Canton
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Carlota Torrents
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Angel Ric
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Robert Hristovski
- Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Macedonia
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Mateus N, Gonçalves B, Weldon A, Sampaio J. Effects of using four baskets during simulated youth basketball games. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221773. [PMID: 31442292 PMCID: PMC6707597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify how playing basketball with two additional baskets influences the players’ technical, physiological, physical and especially, positional performance. Fourteen youth players performed eight 5vs.5 simulated basketball games, four with the two official baskets and four with two-extra official baskets, each one placed in the court restricted area. The variables collected were technical (field-goals made and missed, offensive and defensive rebounds, steals, passes, dribble-drive, give-and-go and ball possessions), physiological (heart rate monotony and sample entropy), workload (total distance covered and distance covered at different velocities) and positioning-related (distance to the nearest opponent, distance to the nearest teammate, stretch-index and distance between centroids). The results showed that the four-baskets games favoured the emergence of individual behaviours, increasing the game' physical demands and promoting a collective dispersion, which might impair team playing. Conversely, when playing with two-baskets, there was less distance between teammates. In conclusion, this study has clear implications for practice as it emphasizes that coaches can manipulate the number of baskets to modulate training workload and promote different individual and team behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Mateus
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Anthony Weldon
- The Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (THEi), Hong Kong
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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Gonçalves B, Coutinho D, Exel J, Travassos B, Lago C, Sampaio J. Extracting spatial-temporal features that describe a team match demands when considering the effects of the quality of opposition in elite football. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221368. [PMID: 31437220 PMCID: PMC6705862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal patterns of play can be extracted from competitive environments to design representative training tasks and underlying processes that sustain performance outcomes. To support this statement, the aims of this study were: (i) describe the collective behavioural patterns that relies upon the use of player positioning in interaction with teammates, opponents and ball positioning; (ii) and define the underlying structure among the variables through application of a factorial analysis. The sample comprised a total of 1,413 ball possession sequences, obtained from twelve elite football matches from one team (the team ended the season in the top-5 position). The dynamic position of the players (from both competing teams), as well as the ball, were captured and transformed to two-dimensional coordinates. Data included the ball possession sequences from six matches played against top opponents (TOP, the three teams classified in the first 3 places at the end of the season) and six matches against bottom opponents (BOTTOM, the three teams classified in the last 3 at the end of the season). The variables calculated for each ball possession were the following: ball position; team space in possession; game space (comprising the outfield players of both teams); position and space at the end of ball possession. Statistical comparisons were carried with magnitude-based decisions and null-hypothesis analysis and factor analysis to define the underlying structure among variables according to the considered contexts. Results showed that playing against TOP opponents, there was ~38 meters game length per ~43 meters game width with 12% of coefficient of variation (%). Ball possessions lasted for ~28 seconds and tended to end at ~83m of pitch length. Against BOTTOM opponents, a decrease in the game length with an increase in game width and in the deepest location was observed in comparison with playing against TOP opponents. The duration of ball possession increased considerable (~37 seconds), and the ball speed entropy was higher, suggesting lower levels of regularity in comparison with TOP opponents. The BOTTOM teams revealed a small EPS. The Principal Component Analysis showed a strong association of the ball speed, entropy of the ball speed and the coefficient of variation (%) of the ball speed. The EPS of the team in possession was well correlated with the game space, especially the game width facing TOP opponents. Against BOTTOM opponents, there was a strong association of ball possession duration, game width, distance covered by the ball, and length/width ratio of the ball movement. The overall approach carried out in this study may serve as the starting point to elaborate normative models of positioning behaviours measures to support the coaches’ operating decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gonçalves
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Diogo Coutinho
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Juliana Exel
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Carlos Lago
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Laakso T, Davids K, Liukkonen J, Travassos B. Interpersonal Dynamics in 2-vs-1 Contexts of Football: The Effects of Field Location and Player Roles. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1407. [PMID: 31333525 PMCID: PMC6616105 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the spatial-temporal interactions that sustained 2-vs-1 contexts in football at different field locations near the goal. Fifteen male players (under 15 years, age 13.2 ± 1.03 years, years of practice 4.2 ± 1.10 years), 5 defenders, 7 midfielders, and 3 attackers, participated in the study. Each participant performed a game to simulate a 2-vs-1 sub-phase as a ball carrier, second attacker, and defender at three different field locations, resulting in a total number of 142 trials. The movements of participants in each trial were recorded and digitized with TACTO software. Values of interpersonal distance between the ball carrier and defender and interpersonal angles between players and between the goal target, defender, and ball carrier were calculated. The results revealed a general main effect of field location. Generally, the middle zone revealed the lowest values of interpersonal distance and angle between players and the right zone and the highest values of interpersonal distance between players and interpersonal angle between players and the goal. Related with participants’ roles, defenders revealed subtle differences as attackers on interpersonal distances and relative angles compared with midfielders and attackers. Findings supported that field location is a key constraint of players’ performance and that players’ role constraint performance effectiveness in football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Laakso
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Keith Davids
- Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jarmo Liukkonen
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Bruno Travassos
- CreativeLab, Research Center for Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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