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Molina-López J, Pérez AB, Gamarra-Morales Y, Vázquez-Lorente H, Herrera-Quintana L, Sánchez-Oliver AJ, Planells E. Prevalence of sports supplements consumption and its association with food choices among female elite football players. Nutrition 2024; 118:112239. [PMID: 38071936 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to 1) investigate the consumption of Sports Supplements (SSs) among female elite football players, 2) evaluate the influence of age on SS consumption, and 3) determine the relationship between the consumption of SSs and dietary choices among elite football players. METHODS A total of 126 female football players of Primera Iberdrola and Reto Iberdrola who participated in this descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional study completed a self-administered questionnaire on SSs and the Athletes' Food Choices Questionnaire. RESULTS Overall, 84.1% of participants consumed supplements, mainly for improved sports performance (68.3%) and health (34.1%). The main sources of purchase were the Internet (34.9%) and specialized shops (23.8%), and players were commonly advised by a dietitian-nutritionist to use SSs (56.3%). The SSs most often consumed included whey protein (30.2%), sports drinks (28.6%), creatine monohydrate (28.6%), sports bars (27.8%), and caffeine (27.8%). Older players consumed more supplements at the time of data compilation. Players predominantly acquired these supplements by using the Internet and reported benefits from their use (all P ≤ 0.036). Additionally, players who consumed SSs conveyed more concern about their food choices. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of female football players consumed SSs, particularly SSs supported by robust scientific evidence. Older players had higher supplement consumption rates. The use of SSs was related to food choices through nutritional characteristics of foods, knowledge about health and nutrition, weight control with the help of food, and the performance benefits players could acquire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Molina-López
- Faculty of Education, Psychology, and Sports Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain; Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Andrea Baena Pérez
- Faculty of Education, Psychology, and Sports Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | | | - Héctor Vázquez-Lorente
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lourdes Herrera-Quintana
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Elena Planells
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Barrack MT, Gray VB, Olson C, Richard C, West J. Comparative analysis between a brief nutrition screening survey and validated food frequency questionnaire among physically active college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:2697-2704. [PMID: 34788580 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1987248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the agreement between a 61-item Nutrition Screening Survey (NSS) and 127-item validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). PARTICIPANTS Forty-seven college students (male, n = 29; female, n = 18), age 21.7 ± 0.4 years, BMI of 23.5 ± 0.4 kg/m2. METHODS Participants completed the NSS, Block FFQ, and anthropometric measurements. Pearson's correlation, paired sample t test, and Bland-Altman plot evaluated agreement between the assessments. RESULTS Moderate to strong associations between assessments (0.61-0.89, p < 0.001) were identified for meals/day, snacks/day, calories, carbohydrate, fiber, grains, non-starchy vegetables, potatoes, legumes, fruit, yogurt, cheese, and eggs. Mean daily meals/day, calories, fat, fiber, grains, fruit, milk, and eggs did not significantly differ between surveys. The Bland-Altman plot analyses indicated no proportional bias for calories, fat, fiber, grains, fruit, milk, and eggs. CONCLUSIONS The NSS and Block FFQ display reasonable agreement, supporting use of the NSS for evaluating a range of dietary components among physically active college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T Barrack
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Virginia B Gray
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Olson
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Chyann Richard
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Jazmine West
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
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3
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Sunuwar DR, Singh DR, Bohara MP, Shrestha V, Karki K, Pradhan PMS. Association of nutrition knowledge, practice, supplement use, and nutrient intake with strength performance among Taekwondo players in Nepal. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1004288. [PMID: 36451745 PMCID: PMC9703343 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1004288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimum dietary intake and adequate nutritional knowledge have been recognized as the key factors that play a critical role in improving the athlete's health and nutrition status. This study aimed to measure the association of nutritional knowledge, practice, supplement use, and nutrient intake with strength performance among Nepalese Taekwondo players. METHODS Between August 2019 and January 2020, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 293 Taekwondo players in Kathmandu Metropolitan City (mean age, 18 years; 63.1% male, 36.9% female). Face-to-face interviews were conducted using semi-structured questionnaires. Anthropometric measures, nutritional intake, nutrition knowledge, and practice were all recorded. The handgrip strength was measured using a handgrip dynamometer as a proxy for strength performance. Univariate and bivariate analyses were used to find out the association between predictor and outcome variables. RESULTS More than half of the participants had poor nutrition knowledge [54.3% (159/293)], and poor nutrition practice [55.3% (162/293)] scores. Daily mean energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat intake were 48.0 kcal.kg-1.d-1, 8.6, 1.6, and 1.5 g.kg-1.d-1, respectively among Taekwondo players. Daily total energy and carbohydrate intake were 48.2 kcal.kg-1.d-1 and 8.7 g.kg-1.d-1, respectively among male players which is higher than female players. However, daily protein and fat intake were higher in female players (1.7 and 1.6 g.kg-1.d-1, respectively). Both calcium (375.3 mg) and iron (9 mg) intake among Taekwondo players were significantly lower than current sports nutrition guidelines. Nutritional knowledge score (r = 0.117), height (r = 0.538), weight (r = 0.651), body mass index (r = 0.347), fat (r = 0.075), and energy (r = 0.127) intake showed significant positive correlation with strength performance of athletes. The strength performance was positively associated with training hours per day (β = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.09-0.91), body mass index (β = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.09-0.61), nutrition knowledge score (β = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.01-0.25), and energy intake (β = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.12-0.14). CONCLUSIONS The nutritional knowledge and practice both were suboptimal among Taekwondo athletes. Height, weight, body mass index, nutritional knowledge, energy, and fat intake showed a positive correlation with strength performance. Future studies can build on the premise of this study to identify the robust relationship between nutritional knowledge, practice, different supplement use, and nutrient intake among other athletes too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dev Ram Sunuwar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Armed Police Force Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Devendra Raj Singh
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Man Prasad Bohara
- Department of Public Health, Asian College for Advance Studies, Purbanchal University, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Vintuna Shrestha
- Department of Nursing, Dhaulagiri Prabhidhik Shikshya Pratisthan, Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training, Baglung, Nepal
| | - Kshitij Karki
- School of Environment Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Rangsit, Thailand
| | - Pranil Man Singh Pradhan
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Nepalese Society of Community Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Sports Supplements User Profile Based on Demographic, Sports, and Psychological Variables: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214481. [PMID: 36364755 PMCID: PMC9654148 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of sports supplement (SS) use, efforts to profile users have not been conclusive. Studies report that 30–95% of recreational exercisers and elite athletes use SS. Research found has mostly focused on demographic and sports variables to profile SS users, but little research has studied the psychological factors that may influence the use of SS. The purpose of this investigation was to classify, describe, and differentiate the profile of users and non-users of SS, considering demographic, sports, and psychological variables. A total of 554 participants completed the questionnaire. Overall, 45% of recreational exercisers and elite athletes reported using supplements. There were significant differences found regarding the use of SS between men and women (51% vs. 49%, p = 0.002; OR = 1.799), and when training 4 or more days per week (p ≤ 0.001; OR = 1.526). Findings regarding the psychological variables have been found in the Adonis Complex. These results indicate that participants with greater concerns regarding physical appearance, tend to be SS users (p = 0.001; OR = 1.200). The results of this study fill a gap in previous research, and provide an approximate profile, including demographic, sports, and psychological variables of SS users.
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Graybeal AJ, Kreutzer A, Willis JL, Moss K, Braun-Trocchio R, Shah M. Age Drives the Differences in Dietary Supplement Use in Endurance Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Cyclists, Runners, and Triathletes. J Diet Suppl 2022:1-19. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2022.2056670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin J. Graybeal
- School of Kinesiology & Nutrition, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Andreas Kreutzer
- Department of Kinesiology, Harris College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jada L. Willis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Science & Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Kamiah Moss
- Department of Kinesiology, Harris College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Robyn Braun-Trocchio
- Department of Kinesiology, Harris College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Meena Shah
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Science & Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Aguilar-Navarro M, Baltazar-Martins G, Brito de Souza D, Muñoz-Guerra J, Del Mar Plata M, Del Coso J. Gender Differences in Prevalence and Patterns of Dietary Supplement Use in Elite Athletes. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2021; 92:659-668. [PMID: 32809924 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1764469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Dietary supplement use by athletes has been the topic of previous research; however, the lack of homogeneity among published studies makes it difficult to analyze the differences, if any, in the patterns of use between male and female athletes. The aim of this study was to determine gender differences in the patterns of dietary supplement use by elite athletes. Methods: A total of 504 elite athletes (329 males and 175 females) participating in individual and team sports completed a validated questionnaire on dietary supplement use during the preceding season. The dietary supplements were categorized according to the latest IOC consensus statement. Results: A higher proportion of male versus female athletes (65.3 versus 56.5%, p < .05) consumed dietary supplements. Both male and female athletes reported a similar mean consumption of dietary supplements (3.2 ± 2.1 versus 3.4 ± 2.3 supplements/season, respectively; p = .45). Protein supplements were the most commonly consumed supplements in male athletes (49.8%) and their prevalence was higher than in female athletes (29.3%, p < .01). In females, multivitamins (39.4%) and branched-chain amino acids (39.4%) were the most commonly consumed supplements and iron supplementation was more prevalent than in males (22.2% versus 10.2%, p = .01). A higher proportion of male athletes relied on themselves to plan dietary supplements use (48.0%), while female appeared to rely more on doctors (34.0%, p < .01). Conclusion: In summary, male athletes had a slightly higher prevalence in the use of supplements than their female counterparts, specifically regarding protein supplements, and were more involved in the self-prescription of supplements.
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Montuori P, Loperto I, Paolo C, Castrianni D, Nubi R, De Rosa E, Palladino R, Triassi M. Bodybuilding, dietary supplements and hormones use: behaviour and determinant analysis in young bodybuilders. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:147. [PMID: 34819149 PMCID: PMC8613966 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00378-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among athletes, bodybuilders are more predisposed to the use of dietary supplements (DS) and hormones (H) to increase in adaptations to physical training and performance. The purpose of the study was to identify social, psychological, and organisational factors that are associated with the use of food supplements and hormones in young bodybuilders of the metropolitan area of Naples. METHODS 107 athletes, practicing bodybuilding, were consecutively recruited in 30 gyms, randomly selected in the metropolitan area of Naples. Athletes were administered an anonymous questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 5 sections (socio-demographic, frequency and reasons for bodybuilding, knowledge, attitudes and behaviours). Descriptive statistics were performed using T-test and Chi-square statistics. A score was created for knowledge, attitudes, behaviours. Multivariable logistic regression models were employed to assess association between each score and the use of DS and H. Statistical analyses were carried out using STATA 15. RESULTS 81.31% of the subjects reported to use DS while 35.51% H. Females are less likely to practise bodybuilding frequently than males (OR 0.18 (95% CI 0.05-0.69), p = 0.01). Subjects who have attended high school or university have a lower probability of taking DS (OR 0.17 (95% CI 0.04-0.65), p = 0.01). H users also use supplements more frequently (OR 61.21 (95% CI 3.99-939.31), p < 0.001). Those who scored higher on knowledge scores are more likely to take DS (OR 1.53 (95% CI 1.11-2.12), p < 0.001). Attitudes are correlated with the use of DS; those who scored higher were less likely to use DS (OR 0.77 (95% CI 0.30-0.98), p = 0.03). People who use DS are 30 times more likely to use H at the same time (OR 30.25 (95% CI 2.51-365.24), p < 0.001). Subjects who have a higher score for knowledge and attitudes are less likely to use H (OR 0.68 (95% CI 0.54-0.87), p < 0.001, OR 0.75 (95% CI 0.62-0.90), p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of H and DS' use, although lower than reported in the literature, is a worrying public health problem. Better knowledge can lead to an informed use. Gym instructors should be trained to provide accurate and scientifically sound information. Health professionals should combine their expertise to provide more comprehensive guidance to the exercisers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Montuori
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Loperto
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Carmine Paolo
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Castrianni
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Nubi
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Elvira De Rosa
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Palladino
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Triassi
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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Halabchi F, Shab-Bidar S, Selk-Ghaffari M. Prevalence of Supplement Consumption in Iranian Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Prev Med 2021; 12:32. [PMID: 34249281 PMCID: PMC8218796 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_189_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Due to widespread use of supplement among athletes, determining the prevalence and pattern of dietary supplement consumption and its moderators will be a road map for developing a strategic planning in the national level to achieve healthy lifestyle and avoid harmful nutritional approaches. Methods: A systematic search of the electronic resources including Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and National Persian Databases including Magiran, SID, IranDoc and CIVILICA (between 1979 and November 2019 in Persian and English language) was accomplished. Inclusion criteria were (a) studies containing the prevalence rate of dietary supplement consumption, specifically (b) studies were conducted in athletes. Finally, 32 articles were included. Results: The prevalence rate of supplement use in overall Iranian athletic population was 64.8% (95% CI, 55.8%-73.8%) with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 99.7%, P < 0.001). The prevalence rate was reported to be higher in male athletes, athletes aged 25 and older and elite athletes (P < 0.05). The most prevalent source of information about supplement use among athletes were trainers, followed by physicians, friends-teammates and dietitians. Conclusions: According to the high prevalence of supplement consumption among Iranian athletes, policy making for educational programs is mandated. Trainers are the most popular source to provide information about supplements and educational programs should be conducted for this target population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Halabchi
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Selk-Ghaffari
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Vitamin D Deficiency in Sports Abstract. A deficiency in vitamin D is very common in the general population as well as in athletes. The aim of this overview is to assess the level of knowledge about the importance of vitamin D for athletes. A deficiency in vitamin D is present in up to 90 % of athletes. Risk groups are young athletes, female athletes, athletes with a limitation such as paraplegia, vegetarians, athletes with a resorption disorder such as celiac disease, athletes training and competing indoors (e.g. ice hockey, basketball, boxing, rhythmic gymnastics), and older athletes. Dark skin pigmentation, the use of sunscreen, the time of day of the training (early morning, late evening) and the geographical location influence the risk for a deficiency in vitamin D. Exposure to the sun and a balanced diet are often not enough to prevent a vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen
- Institut für Hausarztmedizin, Universität Zürich, Zürich
| | | | - Pantelis T Nikolaidis
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia, Griechenland
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Athen, Griechenland
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Collins J, Maughan RJ, Gleeson M, Bilsborough J, Jeukendrup A, Morton JP, Phillips SM, Armstrong L, Burke LM, Close GL, Duffield R, Larson-Meyer E, Louis J, Medina D, Meyer F, Rollo I, Sundgot-Borgen J, Wall BT, Boullosa B, Dupont G, Lizarraga A, Res P, Bizzini M, Castagna C, Cowie CM, D'Hooghe M, Geyer H, Meyer T, Papadimitriou N, Vouillamoz M, McCall A. UEFA expert group statement on nutrition in elite football. Current evidence to inform practical recommendations and guide future research. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:416. [PMID: 33097528 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Football is a global game which is constantly evolving, showing substantial increases in physical and technical demands. Nutrition plays a valuable integrated role in optimising performance of elite players during training and match-play, and maintaining their overall health throughout the season. An evidence-based approach to nutrition emphasising, a 'food first' philosophy (ie, food over supplements), is fundamental to ensure effective player support. This requires relevant scientific evidence to be applied according to the constraints of what is practical and feasible in the football setting. The science underpinning sports nutrition is evolving fast, and practitioners must be alert to new developments. In response to these developments, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) has gathered experts in applied sports nutrition research as well as practitioners working with elite football clubs and national associations/federations to issue an expert statement on a range of topics relevant to elite football nutrition: (1) match day nutrition, (2) training day nutrition, (3) body composition, (4) stressful environments and travel, (5) cultural diversity and dietary considerations, (6) dietary supplements, (7) rehabilitation, (8) referees and (9) junior high-level players. The expert group provide a narrative synthesis of the scientific background relating to these topics based on their knowledge and experience of the scientific research literature, as well as practical experience of applying knowledge within an elite sports setting. Our intention is to provide readers with content to help drive their own practical recommendations. In addition, to provide guidance to applied researchers where to focus future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Collins
- Intra Performance Group, London, UK.,Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | | | - Michael Gleeson
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Johann Bilsborough
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,New England Patriots, Foxboro, MA, USA
| | - Asker Jeukendrup
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,MySport Science, Birmingham, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - S M Phillips
- Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence Armstrong
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rob Duffield
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Enette Larson-Meyer
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel Medina
- Athlete Care and Performance, Monumental Sports & Entertainment, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Flavia Meyer
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ian Rollo
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Gregory Dupont
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Peter Res
- Dutch Olympic Team, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mario Bizzini
- Research and Human Performance Lab, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Castagna
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Technical Department, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Florence, Italy.,Italian Football Referees Association, Bologna, Italy
| | - Charlotte M Cowie
- Technical Directorate, Football Association, Burton upon Trent, UK.,Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Michel D'Hooghe
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Medical Centre of Excelence, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | - Alan McCall
- Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK .,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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11
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Bird SP, Rushton BD. Nutritional knowledge of youth academy athletes. BMC Nutr 2020; 6:35. [PMID: 32821418 PMCID: PMC7433089 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-020-00360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Youth athletes are under increasing pressures to excel in their chosen sport and many turn to nutritional supplements in order to enhance sports performance. However, athletes may obtain their nutritional information via illegitimate sources such as the internet, media, and other athletes, representing miscommunication between sound scientific information and anecdotal experiences. The objective of this investigation was to examine nutrition knowledge of elite youth athletes from a non-residential regional academy of sport. Methods A previously validated two-part nutrition knowledge questionnaire (NKQ) was administered to 101 (37 male and 64 female) non-residential regional Academy of Sport elite youth athletes at an annual training camp. Part 1 of the NKQ presented demographic questions. Part 2 presented 90 sports nutrition knowledge questions in seven knowledge subcategories (1) Nutrients; (2) Dietary reference intakes (DRI); (3) Fluids/Hydration; (4) Recovery; (5) Weight gain; (6) Weight loss; and (7) Supplements. Results The mean NKQ score of all athletes was 43.8% (± 11.4). No gender differences observed between nutritional knowledge total scores, however female athletes recorded more 'correct' responses than males (p = 0.02) in the Nutrients subcategory. Majority of athletes had difficulty identifying correct DRI with this subcategory featuring the lowest percentage of 'correct' to 'incorrect' responses (27.1% ± 2.3; p = 0.02). Supplements subcategory displayed much uncertainty with significantly more 'unsure' than 'incorrect' responses (42.4% ± 20.3; p < 0.05). Conclusions In agreement with previous research, results of the current study indicate that elite youth athletes lack fundamental nutritional knowledge, specifically related to DRI and supplementation. These data provide further support of current recommendations that Academy of Sport youth athletes may benefit from integrated nutrition education conducted by qualified nutrition professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Bird
- School of Health and Wellbeing (Sport and Exercise Science), University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD Australia.,School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW Australia
| | - Benjamin D Rushton
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
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Prevalence of dietary supplement use by gym members in Portugal and associated factors. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:11. [PMID: 32093724 PMCID: PMC7038552 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00342-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although there seems to be an increasing interest in the use of dietary supplements in those who exercise recreationally and want to improve body composition, there is little published data regarding gym users and dietary supplement use. Methods This cross-sectional study describes the prevalence and type of supplements used by gyms members, the reasons for using them and the information source using a self-administered online questionnaire. Results Of the 459 participants (301 females) who answered the survey, 43.8% reported using dietary supplements. Users were more likely men (62.7% vs. 33.9%, p < 0.05), younger (32 ± 9 vs. 34 ± 11 years, p < 0.05) and trained more hours per week (6 ± 3 vs 4 ± 3 h, p < 0.05) than non-users. The most consumed supplements were proteins (80.1%), multivitamins and/or minerals (38.3%), sport bars (37.3%), branched-chain amino acids (BCAA’s) (36.8%) and n-3 fatty acids (35.5%). Men consumed more arginine, BCAA’s, creatine, glutamine, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), proteins, β-alanine, taurine, multivitamin/minerals, and carbohydrate supplements (p < 0.05). The most commonly cited reasons for the use of supplements were gaining muscle (55.7%), accelerating recovery (52.7%) and improving performance (47.3%). Men have more often referred increase strength, increase resistance, gain muscle mass, accelerate recovery and improve performance as reasons to use supplements than women (p < 0.05). Those who mentioned muscle gain as a reason were younger than those who did not (30.4 years vs. 33.7 years, p < 0.05). The sources of information most mentioned were registered dietitians (23.1%), internet (22.2%) and him/herself (16.6%). The majority (> 70%) of participants declared being well or very well informed about supplements, while only a minority (4%) felt very poorly or poorly informed. Most individuals purchased dietary supplements from the internet (56.2%) and supplement/health food stores (43.4%). Conclusion This study concluded that gyms users are large consumers of dietary supplements, and are more likely to be men, young, use protein powders, aiming to increase muscle mass, obtain information from registered dietitians, consider themselves well informed and buy supplements online.
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Ferreira PR, Marins JCB, de Oliveira LL, Bastos DSS, Soares Júnior DT, da Silva CD, Fontes EAF. Beverage based on whey permeate with phenolic extract of jabuticaba peel: A pilot study on effects on muscle and oxidative stress in trained individuals. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Baltazar-Martins G, Brito de Souza D, Aguilar-Navarro M, Muñoz-Guerra J, Plata MDM, Del Coso J. Prevalence and patterns of dietary supplement use in elite Spanish athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:30. [PMID: 31319850 PMCID: PMC6639916 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0296-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary supplementation is a common strategy to achieve a specific health status or performance benefit. Several investigations have focused on the prevalence of dietary supplement use by athletes. However, information on how athletes manage the use and purchase of dietary supplements is scarce. METHODS Five hundred and twenty-seven high-performance athletes (346 males and 181 females), participating in individual and team sports, completed a validated questionnaire about use and purchase patterns of dietary supplements. The dietary supplements were categorized according to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus. RESULTS Sixty four percent of the athletes (n = 337) used dietary supplements (median = 3; range 1 to 12). Age, sex, type of sport, level of competition, and professionalism influenced the prevalence of dietary supplement use (all p < 0.05). The most prevalent dietary supplement consumed was proteins (41%; n = 137), followed by amino acids/BCAA-based supplements (37%; n = 124). Additionally, as per group of supplements according to IOC consensus, 18% of the supplements were rated as having a low level of scientific evidence (e.g., glutamine, HMB, L-carnitine, etc). Most athletes (45%, n = 152) purchased dietary supplements in a store and 24% (n = 81) obtained them from a sponsor. Most athletes also (42%, n = 141) reported a self-organization of supplementation and did not consult with any professional. Last, 81% (n = 273) of athletes consuming supplements did not know any platform to check supplement safety/quality. For those who do not use dietary supplements (36% of the total sample, n = 190), most reported that they do not consider supplements necessary (72%, n = 137). CONCLUSION Dietary supplementation appears to be widely used in sport with a considerable proportion of athletes consuming supplements with low level of scientific evidence. Additionally, athletes seem to rely on inadequate sources of information and may be largely unaware of sources to detect supplement contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Baltazar-Martins
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, C/ Castillo de Alarcón, 49. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Brito de Souza
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, C/ Castillo de Alarcón, 49. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692, Madrid, Spain
| | - Millán Aguilar-Navarro
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, C/ Castillo de Alarcón, 49. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692, Madrid, Spain
- Exercise and Sport Sciences. Faculty of Health Sciences, Francisco de Vitoria University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Muñoz-Guerra
- Department for Doping Control, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Del Mar Plata
- Department of Education, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, C/ Castillo de Alarcón, 49. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692, Madrid, Spain.
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Nunes CL, Matias CN, Santos DA, Morgado JP, Monteiro CP, Sousa M, Minderico CS, Rocha PM, St-Onge MP, Sardinha LB, Silva AM. Characterization and Comparison of Nutritional Intake between Preparatory and Competitive Phase of Highly Trained Athletes. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2018; 54:E41. [PMID: 30344272 PMCID: PMC6122105 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background and objective: For a high level athlete, it is essential to ensure optimal energy as well as macro- and micro-nutrient and fluid intakes, in order to improve their performance during training and competition. Protein intake should be 1.2⁻2.1 g/kg/d, whereas the requirements for carbohydrate and fat intakes should be >5g/kg/d and 20⁻35% of energy, respectively. The micronutrient and fluid intakes in athletes were compared to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendations, respectively. This study aimed to characterize and compare the nutritional habits of athletes at the preparatory and competitive phase, and to test if their nutritional intakes were in accordance with the recommendations. Materials and methods: A total of 276 professional athletes were assessed. To evaluate their nutritional intake, the athletes completed a 7 days food record. Under reporting was defined using a ratio of energy intake to basal metabolic rate (BMR) of 1.1. Body composition was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: Almost half (49%) of the athletes from the final sample reported lower measured intakes of carbohydrates and 27% reported a higher consumption of proteins than what was recommended. In both the preparatory and competitive phases, the micronutrients with a higher mismatch between the actual and recommended intakes were vitamins D and E, magnesium, folate, calcium, and zinc for both sexes, and iron intake for females. A large proportion of athletes reported a lower water intake. Compared to the recommendations, males reported a higher intake of carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins E, calcium, and magnesium (p <0.05) in the competitive phase, while females reported a lower ingestion of water, vitamins A and D, and calcium (p <0.05) in the preparatory phase. Conclusions: Overall, in the preparatory and competitive phases of the season, athletes reported a macro- and micro-nutrient intake below the recommendations, especially in the female athletic population. Dietary intakes in athletes need to be optimized and adjusted to their requirements, according to sex and sport, so as to avoid compromising health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina L Nunes
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Catarina N Matias
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Diana A Santos
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - José P Morgado
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Cristina P Monteiro
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Mónica Sousa
- Nutrition & Metabolism, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal.
- CINTESIS-Center for Health Technology and Services Research, R. Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia S Minderico
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Paulo M Rocha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Marie-Pierre St-Onge
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Analiza M Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
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