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Zhong K, Huang Y, Chen R, Pan Q, Li J, Xi X. The protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 against sepsis-induced lung injury through PI3K-Akt pathway: insights from molecular dynamics simulation and experimental validation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16071. [PMID: 38992150 PMCID: PMC11239675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (SALI) poses a significant threat with high incidence and mortality rates. Ginsenoside Rg1 (GRg1), derived from Ginseng in traditional Chinese medicine, has been found to reduce inflammation and protect lung epithelial cells against tissue damage. However, the specific roles and mechanisms by which GRg1 mitigates SALI have yet to be fully elucidated. In this context, we employed a relevant SALI mouse model, alongside network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation to pinpoint GRg1's action targets, complemented by in vitro assays to explore the underlying mechanisms. Our research shows that GRg1 alleviates CLP-induced SALI, decreasing lung tissue damage and levels of serum proinflammatory factor IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, also enhancing the survival rate of CLP mice. A total of 116 common targets between GRg1 and ALI, with specific core targets including AKT1, VEGFA, SRC, IGF1, ESR1, STAT3, and ALB. Further in vitro experiments assessed GRg1's intervention effects on MLE-12 cells exposed to LPS, with qRT-PCR analysis and molecular dynamics simulations confirming AKT1 as the key target with the favorable binding activity for GRg1. Western blot results indicated that GRg1 increased the Bcl-2/Bax protein expression ratio to reduce apoptosis and decreased the high expression of cleaved caspase-3 in LPS-induced MLE-12 cells. More results showed significant increases in the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT1. Flow cytometric analysis using PI and Annexin-V assays further verified that GRg1 decreased the apoptosis rate in LPS-stimulated MLE-12 cells (from 14.85 to 6.54%, p < 0.05). The employment of the AKT1 inhibitor LY294002 confirmed these trends, indicating that AKT1's inhibition negates GRg1's protective effects on LPS-stimulated MLE-12 cells. In conclusion, our research highlights GRg1's potential as an effective adjunct therapy for SALI, primarily by inhibiting apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, thus significantly enhancing the survival rates of CLP mice. These beneficial effects are mediated through targeting AKT1 and activating the PI3K-AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqiang Zhong
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingui Huang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research On Emergency in TCM, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiusha Pan
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaotu Xi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research On Emergency in TCM, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Fu CF, Li JL, Chen JW, Liang H, Zhao WR, He SY, Ma XW, Yang XF, Wang HL. Mechanism and therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine extracts in sepsis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1365639. [PMID: 39021837 PMCID: PMC11251979 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1365639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex syndrome characterized by multi-organ dysfunction, due to the presence of harmful microorganisms in blood which could cause mortality. Complications associated with sepsis involve multiple organ dysfunction. The pathogenesis of sepsis remains intricate, with limited treatment options and high mortality rates. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has consistently demonstrated to have a potential on various disease management. Its complements include reduction of oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory pathways, regulating immune responses, and improving microcirculation. Traditional Chinese medicine can mitigate or even treat sepsis in a human system. This review examines progress on the use of TCM extracts for treating sepsis through different pharmacological action and its mechanisms. The potential targets of TCM extracts and active ingredients for the treatment of sepsis and its complications have been elucidated through molecular biology research, network pharmacology prediction, molecular docking analysis, and visualization analysis. Our aim is to provide a theoretical basis and empirical support for utilizing TCM in the treatment of sepsis and its complications while also serving as a reference for future research and development of sepsis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Fei Fu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Long Li
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | | | - Hao Liang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Wen-Rui Zhao
- Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Shi-Yu He
- Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Ma
- Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Yang
- Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - He-Lin Wang
- Donghuashi Community Health Service Center, Beijing, China
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3
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Liu R, Wang Q, Li Y, Wan R, Yang P, Yang D, Tang J, Lu J. Ginsenoside Rg1 Alleviates Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Reducing FBXO3 Stability in an m 6A-Dependent Manner to Activate PGC-1α/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. AAPS J 2024; 26:47. [PMID: 38622374 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is one of the serious life-threatening complications of sepsis and is pathologically associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Ginsenoside Rg1 has good therapeutic effects on ALI. Herein, the pharmacological effects of Rg1 in sepsis-induced ALI were investigated. METHODS Sepsis-induced ALI models were established by CLP operation and LPS treatment. HE staining was adopted to analyze lung pathological changes. The expression and secretion of cytokines were measured by RT-qPCR and ELISA. Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed by MTT assay, flow cytometry and TUNEL staining. ROS level and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were analyzed using DHE probe and JC-1 staining, respectively. FBXO3 m6A level was assessed using MeRIP assay. The interactions between FBXO3, YTHDF1, and PGC-1α were analyzed by Co-IP or RIP. RESULTS Rg1 administration ameliorated LPS-induced epithelial cell inflammation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanically, Rg1 reduced PGC-1α ubiquitination modification level by inhibiting FBXO3 expression m6A-YTHDF1 dependently. As expected, Rg1's mitigative effect on LPS-induced inflammation, apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in lung epithelial cells was abolished by FBXO3 overexpression. Moreover, FBXO3 upregulation eliminated the restoring effect of Rg1 on CLP-induced lung injury in rats. CONCLUSION Rg1 activated PGC-1α/Nrf2 signaling pathway by reducing FBXO3 stability in an m6A-YTHDF1-dependent manner to improve mitochondrial function in lung epithelial cells during sepsis-induced ALI progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- Department of Geriatric Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Geriatric Medical Center, No.295, Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Geriatric Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Geriatric Medical Center, No.295, Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Stomatology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650034, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixue Wan
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexing Yang
- Department of Emergency Room of Internal, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650034, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiefu Tang
- Department of Geriatric Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Geriatric Medical Center, No.295, Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiafei Lu
- Department of Geriatric Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Geriatric Medical Center, No.295, Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
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Xie Q, Zhang X, Zhou Q, Xu Y, Sun L, Wen Q, Wang W, Chen Q. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of ginsenoside Rg1 for hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal studies. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1179705. [PMID: 37745069 PMCID: PMC10514510 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1179705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: According to existing laboratory data, ginsenoside Rg1 may help cure diabetes and its complications by reducing oxidative stress (OS) and managing inflammation. However, this conclusion lacks reliability and is unclear. As a result, the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ginsenoside Rg1 in the treatment of diabetes and its complications. Methods: We searched for relevant studies published through December 2022, including electronic bibliographic databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang. The SYstematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation Risk of Bias (SYRCLE RoB) tool was used to conduct a meta-analysis to assess the methodological quality of animal research. The meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan5.4 software, following the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. This study is registered in the International Systems Review Prospective Registry (PROSPERO) as CRD42023386830. Results: Eighteen eligible studies involving 401 animals were included. Ginsenoside Rg1 was significantly correlated with blood glucose (BG), insulin levels, body weight, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. In addition, according to subgroup analysis, the hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of ginsenoside Rg1 in type 2 diabetic animals were not affected by experimental species, modeling, experimental drug dosage, or course of treatment. Conclusion: This meta-analysis presents a summary of the hypoglycemic effects of ginsenoside Rg1, which are achieved through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. These findings provide evidence-based support for the medical efficacy of ginsenoside Rg1. Specifically, ginsenoside Rg1 reduced MDA levels and restored SOD activity to exert its antioxidant activity. It had a positive effect on the reduction of IL-6 and TNF-α levels. However, the inclusion of studies with low methodological quality and the presence of publication bias may undermine the validity of the results. Further investigation with a more rigorous experimental design and comprehensive studies is necessary to fully understand the specific glycemic mechanisms of ginsenosides. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier https://CRD42023386830.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xie
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yumei Xu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lisha Sun
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Wen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, China
| | - Qiu Chen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Wang Y, Han Q, Zhang S, Xing X, Sun X. New perspective on the immunomodulatory activity of ginsenosides: Focus on effective therapies for post-COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115154. [PMID: 37454595 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 700 million confirmed cases of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) have been reported globally, and 10-60% of patients are expected to exhibit "post-COVID-19 symptoms," which will continue to affect human life and health. In the absence of safer, more specific drugs, current multiple immunotherapies have failed to achieve satisfactory efficacy. Ginseng, a traditional Chinese medicine, is often used as an immunomodulator and has been used in COVID-19 treatment as a tonic to increase blood oxygen saturation. Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng. In this review, we summarize the multiple ways in which ginsenosides affect post-COVID-19 symptoms, including inhibition of lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor signaling, modulation of chemokine receptors and inflammasome activation, induction of macrophage polarization, effects on Toll-like receptors, nuclear factor kappa-B, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, lymphocytes, intestinal flora, and epigenetic regulation. Ginsenosides affect virus-mediated tissue damage, local or systemic inflammation, immune modulation, and other links, thus alleviating respiratory and pulmonary symptoms, reducing the cardiac burden, protecting the nervous system, and providing new ideas for the rehabilitation of patients with post-COVID-19 symptoms. Furthermore, we analyzed its role in strengthening body resistance to eliminate pathogenic factors from the perspective of ginseng-epidemic disease and highlighted the challenges in clinical applications. However, the benefit of ginsenosides in modulating organismal imbalance post-COVID-19 needs to be further evaluated to better validate the pharmacological mechanisms associated with their traditional efficacy and to determine their role in individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Qin Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China.
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China.
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6
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He S, Zhao C, Guo Y, Zhao J, Xu X, Hu Y, Lian B, Ye H, Wang N, Luo L, Liu Q. Alterations in the gut microbiome and metabolome profiles of septic mice treated with Shen FuHuang formula. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1111962. [PMID: 36970673 PMCID: PMC10030955 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1111962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis has a high mortality rate, and treating sepsis remains a significant challenge worldwide. In former studies, our group found that traditional Chinese medicine, Shen FuHuang formula (SFH), is a promising medicine in treating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with the septic syndrome. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, we first investigated the therapeutic effects of SFH on septic mice. To investigate the mechanisms of SFH-treated sepsis, we identified the gut microbiome profile and exploited untargeted metabolomics analyses. The results demonstrated that SFH significantly enhanced the mice’s 7-day survival rate and hindered the release of inflammatory mediators, i.e., TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. 16S rDNA sequencing further deciphered that SFH decreased the proportion of Campylobacterota and Proteobacteria at the phylum level. LEfSe analysis revealed that the treatment of SFH enriched Blautia while decreased Escherichia_Shigella. Furthermore, serum untargeted metabolomics analysis indicated that SFH could regulate the glucagon signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, galactose metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism. Finally, we found the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Escherichia_Shigella, Blautia, Ruminococcus, and Prevotella were closely related to the enrichment of the metabolic signaling pathways, including L-tryptophan, uracil, glucuronic acid, protocatechuic acid, and gamma-Glutamylcysteine. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that SFH alleviated sepsis by suppressing the inflammatory response and hence reduced mortality. The mechanism of SFH for treating sepsis may be ascribed to the enrichment of beneficial gut flora and modulation in glucagon signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, galactose metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism. To sum up, these findings provide a new scientific perspective for the clinical application of SFH in treating sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha He
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Guo
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxia Zhao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yahui Hu
- Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Lian
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Ye
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lianxiang Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Lianxiang Luo,
| | - Qingquan Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qingquan Liu,
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7
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Recent advances in ginsenosides against respiratory diseases: Therapeutic targets and potential mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114096. [PMID: 36502752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory diseases mainly include asthma, influenza, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension, lung fibrosis, and lung cancer. Given their high prevalence and poor prognosis, the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases are increasingly essential. In particular, the development for the novel strategies of drug treatment has been a hot topic in the research field. Ginsenosides are the major component of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (ginseng), a food homology and well-known medicinal herb. In this review, we summarize the current therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of ginsenosides in respiratory diseases. METHODS The reviewed studies were retrieved via a thorough analysis of numerous articles using electronic search tools including Sci-Finder, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science. The following keywords were used for the online search: ginsenosides, asthma, influenza, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary hypertension (PH), lung fibrosis, lung cancer, and clinical trials. We summarized the findings and the conclusions from 176 manuscripts on ginsenosides, including research articles and reviews. RESULTS Ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, Rh2, and CK, which are the most commonly reported ginsenosides for treating of respiratory diseases, and other ginsenosides such as Rh1, Rk1, Rg5, Rd and Re, all primarily reduce pneumonia, fibrosis, and inhibit tumor progression by targeting NF-κB, TGF-β/Smad, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and JNK pathways, thereby ameliorating respiratory diseases. CONCLUSION This review provides novel ideas and important aspects for the future research of ginsenosides for treating respiratory diseases.
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Yu T, Tang Y, Zhang F, Zhang L. Roles of ginsenosides in sepsis. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:1-8. [PMID: 36644389 PMCID: PMC9834008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The herbal medication Panax ginseng Meyer has widespread use in China, Korea, and other parts of the world. The main constituents of ginseng are ginsenosides, which include over 30 different triterpene saponins. It has been found that ginsenosides and their metabolites including Rg1, compound K, Rb1, Re, Rg3, and Rg5 exert anti-inflammatory activities by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor, modulating inflammation-related signaling, including NF-κB and MAPK signaling, and reducing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we review the recent literature on the molecular actions of ginsenosides in sepsis, suggesting ways in which they may be used to prevent and treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yidi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Fenglan Zhang
- Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
- Corresponding author. Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China.
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Mahomoodally MF, Aumeeruddy MZ, Legoabe LJ, Dall’Acqua S, Zengin G. Plants' bioactive secondary metabolites in the management of sepsis: Recent findings on their mechanism of action. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1046523. [PMID: 36588685 PMCID: PMC9800845 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1046523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a severe inflammatory response to systemic infection and is a threatening cause of death in intensive care units. In recent years, a number of studies have been conducted on the protective effect of natural products against sepsis-induced organ injury. However, a comprehensive review of these studies indicating the mechanisms of action of the bioactive compounds is still lacking. In this context, this review aimed to provide an updated analysis of the mechanism of action of plants' secondary metabolites in the management of sepsis. Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and PubMed were searched from inception to July 2022. A variety of secondary metabolites were found to be effective in sepsis management including allicin, aloin, cepharanthine, chrysin, curcumin, cyanidin, gallic acid, gingerol, ginsenoside, glycyrrhizin, hesperidin, kaempferol, narciclasine, naringenin, naringin, piperine, quercetin, resveratrol, rosmarinic acid, shogaol, silymarin, sulforaphane, thymoquinone, umbelliferone, and zingerone. The protective effects exerted by these compounds can be ascribed to their antioxidant properties as well as induction of endogenous antioxidant mechanisms, and also via the downregulation of inflammatory response and reduction of biochemical and inflammatory markers of sepsis. These findings suggest that these secondary metabolites could be of potential therapeutic value in the management of sepsis, but human studies must be performed to provide strength to their potential clinical relevance in sepsis-related morbidity and mortality reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam,*Correspondence: Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally, ; Stefano Dall’Acqua,
| | | | - Lesetja Jan Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen), North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Stefano Dall’Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,*Correspondence: Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally, ; Stefano Dall’Acqua,
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Campus, Konya, Turkey
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10
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ICU and Sepsis: Role of Myeloid and Lymphocyte Immune Cells. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:7340266. [PMID: 36199798 PMCID: PMC9527402 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7340266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a severe immune system reaction to infection and a major cause of ICU-related fatalities. Because of the high mortality, high cost of treatment, and complex aetiology of sepsis, sepsis has a huge impact on healthcare. Some of the health complications in sepsis are abnormal cardiac functions, hypoperfusion, hypotension, tissue damage, multiple organ failure, and ultimately death. Individuals with weak immune systems and chronic medical conditions are highly vulnerable to sepsis. In sepsis, a patient shows the extreme immune response in the initial stage while prolonged immunosuppression in the later stages. Sepsis-driven immunosuppression ushers in death because sepsis cases develop secondary infections postrecovery. The later immunocompromised state in sepsis is attributed myeloid-derived suppressor cell upregulation and reduced immune activity displayed by lymphocytes (lymphocyte anergy). As a result, it is currently suggested that regulating the immune response is a better therapeutic approach than focusing on inflammation to improve the immune system's capacity to fight infections. Moreover, finding novel and accurate prognostic biomarkers that can help in rapid sepsis diagnoses and deciding better therapeutic strategies will significantly lower clinical case mortality rates.
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Lu J, Yu Y, Wang XJ, Chai RP, Lyu XK, Deng MH, Hu MG, Qi Y, Chen X. Mechanism of Shengmai Injection on Anti-Sepsis and Protective Activities of Intestinal Mucosal Barrier in Mice. Chin J Integr Med 2022; 28:817-822. [PMID: 34241804 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the mechanism of Shengmai Injection (SMI, ) on anti-sepsis and protective activities of intestinal mucosal barrier. METHODS The contents of 11 active components of SMI including ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, ophioposide D, schisandrol A and schisantherin A were determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Fifty mice were randomly divided into the blank, the model, the low-, medium- and high-dose SMI groups (0.375, 0.75, 1.5 mL/kg, respectively) by random number table, 10 mice in each group. In SMI group, SMI was administrated to mice daily via tail vein injection for 3 consecutive days, while the mice in the blank and model groups were given 0.1 mL of normal saline. One hour after the last SMI administration, except the blank group, the mice in other groups were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) saline solution (2 mL/kg) at a dosage of 5 mL/kg for development of endotoxemia mice model. The mice in the blank group were given the same volume of normal saline. Inflammatory factors including interferon-γ (INF-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-10 were measured by flow cytometry. Myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) levels, and change of Occludin proteins in jejunum samples were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS The decreasing trends of INF-γ, TNF-α and IL-2 were found in serum of SMI treatment groups. In SMI-treated mice, the content of Occludin increased and MLCK protein decreased compared with the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The content of cellular and nuclear NF-κB did not change significantly (P>0.05). CONCLUSION SMI may exert its anti-sepsis activity mainly through NF-κB-pro-inflammatory factor-MLCK-TJ cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rui-Ping Chai
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin-Kai Lyu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ming-Hui Deng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mei-Geng Hu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yun Qi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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12
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Wang CM, Guo XF, Liu LM, Huang Y, Meng L, Song LP, Wu YF, Ning YC, Reilly KH, Wang HB. Prevention of Deep Vein Thrombosis by Panax Notoginseng Saponins Combined with Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin in Surgical Patients. Chin J Integr Med 2022; 28:771-778. [PMID: 35829956 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-2894-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prevention among real-world surgical inpatients who received panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) combined with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted among surgical patients between January 2016 and November 2018 in Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. Participants received LMWH alone or PNS combined with LMWH for preventing DVT. The primary outcome was incidence of lower extremity DVT, which was screened once a week. Participants in the LMWH group were given LMWH (enoxaparin) via hypodermic injection, 4000-8000 AxalU once daily. Participants in the exposure group received PNS (Xuesaitong oral tablets, 100 mg, 3 times daily) combined with LMWH given the same as LMWH group. RESULTS Of the 325 patients screened for the study, 281 participants were included in the final analysis. The cohort was divided into PNS + LMWH group and LMWH group with 134 and 147 participants, respectively. There was a significant difference of DVT incidence between two groups (P=0.01), with 21 (15.7%) incident DVT in the PNS + LMWH group, and 41 (27.9%) incident DVT in the LMWH group. Compared with participants without DVT, the participants diagnosed with DVT were older and had higher D-dimer level. The multivariate logistic regression model showed a significant lower risk of incident DVT among participants in the PNS + LMWH group compared with the LMWH group (odds ratio 0.46, 95% confidence interval, 0.25-0.86). There were no significant differences in thromboelaslography values (including R, K, Angle, and MA) and differences in severe bleeding between two groups. No symptomatic pulmonary embolism occurred during the study. CONCLUSION Combined application of PNS and LMWH can effectively reduce the incidence of DVT among surgical inpatients compared with LMWH monotherapy, without increased risk of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Mei Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xiang-Feng Guo
- Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Li-Min Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Liang Meng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Li-Po Song
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Ying-Feng Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Ya-Chan Ning
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Kathleen H Reilly
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, New York City, NY, 12237, USA
| | - Hai-Bo Wang
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
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13
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Yang F, Li J, Lan Y, Lei Y, Zeng F, Huang X, Luo X, Liu R. Potential application of ginseng in sepsis. J Ginseng Res 2022; 47:353-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Chen Y, Chi M, Qiao X, Wang J, Jin Y. Anti-inflammatory effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on LPS-induced septic encephalopathy and associated mechanism. Curr Neurovasc Res 2022; 19:38-46. [PMID: 35430992 DOI: 10.2174/1567202619666220414093130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis frequently occurs in patients after infection and is highly associated with death. Septic encephalopathy is characterized by dysfunction of the central nervous system, of which the root cause is a systemic inflammatory response. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy is a severe disease that frequently occurs in children, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we aim to investigate the neuroprotective mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 in response to septic encephalopathy. METHODS Effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on septic encephalopathy were determined by cell viability, cytotoxicity, ROS responses, and apoptosis assays and histological examination of brain. Inflammatory activities were evaluated by expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and MCP-1 using qPCR and ELISA. Activities of signaling pathways in inflammation were estimated by the production of p-Erk1/2/Erk1/2, p-JNK/JNK, p-p38/p38, p-p65/p65, and p-IkBα/IkBα using western blot. RESULTS LPS simulation resulted in a significant increase in cytotoxicity, ROS responses, and apoptosis and a significant decrease in cell viability in CTX TNA2 cells, as well as brain damage in rats. Moreover, the production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and MCP-1 was significantly stimulated both in CTX TNA2 cells and in the brain, which confirmed the establishment of vitro and in vivo models of septic encephalopathy. The damage and inflammatory responses induced by LPS were significantly decreased by treatment with Rg1. Western blot analyses indicated Rg1 significantly decreased the production of p-Erk1/2/Erk1/2, p-JNK/JNK, p-p38/p38, p-p65/p65, and p-IkBα/IkBα in LPS-induced CTX TNA2 cells and in the brain. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that Rg1 inhibited the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, which activate the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The findings of this study suggest that ginsenoside Rg1 is a candidate treatment for septic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Miaomiao Chi
- Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Xinyu Qiao
- Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jiabing Wang
- Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Yong Jin
- Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
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15
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Ginsenoside Rg1 as a Potential Regulator of Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2021:4633270. [PMID: 35003268 PMCID: PMC8741398 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4633270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), a purified, active component of the root or stem of ginseng, exerts positive effects on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Many recent studies have found that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which can develop into hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and mature blood cells, are another class of heterogeneous adult stem cells that can be regulated by Rg1. Rg1 can affect HSC proliferation and migration, regulate HSC/HPC differentiation, and alleviate HSC aging, and these findings potentially provide new strategies to improve the HSC homing rate in HSC transplantation and for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) or other HSC/HPC dysplasia-induced diseases. In this review, we used bioinformatics methods, molecular docking verification, and a literature review to systematically explore the possible molecular pharmacological activities of Rg1 through which it regulates HSCs/HPCs.
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16
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You L, Cha S, Kim MY, Cho JY. Ginsenosides are active ingredients in Panax ginseng with immunomodulatory properties from cellular to organismal levels. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:711-721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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17
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Cheng C, Yu X. Research Progress in Chinese Herbal Medicines for Treatment of Sepsis: Pharmacological Action, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacokinetics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11078. [PMID: 34681737 PMCID: PMC8540716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection; the pathophysiology of sepsis is complex. The incidence of sepsis is steadily increasing, with worldwide mortality ranging between 30% and 50%. Current treatment approaches mainly rely on the timely and appropriate administration of antimicrobials and supportive therapies, but the search for pharmacotherapies modulating the host response has been unsuccessful. Chinese herbal medicines, i.e., Chinese patent medicines, Chinese herbal prescriptions, and single Chinese herbs, play an important role in the treatment of sepsis through multicomponent, multipathway, and multitargeting abilities and have been officially recommended for the management of COVID-19. Chinese herbal medicines have therapeutic actions promising for the treatment of sepsis; basic scientific research on these medicines is increasing. However, the material bases of most Chinese herbal medicines and their underlying mechanisms of action have not yet been fully elucidated. This review summarizes the current studies of Chinese herbal medicines used for the treatment of sepsis in terms of clinical efficacy and safety, pharmacological activity, phytochemistry, bioactive constituents, mechanisms of action, and pharmacokinetics, to provide an important foundation for clarifying the pathogenesis of sepsis and developing novel antisepsis drugs based on Chinese herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China;
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18
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Lee TXY, Wu J, Jean WH, Condello G, Alkhatib A, Hsieh CC, Hsieh YW, Huang CY, Kuo CH. Reduced stem cell aging in exercised human skeletal muscle is enhanced by ginsenoside Rg1. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:16567-16576. [PMID: 34181580 PMCID: PMC8266347 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Stem cell aging, characterized by elevated p16INK4a expression, decreases cell repopulating and self-renewal abilities, which results in elevated inflammation and slow recovery against stress. Methods: Biopsied muscles were analyzed at baseline and 24 h after squat exercise in 12 trained men (22 ± 2 y). Placebo (PLA) and immunostimulant Rg1 (5 mg) were supplemented 1 h before a squat exercise, using a double-blind counterbalanced crossover design. Results: Perceived exertion at the end of resistance exercise session was significantly lowered after Rg1 supplementation. Exercise doubled endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) (p < 0.001) and decreased p16INK4a mRNA to 50% of baseline (d = 0.865, p < 0.05) in muscle tissues, despite p16INK4a+ cell and beta-galactosidase+ (ß-Gal+) cell counts being unaltered. Rg1 further lowered p16INK4a mRNA to 35% of baseline with greater effect size than the PLA level (d = 1.302, p < 0.01) and decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) mRNA to 39% of baseline (p < 0.05). A strong correlation between MPO and p16INK4a expression in muscle tissues was observed (r = 0.84, p < 0.001). Conclusion: EPC in skeletal muscle doubled 1 d after an acute bout of resistance exercise. The exercised effects in lowering EPC aging and tissue inflammation were enhanced by immunostimulant Rg1, suggesting the involvement of immune stimulation on EPC rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Xu Yar Lee
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei City 11153, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jinfu Wu
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei City 11153, Taiwan, ROC.,Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Horng Jean
- Department of Anesthesiology, Far East Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Giancarlo Condello
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei City 11153, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ahmad Alkhatib
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei City 11153, Taiwan, ROC.,School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, England, United Kingdom
| | - Chao-Chieh Hsieh
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei City 11153, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Wen Hsieh
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei City 11153, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC.,Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei City 11153, Taiwan, ROC
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19
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Wang Y, Lim YY, He Z, Wong WT, Lai WF. Dietary phytochemicals that influence gut microbiota: Roles and actions as anti-Alzheimer agents. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5140-5166. [PMID: 33559482 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1882381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The last decide has witnessed a growing research interest in the role of dietary phytochemicals in influencing the gut microbiota. On the other hand, recent evidence reveals that dietary phytochemicals exhibit properties of preventing and tackling symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, which is a neurodegenerative disease that has also been linked with the status of the gut microbiota over the last decade. Till now, little serious discussions, however, have been made to link recent understanding of Alzheimer's disease, dietary phytochemicals and the gut microbiota together and to review the roles played by phytochemicals in gut dysbiosis induced pathologies of Alzheimer's disease. Deciphering these connections can provide insights into the development and future use of dietary phytochemicals as anti-Alzheimer drug candidates. This review aims at presenting latest evidence in the modulating role of phytochemicals in the gut microbiota and its relevance to Alzheimer's disease and summarizing the mechanisms behind the modulative activities. Limitations of current research in this field and potential directions will also be discussed for future research on dietary phytochemicals as anti-Alzheimer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yau-Yan Lim
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zhendan He
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wing-Tak Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wing-Fu Lai
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
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20
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Zhao J, He B, Zhang S, Huang W, Li X. Ginsenoside Rg1 alleviates acute liver injury through the induction of autophagy and suppressing NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:1382-1389. [PMID: 33628094 PMCID: PMC7893561 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.50919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Severe hepatitis is a common cause of chronic or acute liver disease and autophagy might play an important role in cellular response to inflammation and injury. It has been reported that Ginsenoside-Rg1 (G-Rg1) has strong hepatoprotective effects for acute liver injury, but its protective mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. This study aims to explore the detailed molecular mechanisms of G-Rg1 on acute liver injury via autophagy. Methods: The role of G-Rg1 by autophagic induction was studied in the mouse model of acute liver injury which induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Liver function, inflammatory reaction and apoptosis were detected when autophagy has been inhibited by 3-MA or stimulated by RPA. MCC950 and ATP were applied to investigate the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in acute liver injury. The differential expression of NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase 1, caspase 3, IL-1β, IL-18, LC3-I, LC3-II, Beclin-1, PINK1 and Parkin have been detected by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Results: G-Rg1 could decrease ALT, AST, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in mice with CCl4-induced acute liver injury. The change of autophagy and apoptosis after the treatment of 3-MA or RPA demonstrated that the autophagy played a key role in the protective effect of G-Rg1 in acute liver injury. The enhancement of G-Rg1 promoted-autophagy resulted in the significant decrease in NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase 1, caspase 3, IL-1β and IL-18, which suggesting that NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway was associated with the autophagy induced by G-Rg1 in acute liver injury. Conclusion: G-Rg1 ameliorated acute liver injury via the autophagy, which may be related to NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wenxiang Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Clinical Molecular Medicine Testing Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
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21
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Ginsenoside Rg1 prevent and treat inflammatory diseases: A review. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 87:106805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Ginsenoside Rg1 and the control of inflammation implications for the therapy of type 2 diabetes: A review of scientific findings and call for further research. Pharmacol Res 2020; 152:104630. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Zeng M, Zhang L, Zhang B, Li B, Kan Y, Yang H, Feng W, Zheng X. Chinese yam extract and adenosine attenuated LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting RAS and apoptosis via the ER-mediated activation of SHC/Ras/Raf1 pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 61:152857. [PMID: 31035040 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effects of the Chinese yam extract and adenosine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiac anomalies and the underlying mechanisms involved. METHODS Chinese yam extract [1630 mg/kg, intragastric (i.g.), 2 times/day] and adenosine (50 mg/kg, i.g., 2 times/day) were administered for 3 days, followed by the induction of sepsis by injecting LPS intraperitoneally [10 mg/kg, 2 h prior, intraperitoneally (i.p.)]. Also, estrogen receptor (ER)-unspecific antagonist Faslodex (ICI182,780, 0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 30 min before the treatments of Chinese yam extract or adenosine to evaluate whether the observed effects elicited by yam and adenosine were mediated via ERs. The heart function and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reversed mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), renin-angiotensin system (RAS), apoptosis markers, ER, and SHC/Ras/Raf1 were examined. The antagonistic effect of ICI182,780 (1 μM) and FTS (1 μM) against the Chinese yam extract (0.1 mg/ml) and adenosine (5 μM) in LPS (20 μg/ml, 24 h)-induced H9c2 cells was also investigated. RESULTS The Chinese yam extract and adenosine improved heart function, downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines, reversed MAPK and RAS, transformed the apoptosis markers, and increased the expression of ER and SHC/Ras/Raf1 following LPS challenge. These effects could be blocked by ICI182,780. FTS could not block the expression of ER on the Chinese yam extract and adenosine interposed on LPS-induced H9c2 cells, demonstrating that ER might be the upstream signaling regulator of SHC/Ras/Raf1. CONCLUSION The Chinese yam extract and adenosine ameliorated LPS-induced cardiac contractility through the inhibition of RAS and apoptosis possibly via an ER-SHC/Ras/Raf1-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Zeng
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Benke Li
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Kan
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.
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Kim JE, Park JW, Kang MJ, Choi HJ, Bae SJ, Choi YS, Lee YJ, Lee HS, Hong JT, Hwang DY. Anti-Inflammatory Response and Muscarinic Cholinergic Regulation during the Laxative Effect of Asparagus cochinchinensis in Loperamide-Induced Constipation of SD Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040946. [PMID: 30795644 PMCID: PMC6412595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several types of saponins and herbal plants containing saponins have been reported to have anti-inflammatory or laxative activities. To verify the therapeutic effects of saponin-enriched extracts of Asparagus cochinchinensis (SPA) on the anti-inflammatory response and on the cholinergic regulation in the gastrointestinal system, an alteration on the constipation phenotypes, on the inflammatory responses, and on the muscarinic cholinergic regulation were investigated in the transverse colons of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with loperamide (Lop)-induced constipation after the treatment of SPA. Significant increases were observed on the total number of stools, the gastrointestinal transit, the thickness of the mucosal layer, the flat luminal surface, the number of paneth cells, and the lipid droplets in the Lop + SPA-treated group as compared to the Lop + Vehicle-treated group. SPA treatment induced the recovery of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) and IL-6), inflammatory mediators (NF-κB and iNOS), the total number of infiltered mast cells, and mucin secretion. Also, some similar improvements were observed on the levels of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity and on the phosphorylation of myosin light chains (MLC) as well as the expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors M2/M3 (mAChR M2/M3) and their mediators. The results presented herein provide the first strong evidence that SPA stimulates anti-inflammatory responses and the muscarinic cholinergic regulation when exerting its laxative effects in the chronic constipation of Lop-induced models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Biomaterial Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Korea.
| | - Ji Won Park
- Department of Biomaterial Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Korea.
| | - Mi Ju Kang
- Department of Biomaterial Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Korea.
| | - Hyeon Jun Choi
- Department of Biomaterial Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Korea.
| | - Su Ji Bae
- Department of Biomaterial Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Korea.
| | - You Sang Choi
- Department of Biomaterial Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Korea.
| | - Young Ju Lee
- Department of Biomaterial Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Korea.
| | - Hee Seob Lee
- College of Human Ecology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea.
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Chungju 361-763, Korea.
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterial Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Korea.
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Connection between Systemic Inflammation and Neuroinflammation Underlies Neuroprotective Mechanism of Several Phytochemicals in Neurodegenerative Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1972714. [PMID: 30402203 PMCID: PMC6196798 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1972714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), and a substantial portion of elderly population at risk of these diseases requires nutritional intervention to benefit health due to lack of clinically relevant drugs. To this end, anti-inflammatory mechanisms of several phytochemicals such as curcumin, resveratrol, propolis, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and ginsenosides have been extensively studied. However, correlation of the phytochemicals with neuroinflammation or brain nutrition is not fully considered, especially in their therapeutic mechanism for neuronal damage or dysfunction. In this article, we review the advance in antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of phytochemicals and discuss the potential communication with brain microenvironment by improved gastrointestinal function, enhanced systemic immunity, and neuroprotective outcomes. These data show that phytochemicals may modulate and suppress neuroinflammation of the brain by several approaches: (1) reducing systemic inflammation and infiltration via the blood-brain barrier (BBB), (2) direct permeation into the brain parenchyma leading to neuroprotection, (3) enhancing integrity of disrupted BBB, and (4) vagal reflex-mediated nutrition and protection by gastrointestinal function signaling to the brain. Therefore, many phytochemicals have multiple potential neuroprotective approaches contributing to therapeutic benefit for pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, and development of strategies for preventing these diseases represents a considerable public health concern and socioeconomic burden.
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Ginsenoside Rg1 protects against hind-limb ischemia reperfusion induced lung injury via NF-κB/COX-2 signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 60:96-103. [PMID: 29709772 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Ginsenoside Rg1 is regarded as the primary bioactive ingredient in Panax notoginseng that has been well recognized for its protective effects against ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. However, the mechanisms still remain elusive. Our study aims to investigate the effects of Rg1 against lung injury induced by hind-limb IR in rats. METHODS Twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats were randomly submitted to sham operation (SM group), hind-limb IR (IR group), hind-limb IR + Rg1 (Rg1 group), and hind-limb IR + Pro-DTC group (PD group). All the rats except those in SM group were subjected to 3 h of ischemia followed by 6 h of reperfusion, and extra intravenous Rg1 and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (Pro-DTC), a selective inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), was administered intravenously before ischemia in the Rg1 and PD group, respectively. The activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), as well as protein expressions of NF-κB p65 and cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2) in lung tissue, and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 6-keto-ProstaglandinF1α (6-keto-PGF1α) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were detected. Morphological changes, index of quantitative assessment of histologic lung injury (IQA), apoptosis index (AI) and lung Wet/Dry ratio were also evaluated. RESULTS The levels of Wet/Dry ratio, IQA, AI, activities of MPO and 6-keto-PGF1α/TXB2 ratio were increased, and NF-κB p65 and COX-2 protein expression were upregulated, while SOD and CAT levels were decreased in lung tissue in IR group as compared with SM group (p < 0.05), all the alterations could be significantly reversed by Rg1 or Pro-DTC pretreatment (p < 0.05). And Rg1 and Pro-DTC also significantly attenuated the pulmonary histological abnormalities induced by IR. CONCLUSION Ginsenoside Rg1 potentially attenuated lung injury induced by hind-limb IR by regulating NF-κB/COX-2 signaling pathway.
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Li J, Yang C, Zhang S, Liu S, Zhao L, Luo H, Chen Y, Huang W. Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits inflammatory responses via modulation of the nuclear factor‑κB pathway and inhibition of inflammasome activation in alcoholic hepatitis. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:899-907. [PMID: 29207044 PMCID: PMC5752168 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 (G‑Rg1) is an active ingredient of Panax ginseng, which has previously been reported to attenuate alcohol‑induced hepatic damage; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of G‑Rg1 on alcohol‑induced cell injury in vitro and on a rat model of alcoholic hepatitis in vivo. For the in vitro model, L‑O2 cells were incubated with ethanol in the presence or absence of G‑Rg1. For the in vivo model, rats were administered ethanol by intragastric injection and were treated with G‑Rg1, or dexamethasone as a control. The results indicated that serum biochemical parameters, including alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and total bilirubin, as well as the expression of nuclear factor (NF)‑κB pathway‑associated inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)‑6, tumor necrosis factor‑α and IL‑1β, were elevated in response to alcohol; however, they were significantly decreased by G‑Rg1 treatment. Furthermore, NF‑κB pathway activation was reduced by treatment with G‑Rg1. G‑Rg1 also decreased oxidative stress by inhibiting cytochrome P450 2E1 expression and reactive oxygen species production, and promoting glutathione peroxidase expression. Furthermore, G‑Rg1 inhibited the expression levels of caspase‑3 and ‑8, which may be associated with decreased hepatocyte apoptosis. These data suggested that G‑Rg1 may protect hepatocytes against alcohol‑induced injury, through preventing excessive inflammation and hepatocellular apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and
| | | | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and
| | | | - Huan Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and
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Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats via modulation of PPAR-γ/NF-κB signal pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:55384-55393. [PMID: 28903427 PMCID: PMC5589666 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1, the main active compound in Panax ginseng, has already been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. However, the protective effects of Rg1 on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of Rg1 on adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) in rats. AIA rats were given Rg1 at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 14 days to observe the anti-arthritic effects. The results showed that Rg1 significantly alleviated joint swelling and injuries. Rg1 can also significantly reduce the level of TNF-α and IL-6, increase PPAR-γ protein expression, inhibit IκBα phosphorylation and NF-κB nuclear translocation in the inflammatory joints of AIA rats and RAW264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results indicate that Rg1 has therapeutic effects on AIA rats, and the mechanism might be associated with its anti-inflammatory effects by up-regulating PPAR-γ and subsequent inhibition of NF-κB signal pathway.
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Liu M, Zhang X, Chen H, Wang G, Zhang J, Dong P, Liu Y, An S, Wang L. Serum sPD-L1, Upregulated in Sepsis, May Reflect Disease Severity and Clinical Outcomes in Septic Patients. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:66-72. [PMID: 27864994 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to find the correlation between serum sPD-L1 (soluble programmed cell death L-1 ligand) and sepsis. Totally 91 consecutive patients with sepsis were performed in a 15-bed medical intensive care unit (ICU) of the second affiliated hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University in Xi'an, China, between February 2015 and May 2016. Healthy controls (HC) consisted of 29 healthy volunteer. Baseline demographic data were recorded. Blood samples were collected through an indwelling central venous or by peripheral venipuncture. Serum sPD-L1 and sPD-1 levels were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (Elabscience Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Wuhan, China). SPSS19.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analysis were also performed. Serum sPD-L1 levels and sPD-1 levels were significantly increased in septic patients compared with HC (P = 0.000). Serum sPD-L1 levels were significantly increased in non-survivors compared with survivors (P < 0.05), but there was no statistically difference on serum sPD-1 levels between non-survivors and survivors (P > 0.05). Serum sPD-L1 levels were correlated with absolute lymphocyte (ALC), platelets and SOFA scores. Serum sPD-L1/sPD-1 levels were negatively correlated with ALC and platelets, and SOFA scores. The prognostic accuracy of the sPD-L1 level to predict 28-day mortality was similar to that of the APACHE-II scores and SOFA scores. Cox regression analysis showed that sPD-L1 was an independent prognostic factor. Serum sPD-L1 is upregulated in sepsis and may reflect disease severity and clinical outcomes in patients. Serum sPD-L1 may be an independent prognostic factor for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - H Chen
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - G Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - P Dong
- Department of Endocrine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - S An
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - L Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis via activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38480. [PMID: 27910952 PMCID: PMC5133596 DOI: 10.1038/srep38480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) is one of the major bioactive ingredients in Panax ginseng, and it attenuates inflammation and apoptosis. The aims of our study were to explore the potential of Rg1 for the treatment of intestinal I/R injury and to determine whether the protective effects of Rg1 were exerted through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In this study, Rg1 treatment ameliorated inflammatory factors, ROS and apoptosis that were induced by intestinal I/R injury. Cell viability was increased and cell apoptosis was decreased with Rg1 pretreatment following hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in the in vitro study. Rg1 activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in both the in vivo and in vitro models, and in the in vitro study, the activation was blocked by DKK1. Our study provides evidence that pretreatment with Rg1 significantly reduces ROS and apoptosis induced by intestinal I/R injury via activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that Rg1 could exert its therapeutic effects on intestinal I/R injury through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and provide a novel treatment modality for intestinal I/R injury.
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Simultaneous quantification of ginsenoside Rg1 and its metabolites by HPLC-MS/MS: Rg1 excretion in rat bile, urine and feces. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:593-599. [PMID: 27818927 PMCID: PMC5071637 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), the major effective component of ginseng, has been shown to have multiple bioactivities, but low oral bioavailability. The aim of this study was to develop a simple, sensitive and rapid high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method, which could be used to validate and quantify the concentrations of Rg1 and its metabolites in Sprague-Dawley rat bile, urine, and feces after oral administration (25 mg/kg). Calibration curves offered satisfactory linearity (r>0.995) within the determined ranges. Both intra-day and inter-day variances were less than 15%, and the accuracy was within 80–120%. The excretion recoveries of Rg1, ginsenoside Rh1 (Rh1), and protopanaxatriol (Ppt) in bile, urine, and feces combined were all greater than 70%. The fecal excretion recoveries of Rg1, Rh1, and Ppt were 40.11%, 22.19%, and 22.88%, respectively, whereas 6.88% of Rg1 and 0.09% of Rh1 were excreted in bile. Urinary excretion accounted for only 0.04% of Rg1. In conclusion, the observed excretion profiles for Rg1 and its metabolites after oral administration are helpful for understanding the poor oral bioavailability of Rg1 and will aid further investigations of Rg1 as a pharmacologically active component.
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Zhou XL, Huang L, Cao J. Embelin Reduces Systemic Inflammation and Ameliorates Organ Injuries in Septic Rats Through Downregulating STAT3 and NF-κB Pathways. Inflammation 2016; 38:1556-62. [PMID: 25682469 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Current evidence shows that the majority of the damage induced during sepsis is pursuant to induction and overproduction of endogenous cytokines. Embelin has been reported to suppress cytokine expressions in inflammatory disorders. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of embelin on cecal and ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced rat sepsis. Single-dose administration of embelin 1 h after surgery significantly improved survival of rats with CLP-induced sepsis. In addition, embelin treatment reduced the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and decreased organ inflammation and injuries. Moreover, embelin suppressed the activation of p65 subunit of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3). Collectively, these results indicated that embelin ameliorates sepsis in rats through suppressing STAT3 and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Long Zhou
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
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Liang WY, Liu ML, Feng XR, Zhang ZL, Zhu XY, Li YJ, Liu A, Yin HJ. Effect of Shen-yuan on haemodynamic and anti-inflammatory factors in a porcine model of acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Suppl 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/suw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Yu H, Zhen J, Yang Y, Gu J, Wu S, Liu Q. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes rat model. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:623-31. [PMID: 26869403 PMCID: PMC5125941 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 has been demonstrated to have cardiovascular protective effects. However, whether the cardioprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 are mediated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‐induced apoptosis remain unclear. In this study, among 80 male Wistar rats, 15 rats were randomly selected as controls; the remaining 65 rats received a diet rich in fat and sugar content for 4 weeks, followed by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg) to establish a diabetes model. Seven days after STZ injection, 10 rats were randomly selected as diabetic model (DM) controls, 45 eligible diabetic rats were randomized to three treatment groups and administered ginsenoside Rg1 in a dosage of 10, 15 or 20 mg/kg/day, respectively. After 12 weeks of treatment, rats were killed and serum samples obtained to determine cardiac troponin (cTn)‐I. Myocardial tissues were harvested for morphological analysis to detect myocardial cell apoptosis, and to analyse protein expression of glucose‐regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and Caspase‐12. Treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 (10–20 mg/kg) significantly reduced serum cTnI levels compared with DM control group (all P < 0.01). Ginsenoside Rg1 (15 and 20 mg/kg) significantly reduced the percentage of apoptotic myocardial cells and improved the parameters of cardiac function. Haematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining indicated that ginsenoside Rg1 could attenuate myocardial lesions and myocardial collagen volume fraction. Additionally, ginsenoside Rg1 significantly reduced GRP78, CHOP, and cleaved Caspase‐12 protein expression in a dose‐dependent manner. These findings suggest that ginsenoside Rg1 appeared to ameliorate diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting ER stress‐induced apoptosis in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Yu
- Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Juan Zhen
- Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jinning Gu
- Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Suisheng Wu
- Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Nguyen CT, Luong TT, Lee SY, Kim GL, Kwon H, Lee HG, Park CK, Rhee DK. Panax ginseng aqueous extract prevents pneumococcal sepsis in vivo by potentiating cell survival and diminishing inflammation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:1055-1061. [PMID: 26407948 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 50% of sepsis cases are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, and hospital mortality related to sepsis comprises 52% of all hospital deaths. Therefore, sepsis is a medical emergency, and any treatment against the agent that produces it, is welcome. PURPOSE The role of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae) aqueous extract in bacterial infection in vivo is not well understood. Here, the protective effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) extract against pneumococcal infection and sepsis was elucidated. STUDY DESIGN In this study, mice were administrated KRG (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) for 15 days, and then infected with a lethal S. pneumoniae strain. Survival rate, body weight, and colonization were determined. METHODS The RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were infected with S. pneumoniae and cell viability was assessed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Inflammation was examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining while gene expression was determined using western blotting. RESULTS KRG-pre-treated mice (100 mg/kg of KRG) had significantly higher survival rates and body weights than those of the non-treated controls; KRG-pre-treated mice had lower bacterial number and morbidity than those of the non-treated controls. 100 mg/kg of KRG administration decreased cytokine levels including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (897 and 623 pg/ml, control and KRG groups, respectively, P < 0.05) and interleukin (IL)-1β (175 and 127 pg/ml, control and KRG groups, respectively, P = 0.051), nitric oxide level (149 and 81 nM, control and KRG groups, respectively, P < 0.05), and neutrophil infiltration 48 h post-infection, in vivo. In pneumococcal infection, KRG pre-treatment downregulated toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TNF-ɑ expressions in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and increased cell survival by activating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling. CONCLUSION Taken together, 100 mg/kg of KRG appeared to protect host cells from lethal pneumococcal sepsis by inhibiting inflammation as well as by enhancing bacterial clearance thereby reinforcing cell survival against pneumococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Thach Nguyen
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Truc Thanh Luong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeop Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Lee Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyogyoung Kwon
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Gyun Lee
- The Korean Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Co., Daejeon 305-805, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Kyu Park
- The Korean Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Co., Daejeon 305-805, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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Liang D, Hou Y, Lou X, Chen H. Decoy Receptor 3 Improves Survival in Experimental Sepsis by Suppressing the Inflammatory Response and Lymphocyte Apoptosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131680. [PMID: 26121476 PMCID: PMC4488266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Unbalanced inflammatory response and lymphocyte apoptosis is associated with high mortality in septic patients. Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is an anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic factor. Recently, DcR3 expression was found to be increased in septic patients. This study evaluated the therapeutic effect and mechanisms of DcR3 on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis in mice. Methods C57BL/6 mice were subjected to CLP-induced polymicrobial sepsis. DcR3 Fc was intravenously injected 30 min before and 6 h after CLP. Bacterial clearance, cytokine production, histology, lymphocyte apoptosis and survival were evaluated. Furthermore, we investigated the systemic effects of DcR3 in in vitro lymphocyte apoptosis regulation. Results Our results demonstrated that DcR3 protein treatments significantly improved survival in septic mice (p <0.05). Treatment with DcR3 protein significantly reduced the inflammatory response and decreased lymphocyte apoptosis in the thymus and spleen. Histopathological findings of the lung and liver showed milder impairment after DcR3 administration. In vitro experiments showed that DcR3 Fc inhibited Fas-FasL mediated lymphocyte apoptosis. Conclusions Treatment with the DcR3 protein protects mice from sepsis by suppressing the inflammatory response and lymphocyte apoptosis. DcR3 protein may be useful in treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongYu Liang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - YanQiang Hou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - XiaoLi Lou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - HongWei Chen
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Bao S, Zou Y, Wang B, Li Y, Zhu J, Luo Y, Li J. Ginsenoside Rg1 improves lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting inflammatory responses and modulating infiltration of M2 macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:429-34. [PMID: 26122136 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), the major effective component of ginseng, has been reported to have potent anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice was unknown. The present study was designed to investigate the protective role of Rg1 on LPS-induced ALI and explore the potential mechanisms. The mice were divided randomly into four groups: the sham group, the LPS group and the LPS+Rg1 (40 mg/kg or 200mg/kg) pretreatment groups. All mice received Rg1 or an equivalent volume of phosphate buffer saline (PBS) intraperitoneally 1h before LPS administration. Edema quantification, histology, and apoptosis were detected 6h after LPS administration. The number of inflammatory cells, the percentage of alternative activated (M2) macrophages and the exudate quantification in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were evaluated. The caspase 3 expression, and the levels of phosphorylated IκB-α and p65 were tested. The results showed that the Rg1 pretreatment group markedly improved lung damage, modulated the infiltration of neutrophils and M2 macrophages, prevented the production of protein and proinflammatory cytokines in BALF, and inhibited apoptosis in lung. We also found that Rg1 suppressed NF-κB and caspase 3 activation. These data suggest that Rg1 plays a protective role against LPS-induced ALI by ameliorating inflammatory responses, regulating the infiltration of M2 macrophages, and inhibiting pulmonary cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhong Bao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yun Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yinjiao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jiali Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Jinbao Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Ginsenoside Rg1, a potential JNK inhibitor, protects against ischemia/reperfusion-induced liver damage. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Liu S, Yu X, Hu B, Zou Y, Li J, Bo L, Deng X. Salidroside rescued mice from experimental sepsis through anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis effects. J Surg Res 2015; 195:277-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Wang CW, Huang YC, Chan FN, Su SC, Kuo YH, Huang SF, Hung MW, Lin HC, Chang WL, Chang TC. A gut microbial metabolite of ginsenosides, compound K, induces intestinal glucose absorption and Na(+) /glucose cotransporter 1 gene expression through activation of cAMP response element binding protein. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:670-84. [PMID: 25600494 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The Na(+) /glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) plays a crucial role in glucose uptake in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), which has been shown essential in ameliorating intestinal inflammation. Ginseng has historically been used to treat inflammatory disorders. Understanding the regulatory mechanism of ginseng-mediated induction of SGLT1 gene expression in human intestinal cells is therefore important. METHODS AND RESULTS We demonstrate that ginsenoside compound K (CK) enhances SGLT1-mediated glucose uptake in mice and human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Transient transfection analysis using SGLT1 promoter-luciferase reporters demonstrated that the presence of an essential cAMP response element (CRE) is required for CK-mediated induction of SGLT1 gene expression. The ChIP assays indicated that increased CRE-binding protein (CREB) and CREB-binding protein (CBP) binding to the SGLT1 promoter in CK-treated cells is associated with an activated chromatin state. Our result showed that the increased CREB phosphorylation is directly correlated with SGLT1 expression in IECs. Further studies indicated that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is involved in the CK-mediated effect. CONCLUSION These findings provide a novel mechanism for the CK-mediated upregulation of SGLT1 expression through EGFR-CREB signaling activation, which could contribute to reducing gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wen Wang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Xu D, Huang P, Yu Z, Xing DH, Ouyang S, Xing G. Efficacy and Safety of Panax notoginseng Saponin Therapy for Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Meta-Analysis, and Mini Review of Potential Mechanisms of Action. Front Neurol 2015; 5:274. [PMID: 25620952 PMCID: PMC4288044 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial/intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a leading cause of death and disability in people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke. No proven drug is available for ICH. Panax notoginseng (total saponin extraction, PNS) is one of the most valuable herb medicines for stroke and cerebralvascular disorders in China. We searched for randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) involving PNS injection to treat cerebral hemorrhage for meta-analysis from various databases including the Chinese Stroke Trials Register, the trials register of the Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Chinese BioMedical disk, and China Doctorate/Master Dissertations Databases. The quality of the eligible trials was assessed by Jadad’s scale. Twenty (20) of the 24 identified randomized controlled trials matched the inclusive criteria including 984 ICH patients with PNS injection and 907 ICH patients with current treatment (CT). Compared to the CT groups, PNS-treated patients showed better outcomes in the effectiveness rate (ER), neurological deficit score, intracranial hematoma volume, intracerebral edema volume, Barthel index, the number of patients died, and incidence of adverse events. Conclusion: PNS injection is superior to CT for acute ICH. A review of the literature shows that PNS may exert multiple protective mechanisms against ICH-induced brain damage including hemostasis, anti-coagulation, anti-thromboembolism, cerebral vasodilation, invigorated blood dynamics, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and anti-hyperglycemic effects. Since vitamin C and other brain cell activators (BCA) that are not considered common practice were also used as parts of the CT in several trials, potential PNS and BCA interactions could exist that may have made the effect of PNS therapy less or more impressive than by PNS therapy alone. Future PNS trials with and without the inclusion of such controversial BCAs as part of the CT could clarify the situation. As PNS has a long clinical track record in Asia, it could potentially become a therapy option to treat ICH in the US and Europe. Further clinical trials with better experimental design could determine the long-term effects of PNS treatment for TBI and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Xu
- Faculty of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine , Nanning , China
| | - Ping Huang
- Faculty of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine , Nanning , China
| | - Zhaosheng Yu
- Department of Oncology, Huanggang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Huanggang , China
| | | | - Shuai Ouyang
- School of Business, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
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Hou YL, Tsai YH, Lin YH, Chao JCJ. Ginseng extract and ginsenoside Rb1 attenuate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:415. [PMID: 25344394 PMCID: PMC4216840 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Ginsenosides, the major bioactive compounds in ginseng root, have been found to have antioxidant, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. This study investigated the effects of ginsenosides on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatitis and liver fibrosis in rats. Methods Male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, CCl4, CCl4 + 0.5 g/kg Panax ginseng extract and CCl4 + 0.05 g/kg ginsenoside Rb1 groups. The treated groups were orally given Panax ginseng extract or ginsenoside Rb1 two weeks before the induction of liver injury for successive 9 weeks. Liver injury was induced by intraperitoneally injected with 400 ml/l CCl4 at a dose of 0.75 ml/kg body weight weekly for 7 weeks. The control group was intraperitoneally injected with olive oil. Results The pathological results showed that ginsenoside Rb1 decreased hepatic fat deposition (2.65 ± 0.82 vs 3.50 ± 0.75, p <0.05) and Panax ginseng extract lowered hepatic reticular fiber accumulation (1.05 ± 0.44 vs 1.60 ± 0.39, p <0.01) increased by CCl4. Plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were increased by CCl4 (p <0.01), and aspartate aminotransferase activity was decreased by Panax ginseng extract at week 9 (p <0.05). Exposure to CCl4 for 7 weeks, the levels of plasma and hepatic triglycerides (p <0.01), hepatic cholesterol (p <0.01), interleukin-1β (p <0.01), prostaglandin E2 (p <0.05), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (p <0.05), hydroxyproline (p <0.05), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (p <0.05) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) (p <0.01) were elevated, however, hepatic interleukin-10 level was lowered (p <0.05). Both Panax ginseng extract and ginsenoside Rb1 decreased plasma and hepatic triglyceride, hepatic prostaglandin E2, hydroxyproline and TIMP-1 levels, and Panax ginseng extract further inhibited interleukin-1β concentrations (p <0.05). Conclusions Panax ginseng extract and ginsenoside Rb1 attenuate plasma aminotransferase activities and liver inflammation to inhibit CCl4-induced liver fibrosis through down-regulation of hepatic prostaglandin E2 and TIMP-1.
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Tao T, Chen F, Bo L, Xie Q, Yi W, Zou Y, Hu B, Li J, Deng X. Ginsenoside Rg1 protects mouse liver against ischemia–reperfusion injury through anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis properties. J Surg Res 2014; 191:231-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Song Y, Zhao F, Zhang L, Du Y, Wang T, Fu F. Ginsenoside Rg1 exerts synergistic anti-inflammatory effects with low doses of glucocorticoids in vitro. Fitoterapia 2013; 91:173-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Oh HA, Seo JY, Jeong HJ, Kim HM. Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits the TSLP production in allergic rhinitis mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2013; 35:678-86. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2013.837061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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