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Gu L, He XH, Zhu P. Analysis of similarities and differences between transient symptomatic zinc deficiency and acrodermatitis enteropathica in children: a case report of a Chinese Yi-ethnic infant. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:338. [PMID: 38755601 PMCID: PMC11097564 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transient symptomatic zinc deficiency (TSZD), an acquired type of zinc deficiency, is a rare, but probably underrecognized disease, extremely in breastfed premature with low birthweight infants. Its clinical manefestations are similar to Acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE), which is a genetic zinc absorption disorder caused by SLC39A4 gene mutations. This gene encodes a member of the zinc/iron-regulated transporter-like protein (ZIP) family. The encoded protein localizes to cell membranes and is required for zinc uptake in the intestine. TSZD is often misdiagnosed as AE because of their extremely similar manefestations, characterized by a typical rash. Therefore, the differention between them is still a clinical challenging. CASE PRESENTATION Here, we present a case of TSZD in a 4 month and 23 days female Chinese Yi-ethnic premature with AE-like skin lesions, mainly presenting periorificial, perianal and perineal crusted, eroded, erythemato-squamous eruption. Laboratory examination showed the patient's blood zinc level was significantly decreased. Further sequencing of the SLC39A4 gene showed no mutation in the infant and her parents. Skin lesions significantly improved after 6 days of initial zinc supplementation (3 mg/kg/d), and maintenance treatment with 1 mg/kg/day of zinc was discontinued after 8 months without recurrence. CONCLUSIONS The clinical manifestations of TSZD and AE are extremely similar, leading to a high rate of clinical misdiagnosis. While genetic analysis of the SLC39A4 gene is a reliable method for differentiating TSZD from AE. It is recommended that SLC39A4 gene test should be performed as far as possible in children with AE-like rash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, Yibin Hospital Affiliated to Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , No. 108, Shangmao road, Xuzhou district, Yibin, Sichuan, P.R. China.
- Department of Pediatrics, the First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, Sichuan, P.R. China.
| | - Xue-Hui He
- Department of Pediatrics, Yibin Hospital Affiliated to Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , No. 108, Shangmao road, Xuzhou district, Yibin, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatrics, the First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Yibin Hospital Affiliated to Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , No. 108, Shangmao road, Xuzhou district, Yibin, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatrics, the First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, Sichuan, P.R. China
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2
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Hall AG, King JC. The Molecular Basis for Zinc Bioavailability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076561. [PMID: 37047530 PMCID: PMC10095312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient, and its deficiency is perhaps the most prevalent and least understood worldwide. Recent advances have expanded the understanding of zinc’s unique chemistry and molecular roles in a vast array of critical functions. However, beyond the concept of zinc absorption, few studies have explored the molecular basis of zinc bioavailability that determines the proportion of dietary zinc utilized in zinc-dependent processes in the body. The purpose of this review is to merge the concepts of zinc molecular biology and bioavailability with a focus on the molecular determinants of zinc luminal availability, absorption, transport, and utilization.
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3
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Katimba HA, Wang R, Cheng C, Zhang Y, Lu W, Ma Y. Zinc Absorption & Homeostasis in the Human Body: A General Overview. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2023.2195188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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4
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Muto T, Kawase Y, Aiba K, Okuma M, Itsumura N, Luo S, Ogawa N, Tsuji T, Kambe T. Novel
SLC30A2
mutations in the pathogenesis of transient neonatal zinc deficiency. Pediatr Investig 2023; 7:6-12. [PMID: 36967740 PMCID: PMC10030689 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Transient neonatal zinc deficiency (TNZD) occurs in breastfed infants due to abnormally low breast milk zinc levels. Mutations in the solute carrier family 30 member 2 (SLC30A2) gene, which encodes the zinc transporter ZNT2, cause low zinc concentration in breast milk. Objective This study aimed to provide further insights into TNZD pathophysiology. Methods SLC30A2 sequencing was performed in three unrelated Japanese mothers, whose infants developed TNZD due to low-zinc milk consumption. The effects of the identified mutations were examined using cell-based assays and luciferase reporter analysis. Results Novel SLC30A2 mutations were identified in each mother. One harbored a heterozygous missense mutation in the ZNT2 zinc-binding site, which resulted in defective zinc transport. The other two mothers exhibited multiple heterozygous mutations in the SLC30A2 promoter, the first mutations in the SLC30A2 regulatory region reported to date. Interpretation This report provides new genetic insights into TNZD pathogenesis in breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Muto
- Department of Pediatrics Aichi Medical University Hospital Nagakute Japan
| | - Yuriko Kawase
- Department of Dermatology Toshiba Central Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Kaori Aiba
- Department of Pediatrics Toyohashi Municipal Hospital Toyohashi Japan
| | - Miyuki Okuma
- Department of Pediatrics Toshiba Central Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoya Itsumura
- Department of Applied Molecular Biology, Division of Integrated Life Science Graduate School of Biostudies Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Shuangyu Luo
- Department of Applied Molecular Biology, Division of Integrated Life Science Graduate School of Biostudies Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Namino Ogawa
- Department of Applied Molecular Biology, Division of Integrated Life Science Graduate School of Biostudies Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Tokuji Tsuji
- Department of Applied Molecular Biology, Division of Integrated Life Science Graduate School of Biostudies Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Taiho Kambe
- Department of Applied Molecular Biology, Division of Integrated Life Science Graduate School of Biostudies Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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5
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Duan M, Li T, Liu B, Yin S, Zang J, Lv C, Zhao G, Zhang T. Zinc nutrition and dietary zinc supplements. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:1277-1292. [PMID: 34382897 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1963664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As the second most abundant trace element in the human body, zinc nutrition is constantly a hot topic. More than one-third population is suffering zinc deficiency, which results in various types of diseases or nutritional deficiencies. Traditional ways of zinc supplementation seem with low absorption rates and significant side effects. Zinc supplements with dietary components are easily accessible and improve zinc utilization rate significantly. Also, mechanisms of maintaining zinc homeostasis are of broad interest. The present review focuses on zinc nutrition in human health in inductive methods. Mainly elaborate on different diseases relating to zinc disorder, highlighting the impact on the immune system and the recent COVID-19. Then raise food-derived zinc-binding compounds, including protein, peptide, polysaccharide, and polyphenol, and also analyze their possibilities to serve as zinc complementary. Finally, illustrate the way to maintain zinc homeostasis and the corresponding mechanisms. The review provides data information for maintaining zinc homeostasis with the food-derived matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoping Duan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhua Yin
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiachen Zang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyan Lv
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghua Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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6
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Innella K, Levidy MF, Kadkoy Y, Lin A, Selles M, Sanchez A, Weiner A, Greendyk J, Moriarty B, Lauritsen K, Lopez J, Teitelbaum M, Fisher M, Mendiratta D, Ahn DB, Ippolitto J, Paglia DN, Cottrell J, O'Connor JP, Benevenia J, Lin SS. Local zinc treatment enhances fracture callus properties in diabetic rats. J Orthop Res 2022. [PMID: 36515300 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of locally applied zinc chloride (ZnCl2 ) on early and late-stage parameters of fracture healing were evaluated in a diabetic rat model. Type 1 Diabetes has been shown to negatively impact mechanical parameters of bone as well as biologic markers associated with bone healing. Zinc treatments have been shown to reverse those outcomes in tests of nondiabetic and diabetic animals. This study is the first to assess the efficacy of a noncarrier mediated ZnCl2 on bony healing in diabetic animals. This is a promising basic science approach which may lead to benefits for diabetic patients in the future. Treatment and healing were assessed through quantification of callus zinc, radiographic scoring, microcomputed tomography (µCT), histomorphometry, and mechanical testing. Local ZnCl2 treatment increased callus zinc levels at 1 and 3 days after fracture (p ≤ 0.025). Femur fractures treated with ZnCl2 showed increased mechanical properties after 4 and 6 weeks of healing. Histomorphometry of the ZnCl2 -treated fractures found increased callus cartilage area at Day 7 (p = 0.033) and increased callus bone area at Day 10 (p = 0.038). In contrast, callus cartilage area was decreased (p < 0.01) after 14 days in the ZnCl2 -treated rats. µCT analysis showed increased bone volume in the fracture callus of ZnCl2 -treated rats at 6 weeks (p = 0.0012) with an associated increase in the proportion of µCT voxel axial projections (Z-rays) spanning the fracture site. The results suggest that local ZnCl2 administration improves callus chondrogenesis leading to greater callus bone formation and improved fracture healing in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Innella
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael F Levidy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yazan Kadkoy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Anthony Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Marcus Selles
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alexandra Sanchez
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Adam Weiner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joshua Greendyk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Brian Moriarty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Katherine Lauritsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jonathan Lopez
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Marc Teitelbaum
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mark Fisher
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dhruv Mendiratta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - David B Ahn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joseph Ippolitto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - David N Paglia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jessica Cottrell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA
| | - J Patrick O'Connor
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joseph Benevenia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sheldon S Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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7
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[Recurrent systemic sporadic rash for 10 years in a girl aged 11 years]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2022; 24:1047-1052. [PMID: 36111725 PMCID: PMC9495228 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2204123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A girl, aged 11 years, was admitted due to recurrent rash on the whole body and mucosa for 10 years, and typical rash was erythema at the perioral region, hand-foot joints, vulva, and perianal region, with blisters, erosions, and ulcers on the erythema. The girl was improved after zinc supplementation. Her younger brother had similar rash and medical history. The histopathological examination showed epidermal parakeratosis with mild hyperkeratosis, severe spongiform edema of the stratum corneum, significant proliferation of acanthocytes, and vacuolation of keratinocytes. The genetic testing revealed that both the girl and her younger brother had a homozygous mutation of c.1456(exon9)delG in the SLC39A4 gene, and thus the girl was diagnosed with acrodermatitis enteropathica. It is concluded that for children with recurrent rash on the limbs and at the perioral region, genetic testing should be performed as early as possible to make a confirmed diagnosis, and a sufficient dose of zinc supplementation should be given, while the levels of trace elements such as blood zinc should be regularly monitored.
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8
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Iovino L, Cooper K, deRoos P, Kinsella S, Evandy C, Ugrai T, Mazziotta F, Ensbey KS, Granadier D, Hopwo K, Smith C, Gagnon A, Galimberti S, Petrini M, Hill GR, Dudakov JA. Activation of the zinc-sensing receptor GPR39 promotes T-cell reconstitution after hematopoietic cell transplant in mice. Blood 2022; 139:3655-3666. [PMID: 35357432 PMCID: PMC9227099 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021013950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged lymphopenia represents a major clinical problem after cytoreductive therapies such as chemotherapy and the conditioning required for hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT), contributing to the risk of infections and malignant relapse. Restoration of T-cell immunity depends on tissue regeneration in the thymus, the primary site of T-cell development, although the capacity of the thymus to repair itself diminishes over its lifespan. However, although boosting thymic function and T-cell reconstitution is of considerable clinical importance, there are currently no approved therapies for treating lymphopenia. Here we found that zinc (Zn) is critically important for both normal T-cell development and repair after acute damage. Accumulated Zn in thymocytes during development was released into the extracellular milieu after HCT conditioning, where it triggered regeneration by stimulating endothelial cell production of BMP4 via the cell surface receptor GPR39. Dietary supplementation of Zn was sufficient to promote thymic function in a mouse model of allogeneic HCT, including enhancing the number of recent thymic emigrants in circulation although direct targeting of GPR39 with a small molecule agonist enhanced thymic function without the need for prior Zn accumulation in thymocytes. Together, these findings not only define an important pathway underlying tissue regeneration but also offer an innovative preclinical approach to treat lymphopenia in HCT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Iovino
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Kirsten Cooper
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Paul deRoos
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Sinéad Kinsella
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Cindy Evandy
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Tamas Ugrai
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Francesco Mazziotta
- Department of Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Kathleen S Ensbey
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - David Granadier
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and
| | - Kayla Hopwo
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Colton Smith
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Alex Gagnon
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Mario Petrini
- Department of Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jarrod A Dudakov
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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9
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Hussain A, Jiang W, Wang X, Shahid S, Saba N, Ahmad M, Dar A, Masood SU, Imran M, Mustafa A. Mechanistic Impact of Zinc Deficiency in Human Development. Front Nutr 2022; 9:717064. [PMID: 35356730 PMCID: PMC8959901 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.717064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) deficiency in humans is an emerging global health issue affecting approximately two billion people across the globe. The situation prevails due to the intake of Zn deficient grains and vegetables worldwide. Clinical identification of Zn deficiency in humans remains problematic because the symptoms do not appear until impair the vital organs, such as the gastrointestinal track, central nervous system, immune system, skeletal, and nervous system. Lower Zn body levels are also responsible for multiple physiological disorders, such as apoptosis, organs destruction, DNA injuries, and oxidative damage to the cellular components through reactive oxygen species (ROS). The oxidative damage causes chronic inflammation lead toward several chronic diseases, such as heart diseases, cancers, alcohol-related malady, muscular contraction, and neuro-pathogenesis. The present review focused on the physiological and growth-related changes in humans under Zn deficient conditions, mechanisms adopted by the human body under Zn deficiency for the proper functioning of the body systems, and the importance of nutritional and nutraceutical approaches to overcome Zn deficiency in humans and concluded that the biofortified food is the best source of Zn as compared to the chemical supplementation to avoid their negative impacts on human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Hussain
- Department of Soil Science, The Islamia Diversity of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Wenting Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Xiukang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Shumaila Shahid
- Department of Soil Science, The Islamia Diversity of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Noreena Saba
- Qaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Maqshoof Ahmad
- Department of Soil Science, The Islamia Diversity of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Abubakar Dar
- Department of Soil Science, The Islamia Diversity of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Syed Usama Masood
- Clinical Fellow Pediatric Nephrology, Children Hospital and Institute of Child Health Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Adnan Mustafa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition (FA), Mendel University, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Environmental Studies, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czechia
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10
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Case report: Acrodermatitis enteropathica result from a novel SLC39A4 gene mutation. Front Pediatr 2022. [PMID: 36479285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical data and gene sequencing results in a child with acrodermatitis enteropathica were retrospectively reported, and the related literature was reviewed. A girl aged 9 years and 4 months presented with a repeated skin rash, mainly distributed in the perioral, anogenital, and acral areas, accompanied with alopecia, and a low blood zinc level was found many times. A significant improvement was seen after continuous zinc supplementation. The genetic sequencing test demonstrated that the patient had compound heterozygous for two SLC39A4 mutations: c.1466dupT (p.S490Efs*155) and c.295G > A (p.A99T), and her parents were heterozygous carriers of these two mutations. An improvement was achieved after continuous zinc supplementation. This case report might guide further research on this aspect.
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11
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Nosewicz J, Spaccarelli N, Roberts KM, Hart PA, Kaffenberger JA, Trinidad JC, Kaffenberger BH. The Epidemiology, Impact, and Diagnosis of Micronutrient Nutritional Dermatoses Part 1: Zinc, Selenium, Copper, Vitamin A, and Vitamin C. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 86:267-278. [PMID: 34748862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dermatologists play a critical role in diagnosing and managing nutritional deficiencies as they often present with cutaneous findings. Traditionally, nutritional dermatoses are taught in the context of developing countries, famine, population displacement, and poor healthcare access; however, in the United States, common risk factors include chronic liver disease, alcoholism, psychiatric disease, bariatric surgery, inflammatory bowel disease, and hemodialysis. Additionally, nutritional dermatoses may be underdiagnosed in the United States and result in increased morbidity and utilization of hospital resources. There is a need for providers in developed nations to identify these deficiencies, and this review aims to meet that practice gap and provide relevant context to these diseases for dermatologists. This two-part review series will focus on the epidemiology, impact, appearance, and diagnostic modalities for micronutrient deficiencies, including zinc, selenium, copper, and vitamins A and C in part one. The companion review will focus on the B-complex vitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Nosewicz
- Division of Dermatology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Natalie Spaccarelli
- Division of Dermatology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kristen M Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Phil A Hart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jessica A Kaffenberger
- Division of Dermatology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - John C Trinidad
- Division of Dermatology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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12
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13
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Thingholm TE, Rönnstrand L, Rosenberg PA. Why and how to investigate the role of protein phosphorylation in ZIP and ZnT zinc transporter activity and regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3085-3102. [PMID: 32076742 PMCID: PMC7391401 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is required for the regulation of proliferation, metabolism, and cell signaling. It is an intracellular second messenger, and the cellular level of ionic, mobile zinc is strictly controlled by zinc transporters. In mammals, zinc homeostasis is primarily regulated by ZIP and ZnT zinc transporters. The importance of these transporters is underscored by the list of diseases resulting from changes in transporter expression and activity. However, despite numerous structural studies of the transporters revealing both zinc binding sites and motifs important for transporter function, the exact molecular mechanisms regulating ZIP and ZnT activities are still not clear. For example, protein phosphorylation was found to regulate ZIP7 activity resulting in the release of Zn2+ from intracellular stores leading to phosphorylation of tyrosine kinases and activation of signaling pathways. In addition, sequence analyses predict all 24 human zinc transporters to be phosphorylated suggesting that protein phosphorylation is important for regulation of transporter function. This review describes how zinc transporters are implicated in a number of important human diseases. It summarizes the current knowledge regarding ZIP and ZnT transporter structures and points to how protein phosphorylation seems to be important for the regulation of zinc transporter activity. The review addresses the need to investigate the role of protein phosphorylation in zinc transporter function and regulation, and argues for a pressing need to introduce quantitative phosphoproteomics to specifically target zinc transporters and proteins involved in zinc signaling. Finally, different quantitative phosphoproteomic strategies are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Thingholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 25, 3, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - L Rönnstrand
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Medicon Village, Building 404, Scheelevägen 2, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Medicon Village, Building 404, Scheelevägen 2, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - P A Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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14
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O’Connor JP, Kanjilal D, Teitelbaum M, Lin SS, Cottrell JA. Zinc as a Therapeutic Agent in Bone Regeneration. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2211. [PMID: 32408474 PMCID: PMC7287917 DOI: 10.3390/ma13102211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential mineral that is required for normal skeletal growth and bone homeostasis. Furthermore, zinc appears to be able to promote bone regeneration. However, the cellular and molecular pathways through which zinc promotes bone growth, homeostasis, and regeneration are poorly understood. Zinc can positively affect chondrocyte and osteoblast functions, while inhibiting osteoclast activity, consistent with a beneficial role for zinc in bone homeostasis and regeneration. Based on the effects of zinc on skeletal cell populations and the role of zinc in skeletal growth, therapeutic approaches using zinc to improve bone regeneration are being developed. This review focuses on the role of zinc in bone growth, homeostasis, and regeneration while providing an overview of the existing studies that use zinc as a bone regeneration therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Patrick O’Connor
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA;
- School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (D.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Deboleena Kanjilal
- School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (D.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Marc Teitelbaum
- School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (D.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Sheldon S. Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA;
- School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (D.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Jessica A. Cottrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA;
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15
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Li Z, Wang J, Yang Y, Wang S. A novel homozygous mutation p.E88K in maternal
SLC30A2
gene as a cause of transient neonatal zinc deficiency. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:556-561. [PMID: 32278324 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Li
- Department of Dermatovenereology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jiayue Wang
- Department of Dermatovenereology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Dermatovenereology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
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16
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Maares M, Haase H. A Guide to Human Zinc Absorption: General Overview and Recent Advances of In Vitro Intestinal Models. Nutrients 2020; 12:E762. [PMID: 32183116 PMCID: PMC7146416 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc absorption in the small intestine is one of the main mechanisms regulating the systemic homeostasis of this essential trace element. This review summarizes the key aspects of human zinc homeostasis and distribution. In particular, current knowledge on human intestinal zinc absorption and the influence of diet-derived factors on bioaccessibility and bioavailability as well as intrinsic luminal and basolateral factors with an impact on zinc uptake are discussed. Their investigation is increasingly performed using in vitro cellular intestinal models, which are continually being refined and keep gaining importance for studying zinc uptake and transport via the human intestinal epithelium. The vast majority of these models is based on the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 in combination with other relevant components of the intestinal epithelium, such as mucin-secreting goblet cells and in vitro digestion models, and applying improved compositions of apical and basolateral media to mimic the in vivo situation as closely as possible. Particular emphasis is placed on summarizing previous applications as well as key results of these models, comparing their results to data obtained in humans, and discussing their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maares
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hajo Haase
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, D-13353 Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Germany
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17
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Vahidnezhad H, Youssefian L, Sotoudeh S, Liu L, Guy A, Lovell PA, Kariminejad A, Zeinali S, McGrath JA, Uitto J. Genomics-based treatment in a patient with two overlapping heritable skin disorders: Epidermolysis bullosa and acrodermatitis enteropathica. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:906-912. [PMID: 31930626 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is helpful in diagnosing complex genetic disorders and phenotypes, particularly when more than one overlapping condition is present. From a large cohort of 362 families with clinical manifestations of skin and mucosal fragility, referred by several major medical centers, one patient was found by NGS to have two overlapping heritable skin diseases, recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB; COL7A1 mutations) and acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE; SLC39A4 mutations). The pathogenicity of the variants was studied at gene expression as well as ultrastructural and tissue levels. Although there is no specific treatment for RDEB except avoiding trauma, supplementation with oral zinc (3 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ) for the AE resulted in rapid amelioration of the skin findings. This case demonstrates the power of NGS in identifying two genetically unlinked diseases that led to effective treatment with major clinical benefits as an example of genomics-guided treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Soheila Sotoudeh
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lu Liu
- Viapath, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alyson Guy
- Viapath, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Ariana Kariminejad
- Clinical Genetics Deaprtment, Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology and Genetics Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sirous Zeinali
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - John A McGrath
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London (Guy's Campus), London, UK
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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18
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Ohashi W, Hara T, Takagishi T, Hase K, Fukada T. Maintenance of Intestinal Epithelial Homeostasis by Zinc Transporters. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:2404-2415. [PMID: 30830525 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient for normal organ function, and dysregulation of zinc metabolism has been implicated in a wide range of diseases. Emerging evidence has revealed that zinc transporters play diverse roles in cellular homeostasis and function by regulating zinc trafficking via organelles or the plasma membrane. In the gastrointestinal tract, zinc deficiency leads to diarrhea and dysfunction of intestinal epithelial cells. Studies also showed that zinc transporters are very important in intestinal epithelial homeostasis. In this review, we describe the physiological roles of zinc transporters in intestinal epithelial functions and relevance of zinc transporters in gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Ohashi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hara
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Nishihamabouji, Yamashiro, Tokushima, 770-8055, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Takagishi
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Nishihamabouji, Yamashiro, Tokushima, 770-8055, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Nishihamabouji, Yamashiro, Tokushima, 770-8055, Japan.
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0042, Japan.
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19
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Glutsch V, Hamm H, Goebeler M. Zink und Haut: ein Update. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2019; 17:589-596. [PMID: 31241838 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13811_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Glutsch
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg
| | - Henning Hamm
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg
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20
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Abstract
It is estimated that by the year 2050 there will be more than 1.5 billion people globally over the age of 65 years. Aging is associated with changes to a number of different cellular processes which are driven by a variety of factors that contribute to the characteristic decline in function that is seen across multiple physiological domains/tissues in the elderly (including the brain). Importantly, aging is also the primary risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. As such, there is an urgent need to provide a greater understanding of both the pathogenesis and treatment of these devastating neurodegenerative disorders. One of the key cellular processes that becomes dysregulated with age and participates both directly and indirectly in age-related dysfunction, is metal homeostasis and the neurochemistry of metalloproteins, the basic science of which has been extensively reviewed in the past. In this review, we will focus on the human clinical intervention trials that have been conducted over approximately the last four decades that have attempted to establish the efficacy of targeting metal ions in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Adlard
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Kenneth Myer Building, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Kenneth Myer Building, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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21
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Glutsch V, Hamm H, Goebeler M. Zinc and skin: an update. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2019; 17:589-596. [PMID: 30873720 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The essential trace element zinc (Zn) plays a key role in the development, differentiation and growth of various human tissues. Zinc homeostasis is primarily regulated by two zinc transporter families (solute-linked carrier families, SLC). Disturbances in zinc metabolism may give rise to disorders that typically manifest themselves on the skin. An autosomal recessive zinc deficiency disorder, acrodermatitis enteropathica is caused by a mutation in the gene coding for the ZIP4 transporter. Due to intestinal malabsorption, affected infants develop clinical signs and symptoms shortly after weaning. Acquired zinc deficiency is a rare but underdiagnosed disorder associated with various etiologies and variable clinical manifestations. Depending on the patient's age, a multitude of causes have to be considered. Given the characteristic periorificial and acral lesions, the clinical diagnosis is usually made by dermatologists. Laboratory confirmation includes measurement of plasma zinc levels and - as a supplementary measure - zinc-dependent enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase. Oral zinc replacement therapy frequently leads to clinical remission within a few days. Depending on the cause, disease management should include cooperation with pediatricians and gastroenterologists in order to guarantee optimal patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Glutsch
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Henning Hamm
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany
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22
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TRPM7 is the central gatekeeper of intestinal mineral absorption essential for postnatal survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4706-4715. [PMID: 30770447 PMCID: PMC6410795 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810633116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zn2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ are the most abundant divalent metals in mammals. Different categories of cation-selective channels and transporters are thought to control the levels of individual metals in a cell-specific manner. However, the mechanisms responsible for the organismal balance of these minerals are poorly understood. Using genetic mouse models together with biophysical and biochemical analysis, we show that the channel-kinase TRPM7 is a master regulator of the organismal balance of divalent cations. TRPM7 activity is primarily required in the intestine, while TRPM7 function in the kidney—commonly thought to be essential—is expendable. Hence, against current thinking, organismal balance of multiple divalent cations predominantly relies on a common gatekeeper, TRPM7, rather than on individual specialized channels/transporters. Zn2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ are essential minerals required for a plethora of metabolic processes and signaling pathways. Different categories of cation-selective channels and transporters are therefore required to tightly control the cellular levels of individual metals in a cell-specific manner. However, the mechanisms responsible for the organismal balance of these essential minerals are poorly understood. Herein, we identify a central and indispensable role of the channel-kinase TRPM7 for organismal mineral homeostasis. The function of TRPM7 was assessed by single-channel analysis of TRPM7, phenotyping of TRPM7-deficient cells in conjunction with metabolic profiling of mice carrying kidney- and intestine-restricted null mutations in Trpm7 and animals with a global “kinase-dead” point mutation in the gene. The TRPM7 channel reconstituted in lipid bilayers displayed a similar permeability to Zn2+ and Mg2+. Consistently, we found that endogenous TRPM7 regulates the total content of Zn2+ and Mg2+ in cultured cells. Unexpectedly, genetic inactivation of intestinal rather than kidney TRPM7 caused profound deficiencies specifically of Zn2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ at the organismal level, a scenario incompatible with early postnatal growth and survival. In contrast, global ablation of TRPM7 kinase activity did not affect mineral homeostasis, reinforcing the importance of the channel activity of TRPM7. Finally, dietary Zn2+ and Mg2+ fortifications significantly extended the survival of offspring lacking intestinal TRPM7. Hence, the organismal balance of divalent cations critically relies on one common gatekeeper, the intestinal TRPM7 channel.
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23
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Zn-DTSM, A Zinc Ionophore with Therapeutic Potential for Acrodermatitis Enteropathica? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010206. [PMID: 30669644 PMCID: PMC6356714 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) is a rare disease characterised by a failure in intestinal zinc absorption, which results in a host of symptoms that can ultimately lead to death if left untreated. Current clinical treatment involves life-long high-dose zinc supplements, which can introduce complications for overall nutrient balance in the body. Previous studies have therefore explored the pharmacological treatment of AE utilising metal ionophore/transport compounds in an animal model of the disease (conditional knockout (KO) of the zinc transporter, Zip4), with the perspective of finding an alternative to zinc supplementation. In this study we have assessed the utility of a different class of zinc ionophore compound (zinc diethyl bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone), Zn-DTSM; Collaborative Medicinal Development, Sausalito, CA, USA) to the one we have previously described (clioquinol), to determine whether it is effective at preventing the stereotypical weight loss present in the animal model of disease. We first utilised an in vitro assay to assess the ionophore capacity of the compound, and then assessed the effect of the compound in three in vivo animal studies (in 1.5-month-old mice at 30 mg/kg/day, and in 5-month old mice at 3 mg/kg/day and 30 mg/kg/day). Our data demonstrate that Zn-DTSM has a pronounced effect on preventing weight loss when administered daily at 30 mg/kg/day; this was apparent in the absence of any added exogenous zinc. This compound had little overall effect on zinc content in various tissues that were assessed, although further characterisation is required to more fully explore the cellular changes underlying the physiological benefit of this compound. These data suggest that Zn-DTSM, or similar compounds, should be further explored as potential therapeutic options for the long-term treatment of AE.
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24
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Zhou Z, Liu TH, Zhang ZK. Zinc-responsive exfoliative dermatitis in a 17-year-old girl with delayed puberty. Clin Exp Dermatol 2018; 43:746-748. [PMID: 29740861 DOI: 10.1111/ced.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - T H Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Z K Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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25
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Trace Elements and Healthcare: A Bioinformatics Perspective. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1005:63-98. [PMID: 28916929 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5717-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biological trace elements are essential for human health. Imbalance in trace element metabolism and homeostasis may play an important role in a variety of diseases and disorders. While the majority of previous researches focused on experimental verification of genes involved in trace element metabolism and those encoding trace element-dependent proteins, bioinformatics study on trace elements is relatively rare and still at the starting stage. This chapter offers an overview of recent progress in bioinformatics analyses of trace element utilization, metabolism, and function, especially comparative genomics of several important metals. The relationship between individual elements and several diseases based on recent large-scale systematic studies such as genome-wide association studies and case-control studies is discussed. Lastly, developments of ionomics and its recent application in human health are also introduced.
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26
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Golan Y, Kambe T, Assaraf YG. The role of the zinc transporter SLC30A2/ZnT2 in transient neonatal zinc deficiency. Metallomics 2018; 9:1352-1366. [PMID: 28665435 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00162b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk is the optimal nutrient mix for infants until the age of 6 months. However, in some cases, due to genetic alterations as well as nutrient deficiencies in nursing mothers, infants may suffer from inadequate levels of micronutrients upon exclusive breastfeeding. In this respect, transient neonatal zinc deficiency (TNZD) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the zinc transporter SLC30A2/ZnT2 gene, resulting in poor secretion of zinc into the breast milk. Consequently, infants exclusively breastfed with zinc-deficient breast milk develop severe zinc deficiency. The main initial symptoms of zinc deficiency are dermatitis, diarrhea, alopecia, and loss of appetite. Importantly, zinc supplementation of these zinc-deficient infants effectively and rapidly resolves these TNZD symptoms. In the current review, we present the major steps towards the identification of the molecular mechanisms underlying TNZD and propose novel approaches that could be implemented in order to achieve an early diagnosis of TNZD towards the prevention of TNZD morbidity. We also discuss the importance of assessing the prevalence of TNZD in the general population, while taking into consideration its autosomal dominant inheritance that was recently established, also supported by a large number of SLC30A2/ZnT2 variants recently identified in American lactating mothers. These findings indicating that TNZD is more frequent than initially thought, along with the increasing number of TNZD cases that were recently reported worldwide, prompted us here to highlight the importance of early diagnosis of SLC30A2/ZnT2 variants in order to supplement zinc-deficient infants in real-time, thus preventing TNZD morbidity and enhancing newborn health. This early genetic diagnosis of zinc deficiency could possibly prove to be a useful platform for the identification of other micronutrient deficiencies, which could be readily resolved by proper real-time supplementation of the infant's diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarden Golan
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
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27
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Tang T, Lam JM. Unique presentation of transient zinc deficiency from low maternal breast milk zinc levels. Pediatr Dermatol 2018; 35:255-256. [PMID: 29266611 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report full-term siblings with a unique clinical presentation of polycyclic papulosquamous plaques secondary to transient zinc deficiency due to low maternal breast milk zinc levels. We present this case to highlight this unique presentation of zinc deficiency in breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph M Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Dermatology and Skin Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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28
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Abstract
The skin is the third most zinc (Zn)-abundant tissue in the body. The skin consists of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue, and each fraction is composed of various types of cells. Firstly, we review the physiological functions of Zn and Zn transporters in these cells. Several human disorders accompanied with skin manifestations are caused by mutations or dysregulation in Zn transporters; acrodermatitis enteropathica (Zrt-, Irt-like protein (ZIP)4 in the intestinal epithelium and possibly epidermal basal keratinocytes), the spondylocheiro dysplastic form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (ZIP13 in the dermal fibroblasts), transient neonatal Zn deficiency (Zn transporter (ZnT)2 in the secretory vesicles of mammary glands), and epidermodysplasia verruciformis (ZnT1 in the epidermal keratinocytes). Additionally, acquired Zn deficiency is deeply involved in the development of some diseases related to nutritional deficiencies (acquired acrodermatitis enteropathica, necrolytic migratory erythema, pellagra, and biotin deficiency), alopecia, and delayed wound healing. Therefore, it is important to associate the existence of mutations or dysregulation in Zn transporters and Zn deficiency with skin manifestations.
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29
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Carvalho S, Molina-López J, Parsons D, Corpe C, Maret W, Hogstrand C. Differential cytolocation and functional assays of the two major human SLC30A8 (ZnT8) isoforms. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 44:116-124. [PMID: 28965566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs13266634 in human zinc transporter 8, ZnT8 (SLC30A8), leads to a R325 variant, which is associated with an increased risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Although the molecular details remain unknown, the mutation is thought to alter the kinetics of zinc transport into insulin granules in pancreatic β-cells. Nevertheless, analysis of ZnT8 sequences from several animals shows that the amino acid at position 325 is poorly conserved. Apart from this particular SNP, human ZnT8 also has two isoforms (splice variants) that differ in length regarding a 49 amino acid N-terminal extension. When expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells, the long isoform was present in the plasma membrane in addition to internal membranes, whereas the short isoform was localized mostly to internal membranes. Our observation that human ZnT8 variants and isoforms expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes are all localized at the cell surface allowed us to develop a zinc transport assay using the radioactive isotope 65Zn. We found no detectable differences in zinc transport between W and R variants and no statistically significant differences between long and short isoforms of the W325 variant. Our findings of differential cytolocation of ZnT8 isoforms could be relevant for β-cell zinc metabolism in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Carvalho
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jorge Molina-López
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", University of Granada, Spain
| | - Douglas Parsons
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher Corpe
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Wolfgang Maret
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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30
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Lawson R, Maret W, Hogstrand C. Expression of the ZIP/SLC39A transporters in β-cells: a systematic review and integration of multiple datasets. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:719. [PMID: 28893192 PMCID: PMC5594519 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic β-cells require a constant supply of zinc to maintain normal insulin secretory function. Following co-exocytosis with insulin, zinc is replenished via the Zrt- and Irt-like (ZIP; SLC39A) family of transporters. However the ZIP paralogues of particular importance for zinc uptake, and associations with β-cell function and Type 2 Diabetes remain largely unexplored. We retrieved and statistically analysed publically available microarray and RNA-seq datasets to perform a systematic review on the expression of β-cell SLC39A paralogues. We complemented results with experimental data on expression profiling of human islets and mouse β-cell derived MIN6 cells, and compared transcriptomic and proteomic sequence conservation between human, mouse and rat. RESULTS The 14 ZIP paralogues have 73-98% amino sequence conservation between human and rodents. We identified 18 datasets for β-cell SLC39A analysis, which compared relative expression to non-β-cells, and expression in response to PDX-1 activity, cytokines, glucose and type 2 diabetic status. Published expression data demonstrate enrichment of transcripts for ZIP7 and ZIP9 transporters within rodent β-cells and of ZIP6, ZIP7 and ZIP14 within human β-cells, with ZIP1 most differentially expressed in response to cytokines and PDX-1 within rodent, and ZIP6 in response to diabetic status in human and glucose in rat. Our qPCR expression profiling data indicate that SLC39A6, -9, -13, and - 14 are the highest expressed paralogues in human β-cells and Slc39a6 and -7 in MIN6 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic review, expression profiling and sequence alignment reveal similarities and potentially important differences in ZIP complements between human and rodent β-cells. We identify ZIP6, ZIP7, ZIP9, ZIP13 and ZIP14 in human and rodent and ZIP1 in rodent as potentially biologically important for β-cell zinc trafficking. We propose ZIP6 and ZIP7 are key functional orthologues in human and rodent β-cells and highlight these zinc importers as important targets for exploring associations between zinc status and normal physiology of β-cells and their decline in Type 2 Diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lawson
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Metal Metabolism Group, 150 Stamford St, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Wolfgang Maret
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Metal Metabolism Group, 150 Stamford St, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Metal Metabolism Group, 150 Stamford St, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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Martínez-Bustamante ME, Peña-Vélez R, Almanza-Miranda E, Aceves-Barrios CA, Vargas-Pastrana T, Morayta-Ramírez Corona ARR. [Acrodermatitis enteropathica]. BOLETIN MEDICO DEL HOSPITAL INFANTIL DE MEXICO 2017; 74:295-300. [PMID: 29382519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmhimx.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a low-incidence disease due to inherited or acquired zinc deficiency. It is characterized by acral dermatitis, alopecia, diarrhea and growth retardation. The dermatological condition may mimic a cutaneous fungal infection or other pathogen-related skin diseases. CASE REPORT We report the case of a female patient of 7 months of age, who was sent to Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre for suspicion of immunodeficiency and cutaneous mycosis. Her condition began with dermatosis disseminated to the head, trunk and genital region; initial treatment with antifungal and broad spectrum antibiotics was given, without improvement. Upon admission, immunodeficiency and fungal infection were discarded. Acrodermatitis enteropathica was suspected, and corroborated later by low serum zinc levels. Immediately after the start of oral treatment with zinc, the patient showed improvement. CONCLUSIONS There are multiple differential diagnoses of acrodermatitis enteropathica, which includes cutaneous infections. Therefore, the early recognition of the characteristic lesions favors suspicion, diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rubén Peña-Vélez
- Servicio de Medicina Interna Pediátrica, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, ISSSTE, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Enory Almanza-Miranda
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Nutrición Pediátrica, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, ISSSTE, Ciudad de México, México
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Hambidge KM, Miller LV, Mazariegos M, Westcott J, Solomons NW, Raboy V, Kemp JF, Das A, Goco N, Hartwell T, Wright L, Krebs NF. Upregulation of Zinc Absorption Matches Increases in Physiologic Requirements for Zinc in Women Consuming High- or Moderate-Phytate Diets during Late Pregnancy and Early Lactation. J Nutr 2017; 147:1079-1085. [PMID: 28424260 PMCID: PMC5443465 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.245902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Estimated physiologic requirements (PRs) for zinc increase in late pregnancy and early lactation, but the effect on dietary zinc requirements is uncertain.Objective: The aim of this study was to determine changes in daily fractional absorbed zinc and total absorbed zinc (TAZ) from ad libitum diets of differing phytate contents in relation to physiologic zinc requirements during pregnancy and lactation.Methods: This was a prospective observational study of zinc absorption at 8 (phase 1) and 34 (phase 2) wk of gestation and 2 (phase 3) and 6 (phase 4) mo of lactation. Participants were indigenous Guatemalan women of childbearing age whose major food staple was maize and who had been randomly assigned in a larger study to either of 2 ad libitum feeding groups: low-phytate maize (LP; 1.6 mg/g; n = 14) or control maize (C; 7.1 mg/g; n = 8). Total dietary zinc (milligrams per day, TDZ) and phytate (milligrams per day) were determined from duplicate diets and fractional absorption (FAZ) by dual isotope ratio technique (TAZ = TDZ × FAZ). All variables were examined longitudinally and by group and compared with PRs. TAZ values at later phases were compared with phase 1. Measured TAZ was compared with predicted TAZ for nonpregnant, nonlactating (NPNL) women.Results: TAZ was greater in the LP group than in the C group at all phases. All variables increased from phase 1 to phases 2 and 3 and declined at phase 4. TAZ increased by 1.25 mg/d (P = 0.045) in the C group and by 0.81 mg/d (P = 0.058) in the LP group at phase 2. At phase 3, the increases were 2.66 mg/d (P = 0.002) in the C group and 2.28 mg/d (P = 0.0004) in the LP group, compared with a 1.37-mg/d increase in PR. Measured TAZ was greater than predicted values in phases 2-4.Conclusions: Upregulation of zinc absorption in late pregnancy and early lactation matches increases in PRs of pregnant and lactating women, regardless of dietary phytate, which has implications for dietary zinc requirements of pregnant and lactating women.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Michael Hambidge
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO;
| | - Leland V Miller
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Manolo Mazariegos
- Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Jamie Westcott
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Noel W Solomons
- Center for Studies of Sensory Impairments, Aging, and Metabolism (CeSSIAM), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Victor Raboy
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Aberdeen, ID
| | - Jennifer F Kemp
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Abhik Das
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC; and
| | - Norman Goco
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC; and
| | - Ty Hartwell
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC; and
| | - Linda Wright
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Rockville, MD
| | - Nancy F Krebs
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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Gupta D, Rao R, Girisha KM, Stephen J, Phadke SR. Unusual skin manifestations in a patient with menkes disease. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:3039-3040. [PMID: 27748070 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Gupta
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raghavendra Rao
- Department of Dermatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Katta M Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - Joshi Stephen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubha R Phadke
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Novel mutations in SLC30A2 involved in the pathogenesis of transient neonatal zinc deficiency. Pediatr Res 2016; 80:586-94. [PMID: 27304099 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants are vulnerable to zinc deficiency. Thus, abnormally low breast milk zinc levels cause transient neonatal zinc deficiency (TNZD) in breast-fed infants. TNZD has been considered to be rare because of a paucity of citations in the published literature. However, recent studies of affected mothers identified four missense mutations in the solute carrier family 30 member 2 gene (SLC30A2), which encodes the zinc transporter, ZnT2. METHODS Genetic analyses of SLC30A2/ZnT2 in three Japanese mothers secreting low-zinc milk (whose infants developed TNZD) were performed. The effects of identified mutations were examined in a cell-based assay. Furthermore, 31 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SLC30A2/ZnT2 were evaluated for their potential involvement in low-zinc levels in milk. RESULTS Each mother had a different novel heterozygous mutation in SLC30A2/ZnT2. One mutation reduced splicing efficiency of the SLC30A2/ZnT2 transcript, and all ZnT2 mutants were defective in zinc transport and were unstable in cells. Moreover, four SNPs caused a significant loss of zinc-transport activity, similar to that in disease-causing ZnT2 mutants. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that many SLC30A2/ZnT2 mutations cause or potentially cause TNZD. Genetic information concerning TNZD pathogenesis is limited, and our results suggest that the TNZD frequency may be higher than previously thought.
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35
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Ackland ML, Michalczyk AA. Zinc and infant nutrition. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 611:51-57. [PMID: 27317042 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is essential for a wide variety of cellular processes in all cells. It is a critical dietary nutrient, particularly in the early stages of life. In the early neonatal period, adequate sources of zinc can be obtained from breast milk. In rare circumstances, the mammary gland produces zinc deficient milk that is potentially lethal for exclusively breast-fed infants. This can be overcome by zinc supplementation to the infant. Alterations to key zinc transporters provide insights into the mechanisms of cellular zinc homeostasis. The bioavailability of zinc in food depends on the presence of constituents that may complex zinc. In many countries, zinc deficiency is a major health issue due to poor nourishment. Young children are particularly affected. Zinc deficiency can impair immune function and contributes to the global burden of infectious diseases including diarrhoea, pneumonia and malaria. Furthermore, zinc deficiency may extend its influence across generations by inducing epigenetic effects that alter the expression of genes. This review discusses the significance of adequate zinc nutrition in infants, factors that influence zinc nutrition, the consequences of zinc deficiency, including its contribution to the global burden of disease, and addresses some of the knowledge gaps in zinc biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leigh Ackland
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
| | - Agnes A Michalczyk
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
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36
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Golan Y, Itsumura N, Glaser F, Berman B, Kambe T, Assaraf YG. Molecular Basis of Transient Neonatal Zinc Deficiency: NOVEL ZnT2 MUTATIONS DISRUPTING ZINC BINDING AND PERMEATION. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13546-59. [PMID: 27137936 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.732693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A gradually increasing number of transient neonatal zinc deficiency (TNZD) cases was recently reported, all of which were associated with inactivating ZnT2 mutations. Here we characterized the impact of three novel heterozygous ZnT2 mutations G280R, T312M, and E355Q, which cause TNZD in exclusively breastfed infants of Japanese mothers. We used the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay to provide direct visual evidence for the in situ dimerization of these ZnT2 mutants, and to explore their subcellular localization. Moreover, using three complementary functional assays, zinc accumulation using BiFC-Zinquin and Zinpyr-1 fluorescence as well as zinc toxicity assay, we determined the impact of these ZnT2 mutations on vesicular zinc accumulation. Although all three mutants formed homodimers with the wild type (WT) ZnT2 and retained substantial vesicular localization, as well as vesicular zinc accumulation, they had no dominant-negative effect over the WT ZnT2. Furthermore, using advanced bioinformatics, structural modeling, and site-directed mutagenesis we found that these mutations localized at key residues, which play an important physiological role in zinc coordination (G280R and E355Q) and zinc permeation (T312M). Collectively, our findings establish that some heterozygous loss of function ZnT2 mutations disrupt zinc binding and zinc permeation, thereby suggesting a haploinsufficiency state for the unaffected WT ZnT2 allele in TNZD pathogenesis. These results highlight the burning need for the development of a suitable genetic screen for the early diagnosis of TNZD to prevent morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarden Golan
- From the Department of Biology, Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory and
| | - Naoya Itsumura
- the Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Fabian Glaser
- the Bioinformatics Knowledge Unit, The Lorry I. Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel and
| | - Bluma Berman
- From the Department of Biology, Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory and
| | - Taiho Kambe
- the Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- From the Department of Biology, Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory and
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Aronson JK. Defining 'nutraceuticals': neither nutritious nor pharmaceutical. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 83:8-19. [PMID: 26991455 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are widespread inconsistencies and contradictions in the many published definitions of 'nutraceuticals' and 'functional foods', demonstrating wholesale uncertainty about what they actually are. Furthermore, in a 2014 lecture, the inventor of the term 'nutraceutical', confessing that nutraceuticals do not work, said that 'the quest to demonstrate whether … long-term supplementation [with nutraceuticals] can prevent serious diseases … has come to an end'. Definitions of 'nutraceuticals' and related terms, still widely used, should therefore be explored systematically. There are no internationally agreed definitions of 'nutraceuticals' and 'functional foods', or of similar terms, such as 'health foods', or of terms related to herbal products, which are sometimes referred to as 'nutraceuticals', compounding the confusion. 'Nutraceuticals' and 'functional foods' are vague, nondiscriminatory, unhelpful terms; the evidence suggests that they should be abandoned in favour of more precise terms. The term 'dietary supplement' is widely used to designate formulations that are also called 'nutraceuticals' but it would be better restricted to individual compounds used to treat or prevent deficiencies. 'Fortified foods', sometimes called 'designer foods', are foods to which compounds of proven therapeutic or preventive efficacy (e.g. folic acid) have been added. Other terms, such as 'food', 'foodstuffs', 'eat', 'drink', and 'nutrition', are well defined, as are 'medicinal products' and 'pharmaceutical formulations'. Dietary regimens, such as Mediterranean or nitrate-rich diets or vegetarianism, can affect health. A dietary regimen of this kind can be defined as a programme of food, of a defined kind and/or quantity, prescribed or adopted for the restoration or preservation of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Aronson
- Centre for Evidence Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, OX26GG, UK
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38
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Clinical utility gene card for: acrodermatitis enteropathica - update 2015. Eur J Hum Genet 2015. [PMID: 26443269 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.203.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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39
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Küry S, Kharfi M, Blouin E, Schmitt S, Bézieau S. Clinical utility gene card for: acrodermatitis enteropathica - update 2015. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 24:ejhg2015203. [PMID: 26443269 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Küry
- CHU de Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Monia Kharfi
- Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Service de Dermatologie, Tunis, Tunisia
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Bafaro EM, Antala S, Nguyen TV, Dzul SP, Doyon B, Stemmler TL, Dempski RE. The large intracellular loop of hZIP4 is an intrinsically disordered zinc binding domain. Metallomics 2015; 7:1319-30. [PMID: 25882556 PMCID: PMC4558264 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The human (h) ZIP4 transporter is a plasma membrane protein which functions to increase the cytosolic concentration of zinc. hZIP4 transports zinc into intestinal cells and therefore has a central role in the absorption of dietary zinc. hZIP4 has eight transmembrane domains and encodes a large intracellular loop between transmembrane domains III and IV, M3M4. Previously, it has been postulated that this domain regulates hZIP4 levels in the plasma membrane in a zinc-dependent manner. The objective of this research was to examine the zinc binding properties of the large intracellular loop of hZIP4. Therefore, we have recombinantly expressed and purified M3M4 and showed that this domain binds two zinc ions. Using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, metal binding affinity assays, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we demonstrated that the two Zn(2+) ions bind sequentially, with the first Zn(2+) binding to a CysHis3 site with a nanomolar binding affinity, and the second Zn(2+) binding to a His4 site with a weaker affinity. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that the M3M4 domain is intrinsically disordered, with only a small structural change induced upon Zn(2+) coordination. Our data supports a model in which the intracellular M3M4 domain senses high cytosolic Zn(2+) concentrations and regulates the plasma membrane levels of the hZIP4 transporter in response to Zn(2+) binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Bafaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.
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