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Lenard A, Diamond SE. Evidence of plasticity, but not evolutionary divergence, in the thermal limits of a highly successful urban butterfly. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 155:104648. [PMID: 38754698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Despite the generally negative impact of urbanization on insect biodiversity, some insect species persist in urban habitats. Understanding the mechanisms underpinning the ability of insects to tolerate urban habitats is critical given the contribution of land-use change to the global insect decline. Compensatory mechanisms such as phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary change in thermal physiological traits could allow urban populations to persist under the altered thermal regimes of urban habitats. It is important to understand the contributions of plasticity and evolution to trait change along urbanization gradients as the two mechanisms operate under different constraints and timescales. Here, we examine the plastic and evolutionary responses of heat and cold tolerance (critical thermal maximum [CTmax] and critical thermal minimum [CTmin]) to warming among populations of the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae, from urban and non-urban (rural) habitats using a two-temperature common garden experiment. Although we expected populations experiencing urban warming to exhibit greater CTmax and diminished CTmin through plastic and evolutionary mechanisms, our study revealed evidence only for plasticity in the expected direction of both thermal tolerance traits. We found no evidence of evolutionary divergence in either heat or cold tolerance, despite each trait showing evolutionary potential. Our results suggest that thermal tolerance plasticity contributes to urban persistence in this system. However, as the magnitude of the plastic response was low and comparable to other insect species, other compensatory mechanisms likely further underpin this species' success in urban habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie Lenard
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 2074 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Sarah E Diamond
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 2074 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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2
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Wang S, Girardello M, Zhang W. Potential and progress of studying mountain biodiversity by means of butterfly genetics and genomics. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:292-301. [PMID: 37302475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mountains are rich in biodiversity, and butterflies are species-rich and have a good ecological and evolutionary research foundation. This review addresses the potential and progress of studying mountain biodiversity using butterflies as a model. We discuss the uniqueness of mountain ecosystems, factors influencing the distribution of mountain butterflies, representative genetic and evolutionary models in butterfly research, and evolutionary studies of mountain biodiversity involving butterfly genetics and genomics. Finally, we demonstrate the necessity of studying mountain butterflies and propose future perspectives. This review provides insights for studying the biodiversity of mountain butterflies as well as a summary of research methods for reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Marco Girardello
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e do Ambiente, Universidade dos Açores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Portugal
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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3
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Toro-Delgado E, Vila R, Talavera G, Turner EC, Hayes MP, Horrocks NPC, Bladon AJ. Regional differences in thermoregulation between two European butterfly communities. J Anim Ecol 2024; 93:183-195. [PMID: 38192015 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how different organisms cope with changing temperatures is vital for predicting future species' distributions and highlighting those at risk from climate change. As ectotherms, butterflies are sensitive to temperature changes, but the factors affecting butterfly thermoregulation are not fully understood. We investigated which factors influence thermoregulatory ability in a subset of the Mediterranean butterfly community. We measured adult thoracic temperature and environmental temperature (787 butterflies; 23 species) and compared buffering ability (defined as the ability to maintain a consistent body temperature across a range of air temperatures) and buffering mechanisms to previously published results from Great Britain. Finally, we tested whether thermoregulatory ability could explain species' demographic trends in Catalonia. The sampled sites in each region differ climatically, with higher temperatures and solar radiation but lower wind speeds in the Catalan sites. Both butterfly communities show nonlinear responses to temperature, suggesting a change in behaviour from heat-seeking to heat avoidance at approximately 22°C. However, the communities differ in the use of buffering mechanisms, with British populations depending more on microclimates for thermoregulation compared to Catalan populations. Contrary to the results from British populations, we did not find a relationship between region-wide demographic trends and butterfly thermoregulation, which may be due to the interplay between thermoregulation and the habitat changes occurring in each region. Thus, although Catalan butterfly populations seem to be able to thermoregulate successfully at present, evidence of heat avoidance suggests this situation may change in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Toro-Delgado
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - R Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - G Talavera
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-CMCNB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - E C Turner
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M P Hayes
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - N P C Horrocks
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A J Bladon
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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4
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Laird‐Hopkins BC, Ashe‐Jepson E, Basset Y, Arizala Cobo S, Eberhardt L, Freiberga I, Hellon J, Hitchcock GE, Kleckova I, Linke D, Lamarre GPA, McFarlane A, Savage AF, Turner EC, Zamora AC, Sam K, Bladon AJ. Thermoregulatory ability and mechanism do not differ consistently between neotropical and temperate butterflies. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:4180-4192. [PMID: 37315654 PMCID: PMC10946725 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a major threat to species worldwide, yet it remains uncertain whether tropical or temperate species are more vulnerable to changing temperatures. To further our understanding of this, we used a standardised field protocol to (1) study the buffering ability (ability to regulate body temperature relative to surrounding air temperature) of neotropical (Panama) and temperate (the United Kingdom, Czech Republic and Austria) butterflies at the assemblage and family level, (2) determine if any differences in buffering ability were driven by morphological characteristics and (3) used ecologically relevant temperature measurements to investigate how butterflies use microclimates and behaviour to thermoregulate. We hypothesised that temperate butterflies would be better at buffering than neotropical butterflies as temperate species naturally experience a wider range of temperatures than their tropical counterparts. Contrary to our hypothesis, at the assemblage level, neotropical species (especially Nymphalidae) were better at buffering than temperate species, driven primarily by neotropical individuals cooling themselves more at higher air temperatures. Morphology was the main driver of differences in buffering ability between neotropical and temperate species as opposed to the thermal environment butterflies experienced. Temperate butterflies used postural thermoregulation to raise their body temperature more than neotropical butterflies, probably as an adaptation to temperate climates, but the selection of microclimates did not differ between regions. Our findings demonstrate that butterfly species have unique thermoregulatory strategies driven by behaviour and morphology, and that neotropical species are not likely to be more inherently vulnerable to warming than temperate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita C. Laird‐Hopkins
- Institute of EntomologyBiology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama CityPanama
| | | | - Yves Basset
- Institute of EntomologyBiology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama CityPanama
- Maestria de EntomologiaUniversity of PanamaPanama CityPanama
| | | | | | - Inga Freiberga
- Institute of EntomologyBiology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Josh Hellon
- Wildlife Trust of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, and NorthamptonshireCambourneUK
| | - Gwen E. Hitchcock
- Wildlife Trust of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, and NorthamptonshireCambourneUK
| | - Irena Kleckova
- Institute of EntomologyBiology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Daniel Linke
- Institute of EntomologyBiology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Greg P. A. Lamarre
- Institute of EntomologyBiology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama CityPanama
| | - Alex McFarlane
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama CityPanama
| | | | | | | | - Katerina Sam
- Institute of EntomologyBiology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
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5
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Kleckova I, Okrouhlik J, Svozil T, Matos-Maraví P, Klecka J. Body size, not species identity, drives body heating in alpine Erebia butterflies. J Therm Biol 2023; 113:103502. [PMID: 37055121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Efficient thermoregulation is crucial for animals living under fluctuating climatic and weather conditions. We studied the body heating of six butterfly species of the genus Erebia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) that co-occur in the European Alps. We tested whether butterfly physical characteristics (body size, wing loading) are responsible for the inter-specific differences in body temperatures recorded previously under natural conditions. We used a thermal camera to measure body heating of wild butterfly individuals in a laboratory experiment with artificial light and heating sources. We revealed that physical characteristics had a small effect on explaining inter-specific differences in mean body temperatures recorded in the field. Our results show that larger butterflies, with higher weight and wing loading, heated up more slowly but reached the same asymptotic body temperature as smaller butterflies. Altogether, our results suggest that differences in body temperatures among Erebia species observed in the field might be caused mainly by species-specific microhabitat use and point towards an important role of active behavioural thermoregulation in adult butterflies. We speculate that microclimate heterogeneity in mountain habitats facilitates behavioural thermoregulation of adults. Similarly, microclimate structuring might also increase survival of less mobile butterfly life stages, i.e., eggs, larvae and pupae. Thus, landscape heterogeneity in management practices may facilitate long term survival of montane invertebrates under increased anthropogenic pressures.
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6
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Jospin A, Chittaro Y, Bolt D, Demergès D, Gurcel K, Hensle J, Sanchez A, Praz C, Lucek K. Genomic evidence for three distinct species in the Erebia manto complex in Central Europe (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). CONSERV GENET 2023; 24:293-304. [PMID: 37187800 PMCID: PMC10175325 DOI: 10.1007/s10592-023-01501-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A problem to implement conservation strategies is that in many cases recognized taxa are in fact complexes of several cryptic species. Failure to properly delineate species may lead to misplaced priorities or to inadequate conservation measures. One such species complex is the yellow-spotted ringlet Erebia manto, which comprises several phenotypically distinct lineages, whose degree of genomic isolation has so far not been assessed. Some of these lineages are geographically restricted and thus possibly represent distinct units with conservation priorities. Using several thousand nuclear genomic markers, we evaluated to which degree the bubastis lineage from the Alps and the vogesiaca lineage from the Vosges, are genetically isolated from the widespread manto lineage. Our results suggest that both lineages are genetically as strongly differentiated from manto as other taxonomically well separated sibling species in this genus from each other, supporting a delineation of bubastis and vogesiaca as independent species. Given the restricted and isolated range of vogesiaca as well as the disjunct distribution of bubastis, our findings have significant implication for future conservation efforts on these formerly cryptic species and highlight the need to investigate the genomic identity within species complexes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10592-023-01501-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Jospin
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - David Demergès
- Conservatoire d’espaces Naturels de Lorraine, 20 Chemin de L’école Des Xettes, 88400 Gérardmer, France
| | | | | | - Andreas Sanchez
- Info Fauna, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Praz
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Info Fauna, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Kay Lucek
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Biodiversity Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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7
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Augustijnen H, Patsiou T, Lucek K. Secondary contact rather than coexistence-Erebia butterflies in the Alps. Evolution 2022; 76:2669-2686. [PMID: 36117267 PMCID: PMC9828779 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Secondary contact zones are ideal systems to study the processes that govern the evolution of reproductive barriers, especially at advanced stages of the speciation process. An increase in reproductive isolation resulting from selection against maladaptive hybrids is thought to contribute to reproductive barrier buildup in secondary contact zones. Although such processes have been invoked for many systems, it remains unclear to which extent they influence contact zone dynamics in nature. Here, we study a very narrow contact zone between the butterfly species Erebia cassioides and Erebia tyndarus in the Swiss Alps. We quantified phenotypic traits related to wing shape and reproduction as well as ecology to compare the degree of intra- and interspecific differentiation. Even though only very few first-generation hybrids occur, we find no strong indications for current reinforcing selection, suggesting that if reinforcement occurred in our system, it likely operated in the past. Additionally, we show that both species differ less in their ecological niche at the contact zone than elsewhere, which could explain why coexistence between these butterflies may currently not be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Augustijnen
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselCH‐4056Switzerland
| | - Theofania Patsiou
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernCH‐3013Switzerland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgCH‐1700Switzerland
| | - Kay Lucek
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselCH‐4056Switzerland
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8
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Lohse K, Hayward A, Laetsch DR, Vila R, Lucek K. The genome sequence of the Arran brown,
Erebia ligea (Linnaeus, 1758). Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:259. [PMID: 37346774 PMCID: PMC10280028 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18115.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual male Erebia ligea (Arran brown; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Nymphalidae). The genome sequence is 506 megabases in span. The majority (99.92%) of the assembly is scaffolded into 29 chromosomal pseudomolecules, with the Z sex chromosome assembled. The complete mitochondrial genome was also assembled and is 15.2 kilobases in length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Lohse
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alex Hayward
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Dominik R. Laetsch
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC - Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain, Spain
| | - Kay Lucek
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life programme
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC - Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain, Spain
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wellcome Sanger Institute Scientific Operations: DNA Pipelines collective
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC - Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain, Spain
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tree of Life Core Informatics collective
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC - Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain, Spain
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Not Too Warm, Not Too Cold: Thermal Treatments to Slightly Warmer or Colder Conditions from Mother’s Origin Can Enhance Performance of Montane Butterfly Larvae. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060915. [PMID: 35741436 PMCID: PMC9219776 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Extreme weather events and climate change can alter organismal development and, in turn, affect species survival, community composition, and ecosystem processes and services. We examined the performance of butterfly larvae of five montane Erebia species from the Swiss Alps under three thermal scenarios: at, above, or below those at the elevation where their mother originated. We found evidence of better larval performance in temperature treatments associated with low and middle elevations and a decreased performance at temperature treatments associated with higher elevations. In contrast, larvae performed poorly in thermal treatments that differed strongly from maternal conditions. The inclusion of additional life history stages in future studies could further advance the understanding of factors affecting thermal tolerance in cold-adapted Erebia butterflies. Abstract Climate change alters organismal performance via shifts in temperature. However, we know little about the relative fitness impacts of climate variability and how cold-adapted ectotherms mediate these effects. Here, we advance the field of climate change biology by directly testing for species performance, considering the effects of different thermal environments at the first developmental stage of larvae. We conducted our experiments in climatic chambers (2019–2020) using five cold-adapted butterflies of the genus Erebia (Erebia aethiops, Erebia cassioides, Erebia manto, Erebia tyndarus, Erebia nivalis). Larvae were reared indoors and were treated with higher and lower temperatures than those of their mothers’ origins. Overall, we found evidence of better performance at warmer temperatures and a decreased performance at lower temperatures, and larvae were able to tolerate small temperature changes from mother’s origin. Warmer conditions, however, were unfavorable for E. nivalis, indicative of its limited elevational range and its poor ability to mediate a variety of thermal conditions. Further, larvae generally performed poorly where there was a large difference in thermal regimen from that of their maternal origin. Future efforts should include additional life history stages and focus on a more mechanistic understanding of species thermal tolerance. Such studies could increase the realism of predicted responses to climate change and could account for asynchronous changes in species development, which will alter community composition and ecosystem functioning.
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10
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Vrba P, Sucháčková Bartoňová A, Andres M, Nedvěd O, Šimek P, Konvička M. Exploring Cold Hardiness within a Butterfly Clade: Supercooling Ability and Polyol Profiles in European Satyrinae. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040369. [PMID: 35447811 PMCID: PMC9031891 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cold hardiness of overwintering stages affects the distribution of temperate and cold-zone insects. Studies on Erebia, a species-rich cold-zone butterfly genus, detected unexpected diversity of cold hardiness traits. We expanded our investigation to eight Satyrinae species of seven genera. We assessed Autumn and Winter supercooling points (SCPs) and concentrations of putatively cryoprotective sugars and polyols via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Aphantopus hyperantus and Hipparchia semele survived freezing of body fluids; Coenonympha arcania, C. gardetta, and Melanargia galathea died prior to freezing; Maniola jurtina, Chazara briseis, and Minois dryas displayed a mixed response. SCP varied from −22 to −9 °C among species. Total sugar and polyol concentrations (TSPC) varied sixfold (2 to 12 μg × mg−1) and eightfold including the Erebia spp. results. SCP and TSPC did not correlate. Alpine Erebia spp. contained high trehalose, threitol, and erythritol; C. briseis and C. gardetta contained high ribitol and trehalose; lowland species contained high saccharose, maltose, fructose, and sorbitol. SCP, TSPC, and glycerol concentrations were affected by phylogeny. Species of mountains or steppes tend to be freeze-avoidant, overwinter as young larvae, and contain high concentrations of trehalose, while those of mesic environments tend to be freeze-tolerant, overwinter as later instars, and rely on compounds such as maltose, saccharose, and fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Vrba
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.V.); (A.S.B.); (O.N.); (P.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Sucháčková Bartoňová
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.V.); (A.S.B.); (O.N.); (P.Š.)
| | - Miloš Andres
- JARO Jaroměř, Národní 83, 551 01 Jaroměř, Czech Republic;
| | - Oldřich Nedvěd
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.V.); (A.S.B.); (O.N.); (P.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šimek
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.V.); (A.S.B.); (O.N.); (P.Š.)
| | - Martin Konvička
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.V.); (A.S.B.); (O.N.); (P.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-775-13-13-54
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11
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Bradley HS, Craig MD, Cross AT, Tomlinson S, Bamford MJ, Bateman PW. Revealing microhabitat requirements of an endangered specialist lizard with LiDAR. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5193. [PMID: 35338156 PMCID: PMC8956745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08524-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A central principle of threatened species management is the requirement for detailed understanding of species habitat requirements. Difficult terrain or cryptic behaviour can, however, make the study of habitat or microhabitat requirements difficult, calling for innovative data collection techniques. We used high-resolution terrestrial LiDAR imaging to develop three-dimensional models of log piles, quantifying the structural characteristics linked with occupancy of an endangered cryptic reptile, the western spiny-tailed skink (Egernia stokesii badia). Inhabited log piles were generally taller with smaller entrance hollows and a wider main log, had more high-hanging branches, fewer low-hanging branches, more mid- and understorey cover, and lower maximum canopy height. Significant characteristics linked with occupancy were longer log piles, an average of three logs, less canopy cover, and the presence of overhanging vegetation, likely relating to colony segregation, thermoregulatory requirements, and foraging opportunities. In addition to optimising translocation site selection, understanding microhabitat specificity of E. s. badia will help inform a range of management objectives, such as targeted monitoring and invasive predator control. There are also diverse opportunities for the application of this technology to a wide variety of future ecological studies and wildlife management initiatives pertaining to a range of cryptic, understudied taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly S Bradley
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | - Michael D Craig
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Adam T Cross
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.,EcoHealth Network (http://ecohealthglobal.org), 1330 Beacon St, Suite 355a, Brookline, MA, 02446, USA
| | - Sean Tomlinson
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.,Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kattij Close, Kings Park, WA, 6005, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Michael J Bamford
- Bamford Consulting Ecologists, Plover Way, Kingsley, WA, 6026, Australia
| | - Philip W Bateman
- Behavioural Ecology Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
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12
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Neu A, Fischer K. Indications for rapid evolution of trait means and thermal plasticity in range-expanding populations of a butterfly. J Evol Biol 2021; 35:124-133. [PMID: 34860427 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Currently, poleward range expansions are observed in many taxa, often in response to anthropogenic climate change. At the expanding front, populations likely face cooler and more variable temperature conditions, imposing thermal selection. This may result in changes in trait means or plasticity, the relative contribution of which is not well understood. We, here, investigate evolutionary change in range-expanding populations of the butterfly Pieris mannii, by comparing populations from the core and the newly established northern range under laboratory conditions. We observed both changes in trait means and in thermal reaction norms. Range-expanding populations showed a more rapid development, potentially indicative of counter-gradient variation and an increased cold tolerance compared with core populations. Genotype-environment interactions prevailed in all associated traits, such that the above differences were restricted to cooler environmental conditions. In range-expanding populations, plasticity was decreased in developmental traits enabling relatively rapid growth even under cooler conditions but increased in cold tolerance arguably promoting higher activity under thermally challenging conditions. Notably, these changes must have occurred within a time period of ca. 10 years only. Our results suggest, in line with contemporary theory, that the evolution of plasticity may play a hitherto underestimated role for adaptation to climatic variation. However, rather than generally increased or decreased levels of plasticity, our results indicate fine-tuned, trait-specific evolutionary responses to increase fitness in novel environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Neu
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Klaus Fischer
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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13
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Muñoz MM. The Bogert effect, a factor in evolution. Evolution 2021; 76:49-66. [PMID: 34676550 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Behavior is one of the major architects of evolution: by behaviorally modifying how they interact with their environments, organisms can influence natural selection, amplifying it in some cases and dampening it in others. In one of the earliest issues of Evolution, Charles Bogert proposed that regulatory behaviors (namely thermoregulation) shield organisms from selection and limit physiological evolution. Here, I trace the history surrounding the origin of this concept (now known as the "Bogert effect" or "behavioral inertia"), and its implications for physiological and evolutionary research throughout the 20th century. A key follow-up study in the early 21st century galvanized renewed interest in Bogert's classic ideas, and established a focus on slowdowns in the rate of evolution in response to regulatory behaviors. I illustrate recent progress on the Bogert effect in evolutionary research, and discuss the ecological variables that predict whether and how strongly the phenomenon unfolds. Based on these discoveries, I provide hypotheses for the Bogert effect across several scales: patterns of trait evolution within and among groups of species, spatial effects on the phenomenon, and its importance for speciation. I also discuss the inherent link between behavioral inertia and behavioral drive through an empirical case study linking the phenomena. Modern comparative approaches can help put the macroevolutionary implications of behavioral buffering to the test: I describe progress to date, and areas ripe for future investigation. Despite many advances, bridging microevolutionary processes with macroevolutionary patterns remains a persistent gap in our understanding of the Bogert effect, leaving wide open many avenues for deeper exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511
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14
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Abstract
Predictions of future biological invasions often rely on the assumption that introduced species establish only under climatic conditions similar to those in their native range. To date, 135 studies have tested this assumption of 'niche conservatism', yielding contradictory results. Here we revisit this literature, consider the evidence for niche shifts, critically assess the methods used, and discuss the authors' interpretations of niche shifts. We find that the true frequency of niche shifts remains unknown because of diverging interpretations of similar metrics, conceptual issues biasing conclusions towards niche conservatism, and the use of climatic data that may not be biologically meaningful. We argue that these issues could be largely addressed by focussing on trends or relative degrees of niche change instead of dichotomous classifications (shift versus no shift), consistently and transparently including non-analogous climates, and conducting experimental studies on mismatches between macroclimates and microclimates experienced by the study organism. Furthermore, an observed niche shift may result either from species filling a greater part of their fundamental niche during the invasion (a 'realised niche shift') or from rapid evolution of traits adapting species to novel climates in the introduced range (a 'fundamental niche shift'). Currently, there is no conclusive evidence distinguishing between these potential mechanisms of niche shifts. We outline how these questions may be addressed by combining computational analyses and experimental evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia K Bates
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Cleo Bertelsmeier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
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15
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Konvicka M, Kuras T, Liparova J, Slezak V, Horázná D, Klečka J, Kleckova I. Low winter precipitation, but not warm autumns and springs, threatens mountain butterflies in middle-high mountains. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12021. [PMID: 34532158 PMCID: PMC8404571 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-elevation mountains represent unique model systems to study species endangered by climate warming, such as subalpine and alpine species of butterflies. We aimed to test the effect of climate variables experienced by Erebia butterflies during their development on adult abundances and phenology, targeting the key climate factors determining the population dynamics of mountain insects. We analysed data from a long-term monitoring of adults of two subalpine and alpine butterfly species, Erebia epiphron and E. sudetica (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) in the Jeseník Mts and Krkonoše Mts (Czech Republic). Our data revealed consistent patterns in their responses to climatic conditions. Lower precipitation (i.e., less snow cover) experienced by overwintering larvae decreases subsequent adult abundances. Conversely, warmer autumns and warmer and drier springs during the active larval phase increase adult abundances and lead to earlier onset and extended duration of the flight season. The population trends of these mountain butterflies are stable or even increasing. On the background of generally increasing temperatures within the mountain ranges, population stability indicates dynamic equilibrium of positive and detrimental consequences of climate warming among different life history stages. These contradictory effects warn against simplistic predictions of climate change consequences on mountain species based only on predicted increases in average temperature. Microclimate variability may facilitate the survival of mountain insect populations, however the availability of suitable habitats will strongly depend on the management of mountain grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Konvicka
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kuras
- Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Liparova
- Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vit Slezak
- Jeseníky Protected Landscape Area Administration, Jesenik, Czech Republic
| | - Dita Horázná
- Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Klečka
- Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Kleckova
- Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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16
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Lucek K, Bouaouina S, Jospin A, Grill A, de Vos JM. Prevalence and relationship of endosymbiotic Wolbachia in the butterfly genus Erebia. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:95. [PMID: 34020585 PMCID: PMC8140509 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wolbachia is an endosymbiont common to most invertebrates, which can have significant evolutionary implications for its host species by acting as a barrier to gene flow. Despite the importance of Wolbachia, still little is known about its prevalence and diversification pattern among closely related host species. Wolbachia strains may phylogenetically coevolve with their hosts, unless horizontal host-switches are particularly common. We address these issues in the genus Erebia, one of the most diverse Palearctic butterfly genera. RESULTS We sequenced the Wolbachia genome from a strain infecting Erebia cassioides and showed that it belongs to the Wolbachia supergroup B, capable of infecting arthropods from different taxonomic orders. The prevalence of Wolbachia across 13 closely related Erebia host species based on extensive population-level genetic data revealed that multiple Wolbachia strains jointly infect all investigated taxa, but with varying prevalence. Finally, the phylogenetic relationships of Wolbachia strains are in some cases significantly associated to that of their hosts, especially among the most closely related Erebia species, demonstrating mixed evidence for phylogenetic coevolution. CONCLUSIONS Closely related host species can be infected by closely related Wolbachia strains, evidencing some phylogenetic coevolution, but the actual pattern of infection more often reflects historical or contemporary geographic proximity among host species. Multiple processes, including survival in distinct glacial refugia, recent host shifts in sympatry, and a loss of Wolbachia during postglacial range expansion seem to have jointly shaped the complex interactions between Wolbachia evolution and the diversification of its host among our studied Erebia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Lucek
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH- 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Selim Bouaouina
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH- 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amanda Jospin
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Grill
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jurriaan M de Vos
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH- 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Rozen‐Rechels D, Rutschmann A, DupouÉ A, Blaimont P, Chauveau V, Miles DB, Guillon M, Richard M, Badiane A, Meylan S, Clobert J, Le Galliard J. Interaction of hydric and thermal conditions drive geographic variation in thermoregulation in a widespread lizard. ECOL MONOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Rozen‐Rechels
- Sorbonne Université CNRS IRD INRA Institut d’écologie et des sciences de l’environnement (IEES) 4 place Jussieu Paris 75005 France
| | - Alexis Rutschmann
- School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland 3A Symonds Street Auckland 1010 New Zealand
| | - AndrÉaz DupouÉ
- Sorbonne Université CNRS IRD INRA Institut d’écologie et des sciences de l’environnement (IEES) 4 place Jussieu Paris 75005 France
| | - Pauline Blaimont
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz 1156 High Street Santa Cruz California 95060 USA
- Department of Biology Rider University 2083 Lawrenceville Road Lawrenceville New Jersey08648 USA
| | - Victor Chauveau
- Sorbonne Université CNRS IRD INRA Institut d’écologie et des sciences de l’environnement (IEES) 4 place Jussieu Paris 75005 France
| | - Donald B. Miles
- Department of Biological Sciences Ohio University Athens Ohio 45701 USA
| | - Michael Guillon
- Centre d’Études Biologiques de Chizé CNRS La Rochelle Université 405 Route de Prissé la Charrière Villiers‐en‐Bois 79360 France
| | - Murielle Richard
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE) USR5321CNRS Moulis09200France
| | - Arnaud Badiane
- Sorbonne Université CNRS IRD INRA Institut d’écologie et des sciences de l’environnement (IEES) 4 place Jussieu Paris 75005 France
| | - Sandrine Meylan
- Sorbonne Université CNRS IRD INRA Institut d’écologie et des sciences de l’environnement (IEES) 4 place Jussieu Paris 75005 France
- Sorbonne Université ESPE de Paris 10 rue Molitor Paris 75016 France
| | - Jean Clobert
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE) USR5321CNRS Moulis09200France
| | - Jean‐François Le Galliard
- Sorbonne Université CNRS IRD INRA Institut d’écologie et des sciences de l’environnement (IEES) 4 place Jussieu Paris 75005 France
- Département de biologie Ecole normale supérieure Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP‐Ecotron IleDeFrance) CNRS PSL University Saint‐Pierre‐lès‐Nemours 77140 France
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18
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Senior RA. Hot and bothered: The role of behaviour and microclimates in buffering species from rising temperatures. J Anim Ecol 2021; 89:2392-2396. [PMID: 33460111 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Focus: Bladon, A. J., Lewis, M., Bladon, E. K., Buckton, S. J., Corbett, S., Ewing, S. R., … Turner, E. C. (2020). How butterflies keep their cool: Physical and ecological traits influence thermoregulatory ability and population trends. Journal of Animal Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13319 Threatened with rising average temperatures and the new normal of climate extremes, species that cannot keep pace with climate change must adapt where they are, or face extinction. The ranges of many British butterflies have indeed extended northwards as the climate has warmed, but this option is increasingly restricted by the expansion and intensification of urban and agricultural lands. On a day-to-day basis, butterflies can thermoregulate using behaviours such as adjusting their wing positioning or moving into suitable microclimates. The extent to which these two options buffer individuals from free-air temperature, however, is not well known. Nor is the extent to which the different mechanisms are exploited by different species, and whether that has had any bearing on species' population trends over the time-scale of recent climate change. Using a simple and easily replicated approach, Bladon et al. (2020) were able to quantify intra- and interspecific variation in buffering ability, and species' relative reliance on the two thermoregulatory mechanisms of wing adjustment versus microclimate selection. The authors report marked variation in buffering capacity, correlated with wing size, wing colouration and taxonomic family. Species also differed in their thermoregulatory behaviours, with some - such as the Ringlet Aphantopus hyperantus and Large Skipper Ochlodes sylvanus-achieving impressive buffering through wing positioning. Others, like the Brown Argus Aricia agestis and Small Heath Coenonympha pamphilus, were more reliant on microclimate selection, and these were the species most likely to have shown declining population trends over the past 40 years. The study underscores the importance of individual thermoregulatory behaviours for understanding species' vulnerability to climate change. In combination with much improved methods for measuring and modelling climate at biologically relevant scales, the approach of Bladon et al. (2020) can and should be extended to identify the places and species most at risk, and the steps that conservation practitioners can take to maximise resilience to climate change. Much attention has been given to improving habitat connectivity to facilitate range shifts, but we should also consider how microclimate availability can be enhanced to allow species to manage when they cannot move.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Senior
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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19
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Weng YM, Kavanaugh DH, Schoville SD. Drainage basins serve as multiple glacial refugia for alpine habitats in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:826-843. [PMID: 33270315 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary histories of alpine species are often directly associated with responses to glaciation. Deep divergence among populations and complex patterns of genetic variation have been inferred as consequences of persistence within glacier boundaries (i.e., on nunataks), while shallow divergence and limited genetic variation are assumed to result from expansion from large refugia at the edge of ice shields (i.e., massifs de refuge). However, for some species, dependence on specific microhabitats could profoundly influence their spatial and demographic response to glaciation, and such a simple dichotomy may obscure the localization of actual refugia. In this study, we use the Nebria ingens complex (Coleoptera: Carabidae), a water-affiliated ground beetle lineage, to test how drainage basins are linked to their observed population structure. By analysing mitochondrial COI gene sequences and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms, we find that the major drainage systems of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California best explain the population structure of the N. ingens complex. In addition, we find that an intermediate morphotype within the N. ingens complex is the product of historical hybridization of N. riversi and N. ingens in the San Joaquin basin during glaciation. This study highlights the importance of considering ecological preferences in how species respond to climate fluctuations and provides an explanation for discordances that are often observed in comparative phylogeographical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Weng
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David H Kavanaugh
- Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sean D Schoville
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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20
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Harvey JA, Heinen R, Gols R, Thakur MP. Climate change-mediated temperature extremes and insects: From outbreaks to breakdowns. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6685-6701. [PMID: 33006246 PMCID: PMC7756417 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Insects are among the most diverse and widespread animals across the biosphere and are well-known for their contributions to ecosystem functioning and services. Recent increases in the frequency and magnitude of climatic extremes (CE), in particular temperature extremes (TE) owing to anthropogenic climate change, are exposing insect populations and communities to unprecedented stresses. However, a major problem in understanding insect responses to TE is that they are still highly unpredictable both spatially and temporally, which reduces frequency- or direction-dependent selective responses by insects. Moreover, how species interactions and community structure may change in response to stresses imposed by TE is still poorly understood. Here we provide an overview of how terrestrial insects respond to TE by integrating their organismal physiology, multitrophic, and community-level interactions, and building that up to explore scenarios for population explosions and crashes that have ecosystem-level consequences. We argue that TE can push insect herbivores and their natural enemies to and even beyond their adaptive limits, which may differ among species intimately involved in trophic interactions, leading to phenological disruptions and the structural reorganization of food webs. TE may ultimately lead to outbreak-breakdown cycles in insect communities with detrimental consequences for ecosystem functioning and resilience. Lastly, we suggest new research lines that will help achieve a better understanding of insect and community responses to a wide range of CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Netherlands Institute of EcologyWageningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences – Animal EcologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Robin Heinen
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyTechnische Universität MünchenFreisingGermany
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Madhav P. Thakur
- Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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21
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A new comprehensive trait database of European and Maghreb butterflies, Papilionoidea. Sci Data 2020; 7:351. [PMID: 33060594 PMCID: PMC7567092 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Trait-based analyses explaining the different responses of species and communities to environmental changes are increasing in frequency. European butterflies are an indicator group that responds rapidly to environmental changes with extensive citizen science contributions to documenting changes of abundance and distribution. Species traits have been used to explain long- and short-term responses to climate, land-use and vegetation changes. Studies are often characterised by limited trait sets being used, with risks that the relative roles of different traits are not fully explored. Butterfly trait information is dispersed amongst various sources and descriptions sometimes differ between sources. We have therefore drawn together multiple information sets to provide a comprehensive trait database covering 542 taxa and 25 traits described by 217 variables and sub-states of the butterflies of Europe and Maghreb (northwest Africa) which should serve for improved trait-based ecological, conservation-related, phylogeographic and evolutionary studies of this group of insects. We provide this data in two forms; the basic data and as processed continuous and multinomial data, to enhance its potential usage. Measurement(s) | resources • Egg Laying • larval environment • pupal environment • geographic location • behavior • size • voltinism • phenology • host plant | Technology Type(s) | digital curation | Factor Type(s) | species | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Papilionoidea | Sample Characteristic - Location | Europe • Northwest Africa |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12998828
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22
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Bladon AJ, Lewis M, Bladon EK, Buckton SJ, Corbett S, Ewing SR, Hayes MP, Hitchcock GE, Knock R, Lucas C, McVeigh A, Menéndez R, Walker JM, Fayle TM, Turner EC. How butterflies keep their cool: Physical and ecological traits influence thermoregulatory ability and population trends. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2440-2450. [PMID: 32969021 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding which factors influence the ability of individuals to respond to changing temperatures is fundamental to species conservation under climate change. We investigated how a community of butterflies responded to fine-scale changes in air temperature, and whether species-specific responses were predicted by ecological or morphological traits. Using data collected across a UK reserve network, we investigated the ability of 29 butterfly species to buffer thoracic temperature against changes in air temperature. First, we tested whether differences were attributable to taxonomic family, morphology or habitat association. We then investigated the relative importance of two buffering mechanisms: behavioural thermoregulation versus fine-scale microclimate selection. Finally, we tested whether species' responses to changing temperatures predicted their population trends from a UK-wide dataset. We found significant interspecific variation in buffering ability, which varied between families and increased with wing length. We also found interspecific differences in the relative importance of the two buffering mechanisms, with species relying on microclimate selection suffering larger population declines over the last 40 years than those that could alter their temperature behaviourally. Our results highlight the importance of understanding how different species respond to fine-scale temperature variation, and the value of taking microclimate into account in conservation management to ensure favourable conditions are maintained for temperature-sensitive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bladon
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Lewis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sam J Buckton
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,The Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire & Northamptonshire, Cambridge, UK.,Yorkshire Wildlife Trust, York, UK
| | | | - Steven R Ewing
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, RSPB Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthew P Hayes
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gwen E Hitchcock
- The Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire & Northamptonshire, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard Knock
- The Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire & Northamptonshire, Cambridge, UK
| | - Colin Lucas
- 49 Mill Road, Beccles, Suffolk, NR34 9UT, UK
| | - Adam McVeigh
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Rosa Menéndez
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jonah M Walker
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tom M Fayle
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Edgar C Turner
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Antioxidant asymmetry and acclimation temperature independently reflect fight outcome in male crickets. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Lucek K, Butlin RK, Patsiou T. Secondary contact zones of closely-related Erebia butterflies overlap with narrow phenotypic and parasitic clines. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1152-1163. [PMID: 32573833 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zones of secondary contact between closely related taxa are a common legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Despite their abundance, the factors that keep species apart and prevent hybridization are often unknown. Here, we study a very narrow contact zone between three closely related butterfly species of the Erebia tyndarus species complex. Using genomic data, we first determined whether gene flow occurs and then assessed whether it might be hampered by differences in chromosome number between some species. We found interspecific gene flow between sibling species that differ in karyotype by one chromosome. Conversely, only F1 hybrids occurred between two species that have the same karyotype, forming a steep genomic cline. In a second step, we fitted clines to phenotypic, ecological and parasitic data to identify the factors associated with the genetic cline. We found clines for phenotypic data and the prevalence of the endosymbiont parasite Wolbachia to overlap with the genetic cline, suggesting that they might be drivers for separating the two species. Overall, our results highlight that some gene flow is possible between closely related species despite different chromosome numbers, but that other barriers restrict such gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Lucek
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roger K Butlin
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Marine Sciences, Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Theofania Patsiou
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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25
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Grundel R, Dulin GS, Pavlovic NB. Changes in conservation value from grasslands to savannas to forests: How a temperate canopy cover gradient affects butterfly community composition. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234139. [PMID: 32559760 PMCID: PMC7304999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperate savannas and grasslands are globally threatened. In the Midwest United States of America (USA), for example, oak savannas persist today at a small percentage of recent historic coverage. Therefore, restoration of habitats of low and intermediate canopy cover is a landscape conservation priority that often emphasizes returning tree density to a savanna-like target value. Understanding how animal species react to such changes in vegetation structure is important for assessing the value of these restoration plans. We examined how butterfly community attributes in northwest Indiana USA, including community composition, richness, and abundance responded to a grassland-to-forest gradient of canopy cover. Butterfly community composition under intermediate canopy cover differed significantly from community composition in the most open or closed-canopy habitats. Composition of the plant community in flower was a significant predictor of three assessed attributes of the butterfly community—composition, richness, and abundance. Phenology, expressed as day-of-the-year, was also a strong predictor of these butterfly community attributes. Few butterfly species were habitat specialists as adults although canopy cover was a more important predictor of adult community composition than of richness or abundance of butterflies. Therefore, adult butterfly community differences along the canopy cover gradient were less about butterfly communities filled with habitat specialists for different canopy-defined habitats and more about gradual changes in community composition along this gradient. Overall, butterfly community richness was predicted to peak at about 34% canopy cover, butterfly abundance at about 53% canopy cover, community conservation value at about 59% canopy cover, and a combination of desirable conservation attributes–high diversity, high abundance, and high conservation value–was predicted to reach a peak of co-occurrence at about 67% canopy cover suggesting that habitats of intermediate canopy cover might be particularly effective for butterfly conservation in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Grundel
- U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Chesterton, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gary S. Dulin
- Valparaiso University, Department of Biology, Valparaiso, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Noel B. Pavlovic
- U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Chesterton, Indiana, United States of America
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Faltýnek Fric Z, Rindoš M, Konvička M. Phenology responses of temperate butterflies to latitude depend on ecological traits. Ecol Lett 2019; 23:172-180. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Faltýnek Fric
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre Institute of Entomology Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská1760, 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Michal Rindoš
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre Institute of Entomology Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská1760, 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Martin Konvička
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre Institute of Entomology Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská1760, 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
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Cerrato C, Rocchia E, Brunetti M, Bionda R, Bassano B, Provenzale A, Bonelli S, Viterbi R. Butterfly distribution along altitudinal gradients: temporal changes over a short time period. NATURE CONSERVATION 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.34.30728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mountain ecosystems are particularly sensitive to changes in climate and land cover, but at the same time, they can offer important refuges for species on the opposite of the more altered lowlands. To explore the potential role of mountain ecosystems in butterfly conservation and to assess the vulnerability of the alpine species, we analyzed the short-term changes (2006–2008 vs. 2012–2013) of butterflies’ distribution along altitudinal gradients in the NW Italian Alps. We sampled butterfly communities once a month (62 sampling stations, 3 seasonal replicates per year, from June to August) by semi-quantitative sampling techniques. The monitored gradient ranges from the montane to the alpine belt (600–2700 m a.s.l.) within three protected areas: Gran Paradiso National Park (LTER, Sitecode: LTER_EU_IT_109), Orsiera Rocciavrè Natural Park and Veglia Devero Natural Park. We investigated butterflies’ temporal changes in accordance with a hierarchical approach to assess potential relationships between species and community level. As a first step, we characterized each species in terms of habitat requirements, elevational range and temperature preferences and we compared plot occupancy and altitudinal range changes between time periods (2006–2008 vs. 2012–2013). Secondly, we focused on community level, analyzing species richness and community composition temporal changes. The species level analysis highlighted a general increase in mean occupancy level and significant changes at both altitudinal boundaries. Looking at the ecological groups, we observed an increase of generalist and highly mobile species at the expense of the specialist and less mobile ones. For the community level, we noticed a significant increase in species richness, in the community temperature index and a tendency towards homogenization within communities. Besides the short time period considered, butterflies species distribution and communities changed considerably. In light of these results, it is fundamental to continue monitoring activities to understand if we are facing transient changes or first signals of an imminent trend.
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Liao H, Du T, Zhang Y, Shi L, Huai X, Zhou C, Deng J. Capacity for heat absorption by the wings of the butterfly Tirumala limniace (Cramer). PeerJ 2019; 7:e6648. [PMID: 30941273 PMCID: PMC6438159 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Butterflies can directly absorb heat from the sun via their wings to facilitate autonomous flight. However, how is the heat absorbed by the butterfly from sunlight stored and transmitted in the wing? The answer to this scientific question remains unclear. The butterfly Tirumala limniace (Cramer) is a typical heat absorption insect, and its wing surface color is only composed of light and dark colors. Thus, in this study, we measured a number of wing traits relevant for heat absorption including the thoracic temperature at different light intensities and wing opening angles, the thoracic temperature of butterflies with only one right fore wing or one right hind wing; In addition, the spectral reflectance of the wing surfaces, the thoracic temperature of butterflies with the scales removed or present in light or dark areas, and the real-time changes in heat absorption by the wing surfaces with temperature were also measured. We found that high intensity light (600–60,000 lx) allowed the butterflies to absorb more heat and 60−90° was the optimal angle for heat absorption. The heat absorption capacity was stronger in the fore wings than the hind wings. Dark areas on the wing surfaces were heat absorption areas. The dark areas in the lower region of the fore wing surface and the inside region of the hind wing surface were heat storage areas. Heat was transferred from the heat storage areas to the wing base through the veins near the heat storage areas of the fore and hind wings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaijian Liao
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Du
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Shi
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyu Huai
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengli Zhou
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Deng
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
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Hinojosa JC, Monasterio Y, Escobés R, Dincă V, Vila R. Erebia epiphronandErebia orientalis: sibling butterfly species with contrasting histories. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Carles Hinojosa
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelonac, Spain
| | - Yeray Monasterio
- Asociación Española para la Protección de las Mariposas y su Medio (ZERYNTHIA), Madre de Dios, Logroño, Spain
| | - Ruth Escobés
- Asociación Española para la Protección de las Mariposas y su Medio (ZERYNTHIA), Madre de Dios, Logroño, Spain
| | - Vlad Dincă
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, Barcelona, Spain
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Behavioural thermoregulation alters microhabitat utilization and demographic rates in ectothermic invertebrates. Anim Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Evolutionary Mechanisms of Varying Chromosome Numbers in the Radiation of Erebia Butterflies. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9030166. [PMID: 29547586 PMCID: PMC5867887 DOI: 10.3390/genes9030166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of intrinsic barriers to gene flow is a crucial step in the process of speciation. Chromosomal changes caused by fusion and fission events are one such barrier and are common in several groups of Lepidoptera. However, it remains unclear if and how chromosomal changes have contributed to speciation in this group. I tested for a phylogenetic signal of varying chromosome numbers in Erebia butterflies by combining existing sequence data with karyological information. I also compared different models of trait evolution in order to infer the underlying evolutionary mechanisms. Overall, I found significant phylogenetic signals that are consistent with non-neutral trait evolution only when parts of the mitochondrial genome were included, suggesting cytonuclear discordances. The adaptive evolutionary model tested in this study consistently outperformed the neutral model of trait evolution. Taken together, these results suggest that, unlike other Lepidoptera groups, changes in chromosome numbers may have played a role in the diversification of Erebia butterflies.
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Sánchez-Fernández D, Rizzo V, Bourdeau C, Cieslak A, Comas J, Faille A, Fresneda J, Lleopart E, Millán A, Montes A, Pallares S, Ribera I. The deep subterranean environment as a potential model system in ecological, biogeographical and evolutionary research. SUBTERRANEAN BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.25.23530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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33
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Vrba P, Zapletalová L, Zapletal M, Konvička M. Pre-winter larval activity and feeding behavior of Erebia aethiops and E. cassioides in Austrian Alps. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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34
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Harada E, Goto SG. Upregulation of heat-shock proteins in larvae, but not adults, of the flesh fly during hot summer days. Cell Stress Chaperones 2017; 22:823-831. [PMID: 28597340 PMCID: PMC5655370 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-017-0812-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are highly expressed when organisms are exposed to thermal stresses. The HSPs are considered to play significant roles in thermal adaptation because they function as molecular chaperones facilitating proper protein synthesis. The expression of HSPs under field conditions, however, has not been evaluated much, and their importance, based on the ecological contexts in nature, is still unclear. We investigated this aspect in the larvae and adults of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga similis. These larvae spend their larval life in the carrion or faeces of vertebrates; therefore, they are less mobile and are occasionally exposed to high temperature. In contrast, the adults of this species can fly and, therefore, they are highly mobile. Massive transcription of Hsps was detected both in the larvae and adults in a laboratory heat-shock experiment. The larvae in the field showed no or less Hsp production on thermally mild days, whereas considerable upregulation of Hsp expression was detected on days with high temperature. The adults can also be exposed to thermal stress as high as 40 °C or higher in the field. However, most of the flies showed no or less Hsp expression. The observations in the experimental cage under field conditions revealed behavioural thermoregulation of adults through microhabitat selection. The present study demonstrates ontogenetic alteration of the strategy to overcome thermal stress in an insect; in the field, less mobile larvae use physiological protection against heat (HSP production), whereas highly mobile adults avoid the stress behaviourally (through microhabitat selection).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Harada
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Shin G Goto
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
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35
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Marschalek DA, Faulkner DK, Deutschman DH. Livestock Grazing Shapes the Vegetation Structure and Subsequent Habitat Use by the Endangered Skipper Pyrgus ruralis lagunae (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:445-453. [PMID: 28334304 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many species adapted to alpine and montane meadow ecosystems are at risk of extinction. The skipper Pyrgus ruralis lagunae Scott is a mountaintop butterfly restricted to San Diego County, CA, a federally listed endangered species, and is in imminent risk of extinction. Historically, P. r. lagunae was found in the Laguna and Palomar mountains. We did not detect the skipper in the Laguna Mountains, and the species has likely been extirpated from this area, which represents half of its historical range and is the type locality. We studied three populations on Palomar Mountain. Skippers primarily occupied areas close to creeks or in adjacent ravines at two nongrazed sites. The third site is grazed by cattle, and skippers were found close to the forest edge. At nongrazed locations, creek areas had higher cover of intermediate-height vegetation, more bare ground, and more flowers compared with unoccupied areas of the same meadow. The vegetation at occupied and unoccupied areas within the grazed meadow were similar. Even so, skippers occupied areas with more bare ground as well as greater species richness of flowering plants. A grazing exclosure was previously installed in an attempt to protect and enhance skipper habitat, but skippers did not use the dense grasslands that developed inside the exclosures. Contrary to the prevailing theory, protection from grazing did not improve skipper habitat. This illustrates how management based on inadequate biological information can hinder well-intentioned conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Marschalek
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182
| | | | - Douglas H Deutschman
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182
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36
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Facing the Heat: Thermoregulation and Behaviour of Lowland Species of a Cold-Dwelling Butterfly Genus, Erebia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150393. [PMID: 27008409 PMCID: PMC4805286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the potential of animals to immediately respond to changing temperatures is imperative for predicting the effects of climate change on biodiversity. Ectothermic animals, such as insects, use behavioural thermoregulation to keep their body temperature within suitable limits. It may be particularly important at warm margins of species occurrence, where populations are sensitive to increasing air temperatures. In the field, we studied thermal requirements and behavioural thermoregulation in low-altitude populations of the Satyrinae butterflies Erebia aethiops, E. euryale and E. medusa. We compared the relationship of individual body temperature with air and microhabitat temperatures for the low-altitude Erebia species to our data on seven mountain species, including a high-altitude population of E. euryale, studied in the Alps. We found that the grassland butterfly E. medusa was well adapted to the warm lowland climate and it was active under the highest air temperatures and kept the highest body temperature of all species. Contrarily, the woodland species, E. aethiops and a low-altitude population of E. euryale, kept lower body temperatures and did not search for warm microclimates as much as other species. Furthermore, temperature-dependence of daily activities also differed between the three low-altitude and the mountain species. Lastly, the different responses to ambient temperature between the low- and high-altitude populations of E. euryale suggest possible local adaptations to different climates. We highlight the importance of habitat heterogeneity for long-term species survival, because it is expected to buffer climate change consequences by providing a variety of microclimates, which can be actively explored by adults. Alpine species can take advantage of warm microclimates, while low-altitude grassland species may retreat to colder microhabitats to escape heat, if needed. However, we conclude that lowland populations of woodland species may be more severely threatened by climate warming because of the unavailability of relatively colder microclimates.
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37
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Sánchez-Fernández D, Rizzo V, Cieslak A, Faille A, Fresneda J, Ribera I. Thermal niche estimators and the capability of poor dispersal species to cope with climate change. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23381. [PMID: 26983802 PMCID: PMC4794760 DOI: 10.1038/srep23381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For management strategies in the context of global warming, accurate predictions of species response are mandatory. However, to date most predictions are based on niche (bioclimatic) models that usually overlook biotic interactions, behavioral adjustments or adaptive evolution, and assume that species can disperse freely without constraints. The deep subterranean environment minimises these uncertainties, as it is simple, homogeneous and with constant environmental conditions. It is thus an ideal model system to study the effect of global change in species with poor dispersal capabilities. We assess the potential fate of a lineage of troglobitic beetles under global change predictions using different approaches to estimate their thermal niche: bioclimatic models, rates of thermal niche change estimated from a molecular phylogeny, and data from physiological studies. Using bioclimatic models, at most 60% of the species were predicted to have suitable conditions in 2080. Considering the rates of thermal niche change did not improve this prediction. However, physiological data suggest that subterranean species have a broad thermal tolerance, allowing them to stand temperatures never experienced through their evolutionary history. These results stress the need of experimental approaches to assess the capability of poor dispersal species to cope with temperatures outside those they currently experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sánchez-Fernández
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Valeria Rizzo
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandra Cieslak
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnaud Faille
- Zoologische Staatsammlung, Muenchhausenstrasse, Munich, Germany
| | - Javier Fresneda
- Ca de Massa, Llesp – El Pont de Suert, Spain
- Museu de Ciències Naturals, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ribera
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Lürig MD, Best RJ, Stachowicz JJ. Microhabitat partitioning in seagrass mesograzers is driven by consistent species choices across multiple predator and competitor contexts. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz D. Lürig
- Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag); Seestrasse 79 CH-6047 Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Adaption to a Changing Environment (ACE), Inst. of Integrative Biology; CH-8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Rebecca J. Best
- Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag); Seestrasse 79 CH-6047 Kastanienbaum Switzerland
| | - John J. Stachowicz
- Dept of Evolution and Ecology and Bodega Marine Laboratory; Univ. of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
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Brashears J, Aiello A, Seymoure BM. Cool Bands: Wing bands decrease rate of heating, but not equilibrium temperature in Anartia fatima. J Therm Biol 2016; 56:100-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Dulle HI, Ferger SW, Cordeiro NJ, Howell KM, Schleuning M, Böhning-Gaese K, Hof C. Changes in abundances of forest understorey birds on Africa's highest mountain suggest subtle effects of climate change. DIVERS DISTRIB 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hamadi I. Dulle
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F); Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences; Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity; Goethe University; Max-von-Laue-Straße 13 60438 Frankfurt Germany
- The College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka; PO Box 3031 Moshi Tanzania
| | - Stefan W. Ferger
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F); Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Norbert J. Cordeiro
- Department of Biology, Chemical and Physical Sciences; Roosevelt University; 430 S. Michigan Ave Chicago IL 60605 USA
- Science and Education; The Field Museum; 1400 South Lake Shore Drive Chicago IL 60605 USA
| | - Kim M. Howell
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation; University of Dar-es-Salaam; Box 35064 Dar-es-Salaam Tanzania
| | - Matthias Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F); Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Katrin Böhning-Gaese
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F); Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences; Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity; Goethe University; Max-von-Laue-Straße 13 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Christian Hof
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F); Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt Germany
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41
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Kleckova I, Cesanek M, Fric Z, Pellissier L. Diversification of the cold-adapted butterfly genus Oeneis related to Holarctic biogeography and climatic niche shifts. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 92:255-65. [PMID: 26166775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Both geographical and ecological speciation interact during the evolution of a clade, but the relative contribution of these processes is rarely assessed for cold-dwelling biota. Here, we investigate the role of biogeography and the evolution of ecological traits on the diversification of the Holarctic arcto-alpine butterfly genus Oeneis (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). We reconstructed the molecular phylogeny of the genus based on one mitochondrial (COI) and three nuclear (GAPDH, RpS5, wingless) genes. We inferred the biogeographical scenario and the ancestral state reconstructions of climatic and habitat requirements. Within the genus, we detected five main species groups corresponding to the taxonomic division and further paraphyletic position of Neominois (syn. n.). Next, we transferred O. aktashi from the hora to the polixenes species group on the bases of molecular relationships. We found that the genus originated in the dry grasslands of the mountains of Central Asia and dispersed over the Beringian Land Bridges to North America several times independently. Holarctic mountains, in particular the Asian Altai Mts. and Sayan Mts., host the oldest lineages and most of the species diversity. Arctic species are more recent, with Pliocene or Pleistocene origin. We detected a strong phylogenetic signal for the climatic niche, where one lineage diversified towards colder conditions. Altogether, our results indicate that both dispersal across geographical areas and occupation of distinct climatic niches promoted the diversification of the Oeneis genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kleckova
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - M Cesanek
- Bodrocká 30, 821 07 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Z Fric
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - L Pellissier
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, Ecology & Evolution, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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42
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Peña C, Witthauer H, Klečková I, Fric Z, Wahlberg N. Adaptive radiations in butterflies: evolutionary history of the genusErebia(Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Peña
- Department of Biology; Laboratory of Genetics; University of Turku; 20014 Turku Finland
| | - Heike Witthauer
- Department of Biology; Laboratory of Genetics; University of Turku; 20014 Turku Finland
| | - Irena Klečková
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Institute of Entomology; Branišovská 31 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; Branišovská 31 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Fric
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Institute of Entomology; Branišovská 31 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; Branišovská 31 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Department of Biology; Laboratory of Genetics; University of Turku; 20014 Turku Finland
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