1
|
Xia Y, Coffman TM. Hold the salt for kidney regeneration. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e181397. [PMID: 38828728 PMCID: PMC11142728 DOI: 10.1172/jci181397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The macula densa (MD) is a distinct cluster of approximately 20 specialized kidney epithelial cells that constitute a key component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Unlike other renal tubular epithelial cell populations with functions relating to reclamation or secretion of electrolytes and solutes, the MD acts as a cell sensor, exerting homeostatic actions in response to sodium and chloride changes within the tubular fluid. Electrolyte flux through apical sodium transporters in MD cells triggers release of paracrine mediators, affecting blood pressure and glomerular hemodynamics. In this issue of the JCI, Gyarmati and authors explored a program of MD that resulted in activation of regeneration pathways. Notably, regeneration was triggered by feeding mice a low-salt diet. Furthermore, the MD cells showed neuron-like properties that may contribute to their regulation of glomerular structure and function. These findings suggest that dietary sodium restriction and/or targeting MD signaling might attenuate glomerular injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Thomas M. Coffman
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Signature Research Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yoon B, Kim H, Jung SW, Park J. Single-cell lineage tracing approaches to track kidney cell development and maintenance. Kidney Int 2024; 105:1186-1199. [PMID: 38554991 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2024.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The kidney is a complex organ consisting of various cell types. Previous studies have aimed to elucidate the cellular relationships among these cell types in developing and mature kidneys using Cre-loxP-based lineage tracing. However, this methodology falls short of fully capturing the heterogeneous nature of the kidney, making it less than ideal for comprehensively tracing cellular progression during kidney development and maintenance. Recent technological advancements in single-cell genomics have revolutionized lineage tracing methods. Single-cell lineage tracing enables the simultaneous tracing of multiple cell types within complex tissues and their transcriptomic profiles, thereby allowing the reconstruction of their lineage tree with cell state information. Although single-cell lineage tracing has been successfully applied to investigate cellular hierarchies in various organs and tissues, its application in kidney research is currently lacking. This review comprehensively consolidates the single-cell lineage tracing methods, divided into 4 categories (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat [CRISPR]/CRISPR-associated protein 9 [Cas9]-based, transposon-based, Polylox-based, and native barcoding methods), and outlines their technical advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, we propose potential future research topics in kidney research that could benefit from single-cell lineage tracing and suggest suitable technical strategies to apply to these topics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baul Yoon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Woong Jung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jihwan Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gujarati NA, Chow AK, Mallipattu SK. Central role of podocytes in mediating cellular cross talk in glomerular health and disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F313-F325. [PMID: 38205544 PMCID: PMC11207540 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00328.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are highly specialized epithelial cells that surround the capillaries of the glomeruli in the kidney. Together with the glomerular endothelial cells, these postmitotic cells are responsible for regulating filtrate from the circulating blood with their organized network of interdigitating foot processes that wrap around the glomerular basement membrane. Although podocyte injury and subsequent loss is the hallmark of many glomerular diseases, recent evidence suggests that the cell-cell communication between podocytes and other glomerular and nonglomerular cells is critical for the development and progression of kidney disease. In this review, we highlight these key cellular pathways of communication and how they might be a potential target for therapy in glomerular disease. We also postulate that podocytes might serve as a central hub for communication in the kidney under basal conditions and in response to cellular stress, which may have implications for the development and progression of glomerular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nehaben A Gujarati
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States
| | - Andrew K Chow
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States
| | - Sandeep K Mallipattu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States
- Renal Section, Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nagalakshmi VK, Li M, Liang X, Medrano S, Belyea BC, Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Cells of the renin lineage promote kidney regeneration post-release of ureteral obstruction in neonatal mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 238:e14014. [PMID: 37309075 PMCID: PMC10527043 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM Ureteral obstruction leads to significant changes in kidney renin expression. It is unclear whether those changes are responsible for the progression of kidney damage, repair, or regeneration. In the current study, we aimed to elucidate the contribution of renin-producing cells (RPCs) and the cells of the renin lineage (CoRL) towards kidney damage and regeneration using a model of partial and reversible unilateral ureteral obstruction (pUUO) in neonatal mice. METHODS Renin cells are progenitors for other renal cell types collectively called CoRL. We labeled the CoRL with green fluorescent protein (GFP) using genetic approaches. We performed lineage tracing to analyze the changes in the distribution of CoRL during and after the release of obstruction. We also ablated the RPCs and CoRL by cell-specific expression of Diphtheria Toxin Sub-unit A (DTA). Finally, we evaluated the kidney damage and regeneration during and after the release of obstruction in the absence of CoRL. RESULTS In the obstructed kidneys, there was a 163% increase in the renin-positive area and a remarkable increase in the distribution of GFP+ CoRL. Relief of obstruction abrogated these changes. In addition, DTA-expressing animals did not respond to pUUO with increased RPCs and CoRL. Moreover, reduction in CoRL significantly compromised the kidney's ability to recover from the damage after the release of obstruction. CONCLUSIONS CoRL play a role in the regeneration of the kidneys post-relief of obstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vidya K. Nagalakshmi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Minghong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Xiuyin Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Silvia Medrano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Brian C Belyea
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mechanisms of podocyte injury and implications for diabetic nephropathy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:493-520. [PMID: 35415751 PMCID: PMC9008595 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Albuminuria is the hallmark of both primary and secondary proteinuric glomerulopathies, including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), obesity-related nephropathy, and diabetic nephropathy (DN). Moreover, albuminuria is an important feature of all chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Podocytes play a key role in maintaining the permselectivity of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) and injury of the podocyte, leading to foot process (FP) effacement and podocyte loss, the unifying underlying mechanism of proteinuric glomerulopathies. The metabolic insult of hyperglycemia is of paramount importance in the pathogenesis of DN, while insults leading to podocyte damage are poorly defined in other proteinuric glomerulopathies. However, shared mechanisms of podocyte damage have been identified. Herein, we will review the role of haemodynamic and oxidative stress, inflammation, lipotoxicity, endocannabinoid (EC) hypertone, and both mitochondrial and autophagic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of the podocyte damage, focussing particularly on their role in the pathogenesis of DN. Gaining a better insight into the mechanisms of podocyte injury may provide novel targets for treatment. Moreover, novel strategies for boosting podocyte repair may open the way to podocyte regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lavecchia AM, Pelekanos K, Mavelli F, Xinaris C. Cell Hypertrophy: A “Biophysical Roadblock” to Reversing Kidney Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:854998. [PMID: 35309910 PMCID: PMC8927721 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.854998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In anamniotes cell loss can typically be compensated for through proliferation, but in amniotes, this capacity has been significantly diminished to accommodate tissue complexity. In order to cope with the increased workload that results from cell death, instead of proliferation highly specialised post-mitotic cells undergo polyploidisation and hypertrophy. Although compensatory hypertrophy is the main strategy of repair/regeneration in various parenchymal tissues, the long-term benefits and its capacity to sustain complete recovery of the kidney has not been addressed sufficiently. In this perspective article we integrate basic principles from biophysics and biology to examine whether renal cell hypertrophy is a sustainable adaptation that can efficiently regenerate tissue mass and restore organ function, or a maladaptive detrimental response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Michele Lavecchia
- Laboratory of Organ Regeneration, Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Mavelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Christodoulos Xinaris
- Laboratory of Organ Regeneration, Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Bergamo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Christodoulos Xinaris,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Telomerase is required for glomerular renewal in kidneys of adult mice. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:15. [PMID: 35149726 PMCID: PMC8837629 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic renal filtration relies on the integrity of podocytes, which function in glomerular filtration. These highly specialized cells are damaged in 90% of chronic kidney disease, representing the leading cause of end-stage renal failure. Although modest podocyte renewal has been documented in adult mice, the mechanisms regulating this process remain largely unknown and controversial. Using a mouse model of Adriamycin-induced nephropathy, we find that the recovery of filtration function requires up-regulation of the endogenous telomerase component TERT. Previous work has shown that transient overexpression of catalytically inactive TERT (i-TERTci mouse model) has an unexpected role in triggering dramatic podocyte proliferation and renewal. We therefore used this model to conduct specific and stochastic lineage-tracing strategies in combination with high throughput sequencing methods. These experiments provide evidence that TERT drives the activation and clonal expansion of podocyte progenitor cells. Our findings demonstrate that the adult kidney bears intrinsic regenerative capabilities involving the protein component of telomerase, paving the way for innovative research toward the development of chronic kidney disease therapeutics.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang W, Gao C, Tsilosani A, Samarakoon R, Plews R, Higgins P. Potential renal stem/progenitor cells identified by in vivo lineage tracing. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F379-F391. [PMID: 35100814 PMCID: PMC8934668 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00326.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian kidneys consist of more than 30 different types of cells. A challenging task is to identify and characterize the stem/progenitor subpopulations that establish the lineage relationships among these cellular elements during nephrogenesis in the embryonic and neonate kidneys and during tissue homeostasis and/or injury repair in the mature kidney. Moreover, the potential clinical utility of stem/progenitor cells holds promise for development of new regenerative medicine approaches for the treatment of renal diseases. Stem cells are defined by unlimited self-renewal capacity and pluripotentiality. Progenitor cells have pluripotentiality, but no or limited self-renewal potential. Cre-LoxP-based in vivo genetic lineage tracing is a powerful tool to identify the stem/progenitor cells in their native environment. Hypothetically, this technique enables investigators to accurately track the progeny of a single cell, or a group of cells. The Cre/loxP system has been widely employed to uncover the function of genes in various mammalian tissues and to identify stem/progenitor cells through in vivo lineage tracing analyses. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the development and characterization of various Cre drivers, and their use in identifying potential renal stem/progenitor cells in both developing and mature mouse kidneys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Akaki Tsilosani
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Rohan Samarakoon
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Robert Plews
- Department of General Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Paul Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Muto Y, Humphreys BD. Recent advances in lineage tracing for the kidney. Kidney Int 2021; 100:1179-1184. [PMID: 34217781 PMCID: PMC8608712 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lineage tracing was originally developed by developmental biologists to identify all progeny of a single cell during morphogenesis. More recently this approach has been applied to other fields, including organ homeostasis and recovery from injury. Modern lineage tracing techniques typically rely on reporter gene expression induced by cell-specific DNA recombination. There have been important scientific advances in the last 10 years that have impacted lineage tracing approaches, including intersectional genetics, optical clearing techniques, and the use of sequencing-based genomic lineage tracing. The latter combines CRISPR-Cas9-based genetic scarring with single-cell RNA-sequencing that, in theory, could allow comprehensive reconstruction of a lineage tree for an entire organism. This review summarizes recent advances in lineage tracing technologies and outlines potential applications for kidney research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Muto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen S, Huang H, Liu Y, Wang C, Chen X, Chang Y, Li Y, Guo Z, Han Z, Han ZC, Zhao Q, Chen XM, Li Z. Renal subcapsular delivery of PGE 2 promotes kidney repair by activating endogenous Sox9 + stem cells. iScience 2021; 24:103243. [PMID: 34746706 PMCID: PMC8554536 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has recently been recognized to play a role in immune regulation and tissue regeneration. However, the short half-life of PGE2 limits its clinical application. Improving the delivery of PGE2 specifically to the target organ with a prolonged release method is highly desirable. Taking advantage of the adequate space and proximity of the renal parenchyma, renal subcapsular delivery allows minimally invasive and effective delivery to the entire kidney. Here, we report that by covalently cross-linking it to a collagen matrix, PGE2 exhibits an adequate long-term presence in the kidney with extensive intraparenchymal penetration through renal subcapsular delivery and significantly improves kidney function. Sox9 cell lineage tracing with intravital microscopy revealed that PGE2 could activate the endogenous renal progenitor Sox9+ cells through the Yap signaling pathway. Our results highlight the prospects of utilizing renal subcapsular-based drug delivery and facilitate new applications of PGE2-releasing matrices for regenerative therapy. PGE2 exhibits an adequate long-term release by being covalently cross-linked to collagen The renal subcapsular space serves as a reservoir for the delivery of PGE2 Sox9+ renal progenitor cells can be lineage traced intravitally by microscopy PGE2 activates the endogenous renal progenitor Sox9+ cells through the YAP pathway
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.,The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, The College of Life Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoyan Huang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.,The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, The College of Life Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoniao Chen
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqiao Chang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhikun Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhibo Han
- Jiangxi Engineering Research Center for Stem Cell, Shangrao, Jiangxi, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Engineering Technologies for Cell Pharmaceutical, National Engineering Research Center for Cell Products, AmCellGene Co., Ltd., Tianjin China
| | - Zhong-Chao Han
- Jiangxi Engineering Research Center for Stem Cell, Shangrao, Jiangxi, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Engineering Technologies for Cell Pharmaceutical, National Engineering Research Center for Cell Products, AmCellGene Co., Ltd., Tianjin China.,Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Perinatal Stem Cells, Beijing Institute of Health and Stem Cells, Health & Biotech Co., Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, The College of Life Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang-Mei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zongjin Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.,The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, The College of Life Sciences, Tianjin, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100039, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ectodomain shedding by ADAM proteases as a central regulator in kidney physiology and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1869:119165. [PMID: 34699872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Besides its involvement in blood and bone physiology, the kidney's main function is to filter substances and thereby regulate the electrolyte composition of body fluids, acid-base balance and toxin removal. Depending on underlying conditions, the nephron must undergo remodeling and cellular adaptations. The proteolytic removal of cell surface proteins via ectodomain shedding by A Disintegrin and Metalloproteases (ADAMs) is of importance for the regulation of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion of renal cells. ADAM10 controls glomerular and tubule development in a Notch1 signaling-dependent manner and regulates brush border composition. ADAM17 regulates the renin angiotensin system and is together with ADAM10 involved in calcium phosphate homeostasis. In kidney disease ADAMs, especially ADAM17 contribute to inflammation through their involvement in IL-6 trans-signaling, Notch-, epithelial growth factor receptor-, and tumor necrosis factor α signaling. ADAMs are interesting drug targets to reduce the inflammatory burden, defective cell adhesion and impaired signaling pathways in kidney diseases.
Collapse
|
12
|
Little MH, Howden SE, Lawlor KT, Vanslambrouck JM. Determining lineage relationships in kidney development and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 18:8-21. [PMID: 34594045 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lineage relationships of cells provide information about the origins of component cell types during development and repair as well as the source of aberrant cells during disease. Genetic approaches to lineage tracing applied in the mouse have revealed much about how the mammalian kidney forms, including the identification of key progenitors for the nephrons and stromal compartments. Inducible Cre systems have also facilitated lineage tracing studies in the postnatal animal that illustrate the changes in cellular fate that can occur during kidney injury. With the advent of single-cell transcriptional profiling and trajectory analyses, predictions of cellular relationships across development are now being made in model systems, such as the mouse, as well as in human fetal kidney. Importantly, these approaches provide predictions of lineage relationships rather than definitive evidence. Although genetic approaches to the study of lineage have not previously been possible in a human setting, the application of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing of pluripotent stem cells is beginning to teach us about human lineage relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Sara E Howden
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kynan T Lawlor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang Y, Eng DG, Kaverina NV, Loretz CJ, Koirala A, Akilesh S, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ. Global transcriptomic changes occur in aged mouse podocytes. Kidney Int 2020; 98:1160-1173. [PMID: 32592814 PMCID: PMC7606654 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular podocytes undergo structural and functional changes with advanced age, that increase susceptibility of aging kidneys to worse outcomes following superimposed glomerular diseases. To delineate transcriptional changes in podocytes in aged mice, RNA-seq was performed on isolated populations of reporter-labeled (tdTomato) podocytes from multiple young (two to three months) and advanced aged mice (22 to 24 months, equivalent to 70 plus year old humans). Of the 2,494 differentially expressed genes, 1,219 were higher and 1,275 were lower in aged podocytes. Pathway enrichment showed that major biological processes increased in aged podocytes included immune responses, non-coding RNA metabolism, gene silencing and MAP kinase signaling. Conversely, aged podocytes showed downregulation of developmental, morphogenesis and metabolic processes. Canonical podocyte marker gene expression decreased in aged podocytes, with increases in apoptotic and senescence genes providing a mechanism for the progressive loss of podocytes seen with aging. In addition, we revealed aberrations in the podocyte autocrine signaling network, identified the top transcription factors perturbed in aged podocytes, and uncovered candidate gene modulations that might promote healthy aging in podocytes. The transcriptional signature of aging is distinct from other kidney diseases. Thus, our study provides insights into biomarker discovery and molecular targeting of the aging process itself within podocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Wang
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Diana G Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Natalya V Kaverina
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carol J Loretz
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Abbal Koirala
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shreeram Akilesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stuart J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kaverina NV, Eng DG, Miner JH, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ. Parietal epithelial cell differentiation to a podocyte fate in the aged mouse kidney. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:17601-17624. [PMID: 32858527 PMCID: PMC7521511 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Healthy aging is typified by a progressive and absolute loss of podocytes over the lifespan of animals and humans. To test the hypothesis that a subset of glomerular parietal epithelial cell (PEC) progenitors transition to a podocyte fate with aging, dual reporter PEC-rtTA|LC1|tdTomato|Nphs1-FLPo|FRT-EGFP mice were generated. PECs were inducibly labeled with a tdTomato reporter, and podocytes were constitutively labeled with an EGFP reporter. With advancing age (14 and 24 months) glomeruli in the juxta-medullary cortex (JMC) were more severely injured than those in the outer cortex (OC). In aged mice (24m), injured glomeruli with lower podocyte number (41% decrease), showed more PEC migration and differentiation to a podocyte fate than mildly injured or healthy glomeruli. PECs differentiated to a podocyte fate had ultrastructural features of podocytes and co-expressed the podocyte markers podocin, nephrin, p57 and VEGF164, but not markers of mesangial (Perlecan) or endothelial (ERG) cells. PECs differentiated to a podocyte fate did not express CD44, a marker of PEC activation. Taken together, we demonstrate that a subpopulation of PECs differentiate to a podocyte fate predominantly in injured glomeruli in mice of advanced age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana G. Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Assmus AM, Mullins JJ, Brown CM, Mullins LJ. Cellular plasticity: A mechanism for homeostasis in the kidney. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 229:e13447. [PMID: 31991057 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellular plasticity is a topical subject with interest spanning a wide range of fields from developmental biology to regenerative medicine. Even the nomenclature is a subject of debate, and the underlying mechanisms are still under investigation. On top of injury repair, cell plasticity is a constant physiological process in adult organisms and tissues, in response to homeostatic challenges. In this review we discuss two examples of plasticity for the maintenance of homeostasis in the renal system-namely the renin-producing juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) and cortical collecting duct (CCD) cells. JG cells show plasticity through recruitment mechanisms, answering the demand for an increase in renin production. In the CCD, cells appear to have the ability to transdifferentiate between principal and intercalated cells to help maintain the highly regulated solute transport levels of that segment. These two cases highlight the complexity of plasticity processes and the role they can play in the kidney.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M. Assmus
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
| | - John J. Mullins
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
| | - Cara M. Brown
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
| | - Linda J. Mullins
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Puelles VG, van der Wolde JW, Wanner N, Scheppach MW, Cullen-McEwen LA, Bork T, Lindenmeyer MT, Gernhold L, Wong MN, Braun F, Cohen CD, Kett MM, Kuppe C, Kramann R, Saritas T, van Roeyen CR, Moeller MJ, Tribolet L, Rebello R, Sun YB, Li J, Müller-Newen G, Hughson MD, Hoy WE, Person F, Wiech T, Ricardo SD, Kerr PG, Denton KM, Furic L, Huber TB, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Bertram JF. mTOR-mediated podocyte hypertrophy regulates glomerular integrity in mice and humans. JCI Insight 2019; 4:99271. [PMID: 31534053 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular origins of glomerulosclerosis involve activation of parietal epithelial cells (PECs) and progressive podocyte depletion. While mammalian target of rapamycin-mediated (mTOR-mediated) podocyte hypertrophy is recognized as an important signaling pathway in the context of glomerular disease, the role of podocyte hypertrophy as a compensatory mechanism preventing PEC activation and glomerulosclerosis remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that glomerular mTOR and PEC activation-related genes were both upregulated and intercorrelated in biopsies from patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and diabetic nephropathy, suggesting both compensatory and pathological roles. Advanced morphometric analyses in murine and human tissues identified podocyte hypertrophy as a compensatory mechanism aiming to regulate glomerular functional integrity in response to somatic growth, podocyte depletion, and even glomerulosclerosis - all of this in the absence of detectable podocyte regeneration. In mice, pharmacological inhibition of mTOR signaling during acute podocyte loss impaired hypertrophy of remaining podocytes, resulting in unexpected albuminuria, PEC activation, and glomerulosclerosis. Exacerbated and persistent podocyte hypertrophy enabled a vicious cycle of podocyte loss and PEC activation, suggesting a limit to its beneficial effects. In summary, our data highlight a critical protective role of mTOR-mediated podocyte hypertrophy following podocyte loss in order to preserve glomerular integrity, preventing PEC activation and glomerulosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Puelles
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Center for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - James W van der Wolde
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicola Wanner
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Luise A Cullen-McEwen
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tillmann Bork
- Renal Division, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maja T Lindenmeyer
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Gernhold
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Milagros N Wong
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Braun
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clemens D Cohen
- Nephrological Center Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michelle M Kett
- Cardiovascular Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leon Tribolet
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard Rebello
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yu By Sun
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jinhua Li
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gerhard Müller-Newen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael D Hughson
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Wendy E Hoy
- Centre for Chronic Disease, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fermin Person
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wiech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sharon D Ricardo
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter G Kerr
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Center for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kate M Denton
- Cardiovascular Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luc Furic
- Prostate Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Australia.,Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David J Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Center for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John F Bertram
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Drake KA, Fessler AR, Carroll TJ. Methods for renal lineage tracing: In vivo and beyond. Methods Cell Biol 2019; 154:121-143. [PMID: 31493814 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lineage tracing has resulted in fundamental discoveries in kidney development and disease and remains a powerful technique to study mechanisms of organogenesis, homeostasis, and repair/regeneration. Following decades of research on the cellular and molecular regulation of renal organogenesis, the kidney has become one of the most well-characterized organs, resulting in exciting advancements in pluripotent stem cell differentiation, tissue bioengineering, and the potential for developing novel regenerative therapies for kidney disease. Lineage tracing, or the labeling of progeny cells arising from a single cell or group of cells, allows for spatial and temporal analyses of dynamic in vivo and in vitro processes. As lineage tracing techniques expand across disciplines of developmental biology, stem cell biology, and regenerative medicine, careful experimental design and interpretation, along with an understanding of the basic principles and technical limitations, are essential for utilizing genetically complex lineage tracing models to further understand kidney development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keri A Drake
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Alicia R Fessler
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Thomas J Carroll
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kaverina NV, Eng DG, Freedman BS, Kutz JN, Chozinski TJ, Vaughan JC, Miner JH, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ. Dual lineage tracing shows that glomerular parietal epithelial cells can transdifferentiate toward the adult podocyte fate. Kidney Int 2019; 96:597-611. [PMID: 31200942 PMCID: PMC7008116 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes are differentiated post-mitotic cells that cannot replace themselves after injury. Glomerular parietal epithelial cells are proposed to be podocyte progenitors. To test whether a subset of parietal epithelial cells transdifferentiate to a podocyte fate, dual reporter PEC-rtTA|LC1|tdTomato|Nphs1-FLPo|FRT-EGFP mice, named PEC-PODO, were generated. Doxycycline administration permanently labeled parietal epithelial cells with tdTomato reporter (red), and upon doxycycline removal, the parietal epithelial cells (PECs) cannot label further. Despite the presence or absence of doxycycline, podocytes cannot label with tdTomato, but are constitutively labeled with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter (green). Only activation of the Nphs1-FLPo transgene by labeled parietal epithelial cells can generate a yellow color. At day 28 of experimental focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, podocyte density was 20% lower in 20% of glomeruli. At day 56 of experimental focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, podocyte density was 18% lower in 17% of glomeruli. TdTomato+ parietal epithelial cells were restricted to Bowman's capsule in healthy mice. However, by days 28 and 56 of experimental disease, two-thirds of tdTomato+ parietal epithelial cells within glomerular tufts were yellow in color. These cells co-expressed the podocyte markers podocin, nephrin, p57 and VEGF164, but not markers of endothelial (ERG) or mesangial (Perlecan) cells. Expansion microscopy showed primary, secondary and minor processes in tdTomato+EGFP+ cells in glomerular tufts. Thus, our studies provide strong evidence that parietal epithelial cells serve as a source of new podocytes in adult mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalya V Kaverina
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Diana G Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - J Nathan Kutz
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tyler J Chozinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua C Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stuart J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kurtz A. How can juxtaglomerular renin-producing cells support the integrity of glomerular endothelial cells? Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:1161-1162. [PMID: 31396756 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Kurtz
- Physiologisches Institut, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Singh N, Avigan ZM, Kliegel JA, Shuch BM, Montgomery RR, Moeckel GW, Cantley LG. Development of a 2-dimensional atlas of the human kidney with imaging mass cytometry. JCI Insight 2019; 4:129477. [PMID: 31217358 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An incomplete understanding of the biology of the human kidney, including the relative abundances of and interactions between intrinsic and immune cells, has long constrained the development of therapies for kidney disease. The small amount of tissue obtained by renal biopsy has previously limited the ability to use patient samples for discovery purposes. Imaging mass cytometry (IMC) is an ideal technology for quantitative interrogation of scarce samples, permitting concurrent analysis of more than 40 markers on a single tissue section. Using a validated panel of metal-conjugated antibodies designed to confer unique signatures on the structural and infiltrating cells comprising the human kidney, we performed simultaneous multiplexed imaging with IMC in 23 channels on 16 histopathologically normal human samples. We devised a machine-learning pipeline (Kidney-MAPPS) to perform single-cell segmentation, phenotyping, and quantification, thus creating a spatially preserved quantitative atlas of the normal human kidney. These data define selected baseline renal cell types, respective numbers, organization, and variability. We demonstrate the utility of IMC coupled to Kidney-MAPPS to qualitatively and quantitatively distinguish individual cell types and reveal expected as well as potentially novel abnormalities in diseased versus normal tissue. Our studies define a critical baseline data set for future quantitative analysis of human kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Singh
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Gilbert W Moeckel
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Torban E, Braun F, Wanner N, Takano T, Goodyer PR, Lennon R, Ronco P, Cybulsky AV, Huber TB. From podocyte biology to novel cures for glomerular disease. Kidney Int 2019; 96:850-861. [PMID: 31420194 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The podocyte is a key component of the glomerular filtration barrier. Podocyte dysfunction is central to the underlying pathophysiology of many common glomerular diseases, including diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis and genetic forms of nephrotic syndrome. Collectively, these conditions affect millions of people worldwide, and account for the majority of kidney diseases requiring dialysis and transplantation. The 12th International Podocyte Conference was held in Montreal, Canada from May 30 to June 2, 2018. The primary aim of this conference was to bring together nephrologists, clinician scientists, basic scientists and their trainees from all over the world to present their research and to establish networks with the common goal of developing new therapies for glomerular diseases based on the latest advances in podocyte biology. This review briefly highlights recent advances made in understanding podocyte structure and metabolism, experimental systems in which to study podocytes and glomerular disease, disease mediators, genetic and immune origins of glomerulopathies, and the development of novel therapeutic agents to protect podocyte and glomerular injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torban
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Fabian Braun
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Wanner
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tomoko Takano
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul R Goodyer
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Pierre Ronco
- Sorbonne University, INSERM UMR_S 1155, and Nephrology and Dialysis Department, Hôpital Tenon, Paris France
| | - Andrey V Cybulsky
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tang J, Wysocki J, Ye M, Vallés PG, Rein J, Shirazi M, Bader M, Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Afkarian M, Batlle D. Urinary Renin in Patients and Mice With Diabetic Kidney Disease. Hypertension 2019; 74:83-94. [PMID: 31079532 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD), plasma renin activity is usually decreased, but there is limited information on urinary renin and its origin. Urinary renin was evaluated in samples from patients with longstanding type I diabetes mellitus and mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Renin-reporter mouse model (Ren1d-Cre;mT/mG) was made diabetic with streptozotocin to examine whether the distribution of cells of the renin lineage was altered in a chronic diabetic environment. Active renin was increased in urine samples from patients with DKD (n=36), compared with those without DKD (n=38; 3.2 versus 1.3 pg/mg creatinine; P<0.001). In mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, urine renin was also increased compared with nondiabetic controls. By immunohistochemistry, in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, juxtaglomerular apparatus and proximal tubular renin staining were reduced, whereas collecting tubule staining, by contrast, was increased. To examine the role of filtration and tubular reabsorption on urinary renin, mice were either infused with either mouse or human recombinant renin and lysine (a blocker of proximal tubular protein reabsorption). Infusion of either form of renin together with lysine markedly increased urinary renin such that it was no longer different between nondiabetic and diabetic mice. Megalin mRNA was reduced in the kidney cortex of streptozotocin-treated mice (0.70±0.09 versus 1.01±0.04 in controls, P=0.01) consistent with impaired tubular reabsorption. In Ren1d-Cre;mT/mG with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, the distribution of renin lineage cells within the kidney was similar to nondiabetic renin-reporter mice. No evidence for migration of cells of renin linage to the collecting duct in diabetic mice could be found. Renin mRNA in microdissected collecting ducts from streptozotocin-treated mice, moreover, was not significantly different than in controls, whereas in kidney cortex, largely reflecting juxtaglomerular apparatus renin, it was significantly reduced. In conclusion, in urine from patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and DKD and from mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, renin is elevated. This cannot be attributed to production from cells of the renin lineage migrating to the collecting duct in a chronic hyperglycemic environment. Rather, the elevated levels of urinary renin found in DKD are best attributed to altered glomerular filteration and impaired proximal tubular reabsorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Tang
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (J.T., J.R., M.S., M.B.)
| | - Jan Wysocki
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.)
| | - Minghao Ye
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.)
| | - Patricia G Vallés
- Notti Pediatric Hospital School of Medicine, Mendoza, Argentina (P.G.V.)
| | - Johannes Rein
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (J.T., J.R., M.S., M.B.)
| | - Mina Shirazi
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (J.T., J.R., M.S., M.B.)
| | - Michael Bader
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (J.T., J.R., M.S., M.B.).,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Batlle
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Harder JL, Menon R, Otto EA, Zhou J, Eddy S, Wys NL, O'Connor C, Luo J, Nair V, Cebrian C, Spence JR, Bitzer M, Troyanskaya OG, Hodgin JB, Wiggins RC, Freedman BS, Kretzler M. Organoid single cell profiling identifies a transcriptional signature of glomerular disease. JCI Insight 2019; 4:122697. [PMID: 30626756 PMCID: PMC6485369 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury is central to many forms of kidney disease, but transcriptional signatures reflecting podocyte injury and compensation mechanisms are challenging to analyze in vivo. Human kidney organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), a potentially new model for disease and regeneration, present an opportunity to explore the transcriptional plasticity of podocytes. Here, transcriptional profiling of more than 12,000 single cells from human PSC-derived kidney organoid cultures was used to identify robust and reproducible cell lineage gene expression signatures shared with developing human kidneys based on trajectory analysis. Surprisingly, the gene expression signature characteristic of developing glomerular epithelial cells was also observed in glomerular tissue from a kidney disease cohort. This signature correlated with proteinuria and inverse eGFR, and it was confirmed in an independent podocytopathy cohort. Three genes in particular were further characterized as potentially novel components of the glomerular disease signature. We conclude that cells in human PSC-derived kidney organoids reliably recapitulate the developmental transcriptional program of podocytes and other cell lineages in the human kidney and that transcriptional profiles seen in developing podocytes are reactivated in glomerular disease. Our findings demonstrate an approach to identifying potentially novel molecular programs involved in the pathogenesis of glomerulopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajasree Menon
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Edgar A Otto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
| | - Jian Zhou
- Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sean Eddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
| | - Noel L Wys
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
| | | | | | - Viji Nair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
| | - Cristina Cebrian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Markus Bitzer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
| | - Olga G Troyanskaya
- Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, New York, USA.,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and.,Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Roger C Wiggins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
| | - Benjamin S Freedman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology.,Kidney Research Institute.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yu SMW, Nissaisorakarn P, Husain I, Jim B. Proteinuric Kidney Diseases: A Podocyte's Slit Diaphragm and Cytoskeleton Approach. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:221. [PMID: 30255020 PMCID: PMC6141722 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinuric kidney diseases are a group of disorders with diverse pathological mechanisms associated with significant losses of protein in the urine. The glomerular filtration barrier (GFB), comprised of the three important layers, the fenestrated glomerular endothelium, the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), and the podocyte, dictates that disruption of any one of these structures should lead to proteinuric disease. Podocytes, in particular, have long been considered as the final gatekeeper of the GFB. This specialized visceral epithelial cell contains a complex framework of cytoskeletons forming foot processes and mediate important cell signaling to maintain podocyte health. In this review, we will focus on slit diaphragm proteins such as nephrin, podocin, TRPC6/5, as well as cytoskeletal proteins Rho/small GTPases and synaptopodin and their respective roles in participating in the pathogenesis of proteinuric kidney diseases. Furthermore, we will summarize the potential therapeutic options targeting the podocyte to treat this group of kidney diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mon-Wei Yu
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | | | - Irma Husain
- Department of Medicine, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Belinda Jim
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.,Renal Division, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu GW, Prossnitz AN, Eng DG, Cheng Y, Subrahmanyam N, Pippin JW, Lamm RJ, Ngambenjawong C, Ghandehari H, Shankland SJ, Pun SH. Glomerular disease augments kidney accumulation of synthetic anionic polymers. Biomaterials 2018; 178:317-325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
26
|
Alpers CE, Hudkins KL. Pathology identifies glomerular treatment targets in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2018; 37:106-111. [PMID: 29971205 PMCID: PMC6027807 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.2018.37.2.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the glomerular injury in diabetic nephropathy involves interactions between podocytes, endothelium, and the mesangium. Loss of podocytes is an early and critical step in the development of diabetic nephropathy, and analysis of structural lesions within the mesangium such as mesangiolysis implicate the loss of podocytes as a key mediating event. The BTBR ob/ob mouse has proved a useful tool to demonstrate that restoration of podocyte density, once thought to be an absolute barrier to glomerular repair, can be achieved with replacement of the hormone leptin that is constitutively absent in these mice. Restoration of podocyte density is associated with reversal of the structural lesions of morphologically advanced diabetic glomerular injury in this model. This finding, in conjunction with the demonstration in human diabetic patients with morphologically advanced diabetic nephropathy and with long-standing functioning pancreatic transplants of ten years duration that their diabetic nephropathy can be reversed, suggests that restoration of podocyte number and density is an appropriate target for the development of new therapeutics for diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Alpers
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelly L Hudkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|