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Masood M, Singh P, Hariss D, Khan F, Yameen D, Siraj S, Islam A, Dohare R, Mahfuzul Haque M. Nitric oxide as a double-edged sword in pulmonary viral infections: Mechanistic insights and potential therapeutic implications. Gene 2024; 899:148148. [PMID: 38191100 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
In the face of the global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), researchers are tirelessly exploring novel therapeutic approaches to combat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its associated complications. Nitric oxide (NO) has appeared as a multifaceted signaling mediator with diverse and often contrasting biological activities. Its intricate biochemistry renders it a crucial regulator of cardiovascular and pulmonary functions, immunity, and neurotransmission. Perturbations in NO production, whether excessive or insufficient, contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases, encompassing cardiovascular disease, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, diabetes, and cancer. Recent investigations have unveiled the potential of NO donors to impede SARS-CoV- 2 replication, while inhaled NO demonstrates promise as a therapeutic avenue for improving oxygenation in COVID-19-related hypoxic pulmonary conditions. Interestingly, NO's association with the inflammatory response in asthma suggests a potential protective role against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, compelling evidence indicates the benefits of inhaled NO in optimizing ventilation-perfusion ratios and mitigating the need for mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 patients. In this review, we delve into the molecular targets of NO, its utility as a diagnostic marker, the mechanisms underlying its action in COVID-19, and the potential of inhaled NO as a therapeutic intervention against viral infections. The topmost significant pathway, gene ontology (GO)-biological process (BP), GO-molecular function (MF) and GO-cellular compartment (CC) terms associated with Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS)1, NOS2, NOS3 were arginine biosynthesis (p-value = 1.15 x 10-9) regulation of guanylate cyclase activity (p-value = 7.5 x 10-12), arginine binding (p-value = 2.62 x 10-11), vesicle membrane (p-value = 3.93 x 10-8). Transcriptomics analysis further validates the significant presence of NOS1, NOS2, NOS3 in independent COVID-19 and pulmonary hypertension cohorts with respect to controls. This review investigates NO's molecular targets, diagnostic potentials, and therapeutic role in COVID-19, employing bioinformatics to identify key pathways and NOS isoforms' significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Masood
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Prithvi Singh
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Daaniyaal Hariss
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Faizya Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Daraksha Yameen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Seerat Siraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Ravins Dohare
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Mohammad Mahfuzul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Leng J, Wang C, Liang Z, Qiu F, Zhang S, Yang Y. An updated review of YAP: A promising therapeutic target against cardiac aging? Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127670. [PMID: 37913886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional co-activator Yes-associated protein (YAP) functions as a downstream effector of the Hippo signaling pathway and plays a crucial role in cardiomyocyte survival. In its non-phosphorylated activated state, YAP binds to transcription factors, activating the transcription of downstream target genes. It also regulates cell proliferation and survival by selectively binding to enhancers and activating target genes. However, the upregulation of the Hippo pathway in human heart failure inhibits cardiac regeneration and disrupts astrogenesis, thus preventing the nuclear translocation of YAP. Existing literature indicates that the Hippo/YAP axis contributes to inflammation and fibrosis, potentially playing a role in the development of cardiac, vascular and renal injuries. Moreover, it is a key mediator of myofibroblast differentiation and fibrosis in the infarcted heart. Given these insights, can we harness YAP's regenerative potential in a targeted manner? In this review, we provide a detailed discussion of the Hippo signaling pathway and consolidate concepts for the development and intervention of cardiac anti-aging drugs to leverage YAP signaling as a pivotal target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Leng
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, China
| | - Chuanzhi Wang
- College of Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhide Liang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fanghui Qiu
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, China.
| | - Yuan Yang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, China.
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Habib YH, Sheta E, Khattab M, Gowayed MA. Hyaluronic acid/diminazene aceturate combination ameliorates osteoarthritic anomalies in a rodent model: a role of the ACE2/Ang1-7/MasR axis. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:3263-3279. [PMID: 37725260 PMCID: PMC10692272 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The implication of the tissue-localized renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) has been documented in the last decades. A combination of intraarticular (IA) corticosteroid and hyaluronic acid (HYAL) is approved for pain relief in patients with mild to moderate OA. Combining HYAL with an activator of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, diminazen aceturate (DIZE), was evaluated in this study for its therapeutic potential. Monosodium iodoacetate was used to induce OA. The effects of daily administration of DIZE versus once-per-week IA injection of HYAL and a combination of both drugs for 21 days on OA deformities in rats' knees were observed. Evaluation of motor activities, pain, and inflammatory response was done using rotarod, knee bend, and knee swelling tests. RAS components, inflammatory biomarkers, and oxidative stress mediators were measured in the knee joint. X-ray radiological examination and histopathological investigations were used to assess joint degeneration and regeneration. Levels of both inflammatory and oxidative markers in knee joint homogenate of OA rats rose, and these increments were mostly improved by the three therapies with a more prominent effect of the drug combination, an effect that was also reflected in the behavioral tests. RAS markers have shown better responsiveness to the combination therapy over both drugs individually, showing a pronounced increase in the angiotensin 1-7 amount. Both radiological and histopathology investigations came to confirm the biochemical results, nominating a combination of HYAL and DIZE as a possible therapeutic option for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser H Habib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Sheta
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Khattab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mennatallah A Gowayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Canal El-Mahmoudia Str., Smouha Alexandria, Egypt.
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Afsar B, Afsar RE. The role of glycosaminoglycans in blood pressure regulation. Microcirculation 2023; 30:e12832. [PMID: 37794746 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Essential hypertension (HT) is the global health problem and is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular and kidney disease. High salt intake has been associated with HT and impaired kidney sodium excretion is considered to be a major mechanism for the development of HT. Although kidney has a very important role in regulation of BP, this traditional view of BP regulation was challenged by recent findings suggesting that nonosmotic tissue sodium deposition is very important for BP regulation. This new paradigm indicates that sodium can be stored and deposited nonosmotically in the interstitium without water retention and without increased BP. One of the major determinants of this deposition is glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). By binding to GAGs found in the endothelial surface layer (ESL) which contains glycocalyx, sodium is osmotically inactivated and not induce concurrent water retention. Thus, GAGs has important function for homeostatic BP and sodium regulation. In the current review, we summarized the role of GAGs in ESL and BP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Afsar
- School of Medicine, Department of Nephrology, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Rengin Elsurer Afsar
- School of Medicine, Department of Nephrology, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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Chen M, Hu Q, Wang S, Tao L, Hu X, Shen X. 1,8-Cineole ameliorates endothelial injury and hypertension induced by L-NAME through regulation of autophagy via PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175863. [PMID: 37380045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Our previous data confirmed that 1,8-Cineole had an antihypertensive effect in animal models. However, it is unclear whether antihypertension is dependent on the protective effect of 1,8-Cinceole on endothelial function and structure. At present, the purpose was to investigate the protective effects of 1,8-Cineole on vascular endothelial tissue in hypertensive rats and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Our results showed that 1,8-Cineole significantly reduced the blood pressure and improved the vascular endothelial lesion, attenuated vascular oxidative stress and inflammation induced by L-nitroarginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) in rats. Pretreatment with 1,8-Cineole was able to inhibit the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by L-NAME, and increased the release and expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide (NO). In addition, 1,8-Cineole also reversed the increase of autophagy-associated protein LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ and the decrease of P62 in vivo and in vitro respectively. There was a synergistic effect between PI3K agonists and drugs, while PI3K inhibitors blocked the efficacy of 1,8-Cineole. The addition of autophagy inhibitor CQ increases the expression of eNOS. Taken together, our results indicate that 1,8-Cineole has potential beneficial promising antihypertension depending on the integrity of vascular endothelial structure and function induced by L-NAME, and the mechanism involves ameliorating autophagy by regulatiing of PI3K/mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qilan Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shengquan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ling Tao
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaoxia Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Xiangchun Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province and The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources (The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
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Liu Z, Bian N, Wu S, Cao Y, Su Y, Li W, Li H, Lan X, Jiang C, Fan Y, Guo J, Chen D. Effects of ACEI/ARB or CCB use on atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients following permanent pacemaker implantation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1191539. [PMID: 37424921 PMCID: PMC10324512 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1191539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) combined with hypertension leads to a higher risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) for patients. Hence, it is essential to study how to reduce this risk. Currently, the effects of the two common anti-hypertensive drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and calcium channel blockers (CCB), on the risk of NOAF for such patients remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate this association. Methods This single-center retrospective study included hypertensive patients with PPI and without prior history of AF/atrial flutter, heart valve disease, hyperthyroidism, etc. Patients were classified into ACEI/ARB group and CCB group based on their exposure drug information. The primary outcome was NOAF events that occurred within 12 months after PPI. The secondary efficacy assessments were the changes from baseline to follow-up in blood pressure and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) parameters. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to verify our aim. Results A total of 69 patients were finally included (51 on ACEI/ARB and 18 on CCB). Both univariate analysis [odds ratio (OR) 0.241, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.078-0.745] and multivariate analysis (OR: 0.246, 95% CI: 0.077-0.792) demonstrated that ACEI/ARB were associated with a lower risk of NOAF compared to CCB. The mean reduction in left atrial diameter (LAD) from baseline was greater in ACEI/ARB group than in CCB group (P = 0.034). There was no statistical difference between groups in blood pressure and other TTE parameters after treatment. Conclusion For patients with PPI combined with hypertension, ACEI/ARB may be superior to CCB in selecting anti-hypertensive drugs, as ACEI/ARB further reduces the risk of NOAF. One reason for this may be that ACEI/ARB improves left atrial remodelling such as LAD better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Bian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaorong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yantao Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiting Su
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenying Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hairui Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianwu Lan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Can Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Cardiovascular Protection with a Long-Acting GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide: An Experimental Update. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031369. [PMID: 36771035 PMCID: PMC9921762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II), a peptide hormone generated as part of the renin-angiotensin system, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular diseases such as peripheral artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, coronary artery disease and other conditions. Liraglutide, known as an incretin mimetic, is one of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and has been proven to be effective in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders beyond adequate glycemic control. The objective of this review is to compile our recent experimental outcomes-based studies, and provide an overview the cardiovascular protection from liraglutide against Ang II- and pressure overload-mediated deleterious effects on the heart. In particular, the mechanisms of action underlying the inhibition of oxidative stress, vascular endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, cardiac fibrosis, left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure with liraglutide are addressed. Thus, we support the notion that liraglutide continues to be a useful add-on therapy for the management of cardiovascular diseases.
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Suppression of angiotensin II-activated NOX4/NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial dysfunction by preserving glucagon-like peptide-1 attenuates myocardial fibrosis and hypertension. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 927:175048. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lior Y, Yatzkan N, Brami I, Yogev Y, Riff R, Hekselman I, Fremder M, Freixo-Lima G, Be'er M, Amirav I, Lavie M. Fractional exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) level as a predictor of COVID-19 disease severity. Nitric Oxide 2022; 124:68-73. [PMID: 35597408 PMCID: PMC9116042 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess the feasibility of Fractional exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) as a simple, non-invasive, cost-effective and portable biomarker and decision support tool for risk stratification of COVID-19 patients. Methods We conducted a single-center prospective cohort study of COVID-19 patients whose FeNO levels were measured upon ward admission by the Vivatmo-me handheld device. Demographics, COVID-19 symptoms, and relevant hospitalization details were retrieved from the hospital databases. The patients were divided into those discharged to recover at home and those who died during hospitalization or required admission to an intensive care unit, internal medicine ward, or dedicated facility (severe outcomes group). Results Fifty-six patients were enrolled. The only significant demographic difference between the severe outcomes patients (n = 14) and the home discharge patients (n = 42) was age (64.21 ± 13.97 vs. 53.98 ± 15.57 years, respectively, P = .04). The admission FeNO measurement was significantly lower in the former group compared with the latter group (15.86 ± 14.74 vs. 25.77 ± 13.79, parts per billion [PPB], respectively, P = .008). Time to severe outcome among patients with FeNO measurements ≤11.8 PPB was significantly shorter compared with patients whose FeNO measured >11.8 PPB (19.25 ± 2.96 vs. 24.41 ± 1.09 days, respectively, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06 to 4.25). An admission FeNO ≤11.8 PPB was a significant risk factor for severe outcomes (odds ratio = 12.8, 95% CI: 2.78 to 58.88, P = .001), with a receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.752. Conclusions FeNO measurements by the Vivatmo-me handheld device can serve as a biomarker and COVID-19 support tool for medical teams. These easy-to-use, portable, and noninvasive devices may serve as valuable ED bedside tools during a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotam Lior
- Division of Anesthesia, Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Noga Yatzkan
- Division of Anesthesia, Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ido Brami
- Faculty of Health Sciences. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Yuval Yogev
- Faculty of Health Sciences. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Reut Riff
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Idan Hekselman
- Faculty of Health Sciences. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Moran Fremder
- Faculty of Health Sciences. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Moria Be'er
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Israel Amirav
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moran Lavie
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Bentum K, Shaddox S, Ware C, Reddy G, Abebe W, Folitse R, Martin P, Samuel T. Molecular phylogeny of coronaviruses and host receptors among domestic and close-contact animals reveals subgenome-level conservation, crossover, and divergence. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:124. [PMID: 35365153 PMCID: PMC8972689 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronaviruses have the potential to cross species barriers. To learn the molecular intersections among the most common coronaviruses of domestic and close-contact animals, we analyzed representative coronavirus genera infecting mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, cattle, white-tailed deer, swine, ferret, mink, alpaca, Rhinolophus bat, dolphin, whale, chicken, duck and turkey hosts; reference or complete genome sequences were available for most of these coronavirus genera. Protein sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees were built for the spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. The host receptors and enzymes aminopeptidase N (APN), angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), sialic acid synthase (SAS), transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), cathepsin L (and its analogs) and furin were also compared. Results Overall, the S, E, M, and N proteins segregated according to their viral genera (α, β, or γ), but the S proteins of alphacoronaviruses lacked conservation of phylogeny. Interestingly, the unique polybasic furin cleavage motif found in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) but not in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) or Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) exists in several β-coronaviruses and a few α- or γ-coronaviruses. Receptors and enzymes retained host species-dependent relationships with one another. Among the hosts, critical ACE2 residues essential for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding were most conserved in white-tailed deer and cattle. Conclusion The polybasic furin cleavage motif found in several β- and other coronaviruses of animals points to the existence of an intermediate host for SARS-CoV-2, and it also offers a counternarrative to the theory of a laboratory-engineered virus. Generally, the S proteins of coronaviruses show crossovers of phylogenies indicative of recombination events. Additionally, the consistency in the segregation of viral proteins of the MERS-like coronavirus (NC_034440.1) from pipistrelle bat supports its classification as a β-coronavirus. Finally, similarities in host enzymes and receptors did not always explain natural cross-infections. More studies are therefore needed to identify factors that determine the cross-species infectivity of coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley Bentum
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Patterson Hall, Tuskegee University, Patterson Hall, 1200 W. Montgomery Road, Tuskegee, AL, 36088, USA
| | - Sage Shaddox
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Patterson Hall, Tuskegee University, Patterson Hall, 1200 W. Montgomery Road, Tuskegee, AL, 36088, USA
| | - Crystal Ware
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Patterson Hall, Tuskegee University, Patterson Hall, 1200 W. Montgomery Road, Tuskegee, AL, 36088, USA
| | - Gopal Reddy
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Patterson Hall, Tuskegee University, Patterson Hall, 1200 W. Montgomery Road, Tuskegee, AL, 36088, USA
| | - Woubit Abebe
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Patterson Hall, Tuskegee University, Patterson Hall, 1200 W. Montgomery Road, Tuskegee, AL, 36088, USA
| | - Raphael Folitse
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, University Post Office, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Pamela Martin
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Patterson Hall, Tuskegee University, Patterson Hall, 1200 W. Montgomery Road, Tuskegee, AL, 36088, USA
| | - Temesgen Samuel
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Patterson Hall, Tuskegee University, Patterson Hall, 1200 W. Montgomery Road, Tuskegee, AL, 36088, USA.
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11
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Iwanski J, Kazmouz SG, Li S, Stansfield B, Salem TT, Perez-Miller S, Kazui T, Jena L, Uhrlaub JL, Lick S, Nikolich-Žugich J, Konhilas JP, Gregorio CC, Khanna M, Campos SK, Churko JM. Antihypertensive drug treatment and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in human PSC-derived cardiomyocytes and primary endothelial cells. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2459-2472. [PMID: 34525378 PMCID: PMC8407952 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been attributed to its ability to enter through the membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Therefore, it has been heavily speculated that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) therapy may modulate SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, exposure of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) and human endothelial cells (hECs) to SARS-CoV-2 identified significant differences in protein coding genes involved in immunity, viral response, and cardiomyocyte/endothelial structure. Specifically, transcriptome changes were identified in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon α/β, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (hPSC-CMs) as well as nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) (hECs) signaling pathways. However, pre-treatment of hPSC-CMs or hECs with two widely prescribed antihypertensive medications, losartan and lisinopril, did not affect the susceptibility of either cell type to SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings demonstrate the toxic effects of SARS-CoV-2 in hPSC-CMs/hECs and, taken together with newly emerging multicenter trials, suggest that antihypertensive drug treatment alone does not alter SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Iwanski
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Heart Center Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sobhi G Kazmouz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Heart Center Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Shuaizhi Li
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ben Stansfield
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Heart Center Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tori T Salem
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Heart Center Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Samantha Perez-Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Toshinobu Kazui
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lipsa Jena
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Scott Lick
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - John P Konhilas
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Carol C Gregorio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Heart Center Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - May Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Samuel K Campos
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jared M Churko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Heart Center Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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12
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Wang J, Fan S, Xiong Q, Niu Y, Zhang X, Qin J, Shi Y, Zhang L. Glucagon-like peptide-1 attenuates cardiac hypertrophy via the AngII/AT1R/ACE2 and AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K pathways. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:1189-1197. [PMID: 34357376 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a novel type of glucose-lowering agent, has been reported to exert cardioprotective effects. However, the cardioprotective mechanism of GLP-1 on spontaneous hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we revealed that liraglutide or alogliptin treatment ameliorated spontaneous hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy, as evidenced by decreased levels of cardiac hypertrophic markers (atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, and β-myosin heavy chain), as well as systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and histological changes. Both drugs significantly reduced the levels of angiotensin II (AngII) and AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R) and upregulated the levels of AngII type 2 receptor (AT2R) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as indicated by a reduced AT1R/AT2R ratio. Simultaneously, treatment with liraglutide or alogliptin significantly increased GLP-1 receptor expression and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and downregulated the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p70 ribosomal S6 protein kinase, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 in spontaneous hypertension rats. Furthermore, our data demonstrated that the AMPK inhibitor compound C or mTOR activator MHY1485 inhibited the anti-hypertrophic effect of GLP-1. In summary, our study suggests that liraglutide or alogliptin protects the heart against cardiac hypertrophy by regulating the expression of AngII/AT1R/ACE2 and activating the AMPK/mTOR pathway, and GLP-1 agonist can be used in the treatment of patients with cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Shaohua Fan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qianfeng Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, Fengcheng People’s Hospital, Fengcheng 331100, China
| | - Yu Niu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Junnan Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Yawei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- Department of General Medical, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030032, China
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13
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Oz M, Lorke DE, Kabbani N. A comprehensive guide to the pharmacologic regulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 221:107750. [PMID: 33275999 PMCID: PMC7854082 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic has prompted scientists to address an urgent need for defining mechanisms of disease pathology and treatment. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for COVID-19, employs angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its primary target for cell surface attachment and likely entry into the host cell. Thus, understanding factors that may regulate the expression and function of ACE2 in the healthy and diseased body is critical for clinical intervention. Over 66% of all adults in the United States are currently using a prescription drug and while earlier findings have focused on possible upregulation of ACE2 expression through the use of renin angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, mounting evidence suggests that various other widely administered drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemias, coagulation disorders, and pulmonary disease may also present a varied risk for COVID-19. Specifically, we summarize mechanisms on how heparin, statins, steroids and phytochemicals, besides their established therapeutic effects, may also interfere with SARS-CoV-2 viral entry into cells. We also describe evidence on the effect of several vitamins, phytochemicals, and naturally occurring compounds on ACE2 expression and activity in various tissues and disease models. This comprehensive review aims to provide a timely compendium on the potential impact of commonly prescribed drugs and pharmacologically active compounds on COVID-19 pathology and risk through regulation of ACE2 and RAS signaling.
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Key Words
- adam17, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17
- ace, angiotensin i converting enzyme
- ace-inh., angiotensin i converting enzyme inhibitor
- ampk, amp-activated protein kinase
- ang-ii, angiotensin ii
- arb, angiotensin ii type 1-receptor blocker
- ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- at1-r, angiotensin ii type 1-receptor
- βarb, β-adrenergic receptor blockers
- bk, bradykinin
- ccb, calcium channel blockers
- ch25h, cholesterol-25-hydroxylase
- copd, chronic obstructive lung disease
- cox, cyclooxygenase
- covid-19, coronavirus disease-2019
- dabk, [des-arg9]-bradykinin
- erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- 25hc, 25-hydroxycholesterol
- hs, heparan sulfate
- hspg, heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- ibd, inflammatory bowel disease
- map, mitogen-activated protein
- mers, middle east respiratory syndrome
- mrb, mineralocorticoid receptor blocker
- nos, nitric oxide synthase
- nsaid, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug
- ras, renin-angiotensin system
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- sh, spontaneously hypertensive
- s protein, spike protein
- sirt1, sirtuin 1
- t2dm, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- tcm, traditional chinese medicine
- tmprss2, transmembrane protease, serine 2
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- ufh, unfractionated heparin
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Oz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Dietrich Ernst Lorke
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadine Kabbani
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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14
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Razeghian-Jahromi I, Zibaeenezhad MJ, Lu Z, Zahra E, Mahboobeh R, Lionetti V. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a double-edged sword in COVID-19 patients with an increased risk of heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2021; 26:371-380. [PMID: 32844337 PMCID: PMC7447089 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-020-10016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a global health priority. Given that cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of morbidity around the world and that several trials have reported severe cardiovascular damage in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, a substantial number of COVID-19 patients with underlying cardiovascular diseases need to continue their medications in order to improve myocardial contractility and to prevent the onset of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), including heart failure. Some of the current life-saving medications may actually simultaneously expose patients to a higher risk of severe COVID-19. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a key counter regulator of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is the main entry gate of SARS-CoV-2 into human host cells and an established drug target to prevent heart failure. In fact, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and mineralocorticoid antagonists may augment ACE2 levels to protect organs from angiotensin II overload. Elevated ACE2 expression on the host cell surface might facilitate viral entrance, at the same time sudden nonadherence to these medications triggers MACEs. Hence, safety issues in the use of RAS inhibitors in COVID-19 patients with cardiac dysfunction remain an unsolved dilemma and need paramount attention. Although ACE2 generally plays an adaptive role in both healthy subjects and patients with systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction, we conducted a literature appraisal on its maladaptive role. Understanding the exact role of ACE2 in COVID-19 patients at risk of heart failure is needed to safely manage RAS inhibitors in frail and non-frail critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhibing Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Elyaspour Zahra
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Razmkhah Mahboobeh
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vicenzo Lionetti
- Unit of Translational Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy. .,UOS Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy.
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15
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Nso N, Bookani KR, Metzl M, Radparvar F. Role of inflammation in atrial fibrillation: A comprehensive review of current knowledge. J Arrhythm 2021; 37:1-10. [PMID: 33664879 PMCID: PMC7896450 DOI: 10.1002/joa3.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common cardiac disorders affecting adults and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Efforts to manage AF through anti-arrhythmics and rate control have been largely unsatisfactory. It has become clear that AF causes structural alterations in the atrial myocardium that propagate further AF, and that some of these alterations are the result of inflammation. METHODS An in-depth review of the available literature was undertaken using Google Scholar and keyword searches including [Atrial fibrillation] in combination with [inflammatory markers], [myocardial fibrosis], and [immunomodulators], limiting the search to English language articles. All articles were reviewed for relevance and collated by the author. RESULTS Multiple markers of inflammation have been shown to be elevated in AF and to predict responses to treatments of AF including anti-arrhythmics and cardioversion. The nidus of inflammation is not clear but seems to be related to the pulmonary veins. CONCLUSIONS The inflammatory cascade induces fibrotic changes in the myocardium, an arrhythmogenic process that stimulates further inflammation. Advances in treatment are focusing on biological agents and immunomodulators that inhibit the inflammatory cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nso Nso
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of CardiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/Queens (Queens Hospital Center)JamaicaNYUSA
| | - Kaveh R. Bookani
- Department of MedicineDivision of Cardiovascular Medicine (Northshore Program)University of ChicagoEvanstonILUSA
| | - Mark Metzl
- Department of MedicineDivision of Cardiovascular Medicine (Northshore Program)University of ChicagoEvanstonILUSA
| | - Farshid Radparvar
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of CardiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/Queens (Queens Hospital Center)JamaicaNYUSA
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16
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Parit R, Jayavel S. Association of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin type II blockers with ACE2 overexpression in COVID-19 comorbidities: A pathway-based analytical study. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 896:173899. [PMID: 33508281 PMCID: PMC7839513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak is a major public health concern, which has accounted for >1.7 million deaths across the world. A surge in the case fatality ratio as compared with the infection ratio has been observed in most of the countries. The novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 shares the most common sequence with SARS-CoV, but it has a higher rate of transmission. The SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis is initiated by the binding of viral spike protein with the target receptor Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) facilitating virus internalization within host cells. SARS-CoV-2 mainly causes alveolar damage ranging from mild to severe clinical respiratory manifestations. Most of the cases have revealed the association of Coronavirus disease with patients having earlier comorbidities like Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, and Cerebrovascular diseases. Pharmacological investigation of the SARS-Cov-2 patients has revealed the frequent use of drugs belongs to Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and/or Angiotensin II type I receptor blockers (ARBs). Interestingly, a significant increase in ACE2 expression was noticed in patients routinely treated with the above group of drugs were also reported. To date, the association of ACEi and/or ARBs with the up-regulation of ACE2 expression has not been defined distinctively. The proposed review will focus on the pathways which are responsible for the upregulation of ACE2 and its impact on gravity of SARS-CoV-2 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Parit
- Department of Biotechnology (DDE), Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sridhar Jayavel
- Department of Biotechnology (DDE), Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, Tamilnadu, India.
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17
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Garvin AM, Khokhar BS, Czubryt MP, Hale TM. RAS inhibition in resident fibroblast biology. Cell Signal 2020; 80:109903. [PMID: 33370581 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a primary mediator of profibrotic signaling in the heart and more specifically, the cardiac fibroblast. Ang II-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in combination with cardiac fibroblast proliferation, activation, and extracellular matrix production compromise cardiac function and increase mortality in humans. Profibrotic actions of Ang II are mediated by increasing production of fibrogenic mediators (e.g. transforming growth factor beta, scleraxis, osteopontin, and periostin), recruitment of immune cells, and via increased reactive oxygen species generation. Drugs that inhibit Ang II production or action, collectively referred to as renin angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, are first line therapeutics for heart failure. Moreover, transient RAS inhibition has been found to persistently alter hypertensive cardiac fibroblast responses to injury providing a useful tool to identify novel therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the profibrotic actions of Ang II and the known impact of RAS inhibition on cardiac fibroblast phenotype and cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Garvin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Bilal S Khokhar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Michael P Czubryt
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Taben M Hale
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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18
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Functional Complexes of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 and Renin-Angiotensin System Receptors: Expression in Adult but Not Fetal Lung Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249602. [PMID: 33339432 PMCID: PMC7766085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a membrane peptidase and a component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that has been found in cells of all organs, including the lungs. While ACE2 has been identified as the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronaviruses, the mechanism underlying cell entry remains unknown. Human immunodeficiency virus infects target cells via CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)-mediated endocytosis. Furthermore, CXCR4 interacts with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (CD26/DPPIV), an enzyme that cleaves CXCL12/SDF-1, which is the chemokine that activates this receptor. By analogy, we hypothesized that ACE2 might also be capable of interactions with RAS-associated G-protein coupled receptors. Using resonance energy transfer and cAMP and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling assays, we found that human ACE2 interacts with RAS-related receptors, namely the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R), and the MAS1 oncogene receptor (MasR). Although these interactions lead to minor alterations of signal transduction, ligand binding to AT1R and AT2R, but not to MasR, resulted in the upregulation of ACE2 cell surface expression. Proximity ligation assays performed in situ revealed macromolecular complexes containing ACE2 and AT1R, AT2R or MasR in adult but not fetal mouse lung tissue. These findings highlight the relevance of RAS in SARS-CoV-2 infection and the role of ACE2-containing complexes as potential therapeutic targets.
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19
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Correcting the imbalanced protective RAS in COVID-19 with angiotensin AT2-receptor agonists. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:2987-3006. [PMID: 33210709 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is responsible for the global corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic enters host cells via a mechanism that includes binding to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 (ACE2). Membrane-bound ACE2 is depleted as a result of this entry mechanism. The consequence is that the protective renin-angiotensin system (RAS), of which ACE2 is an essential component, is compromised through lack of production of the protective peptides angiotensin-(1-7) and angiotensin-(1-9), and therefore decreased stimulation of Mas (receptor Mas) and angiotensin AT2-receptors (AT2Rs), while angiotensin AT1-receptors (AT1Rs) are overstimulated due to less degradation of angiotensin II (Ang II) by ACE2. The protective RAS has numerous beneficial actions, including anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulative, anti-fibrotic effects along with endothelial and neural protection; opposite to the deleterious effects caused by heightened stimulation of angiotensin AT1R. Given that patients with severe COVID-19 exhibit an excessive immune response, endothelial dysfunction, increased clotting, thromboses and stroke, enhancing the activity of the protective RAS is likely beneficial. In this article, we discuss the evidence for a dysfunctional protective RAS in COVID and develop a rationale that the protective RAS imbalance in COVID-19 may be corrected by using AT2R agonists. We further review preclinical studies with AT2R agonists which suggest that AT2R stimulation may be therapeutically effective to treat COVID-19-induced disorders of various organ systems such as lung, vasculature, or the brain. Finally, we provide information on the design of a clinical trial in which patients with COVID-19 were treated with the AT2R agonist Compound 21 (C21). This trial has been completed, but results have not yet been reported.
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20
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Meszaros M, Kis A, Kunos L, Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Lazar Z, Bikov A. The role of hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase-1 in obstructive sleep apnoea. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19484. [PMID: 33173090 PMCID: PMC7655850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological functions of hyaluronic acid (HA) depend on its molecular size. High-molecular weight HA (HMW-HA) is an important component of the endothelial wall and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Under inflammation or hypoxia, HMW-HA is degraded by hyaluronidases, such as HYAL-1 resulting in pro-inflammatory low-molecular weight fragments. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is characterised by intermittent hypoxia and systemic inflammation. Our aim was to evaluate circulating HMW-HA and HYAL-1 in OSA. We recruited 68 patients with OSA and 40 control volunteers. After full-night sleep study blood samples were taken for HMW-HA and HYAL-1 measurements. HYAL-1 levels were significantly higher in patients with OSA compared to controls (0.59/0.31-0.88/ng/mL vs. 0.31/0.31-0.58/ng/mL; p = 0.005) after adjustment for gender, age, BMI and smoking. There was a trend for reduced HMW-HA concentrations in OSA (31.63/18.11-59.25/ng/mL vs. 46.83/25.41-89.95/ng/mL; p = 0.068). Significant correlation was detected between circulating HMW-HA and apnoea-hypopnoea-index (r = - 0.195, p = 0.043), HYAL-1 and apnoea-hypopnoea-index (r = 0.30, p < 0.01) as well as oxygen desaturation index (r = 0.26, p < 0.01). Our results suggest that chronic hypoxia is associated with increased plasma HYAL-1 concentration and accelerated HMW-HA degradation. Altered hyaluronan metabolism may be involved in the inflammatory cascade potentially leading to endothelial dysfunction in OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Meszaros
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
| | - Adrian Kis
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Kunos
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | | | | | - Zsofia Lazar
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Andras Bikov
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
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21
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Chen P, Yang F, Wang W, Li X, Liu D, Zhang Y, Yin G, Lv F, Guo Z, Mehta JL, Wang X. Liraglutide Attenuates Myocardial Fibrosis via Inhibition of AT1R-Mediated ROS Production in Hypertensive Mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2020; 26:179-188. [PMID: 32686479 DOI: 10.1177/1074248420942007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide has been reported to exert cardioprotective effects, but its effect on cardiac fibrosis remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of liraglutide on cardiac fibrosis and potential mechanisms. METHODS C57BL/6 mice (3-month old) were randomly divided into control, hypertension, and hypertension + liraglutide groups. The hypertensive state was created by infusion of Ang II (100 ng/kg·min) for 4 weeks through subcutaneously implanted osmotic pumps. The control mice were infused with saline. Mice were also given vehicle or liraglutide (400 μg/kg·day). Blood pressure (BP), blood sugar, myocardial fibrosis, AT1R expression, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured. To further elucidate the mechanisms of fibrosis, mouse cardiac fibroblasts were isolated and treated with liraglutide (300 nM/L) or losartan (10 μM) for 3 hours, followed by Ang II (10-7 M) for additional 12 hours. Reactive oxygen species production and expressions of collagen-1 and -3 were measured. RESULTS Liraglutide reduced BP and blood sugar but did not affect the body weight of the hypertensive mice. Liraglutide also inhibited collagen accumulation, AT1R expression, and ROS generation in the hearts of the hypertensive mice. In in vitro studies, pretreatment with liraglutide and losartan (as control) markedly inhibited Ang II-induced ROS production and collagen expression in the cultured cardiac fibroblasts. CONCLUSION Liraglutide reduces myocardial fibrosis in the hypertensive mice, which appears to be dependent on at least in part inhibition of ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fen Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenya Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Dongling Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yongxi Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Guotian Yin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fenghua Lv
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Zhikun Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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22
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Franco R, Rivas-Santisteban R, Serrano-Marín J, Rodríguez-Pérez AI, Labandeira-García JL, Navarro G. SARS-CoV-2 as a Factor to Disbalance the Renin–Angiotensin System: A Suspect in the Case of Exacerbated IL-6 Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1198-1206. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Garvin MR, Alvarez C, Miller JI, Prates ET, Walker AM, Amos BK, Mast AE, Justice A, Aronow B, Jacobson D. A mechanistic model and therapeutic interventions for COVID-19 involving a RAS-mediated bradykinin storm. eLife 2020; 9:e59177. [PMID: 32633718 PMCID: PMC7410499 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neither the disease mechanism nor treatments for COVID-19 are currently known. Here, we present a novel molecular mechanism for COVID-19 that provides therapeutic intervention points that can be addressed with existing FDA-approved pharmaceuticals. The entry point for the virus is ACE2, which is a component of the counteracting hypotensive axis of RAS. Bradykinin is a potent part of the vasopressor system that induces hypotension and vasodilation and is degraded by ACE and enhanced by the angiotensin1-9 produced by ACE2. Here, we perform a new analysis on gene expression data from cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from COVID-19 patients that were used to sequence the virus. Comparison with BALF from controls identifies a critical imbalance in RAS represented by decreased expression of ACE in combination with increases in ACE2, renin, angiotensin, key RAS receptors, kinogen and many kallikrein enzymes that activate it, and both bradykinin receptors. This very atypical pattern of the RAS is predicted to elevate bradykinin levels in multiple tissues and systems that will likely cause increases in vascular dilation, vascular permeability and hypotension. These bradykinin-driven outcomes explain many of the symptoms being observed in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Garvin
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences DivisionOak RidgeUnited States
| | - Christiane Alvarez
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences DivisionOak RidgeUnited States
| | - J Izaak Miller
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences DivisionOak RidgeUnited States
| | - Erica T Prates
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences DivisionOak RidgeUnited States
| | - Angelica M Walker
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences DivisionOak RidgeUnited States
- University of Tennessee Knoxville, The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate EducationKnoxvilleUnited States
| | - B Kirtley Amos
- University of Kentucky, Department of HorticultureLexingtonUnited States
| | - Alan E Mast
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Amy Justice
- VA Connecticut Healthcare/General Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineWest HavenUnited States
| | - Bruce Aronow
- University of CincinnatiCincinnatiUnited States
- Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research FoundationCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Daniel Jacobson
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences DivisionOak RidgeUnited States
- University of Tennessee Knoxville, The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate EducationKnoxvilleUnited States
- University of Tennessee Knoxville, Department of Psychology, Austin Peay BuildingKnoxvilleUnited States
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24
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Snyder EM, Johnson BD. ACE2 and COVID-19: using antihypertensive medications and pharmacogenetic considerations. Pharmacogenomics 2020; 21:695-703. [PMID: 32501190 PMCID: PMC7373206 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2020-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 utilizes the ACE2 pathway as a means of infection. Early data on COVID-19 suggest heterogeneity in the severity of symptoms during transmission and infection ranging from no symptoms to death. The source of this heterogeneity is likely multifaceted and may have a genetic component. Demographic and clinical comorbidities associated with the severity of infection suggest that possible variants known to influence the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone (RAAS) system pathway (particularly those that influence ACE2) may contribute to the heterogenous infection response. ACE2 and Ang(1–7) (the product of ACE2) seem to have a protective effect on the pulmonary and cardiac systems. Hypertension medication modulation, may alter ACE2 and Ang(1–7), particularly in variants that have been shown to influence RAAS system function, which could be clinically useful in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Snyder
- Geneticure, Inc., Four 3rd St. SW, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Bruce D Johnson
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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25
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Yan T, Chen Z, Chopp M, Venkat P, Zacharek A, Li W, Shen Y, Wu R, Li L, Landschoot-Ward J, Lu M, Hank KH, Zhang J, Chen J. Inflammatory responses mediate brain-heart interaction after ischemic stroke in adult mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1213-1229. [PMID: 30465612 PMCID: PMC7238382 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18813317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Stroke induces cardiac dysfunction which increases post stroke mortality and morbidity particularly in aging population. Here, we investigated the effects of inflammatory responses as underlying mediators of cardiac dysfunction after stroke in adult mice. Adult (eight-to-nine months) male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to photothrombotic stroke. To test whether immunoresponse to stroke leads to cardiac dysfunction, splenectomy was performed with stroke. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, PCR, ELISA and echocardiography were performed. We found marginal cardiac dysfunction at acute phase and significant cardiac dysfunction at chronic phase of stroke as indicated by significant decrease of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and shortening fraction (LVSF). Stroke significantly increases macrophage infiltration into the heart and increases IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, TGF-β and macrophage-associated inflammatory cytokine levels in the heart as well as induces cardiac-fibrosis and hypertrophy. Splenectomy with stroke significantly reduces macrophage infiltration into heart, decreases inflammatory factor expression in the heart, decreases cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, as well as significantly improves cardiac function compared to non-splenectomized adult stroke mice. Therefore, cerebral ischemic stroke in adult mice induces chronic cardiac dysfunction and secondary immune response may contribute to post stroke cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yan
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical
University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhili Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical
University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
- Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit,
MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit,
MI, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland
University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical
University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
- Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit,
MI, USA
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical
University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
- Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit,
MI, USA
| | - Ruixia Wu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical
University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Linlin Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical
University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Mei Lu
- Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford
Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kuan-Han Hank
- Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford
Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical
University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin
Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key
Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous
System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Jieli Chen
- Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit,
MI, USA
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Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that CD44 is involved in the development of cardiac fibrosis via angiotensin II (Ang II) AT1 receptor-stimulated TNFα/NFκB/IκB signaling pathways. Study was conducted in C57BL/6 wild type and CD44 knockout mice subjected to Ang II infusion (1,000 ng/kg/min) using osmotic minipumps up to 4 weeks or with gastric gavage administration of the AT1 receptor blocker, telmisartan at a dose of 10 mg/kg/d. Results indicated that Ang II enhances expression of the AT1 receptor, TNFα, NFκB, and CD44 as well as downregulates IκB. Further analyses revealed that Ang II increases macrophage migration, augments myofibroblast proliferation, and induces vascular/interstitial fibrosis. Relative to the Ang II group, treatment with telmisartan significantly reduced expression of the AT1 receptor and TNFα. These changes occurred in coincidence with decreased NFκB, increased IκB, and downregulated CD44 in the intracardiac vessels and intermyocardium. Furthermore, macrophage migration and myofibroblast proliferation were inhibited and fibrosis was attenuated. Knockout of CD44 did not affect Ang II-stimulated AT1 receptor and modulated TNFα/NFκB/IκB signaling, but significantly reduced macrophage/myofibroblast-mediated fibrosis as identified by less extensive collagen-rich area. These results suggest that the AT1 receptor is involved in the development of cardiac fibrosis by stimulating TNFα/NFκB/IκB-triggered CD44 signaling pathways. Knockout of CD44 blocked Ang II-induced cell migration/proliferation and cardiac fibrosis. Therefore, selective inhibition of CD44 may be considered as a potential therapeutic target for attenuating Ang II-induced deleterious cardiovascular effects.
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27
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Brojakowska A, Narula J, Shimony R, Bander J. Clinical Implications of SARS-CoV-2 Interaction With Renin Angiotensin System: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75:3085-3095. [PMID: 32305401 PMCID: PMC7161517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory-syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) host cell infection is mediated by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Systemic dysregulation observed in SARS-CoV was previously postulated to be due to ACE2/angiotensin 1-7 (Ang1-7)/Mas axis downregulation; increased ACE2 activity was shown to mediate disease protection. Because angiotensin II receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists increase ACE2 receptor expression, it has been tacitly believed that the use of these agents may facilitate viral disease; thus, they should not be used in high-risk patients with cardiovascular disease. Based on the anti-inflammatory benefits of the upregulation of the ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas axis and previously demonstrated benefits of lung function improvement in SARS-CoV infections, it has been hypothesized that the benefits of treatment with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in SARS-CoV-2 may outweigh the risks and at the very least should not be withheld.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Brojakowska
- Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jagat Narula
- Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Rony Shimony
- Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey Bander
- Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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28
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Jurado Acosta A, Rysä J, Szabo Z, Moilanen AM, Serpi R, Ruskoaho H. Phosphorylation of GATA4 at serine 105 is required for left ventricular remodelling process in angiotensin II-induced hypertension in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 127:178-195. [PMID: 32060996 PMCID: PMC7496669 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether local intramyocardial GATA4 overexpression affects the left ventricular (LV) remodelling process and the importance of phosphorylation at serine 105 (S105) for the actions of GATA4 in an angiotensin II (AngII)‐induced hypertension rat model. Adenoviral constructs overexpressing wild‐type GATA4 or GATA4 mutated at S105 were delivered into the anterior LV free wall. AngII (33.3 µg/kg/h) was administered via subcutaneously implanted minipumps. Cardiac function and structure were examined by echocardiography, followed by histological immunostainings of LV sections and gene expression measurements by RT‐qPCR. The effects of GATA4 on cultured neonatal rat ventricular fibroblasts were evaluated. In AngII‐induced hypertension, GATA4 overexpression repressed fibrotic gene expression, reversed the hypertrophic adult‐to‐foetal isoform switch of myofibrillar genes and prevented apoptosis, whereas histological fibrosis was not affected. Overexpression of GATA4 mutated at S105 resulted in LV chamber dilatation, cardiac dysfunction and had minor effects on expression of myocardial remodelling genes. Fibrotic gene expression in cardiac fibroblasts was differently affected by overexpression of wild‐type or mutated GATA4. Our results indicate that GATA4 reduces AngII‐induced responses by interfering with pro‐fibrotic and hypertrophic gene expressions. GATA4 actions on LV remodelling and fibroblasts are dependent on phosphorylation site S105.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Jurado Acosta
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biomedicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaana Rysä
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Zoltan Szabo
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biomedicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne-Mari Moilanen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Raisa Serpi
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Ruskoaho
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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29
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Conservation of glucagon like peptide-1 level with liraglutide and linagilptin protects the kidney against angiotensin II-induced tissue fibrosis in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 867:172844. [PMID: 31811859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that the enhancement of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) level through either exogenous supply of GLP-1 agonist, liraglutide or prevention of endogenous GLP-1 degradation with dipeptidyl peptidease-4 inhibitor, lingaliptin ameliorates angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced renal fibrosis. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: 0.9% saline or Ang II (500 ng/kg/min) was infused with osmotic minipumps for 4 weeks, defined as sham and Ang II groups. In drug treated groups, liraglutide (0.3 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously twice daily or linagliptin (8 mg/kg) was administered daily via oral gavage during Ang II infusion. Compared with Ang II stimulation, liraglutide or linagliptin comparatively down-regulated the protein level of the AT1 receptor, and up-regulated the AT2 receptor, as identified by a reduced AT1/AT2 ratio (all p < 0.05), consistent with less locally-expressed AT1 receptor and enhanced AT2 receptor in the glomerular capillaries and proximal tubules of the renal cortex. Furthermore, both drugs significantly increased the expression of GLP-1 receptor and attenuated the protein levels of TLR4, NOX4 and IL-6. The populations of macrophages and α-SMA expressing myofibroblasts decreased with treatment of liraglutide and linagliptin, in coincidence with the reduced expression of phosphor-Smad2/3, Smad4, TGFβ1, and up-regulated Smad7. Along with these modulations, renal morphology was preserved and synthesis of fibronectin/collagen I was down-regulated, as identified by small collagen-rich area in the renal cortex. These results suggest that the preservation of GLP-1 level using liraglutide or linagliptin might be considered as an add-on therapeutic option for inhibiting Ang II induced renal fibrosis and failure.
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30
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Zheng RH, Bai XJ, Zhang WW, Wang J, Bai F, Yan CP, James EA, Bose HS, Wang NP, Zhao ZQ. Liraglutide attenuates cardiac remodeling and improves heart function after abdominal aortic constriction through blocking angiotensin II type 1 receptor in rats. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:2745-2757. [PMID: 31496651 PMCID: PMC6690048 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s213910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective Angiotensin II (Ang II) is known to contribute to the pathogenesis of heart failure by eliciting cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been shown to exert cardioprotective effects in animals and patients. This study investigates whether GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide inhibits abdominal aortic constriction (AAC)-induced cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction through blocking Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) signaling. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sham operation and abdominal aortic banding procedure for 16 weeks. In treated rats, liraglutide (0.3 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected twice daily or telmisartan (10 mg/kg/day), the AT1R blocker, was administered by gastric gavage. Results Relative to the animals with AAC, liraglutide reduced protein level of the AT1R and upregulated the AT2R, as evidenced by reduced ratio of AT1R/AT2R (0.59±0.04 vs. 0.91±0.06, p<0.05). Furthermore, the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 was upregulated, tissue levels of malondialdehyde and B-type natriuretic peptide were reduced, and superoxide dismutase activity was increased. Along with a reduction in HW/BW ratio, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was inhibited. In coincidence with these changes, liraglutide significantly decreased the populations of macrophages and myofibroblasts in the myocardium, which were accompanied by reduced protein levels of transforming growth factor beta1, Smad2/3/4, and upregulated smad7. The synthesis of collagen I and III was inhibited and collagen-rich fibrosis was attenuated. Consistent with these findings, cardiac systolic function was preserved, as shown by increased left ventricular systolic pressure (110±5 vs. 99±2 mmHg, p<0.05), ejection fraction (83%±2% vs. 69%±4%, p<0.05) and fraction shortening (49%±2% vs. 35%±3%, p<0.05). Treatment with telmisartan provided a comparable level of protection as compared with liraglutide in all the parameters measured. Conclusion Taken together, liraglutide ameliorates cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction, potentially via suppressing the AT1R-mediated events. These data indicate that liraglutide might be selected as an add-on drug to prevent the progression of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Hua Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medicine, Linfen Vocational and Technical College, Linfen, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jie Bai
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Bai
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Ping Yan
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Erskine A James
- Department of Internal Medicine, Navicent Health, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Himangshu S Bose
- Basic Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - Ning-Ping Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.,Basic Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - Zhi-Qing Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.,Basic Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA
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31
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Fan Z, Wu G, Yue M, Ye J, Chen Y, Xu B, Shu Z, Zhu J, Lu N, Tan X. Hypertension and hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy are associated with ACE2 genetic polymorphism. Life Sci 2019; 225:39-45. [PMID: 30917908 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Renin-angiotensin system modulates cardiac structure independent of blood pressure. The present study aimed at investigating whether single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and haplotype of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) could influence blood pressure and the susceptibility to hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 647 patients (347 females and 300 males) with newly diagnosed mild to moderate essential hypertension were enrolled in a blood pressure matched, case-control study. Four ACE2 tagSNPs (rs2074192, rs4646176, rs4646155 and rs2106809) were genotyped and major haplotypes consisting of these four SNPs were reconstructed for all subjects. KEY FINDINGS In females, minor alleles of ACE2 rs2074192 and rs2106809 respectively conferred a 2.1 and 2.0 fold risk for LVH. ACE2 haplotype TCGT increased the risk for LVH while another haplotype CCGC decreased the risk in females. The covariates-adjusted mean left ventricular mass index was 11% greater in TCGT haplotype carriers than in noncarriers in women. In females, the covariates-adjusted mean systolic blood pressure was 3.4 mm Hg lower in CCGC haplotype carriers than in noncarriers. In males, the covariates-adjusted mean systolic blood pressure was 2.4 mm Hg lower in CCGC haplotype carriers than in noncarriers. SIGNIFICANCE ACE2 tagSNPs rs2074192 and rs2106809 as well as major haplotypes CCGC and TCGT may serve as novel risk markers for LVH in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Fan
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Guihai Wu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Minghui Yue
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianfeng Ye
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yequn Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Bayi Xu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhouwu Shu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinxiu Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Nan Lu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuerui Tan
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
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32
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Zhao Y, Ge J, Li X, Guo Q, Zhu Y, Song J, Zhang L, Ding S, Yang X, Li R. Vasodilatory effect of formaldehyde via the NO/cGMP pathway and the regulation of expression of K ATP, BK Ca and L-type Ca 2+ channels. Toxicol Lett 2019; 312:55-64. [PMID: 30974163 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA), a well-known toxic gas molecule similar to nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), is widely produced endogenously via numerous biochemical pathways, and has a number of physiological roles in the biosystem. We attempted to investigate the vasorelaxant effects of FA and their underlying mechanisms. We found that FA induced vasorelaxant effects on rat aortic rings in a concentration-dependent manner. The NO/cyclic guanosine 5' monophosphate (cGMP) pathway was up-regulated when the rat aortas were treated with FA. The expression of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channel subunits α and β of the rat aortas was increased by FA. Similarly, the levels of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel subunits Kir6.1 and Kir6.2 were also up-regulated when the rat aortas were incubated with FA. In contrast, levels of the L-type Ca2+ channel (LTCC) subunits, Cav1.2 and Cav1.3, decreased dramatically with increasing concentrations of FA. We demonstrated that the regulation of FA on vascular contractility may be via the up-regulation of the NO/cGMP pathway and the modulation of ion channels, including the upregulated expression of the KATP and BKCa channels and the inhibited expression of LTCCs. Further study is needed to explore the in-depth mechanisms of FA induced vasorelaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Jing Ge
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Qing Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China; School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Yuqing Zhu
- Centre of Stem Cell and Regenerative medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Jing Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Shumao Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xu Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
| | - Rui Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
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Hara T, Nishimura S, Yamamoto T, Kajimoto Y, Kusumoto K, Kanagawa R, Ikeda S, Nishimoto T. TAK-272 (imarikiren), a novel renin inhibitor, improves cardiac remodeling and mortality in a murine heart failure model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202176. [PMID: 30092100 PMCID: PMC6084973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which plays an important role in the progression of heart failure, is efficiently blocked by the inhibition of renin, the rate-limiting enzyme in the RAS cascade. In the present study, we investigated the cardioprotective effects of TAK-272 (SCO-272, imarikiren), a novel, orally effective direct renin inhibitor (DRI), and compared its efficacy with that of aliskiren, a DRI that is already available in the market. TAK-272 was administered to calsequestrin transgenic (CSQ-tg) heart failure mouse model that show severe symptoms and high mortality. The CSQ-tg mice treated with 300 mg/kg, the highest dose tested, of TAK-272 showed significantly reduced plasma renin activity (PRA), cardiac hypertrophy, and lung congestion. Further, TAK-272 reduced cardiomyocyte injury accompanied by an attenuation of the increase in NADPH oxidase 4 and nitric oxide synthase 3 expressions. TAK-272 also prolonged the survival of CSQ-tg mice in a dose-dependent manner (30 mg/kg: P = 0.42, 100 mg/kg: P = 0.12, 300 mg/kg: P < 0.01). Additionally, when compared at the same dose level (300 mg/kg), TAK-272 showed strong and sustained PRA inhibition and reduced the heart weight and plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentration, a heart failure biomarker, while aliskiren showed a significant weaker PRA inhibition and failed to demonstrate any cardioprotective effects. Our results showed that TAK-272 is an orally active and persistent renin inhibitor, which reduced the mortality of CSQ-tg mice and conferred protection against cardiac hypertrophy and injury. Thus, TAK-272 treatment could provide a new therapeutic approach for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Hara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nishimura
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kajimoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keiji Kusumoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ray Kanagawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shota Ikeda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nishimoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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34
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Wang NP, Erskine J, Zhang WW, Zheng RH, Zhang LH, Duron G, Gendreau J, Zhao ZQ. Recruitment of macrophages from the spleen contributes to myocardial fibrosis and hypertension induced by angiotensin II. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2018; 18:1470320317706653. [PMID: 28490219 PMCID: PMC5843916 DOI: 10.1177/1470320317706653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine whether macrophages migrated from the spleen are associated with angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis and hypertension. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to angiotensin II infusion in vehicle (500 ng/kg/min) for up to four weeks. In splenectomy, the spleen was removed before angiotensin II infusion. In the angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockade, telmisartan was administered by gastric gavage (10 mg/kg/day) during angiotensin II infusion. The heart and aorta were isolated for Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Angiotensin II infusion caused a significant reduction in the number of monocytes in the spleen through the AT1 receptor-activated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Comparison of angiotensin II infusion, splenectomy and telmisartan comparatively reduced the recruitment of macrophages into the heart. Associated with this change, transforming growth factor β1 expression and myofibroblast proliferation were inhibited, and Smad2/3 and collagen I/III were downregulated. Furthermore, interstitial/perivascular fibrosis was attenuated. These modifications occurred in coincidence with reduced blood pressure. At week 4, invasion of macrophages and myofibroblasts in the thoracic aorta was attenuated and expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase was upregulated, along with a reduction in aortic fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that macrophages when recruited into the heart and aorta from the spleen potentially contribute to angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Ping Wang
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Mercer University School of Medicine, USA
| | - James Erskine
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Navicent Health, USA
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- 3 Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Rong-Hua Zheng
- 3 Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Li-Hui Zhang
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Mercer University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Garret Duron
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Mercer University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Julian Gendreau
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Mercer University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Zhi-Qing Zhao
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Mercer University School of Medicine, USA.,3 Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, China
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Zhang WW, Bai F, Wang J, Zheng RH, Yang LW, James EA, Zhao ZQ. Edaravone inhibits pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction by reducing expression of angiotensin II AT1 receptor. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:3019-3033. [PMID: 29081650 PMCID: PMC5652925 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s144807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is known to be involved in the progression of ventricular dysfunction and heart failure by eliciting cardiac fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate whether treatment with an antioxidant compound, edaravone, reduces cardiac fibrosis and improves ventricular function by inhibiting Ang II AT1 receptor. The study was conducted in a rat model of transverse aortic constriction (TAC). In control, rats were subjected to 8 weeks of TAC. In treated rats, edaravone (10 mg/kg/day) or Ang II AT1 receptor blocker, telmisartan (10 mg/kg/day) was administered by intraperitoneal injection or gastric gavage, respectively, during TAC. Relative to the animals with TAC, edaravone reduced myocardial malonaldehyde level and increased superoxide dismutase activity. Protein level of the AT1 receptor was reduced and the AT2 receptor was upregulated, as evidenced by the reduced ratio of AT1 over AT2 receptor (0.57±0.2 vs 3.16±0.39, p<0.05) and less locally expressed AT1 receptor in the myocardium. Furthermore, the protein level of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 was upregulated. In coincidence with these changes, edaravone significantly decreased the populations of macrophages and myofibroblasts in the myocardium, which were accompanied by reduced levels of transforming growth factor beta 1 and Smad2/3. Collagen I synthesis was inhibited and collagen-rich fibrosis was attenuated. Relative to the TAC group, cardiac systolic function was preserved, as shown by increased left ventricular systolic pressure (204±51 vs 110±19 mmHg, p<0.05) and ejection fraction (82%±3% vs 60%±5%, p<0.05). Treatment with telmisartan provided a comparable level of protection as compared with edaravone in all the parameters measured. Taken together, edaravone treatment ameliorates cardiac fibrosis and improves left ventricular function in the pressure overload rat model, potentially via suppressing the AT1 receptor-mediated signaling pathways. These data indicate that edaravone might be selected in combination with other existing drugs in preventing progression of cardiac dysfunction in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Feng Bai
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University
| | | | - Li-Wang Yang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University
| | | | - Zhi-Qing Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University.,Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA
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Martin-Lorenzo M, Gonzalez-Calero L, Martinez PJ, Baldan-Martin M, Lopez JA, Ruiz-Hurtado G, de la Cuesta F, Segura J, Vazquez J, Vivanco F, Barderas MG, Ruilope LM, Alvarez-Llamas G. Immune system deregulation in hypertensive patients chronically RAS suppressed developing albuminuria. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8894. [PMID: 28827575 PMCID: PMC5566220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Albuminuria development in hypertensive patients is an indicator of higher cardiovascular (CV) risk and renal damage. Chronic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) suppression facilitates blood pressure control but it does not prevent from albuminuria development. We pursued the identification of protein indicators in urine behind albuminuria development in hypertensive patients under RAS suppression. Urine was collected from 100 patients classified in three groups according to albuminuria development: (a) patients with persistent normoalbuminuria; (b) patients developing de novo albuminuria; (c) patients with maintained albuminuria. Quantitative analysis was performed in a first discovery cohort by isobaric labeling methodology. Alterations of proteins of interest were confirmed by target mass spectrometry analysis in an independent cohort. A total of 2416 proteins and 1223 functional categories (coordinated protein responses) were identified. Immune response, adhesion of immune and blood cells, and phagocytosis were found significantly altered in patients with albuminuria compared to normoalbuminuric individuals. The complement system C3 increases, while Annexin A1, CD44, S100A8 and S100A9 proteins showed significant diminishment in their urinary levels when albuminuria is present. This study reveals specific links between immune response and controlled hypertension in patients who develop albuminuria, pointing to potential protein targets for novel and future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula J Martinez
- Departament of Immunology, IIS-Fundacion JimenezDiaz, REDinREN, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Gema Ruiz-Hurtado
- Hypertension Unit, Instituto de Investigación imas12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando de la Cuesta
- Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Julián Segura
- Hypertension Unit, Instituto de Investigación imas12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vazquez
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Vivanco
- Departament of Immunology, IIS-Fundacion JimenezDiaz, REDinREN, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria G Barderas
- Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Luis M Ruilope
- Hypertension Unit, Instituto de Investigación imas12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain. .,Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain.
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Wang ZF, Wang NP, Harmouche S, Philip T, Pang XF, Bai F, Zhao ZQ. Postconditioning attenuates coronary perivascular and interstitial fibrosis through modulating angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 after myocardial infarction. J Surg Res 2016; 211:178-190. [PMID: 28501115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postconditioning (Postcon) is known to reduce infarct size. This study tested the hypothesis that Postcon attenuates the perivascular and interstitial fibrosis after myocardial infarction through modulating angiotensin II-activated fibrotic cascade. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 45-min coronary occlusion followed by 1 and 6 wk of reperfusion. Postcon was applied at the onset of reperfusion with four cycles of 10/10-s reperfusion-ischemia at the onset of reperfusion. Preconditioning (Precon) with two cycles of 5/5-min ischemia-reperfusion was applied before coronary occlusion. RESULTS Postcon reduced angiotensin-converting enzyme protein and expression in the perivascular area and intermyocardium, coincident with the less-expressed angiotensin II receptor, type 1, enhanced angiotensin II receptor, type 2, and angiotensin converting enzyme 2. Postcon lowered the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and inhibited the populations of interstitial macrophages (60 ± 12 versus 84 ± 9.5 number per high-powered field [HPF] in control, P < 0.05). Along with these modulations, Postcon also downregulated transforming growth factor β1 protein and inhibited proliferation of α-smooth muscle actin expressing myofibroblasts (41 ± 11 versus 79 ± 8.2 number per HPF in control, P < 0.05), consistent with downregulated phospho-Smad2 and phospho-Smad3. Furthermore, the synthesis of collagen I and III was attenuated, and the perivascular-interstitial fibrosis was inhibited by Postcon as demonstrated by reduced perivascular fibrosis ratio (0.6 ± 0.6 versus 1.6 ± 0.5 per HPF in control, P < 0.05) and smaller collagen-rich area (16 ± 4.7 versus 34 ± 9.2% per HPF in control, P < 0.05). Precon conferred a comparable level of protection as Postcon did in all parameters measured, suggesting protection trigged by this endogenous stimulation can be achieved when it was applied either before ischemia or after reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Postcon could be selected as an adjunctive intervention with other existing therapeutic drugs to treat the fibrosis-derived heart failure patients after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Feng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guang Zhou, P. R. China
| | - Ning-Ping Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia
| | - Suzanna Harmouche
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia
| | - Tiji Philip
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia
| | - Xue-Fen Pang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Feng Bai
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Qing Zhao
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia; Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China.
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