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Cornett JC, Cates RJ, Ledger KJ, Pinger CW, Hart CE, Laboda KR, Larson WA, Hollarsmith JA. Assessing methods for detecting Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae) and paralytic shellfish toxins in Southeast Alaska. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2024. [PMID: 38712820 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Blooms of Alexandrium catenella threaten to disrupt subsistence, recreational, and commercial shellfish harvest in Alaska, as the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) produced pose a serious public health risk and can lead to costly shutdowns for shellfish farmers. Current methods of PST detection in the region range from monitoring programs utilizing net tows to detect A. catenella to direct shellfish tissue testing via mouse bioassay (MBA) for commercial aquaculture harvest, as well as various optional testing methods for subsistence and recreational harvesters. The efficacy and feasibility of these methods vary, and they have not been directly compared in Southeast Alaska. In this study, we sought to assess and compare A. catenella and PST early detection methods to determine which can provide the most effective and accurate warning of A. catenella blooms or PST events. We found microscope counts to be variable and prone to missing lower numbers of A. catenella, which may be indicative of bloom formation. However, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) significantly correlated with microscope counts and was able to effectively detect even low numbers of A. catenella on all sampling days. Paralytic shellfish toxin concentrations measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and MBA significantly correlated with each other, qPCR, and some microscope counts. These results show that qPCR is an effective tool for both monitoring A. catenella and serving as a proxy for PSTs. Further work is needed to refine qPCR protocols in this system to provide bloom warnings on an actionable timescale for the aquaculture industry and other shellfish harvesters. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1-14. © 2024 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC). This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Cornett
- NOAA Fisheries Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Juneau, Alaska, USA
- Alaska Sea Grant, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Rebecca J Cates
- NOAA Fisheries Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Juneau, Alaska, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, & Ecosystem Studies (CICOES), University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Kimberly J Ledger
- NOAA Fisheries Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Juneau, Alaska, USA
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, Alaska, USA
| | - Cody W Pinger
- NOAA Fisheries Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Juneau, Alaska, USA
| | - Courtney E Hart
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, Alaska, USA
| | | | - Wesley A Larson
- NOAA Fisheries Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Juneau, Alaska, USA
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Gracia Villalobos LL, Getino Mamet LN, Vázquez N, Soria G, Gonçalves RJ. The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella adversely affects early life stages of tehuelche scallop. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 192:106221. [PMID: 37844368 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella were investigated on growth, survival, and histopathology in larvae and spat of the Tehuelche scallop Aequipecten tehuelchus from Patagonia, Argentina. The study consisted of laboratory incubations of scallop larvae/spat with A. catenella, using environmentally realistic abundances of the dinoflagellate. Survival, growth, and histopathological effects were documented for scallop larvae/spat before, during, and after 7-day-long exposure to A. catenella. The scallops were grouped in flasks containing 0 (control), 20, 200, and 2000 cells mL-1 of A. catenella. The presence of A. catenella induced reduced larvae survival after 24 h, whereas a clear effect was observed after 3 days (survival of control larvae 95%, 72, and 79% for 20 and 200 cells mL-1, respectively, and 43% for 2000 cells mL-1). The growth rates of the control larvae and those exposed to 20 mL-1 cells were significantly different from zero. Histopathological effects (melanization, loss of connective tissue, necrosis, and inflammatory responses) were observed in spat exposed to A. catenella. These effects were more pronounced at the highest dinoflagellate concentration. Blooms of A. catenella frequently coincide with the reproductive season of A. tehuelchus, thus there is a need to further study the relationship between harmful algal blooms and the effect on scallops' natural populations in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilén L Gracia Villalobos
- Centro para El Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Boulevard Brown 2915 (9120) Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
| | - Leandro N Getino Mamet
- Centro para El Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Boulevard Brown 2915 (9120) Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de La Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Boulevard Brown 3051 (9120) Puerto Madryn, Argentina.
| | - Nuria Vázquez
- Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR), CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Boulevard Brown 2915 (9120) Puerto Madryn, Argentina.
| | - Gaspar Soria
- Centro para El Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Boulevard Brown 2915 (9120) Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de La Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Boulevard Brown 3051 (9120) Puerto Madryn, Argentina.
| | - Rodrigo J Gonçalves
- Centro para El Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Boulevard Brown 2915 (9120) Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
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Funesto EGM, Lewis AM, Turner AD, Cameron TC, Steinke M. Immediate and delayed effects of a heatwave and Prorocentrum lima ((Ehrenberg) Stein 1878) bloom on the toxin accumulation, physiology, and survival of the oyster Magallana gigas (Thunberg, 1793). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 892:164485. [PMID: 37257593 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Warming could facilitate the intensification of toxic algal blooms, two important stressors for marine organisms that are predicted to co-occur more frequently in the future. We investigated the immediate and delayed effects of a heatwave and a simulated bloom (3 × 106 cells L-1) of the diarrhetic shellfish toxin (DST)-producing benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima on the survival, physiology (oxygen consumption rate, condition index, immune parameters), and toxin accumulation in the Pacific rock oyster Magallana (Crassostrea) gigas. Oysters exposed to both stressors contained higher mean DST concentrations (mean ± 1 SE: 173.3 ± 19.78 μg kg-1 soft tissue) than those exposed to P. lima bloom alone (120.4 ± 20.90 μg kg-1) and exceeded the maximum permitted levels for human consumption. Exposure to individual stressors and their combination modified the physiology of M. gigas. Oysters exposed to heatwave alone had significantly higher oxygen consumption rates (0.7 ± 0.06 mg O2 h-1 g-1) than the control (0.3 ± 0.06 mg O2 h-1 g-1). However, this was not observed in oysters exposed to both heatwave and P. lima (0.5 ± 0.06 mg O2 h-1 g-1). This alteration of the metabolic response to warming in the presence of P. lima may affect the ability of rock oysters to adapt to environmental stressors (i.e., a heatwave) to ensure survival. Immunomodulation, through changes in total hemocyte count, was observed in oysters exposed to P. lima alone and in combination with warming. Individual stressors and their combination did not influence the condition index, but one mortality was recorded in oysters exposed to both stressors. The findings of this study highlight the vulnerability of rock oysters to the predicted increased frequency of heatwaves and toxic algal blooms, and the increased likelihood of shellfish containing higher than regulatory levels of DST in warming coasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Grace M Funesto
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom; Department of Biology and Environmental Science, College of Science, University of the Philippines Cebu, Gorordo Avenue, Lahug, Cebu City 6000, Philippines.
| | - Adam M Lewis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Tom C Cameron
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Steinke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
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Even Y, Pousse E, Chapperon C, Artigaud S, Hégaret H, Bernay B, Pichereau V, Flye-Sainte-Marie J, Jean F. Physiological and comparative proteomic analyzes reveal immune defense response of the king scallop Pecten maximus in presence of paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) from Alexandrium minutum. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 115:102231. [PMID: 35623695 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The king scallop, Pecten maximus is a highly valuable seafood in Europe. Over the last few years, its culture has been threatened by toxic microalgae during harmful algal blooms, inducing public health concerns. Indeed, phycotoxins accumulated in bivalves can be harmful for human, especially paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) synthesized by the microalgae Alexandrium minutum. Deleterious effects of these toxic algae on bivalves have also been reported. However, its impact on bivalves such as king scallop is far from being completely understood. This study combined ecophysiological and proteomic analyzes to investigate the early response of juvenile king scallops to a short term exposure to PST producing A. minutum. Our data showed that all along the 2-days exposure to A. minutum, king scallops exhibited transient lower filtration and respiration rates and accumulated PST. Significant inter-individual variability of toxin accumulation potential was observed among individuals. Furthermore, we found that ingestion of toxic algae, correlated to toxin accumulation was driven by two factors: 1/ the time it takes king scallop to recover from filtration inhibition and starts to filtrate again, 2/ the filtration level to which king scallop starts again to filtrate after inhibition. Furthermore, at the end of the 2-day exposure to A. minutum, proteomic analyzes revealed an increase of the killer cell lectin-like receptor B1, involved in adaptative immune response. Proteins involved in detoxification and in metabolism were found in lower amount in A. minutum exposed king scallops. Proteomic data also showed differential accumulation in several structure proteins such as β-actin, paramyosin and filamin A, suggesting a remodeling of the mantle tissue when king scallops are subjected to an A. minutum exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Even
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Emilien Pousse
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Coraline Chapperon
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Sébastien Artigaud
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Benoit Bernay
- Plateforme Proteogen, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la paix, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Vianney Pichereau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Jonathan Flye-Sainte-Marie
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Fred Jean
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
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Neves RAF, Nascimento SM, Santos LN. Harmful algal blooms and shellfish in the marine environment: an overview of the main molluscan responses, toxin dynamics, and risks for human health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:55846-55868. [PMID: 34480308 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Besides human health risks, phycotoxins may cause physiological injuries on molluscan shellfish and, consequently, damages to marine ecosystems and global fisheries production. In this way, this review aimed to present an overview of HABs impacts on marine shellfish by evaluating the effects of cultivated molluscs exposure to microalgae and cyanobacteria that form blooms and/or synthesize toxins. More specifically, it was assessed the main molluscan shellfish responses to harmful algae, trophic transfer and dynamics of phycotoxins, and the risks for human health. Of the 2420 results obtained from literature search, 150 scientific publications were selected after thorough inspections for subject adherence. In total, 70 molluscan species and 37 taxa of harmful algae were assessed from retrieved scientific publications. A significant positive correlation was found between the marine production of molluscs and the number of available studies by molluscan category. Molluscan responses to HABs and phycotoxins were categorized and discussed in three sub-sections: effects on grazing and behavior, metabolic and physiological reactions, and fitness consequences. The main histopathological injuries and toxin concentrations in molluscan tissues were also compiled and discussed. Bivalves often accumulate more toxins than gastropods and cephalopods, occasionally exceeding recommended levels for safe consumption, representing a risk for human health. Harmful algae impact on molluscan shellfish are complex to trace and predict; however, considering the perspective of increase in the occurrence and intensity of HABs, the intensification of efforts to expand the knowledge about HABs impacts on marine molluscs is crucial to mitigate the damages on economy and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A F Neves
- Graduate Program in Neotropical Biodiversity, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil.
- Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 307, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil.
| | - Silvia M Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Neotropical Biodiversity, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
- Laboratory of Marine Microalgae, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 314A, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
| | - Luciano N Santos
- Graduate Program in Neotropical Biodiversity, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Ichthyology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 314A, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
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Bringer A, Thomas H, Dubillot E, Le Floch S, Receveur J, Cachot J, Tran D. Subchronic exposure to high-density polyethylene microplastics alone or in combination with chlortoluron significantly affected valve activity and daily growth of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 237:105880. [PMID: 34126365 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, pesticides and microplastics (MPs) are commonly found in coastal waters worldwide. Due to their widespread use, their persistence and toxicity, they may induce adverse effects on physiology and behaviour of marine organisms such as the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). This study explored the growth and valve activity of juvenile oysters exposed for 24 days to two frequently detected pollutants in the Pertuis Charentais (South West, France): a herbicide (chlortoluron, 85 µg.L-1) and high-density polyethylene microparticles (HDPE 20-25 µm, 112 MP.mL-1) alone or in combination (cocktail condition; 97 µg.L-1 of chlortoluron + 108 MP. mL-1). The valve activity of juvenile oysters recorded by using a High Frequency and Non-Invasive valvometer (HFNI) was characterized by three parameters: the number of valve micro-closures (VMC), the Valve Opening Amplitude (VOA), and the Valve Opening Duration (VOD). Additionally, daily shell growth and the oyster daily rhythm were assessed. The exposure to MPs of oysters led to a significant increase of VMC and a decrease of VOD and shell growth. The exposure to chlortoluron showed a significant increase of VOA and a decrease of VMC. In combination with MPs, chlortoluron still increased VOA and decreased VMC but also reduced the shell growth. Chronobiological analysis did not reveal any effects on the daily rhythm of both contaminants. This work highlighted significant effects of high environmental concentrations of MPs and Chlortoluron on the behaviour and growth of the Pacific oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Bringer
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France.
| | - Hélène Thomas
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | - Emmanuel Dubillot
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | | | | | - Jérôme Cachot
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Damien Tran
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
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Boullot F, Fabioux C, Hégaret H, Boudry P, Soudant P, Benoit E. Electrophysiological Evaluation of Pacific Oyster ( Crassostrea gigas) Sensitivity to Saxitoxin and Tetrodotoxin. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19070380. [PMID: 34209313 PMCID: PMC8307532 DOI: 10.3390/md19070380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) may bio-accumulate high levels of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) during harmful algal blooms of the genus Alexandrium. These blooms regularly occur in coastal waters, affecting oyster health and marketability. The aim of our study was to analyse the PST-sensitivity of nerves of Pacific oysters in relation with toxin bio-accumulation. The results show that C. gigas nerves have micromolar range of saxitoxin (STX) sensitivity, thus providing intermediate STX sensitivity compared to other bivalve species. However, theses nerves were much less sensitive to tetrodotoxin. The STX-sensitivity of compound nerve action potential (CNAP) recorded from oysters experimentally fed with Alexandrium minutum (toxic-alga-exposed oysters), or Tisochrysis lutea, a non-toxic microalga (control oysters), revealed that oysters could be separated into STX-resistant and STX-sensitive categories, regardless of the diet. Moreover, the percentage of toxin-sensitive nerves was lower, and the STX concentration necessary to inhibit 50% of CNAP higher, in recently toxic-alga-exposed oysters than in control bivalves. However, no obvious correlation was observed between nerve sensitivity to STX and the STX content in oyster digestive glands. None of the nerves isolated from wild and farmed oysters was detected to be sensitive to tetrodotoxin. In conclusion, this study highlights the good potential of cerebrovisceral nerves of Pacific oysters for electrophysiological and pharmacological studies. In addition, this study shows, for the first time, that C. gigas nerves have micromolar range of STX sensitivity. The STX sensitivity decreases, at least temporary, upon recent oyster exposure to dinoflagellates producing PST under natural, but not experimental environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Boullot
- Service d’Ingénierie Moléculaire Pour la Santé (SIMoS), Département Médicaments et Technologies Pour la Santé (DMTS), Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, ERL CNRS/CEA 9004, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzané, France; (C.F.); (H.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzané, France; (C.F.); (H.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzané, France; (C.F.); (H.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Pierre Boudry
- Centre Ifremer Bretagne, Ifremer, UMR 6539 (LEMAR) CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France;
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzané, France; (C.F.); (H.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Evelyne Benoit
- Service d’Ingénierie Moléculaire Pour la Santé (SIMoS), Département Médicaments et Technologies Pour la Santé (DMTS), Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, ERL CNRS/CEA 9004, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
- Correspondence:
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8
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Lassudrie M, Hégaret H, Wikfors GH, da Silva PM. Effects of marine harmful algal blooms on bivalve cellular immunity and infectious diseases: A review. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 108:103660. [PMID: 32145294 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves were long thought to be "symptomless carriers" of marine microalgal toxins to human seafood consumers. In the past three decades, science has come to recognize that harmful algae and their toxins can be harmful to grazers, including bivalves. Indeed, studies have shown conclusively that some microalgal toxins function as active grazing deterrents. When responding to marine Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) events, bivalves can reject toxic cells to minimize toxin and bioactive extracellular compound (BEC) exposure, or ingest and digest cells, incorporating nutritional components and toxins. Several studies have reported modulation of bivalve hemocyte variables in response to HAB exposure. Hemocytes are specialized cells involved in many functions in bivalves, particularly in immunological defense mechanisms. Hemocytes protect tissues by engulfing or encapsulating living pathogens and repair tissue damage caused by injury, poisoning, and infections through inflammatory processes. The effects of HAB exposure observed on bivalve cellular immune variables have raised the question of possible effects on susceptibility to infectious disease. As science has described a previously unrecognized diversity in microalgal bioactive substances, and also found a growing list of infectious diseases in bivalves, episodic reports of interactions between harmful algae and disease in bivalves have been published. Only recently, studies directed to understand the physiological and metabolic bases of these interactions have been undertaken. This review compiles evidence from studies of harmful algal effects upon bivalve shellfish that establishes a framework for recent efforts to understand how harmful algae can alter infectious disease, and particularly the fundamental role of cellular immunity, in modulating these interactions. Experimental studies reviewed here indicate that HABs can modulate bivalve-pathogen interactions in various ways, either by increasing bivalve susceptibility to disease or conversely by lessening infection proliferation or transmission. Alteration of immune defense and global physiological distress caused by HAB exposure have been the most frequent reasons identified for these effects on disease. Only few studies, however, have addressed these effects so far and a general pattern cannot be established. Other mechanisms are likely involved but are under-studied thus far and will need more attention in the future. In particular, the inhibition of bivalve filtration by HABs and direct interaction between HABs and infectious agents in the seawater likely interfere with pathogen transmission. The study of these interactions in the field and at the population level also are needed to establish the ecological and economical significance of the effects of HABs upon bivalve diseases. A more thorough understanding of these interactions will assist in development of more effective management of bivalve shellfisheries and aquaculture in oceans subjected to increasing HAB and disease pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Gary H Wikfors
- NOAA Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Milford, CT, 0640, USA
| | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Invertebrates, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Paraíba, Brazil
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Álvarez G, Díaz PA, Godoy M, Araya M, Ganuza I, Pino R, Álvarez F, Rengel J, Hernández C, Uribe E, Blanco J. Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Surf Clams Mesodesma donacium during a Large Bloom of Alexandrium catenella Dinoflagellates Associated to an Intense Shellfish Mass Mortality. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040188. [PMID: 30934869 PMCID: PMC6520680 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In late February 2016, a harmful algal bloom (HAB) of Alexandrium catenella was detected in southern Chiloé, leading to the banning of shellfish harvesting in an extended geographical area (~500 km). On April 24, 2016, this bloom produced a massive beaching (an accumulation on the beach surface of dead or impaired organisms which were drifted ashore) of surf clams Mesodesma donacium in Cucao Bay, Chiloé. To determine the effect of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in M. donacium, samples were taken from Cucao during the third massive beaching detected on May 3, 2016. Whole tissue toxicity evidence a high interindividual variability with values which ranged from 1008 to 8763 μg STX eq 100 g−1 and with a toxin profile dominated by GTX3, GTX1, GTX2, GTX4, and neoSTX. Individuals were dissected into digestive gland (DG), foot (FT), adductor muscle (MU), and other body fractions (OBF), and histopathological and toxin analyses were carried out on the obtained fractions. Some pathological conditions were observed in gill and digestive gland of 40–50% of the individuals that correspond to hemocyte aggregation and haemocytic infiltration, respectively. The most toxic tissue was DG (2221 μg STX eq 100 g−1), followed by OBF (710 μg STX eq 100 g−1), FT (297 μg STX eq 100 g−1), and MU (314 μg STX eq 100 g−1). The observed surf clam mortality seems to have been mainly due to the desiccation caused by the incapability of the clams to burrow. Considering the available information of the monitoring program and taking into account that this episode was the first detected along the open coast of the Pacific Ocean in southern Chiloé, it is very likely that the M. donacium population from Cucao Bay has not had a recurrent exposition to A. catenella and, consequently, that it has not been subjected to high selective pressure for PSP resistance. However, more research is needed to determine the effects of PSP toxins on behavioral and physiological responses, nerve sensitivity, and genetic/molecular basis for the resistance or sensitivity of M. donacium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile.
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i∼mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile.
| | - Marcos Godoy
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad San Sebastián, Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile.
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Diego de Almagro 1013, Puerto Montt 5507964, Chile.
- Doctorado en Acuicultura, Programa Cooperativo Universidad de Chile, Universidad Católica del Norte, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Coquimbo 17811421, Chile.
| | - Michael Araya
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - Iranzu Ganuza
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile.
| | - Roberto Pino
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile.
- Doctorado en Acuicultura, Programa Cooperativo Universidad de Chile, Universidad Católica del Norte, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Coquimbo 17811421, Chile.
| | - Francisco Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile.
| | - José Rengel
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile.
| | - Cristina Hernández
- Laboratorio Salud Pública, Seremi de Salud Región de Los Lagos, Crucero 1915, Puerto Montt 5505081, Chile.
| | - Eduardo Uribe
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile.
| | - Juan Blanco
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (Xunta de Galicia), Apto. 13, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Pontevedra, Spain.
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10
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Fernández Robledo JA, Yadavalli R, Allam B, Pales Espinosa E, Gerdol M, Greco S, Stevick RJ, Gómez-Chiarri M, Zhang Y, Heil CA, Tracy AN, Bishop-Bailey D, Metzger MJ. From the raw bar to the bench: Bivalves as models for human health. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:260-282. [PMID: 30503358 PMCID: PMC6511260 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves, from raw oysters to steamed clams, are popular choices among seafood lovers and once limited to the coastal areas. The rapid growth of the aquaculture industry and improvement in the preservation and transport of seafood have enabled them to be readily available anywhere in the world. Over the years, oysters, mussels, scallops, and clams have been the focus of research for improving the production, managing resources, and investigating basic biological and ecological questions. During this decade, an impressive amount of information using high-throughput genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic technologies has been produced in various classes of the Mollusca group, and it is anticipated that basic and applied research will significantly benefit from this resource. One aspect that is also taking momentum is the use of bivalves as a model system for human health. In this review, we highlight some of the aspects of the biology of bivalves that have direct implications in human health including the shell formation, stem cells and cell differentiation, the ability to fight opportunistic and specific pathogens in the absence of adaptive immunity, as source of alternative drugs, mucosal immunity and, microbiome turnover, toxicology, and cancer research. There is still a long way to go; however, the next time you order a dozen oysters at your favorite raw bar, think about a tasty model organism that will not only please your palate but also help unlock multiple aspects of molluscan biology and improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bassem Allam
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | | | - Marco Gerdol
- University of Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Samuele Greco
- University of Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rebecca J Stevick
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA
| | - Marta Gómez-Chiarri
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Cynthia A Heil
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, 04544, USA
| | - Adrienne N Tracy
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, 04544, USA; Colby College, Waterville, 4,000 Mayflower Hill Dr, ME, 04901, USA
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11
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Castrec J, Hégaret H, Alunno-Bruscia M, Picard M, Soudant P, Petton B, Boulais M, Suquet M, Quéau I, Ratiskol D, Foulon V, Le Goïc N, Fabioux C. The dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum affects development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas, through parental or direct exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:827-836. [PMID: 30623839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms are a threat to aquatic organisms and coastal ecosystems. Among harmful species, the widespread distributed genus Alexandrium is of global importance. This genus is well-known for the synthesis of paralytic shellfish toxins which are toxic for humans through the consumption of contaminated shellfish. While the effects of Alexandrium species upon the physiology of bivalves are now well documented, consequences on reproduction remain poorly studied. In France, Alexandrium minutum blooms have been recurrent for the last decades, generally appearing during the reproduction season of most bivalves including the oyster Crassostrea gigas. These blooms could not only affect gametogenesis but also spawning, larval development or juvenile recruitment. This study assesses the effect of toxic A. minutum blooms on C. gigas reproduction. Adult oysters were experimentally exposed to A. minutum, at environmentally realistic concentrations (102 to 103 cells mL-1) for two months during their gametogenesis and a control group, not exposed to A. minutum was fed with a non-toxic dinoflagellate. To determine both consequences to next generation and direct effects of A. minutum exposure on larvae, the embryo-larval development of subsequent offspring was conducted with and without A. minutum exposure at 102 cells mL-1. Effects at each stage of the reproduction were investigated on ecophysiological parameters, cellular responses, and offspring development. Broodstock exposed to A. minutum produced spermatozoa with decreased motility and larvae of smaller size which showed higher mortalities during settlement. Embryo-larval exposure to A. minutum significantly reduced growth and settlement of larvae compared to non-exposed offspring. This detrimental consequence on larval growth was stronger in larvae derived from control parents compared to offspring from exposed parents. This study provides evidence that A. minutum blooms, whether they occur during gametogenesis, spawning or larval development, can either affect gamete quality and/or larval development of C. gigas, thus potentially impacting oyster recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Castrec
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Marianne Alunno-Bruscia
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, CS 10070, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Maïlys Picard
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, CS 10070, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Myrina Boulais
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France; University of North Carolina Wilmington, Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA
| | - Marc Suquet
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, CS 10070, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Isabelle Quéau
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, CS 10070, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Dominique Ratiskol
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, CS 10070, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Valentin Foulon
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France.
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12
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Cao R, Wang D, Wei Q, Wang Q, Yang D, Liu H, Dong Z, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Zhao J. Integrative Biomarker Assessment of the Influence of Saxitoxin on Marine Bivalves: A Comparative Study of the Two Bivalve Species Oysters, Crassostrea gigas, and Scallops, Chlamys farreri. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1173. [PMID: 30246779 PMCID: PMC6110902 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algae blooms have expanded greatly in recent decades, and their secreted toxins pose a severe threat to human health and marine ecosystems. Saxitoxin (STX) is a main paralytic shellfish poison naturally produced by marine microalgae of the genus Alexandrium. Despite numerous studies have assessed the impacts of STX on marine bivalves, comparative in vivo study on the toxicity of STX on bivalves with distinct accumulation ability (such as oysters and scallops) has been seldom investigated. The aim of this study was to identify whether distinct sensitivity exists between oysters, Crassostrea gigas, and scallops, Chlamys farreri under the same amount of STX exposure using multiple biomarker responses. The responses of different biochemical markers including oxidative stress markers (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, and lipid peroxidation) and immunotoxicity biomarkers (hemocyte phagocytosis rate, reactive oxidative species production, and DNA damages) were evaluated in bivalves after 12, 48, and 96 h of exposure to STX. The integrated biomarker responses value combined with two-way ANOVA analysis suggested that STX posed slightly severer stress on scallops than oysters for the extended period of time. This study provided preliminary results on the usefulness of a multi-biomarker approach to assess the toxicity associated with STX exposure in marine bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwen Cao
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Qianyu Wei
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Dinglong Yang
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Zhijun Dong
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
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13
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Mat AM, Klopp C, Payton L, Jeziorski C, Chalopin M, Amzil Z, Tran D, Wikfors GH, Hégaret H, Soudant P, Huvet A, Fabioux C. Oyster transcriptome response to Alexandrium exposure is related to saxitoxin load and characterized by disrupted digestion, energy balance, and calcium and sodium signaling. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 199:127-137. [PMID: 29621672 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms are worldwide occurrences that can cause poisoning in human seafood consumers as well as mortality and sublethal effets in wildlife, propagating economic losses. One of the most widespread toxigenic microalgal taxa is the dinoflagellate Genus Alexandrium, that includes species producing neurotoxins referred to as PST (Paralytic Shellfish Toxins). Blooms cause shellfish harvest restrictions to protect human consumers from accumulated toxins. Large inter-individual variability in toxin load within an exposed bivalve population complicates monitoring of shellfish toxicity for ecology and human health regulation. To decipher the physiological pathways involved in the bivalve response to PST, we explored the whole transcriptome of the digestive gland of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas fed experimentally with a toxic Alexandrium minutum culture. The largest differences in transcript abundance were between oysters with contrasting toxin loads (1098 transcripts), rather than between exposed and non-exposed oysters (16 transcripts), emphasizing the importance of toxin load in oyster response to toxic dinoflagellates. Additionally, penalized regressions, innovative in this field, modeled accurately toxin load based upon only 70 transcripts. Transcriptomic differences between oysters with contrasting PST burdens revealed a limited suite of metabolic pathways affected, including ion channels, neuromuscular communication, and digestion, all of which are interconnected and linked to sodium and calcium exchanges. Carbohydrate metabolism, unconsidered previously in studies of harmful algal effects on shellfish, was also highlighted, suggesting energy challenge in oysters with high toxin loads. Associations between toxin load, genotype, and mRNA levels were revealed that open new doors for genetic studies identifying genetically-based low toxin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey M Mat
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | | | - Laura Payton
- UMR 5805 EPOC, CNRS - Université de Bordeaux, F-33120 Arcachon, France
| | | | - Morgane Chalopin
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - Damien Tran
- UMR 5805 EPOC, CNRS - Université de Bordeaux, F-33120 Arcachon, France
| | - Gary H Wikfors
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, 212 Rogers Avenue, Milford, CT 06460, USA
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Arnaud Huvet
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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14
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Castrec J, Soudant P, Payton L, Tran D, Miner P, Lambert C, Le Goïc N, Huvet A, Quillien V, Boullot F, Amzil Z, Hégaret H, Fabioux C. Bioactive extracellular compounds produced by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum are highly detrimental for oysters. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 199:188-198. [PMID: 29653309 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium spp., known as producers of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), are regularly detected on the French coastline. PSTs accumulate into harvested shellfish species, such as the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, and can cause strong disorders to consumers at high doses. The impacts of Alexandrium minutum on C. gigas have often been attributed to its production of PSTs without testing separately the effects of the bioactive extracellular compounds (BECs) with allelopathic, hemolytic, cytotoxic or ichthyotoxic properties, which can also be produced by these algae. The BECs, still uncharacterized, are excreted within the environment thereby impacting not only phytoplankton, zooplankton but also marine invertebrates and fishes, without implicating any PST. The aim of this work was to compare the effects of three strains of A. minutum producing either only PSTs, only BECs, or both PSTs and BECs, on the oyster C. gigas. Behavioral and physiological responses of oysters exposed during 4 days were monitored and showed contrasted behavioral and physiological responses in oysters supposedly depending on produced bioactive substances. The non-PST extracellular-compound-producing strain primarily strongly modified valve-activity behavior of C. gigas and induced hemocyte mobilization within the gills, whereas the PST-producing strain caused inflammatory responses within the digestive gland and disrupted the daily biological rhythm of valve activity behavior. BECs may therefore have a significant harmful effect on the gills, which is one of the first organ in contact with the extracellular substances released in the water by A. minutum. Conversely, the PSTs impact the digestive gland, where they are released and mainly accumulated, after degradation of algal cells during digestion process of bivalves. This study provides a better understanding of the toxicity of A. minutum on oyster and highlights the significant role of BECs in this toxicity calling for further chemical characterization of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Castrec
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - P Soudant
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - L Payton
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33120 Arcachon, France
| | - D Tran
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33120 Arcachon, France
| | - P Miner
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - C Lambert
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - N Le Goïc
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - A Huvet
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - V Quillien
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - F Boullot
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Z Amzil
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - H Hégaret
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - C Fabioux
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
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15
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Noise pollution limits metal bioaccumulation and growth rate in a filter feeder, the Pacific oyster Magallana gigas. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194174. [PMID: 29617387 PMCID: PMC5884495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Shipping has increased dramatically in recent decades and oysters can hear them. We studied the interaction between noise pollution and trace metal contamination in the oyster Magallana gigas. Four oyster-groups were studied during a 14-day exposure period. Two were exposed to cadmium in the presence of cargo ship-noise ([Cd++]w ≈ 0.5 μg∙L-1; maximum sound pressure level 150 dBrms re 1 μPa), and 2 were exposed only to cadmium. The Cd concentration in the gills ([Cd]g) and the digestive gland ([Cd]dg), the valve closure duration, number of valve closures and circadian distribution of opening and closure, the daily shell growth-rate and the expression of 19 genes in the gills were studied. Oysters exposed to Cd in the presence of cargo ship-noise accumulated 2.5 times less Cd in their gills than did the controls without ship noise and their growth rate was 2.6 times slower. In the presence of ship noise, oysters were closed more during the daytime, and their daily valve activity was reduced. Changes in gene activity in the gills were observed in 7 genes when the Cd was associated with the ship noise. In the absence of ship noise, a change in expression was measured in 4 genes. We conclude that chronic exposure to cargo ship noise has a depressant effect on the activity in oysters, including on the volume of the water flowing over their gills (Vw). In turn, a decrease in the Vw and valve-opening duration limited metal exposure and uptake by the gills but also limited food uptake. This latter conclusion would explain the slowing observed in the fat metabolism and growth rate. Thus, we propose that cargo ship noise exposure could protect against metal bioaccumulation and affect the growth rate. This latter conclusion points towards a potential risk in terms of ecosystem productivity.
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16
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Sources of paralytic shellfish toxin accumulation variability in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Toxicon 2018; 144:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ben Cheikh Y, Xuereb B, Boulangé-Lecomte C, Le Foll F. Multixenobiotic resistance in Mytilus edulis: Molecular and functional characterization of an ABCG2- type transporter in hemocytes and gills. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 195:88-96. [PMID: 29304406 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Among the cellular protection arsenal, ABC transporters play an important role in xenobiotic efflux in marine organisms. Two pumps belonging to B and C subfamily has been identified in Mytilus edulis. In this study, we investigated the presence of the third major subtype ABCG2/BCRP protein in mussel tissues. Transcript was expressed in hemocytes and with higher level in gills. Molecular characterization revealed that mussel ABCG2 transporter shares the sequence and organizational structure with mammalian and molluscan orthologs. Overall identity of the predicted amino acid sequence with corresponding homologs from other organisms was between 49% and 98%. Moreover, protein efflux activity was demonstrated using a combination of fluorescent allocrites and specific inhibitors. The accumulation of bodipy prazosin and pheophorbide A was heterogeneous in gills and hemocytes. Most of the used blockers enhanced probe accumulation at different levels, most significantly for bodipy prazosin. Moreover, Mrp classical blocker MK571 showed a polyspecificity. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that several ABC transporters contribute to MXR phenotype in the blue mussel including ABCG2 that forms an active pump in hemocytes and gills. Efforts are needed to distinguish between the different members and to explore their single function and specificity towards allocrites and chemosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Ben Cheikh
- University of Le Havre Normandy, Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, F-76063, Le Havre, France.
| | - Benoit Xuereb
- University of Le Havre Normandy, Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, F-76063, Le Havre, France
| | - Céline Boulangé-Lecomte
- University of Le Havre Normandy, Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, F-76063, Le Havre, France
| | - Frank Le Foll
- University of Le Havre Normandy, Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, F-76063, Le Havre, France
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Redmond KJ, Berry M, Pampanin DM, Andersen OK. Valve gape behaviour of mussels (Mytilus edulis) exposed to dispersed crude oil as an environmental monitoring endpoint. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 117:330-339. [PMID: 28190523 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental monitoring requires cost-effective and efficient methods for detecting potential effects of pollution, and valve gape behaviour has been used with this purpose for a range of contaminants in freshwater and marine bivalves. The current study investigated the use of a new method for measuring valve behaviour responses in mussels (Mytilus edulis) exposed to dispersed crude oil (DCO). Results confirmed that valve gape is a sensitive parameter; at the high DCO concentration (0.25mgL-1) the mean valve gape was reduced from 49 to 31%, and mussels increased shell movement (measured as distance travelled) or spent more time closed to avoid contact with the oil. At the low DCO concentration (0.015mgL-1) the distance travelled parameter was the most sensitive endpoint. Results also demonstrated that valve gape behaviour is a valid endpoint when monitoring mussels for exposure to DCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten J Redmond
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway; BiotaTools AS, Prof. Olav Hanssensvei 11, N-4021 Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Mark Berry
- BiotaTools AS, Prof. Olav Hanssensvei 11, N-4021 Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Daniela M Pampanin
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway; International Research Institute of Stavanger/IRIS-Environment, Mekjarvik 12, 4070 Randaberg, Norway.
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Borcier E, Morvezen R, Boudry P, Miner P, Charrier G, Laroche J, Hegaret H. Effects of bioactive extracellular compounds and paralytic shellfish toxins produced by Alexandrium minutum on growth and behaviour of juvenile great scallops Pecten maximus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 184:142-154. [PMID: 28142089 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates of the genus Alexandrium are a major cause of harmful algal blooms (HABs) that have increasingly disrupted coastal ecosystems for the last several decades. Microalgae from the genus Alexandrium are known to produce paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) but also bioactive extracellular compounds (BEC) that can display cytotoxic, allelopathic, ichtyotoxic or haemolytic effects upon marine organisms. The objective of this experimental study was to assess the effects of PST and BEC produced by A. minutum upon juvenile great scallops Pecten maximus. Scallops were exposed for one week to two different strains of A. minutum, the first producing both PST and BEC and the second producing only BEC. Escape response to starfish, daily shell growth, histological effects, and accumulation of PST were recorded after one week of exposure, and after two subsequent weeks of recovery. Daily shell growth was delayed three days in scallops exposed to the BEC-producing A. minutum strain, probably during the three first days of exposure. An increase of reaction time to predators was observed in scallops exposed to the BEC condition, suggesting that BEC may have altered sensing processes. Scallops exposed to PST displayed a less-efficient escape response and muscular damage which could reflect the effects of paralytic toxins upon the nervous system of scallops. This study demonstrates contrasting effects of the distinct toxic compounds produced by A. minutum upon marine bivalves, thus highlighting the importance to better characterize these extracellular, bioactive compounds to better understand responses of other marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Borcier
- Ifremer, LEMAR, UMR 6539 (UBO-CNRS-IRD-Ifremer), Centre de Bretagne, CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Romain Morvezen
- LEMAR, UMR 6539 (UBO-CNRS-IRD-Ifremer), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Pierre Boudry
- Ifremer, LEMAR, UMR 6539 (UBO-CNRS-IRD-Ifremer), Centre de Bretagne, CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Miner
- Ifremer, LEMAR, UMR 6539 (UBO-CNRS-IRD-Ifremer), Centre de Bretagne, CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Grégory Charrier
- LEMAR, UMR 6539 (UBO-CNRS-IRD-Ifremer), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Jean Laroche
- LEMAR, UMR 6539 (UBO-CNRS-IRD-Ifremer), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Hélène Hegaret
- LEMAR, UMR 6539 (UBO-CNRS-IRD-Ifremer), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest Iroise, Plouzané, France
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Boullot F, Castrec J, Bidault A, Dantas N, Payton L, Perrigault M, Tran D, Amzil Z, Boudry P, Soudant P, Hégaret H, Fabioux C. Molecular Characterization of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels and Their Relations with Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Bioaccumulation in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15010021. [PMID: 28106838 PMCID: PMC5295241 DOI: 10.3390/md15010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) bind to voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) and block conduction of action potential in excitable cells. This study aimed to (i) characterize Nav sequences in Crassostrea gigas and (ii) investigate a putative relation between Nav and PST-bioaccumulation in oysters. The phylogenetic analysis highlighted two types of Nav in C. gigas: a Nav1 (CgNav1) and a Nav2 (CgNav2) with sequence properties of sodium-selective and sodium/calcium-selective channels, respectively. Three alternative splice transcripts of CgNav1 named A, B and C, were characterized. The expression of CgNav1, analyzed by in situ hybridization, is specific to nervous cells and to structures corresponding to neuromuscular junctions. Real-time PCR analyses showed a strong expression of CgNav1A in the striated muscle while CgNav1B is mainly expressed in visceral ganglia. CgNav1C expression is ubiquitous. The PST binding site (domain II) of CgNav1 variants possess an amino acid Q that could potentially confer a partial saxitoxin (STX)-resistance to the channel. The CgNav1 genotype or alternative splicing would not be the key point determining PST bioaccumulation level in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Boullot
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Justine Castrec
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Adeline Bidault
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Natanael Dantas
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Invertebrates, Department of Molecular Biology, Exact and Natural Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba-Campus I, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - Laura Payton
- UMR 5805 EPOC, CNRS-Équipe Écotoxicologie Aquatique, Université de Bordeaux, Station Marine d'Arcachon, 33120 Arcachon, France.
| | - Mickael Perrigault
- UMR 5805 EPOC, CNRS-Équipe Écotoxicologie Aquatique, Université de Bordeaux, Station Marine d'Arcachon, 33120 Arcachon, France.
| | - Damien Tran
- UMR 5805 EPOC, CNRS-Équipe Écotoxicologie Aquatique, Université de Bordeaux, Station Marine d'Arcachon, 33120 Arcachon, France.
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Pierre Boudry
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 LEMAR CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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Coquereau L, Jolivet A, Hégaret H, Chauvaud L. Short-Term Behavioural Responses of the Great Scallop Pecten maximus Exposed to the Toxic Alga Alexandrium minutum Measured by Accelerometry and Passive Acoustics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160935. [PMID: 27508498 PMCID: PMC4980006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms produced by toxic dinoflagellates have increased worldwide, impacting human health, the environment, and fisheries. Due to their potential sensitivity (e.g., environmental changes), bivalves through their valve movements can be monitored to detect harmful algal blooms. Methods that measure valve activity require bivalve-attached sensors and usually connected cables to data transfers, leading to stress animals and limit the use to sessile species. As a non-intrusive and continuously deployable tool, passive acoustics could be an effective approach to detecting harmful algal blooms in real time based on animal sound production. This study aimed to detect reaction changes in the valve movements of adult Pecten maximus exposed to the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum using both accelerometry and passive acoustic methods. Scallops were experimentally exposed to three ecologically relevant concentrations of A. minutum for 2 hours. The number of each type of valve movement and their sound intensity, opening duration, and valve-opening amplitude were measured. Four behaviours were identified: closures, expulsion, displacement, and swimming. The response of P. maximus to A. minutum occurred rapidly at a high concentration. The valve activity of P. maximus was different when exposed to high concentrations (500 000 cells L-1) of A. minutum compared to the non-toxic dinoflagellate Heterocapsa triquetra; the number of valve movements increased, especially closure and expulsion, which were detected acoustically. Thus, this study demonstrates the potential for acoustics and sound production changes in the detection of harmful algal blooms. However, field trials and longer duration experiments are required to provide further evidence for the use of acoustics as a monitoring tool in the natural environment where several factors may interfere with valve behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Coquereau
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin, UMR 6539, LIA BeBEST, Rue Dumont D’Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Aurélie Jolivet
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin, UMR 6539, LIA BeBEST, Rue Dumont D’Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin, UMR 6539, LIA BeBEST, Rue Dumont D’Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Laurent Chauvaud
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin, UMR 6539, LIA BeBEST, Rue Dumont D’Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
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Mat AM, Perrigault M, Massabuau JC, Tran D. Role and expression of cry1 in the adductor muscle of the oyster Crassostrea gigas during daily and tidal valve activity rhythms. Chronobiol Int 2016; 33:949-63. [PMID: 27246263 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2016.1181645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are flavin- and pterin-containing photoreceptors of the cryptochrome/photolyase family. They play critical roles in organisms, among are which light-dependent and light-independent roles in biological rhythms. The present work aimed at describing a cryptochrome gene in the oyster Crassostrea gigas by (i) a characterization and phylogenetic analysis and (ii) by studying its expression in the relationship to rhythmic valve behavior in different entrainment regimes. Cryptochrome expression was focused on the adductor muscle of the oyster, the effector of the valve behavior. The results suggest involvement of Cgcry1 in oyster rhythmicity as a sensor of environmental zeitgebers, associated with circadian rhythms and potentially to tidal activity. The characterized gene belongs to type 1 cryptochrome/insect-type cry. Additionally, Cgcry1 presented a daily oscillation under L:D entrainment, which disappeared in constant darkness. Transcript expression of Cgcry1 also oscillated at tidal frequency under tidal entrainment and in constant darkness. Finally, exposure of tidally entrained oysters to saxitoxin (STX)-producing alga Alexandrium minutum induced a dose effect response in oysters by first altering Cgcry1 expression and then the behavior of oysters with increasing concentrations of toxins. This study initiates the characterization of the molecular clock in the oyster C. gigas and its interactions with environmental zeitgebers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey M Mat
- a University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 , Arcachon , France
| | | | - Jean-Charles Massabuau
- a University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 , Arcachon , France.,b CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 , Arcachon , France
| | - Damien Tran
- a University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 , Arcachon , France.,b CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 , Arcachon , France
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Potential impacts of blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis on the growth, survival and juvenile recruitment of the non-native green mussel Perna viridis in southeastern United States. Toxicon 2016; 109:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Farrell H, Seebacher F, O'Connor W, Zammit A, Harwood DT, Murray S. Warm temperature acclimation impacts metabolism of paralytic shellfish toxins from Alexandrium minutum in commercial oysters. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:3402-3413. [PMID: 26032975 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Species of Alexandrium produce potent neurotoxins termed paralytic shellfish toxins and are expanding their ranges worldwide, concurrent with increases in sea surface temperature. The metabolism of molluscs is temperature dependent, and increases in ocean temperature may influence both the abundance and distribution of Alexandrium and the dynamics of toxin uptake and depuration in shellfish. Here, we conducted a large-scale study of the effect of temperature on the uptake and depuration of paralytic shellfish toxins in three commercial oysters (Saccostrea glomerata and diploid and triploid Crassostrea gigas, n = 252 per species/ploidy level). Oysters were acclimated to two constant temperatures, reflecting current and predicted climate scenarios (22 and 27 °C), and fed a diet including the paralytic shellfish toxin-producing species Alexandrium minutum. While the oysters fed on A. minutum in similar quantities, concentrations of the toxin analogue GTX1,4 were significantly lower in warm-acclimated S. glomerata and diploid C. gigas after 12 days. Following exposure to A. minutum, toxicity of triploid C. gigas was not affected by temperature. Generally, detoxification rates were reduced in warm-acclimated oysters. The routine metabolism of the oysters was not affected by the toxins, but a significant effect was found at a cellular level in diploid C. gigas. The increasing incidences of Alexandrium blooms worldwide are a challenge for shellfish food safety regulation. Our findings indicate that rising ocean temperatures may reduce paralytic shellfish toxin accumulation in two of the three oyster types; however, they may persist for longer periods in oyster tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Farrell
- School Plant Functional Ecology and Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
- NSW Food Authority, 6 Avenue of the Americas, Newington, NSW, 2127, Australia
| | - Frank Seebacher
- Integrative Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Heydon Laurence Building A08, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Wayne O'Connor
- Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Locked Bag 1, Nelson Bay, NSW, 2315, Australia
| | - Anthony Zammit
- NSW Food Authority, 6 Avenue of the Americas, Newington, NSW, 2127, Australia
| | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Shauna Murray
- School Plant Functional Ecology and Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
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García C, Pérez F, Contreras C, Figueroa D, Barriga A, López-Rivera A, Araneda OF, Contreras HR. Saxitoxins and okadaic acid group: accumulation and distribution in invertebrate marine vectors from Southern Chile. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:984-1002. [PMID: 25769036 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1028107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Harmful algae blooms (HABs) are the main source of marine toxins in the aquatic environment surrounding the austral fjords in Chile. Huichas Island (Aysén) has an history of HABs spanning more than 30 years, but there is limited investigation of the bioaccumulation of marine toxins in the bivalves and gastropods from the Region of Aysén. In this study, bivalves (Mytilus chilenses, Choromytilus chorus, Aulacomya ater, Gari solida, Tagelus dombeii and Venus antiqua) and carnivorous gastropods (Argobuccinum ranelliformes and Concholepas concholepas) were collected from 28 sites. Researchers analysed the accumulation of STX-group toxins using a LC with a derivatisation post column (LC-PCOX), while lipophilic toxins (OA-group, azapiracids, pectenotoxins and yessotoxins) were analysed using LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionisation (+/-) in visceral (hepatopancreas) and non-visceral tissues (mantle, adductor muscle, gills and foot). Levels of STX-group and OA-group toxins varied among individuals from the same site. Among all tissue samples, the highest concentrations of STX-group toxins were noted in the hepatopancreas in V. antiqua (95 ± 0.1 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1)), T. dombeii (148 ± 1.4 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1)) and G. solida (3232 ± 5.2 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1); p < 0.05); in the adductor muscle in M. chilensis (2495 ± 6.4 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1); p < 0.05) and in the foot in C. concholepas (81 ± 0.7 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1)) and T. dombeii (114 ± 1.2 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1)). The highest variability of toxins was detected in G. solida, where high levels of carbamate derivatives were identified (GTXs, neoSTX and STX). In addition to the detected hydrophilic toxins, OA-group toxins were detected (OA and DTX-1) with an average ratio of ≈1:1. The highest levels of OA-group toxins were in the foot of C. concholepas, with levels of 400.3 ± 3.6 μg OA eq kg(-1) (p < 0.05) and with a toxic profile composed of 90% OA. A wide range of OA-group toxins was detected in M. chilensis with a toxicity < 80 μg OA eq kg(-1), but with 74% of those toxins detected in the adductor muscle. In all evaluated species, there was no detection of lipophilic toxins associated with biotransformation in molluscs and carnivorous gastropods. In addition, the STX-group and OA-group toxin concentrations in shellfish was not associated with the presence of HAB. The ranking of toxin concentration in the tissues of most species was: digestive glands > mantle > adductor muscle for the STX-group toxins and foot > digestive gland for the OA-group toxins. These results gave a better understanding of the variability and compartmentalisation of STX-group and OA-group toxins in different bivalve and gastropod species from the south of Chile, and the analyses determined that tissues could play an important role in the biotransformation of STX-group toxins and the retention of OA-group toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos García
- a Marine Toxins Laboratory, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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Tran D, Ciutat A, Mat A, Massabuau JC, Hégaret H, Lambert C, Le Goic N, Soudant P. The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum disrupts daily rhythmic activities at gene transcription, physiological and behavioral levels in the oyster Crassostrea gigas. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 158:41-49. [PMID: 25461744 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to study the effect of the harmful alga Alexandrium minutum on the daily rhythm of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Many metabolic and physiological functions are rhythmic in living animals. Their cycles are modeled in accordance with environmental cycles such as the day/night cycle, which are fundamental to increase the fitness of an organism in its environment. A disruption of rhythmic activities is known to possibly impact the health of an animal. This study focused in C. gigas, on a gene known to be involved in circadian rhythmicity, cryptochrome gene (CgCry), on putative clock-controlled genes involved in metabolic and physiological functions, on the length cycle of the style, a structure involved in digestion, and on the rhythmicity of valve activity involved in behavior. The results indicate that daily activity is synchronized at the gene level by light:dark cycles in C. gigas. A daily rhythm of valve activity and a difference in crystalline style length between scotophase and photophase were also demonstrated. Additionally, A. minutum exposure was shown to alter cyclic activities: in exposed oysters, gene transcription remained at a constant low level throughout a daily cycle, valve opening duration remained maximal and crystalline style length variation disappeared. The results show that a realistic bloom of A. minutum clearly can disrupt numerous and diverse molecular, physiological and behavioral functions via a loss of rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Tran
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33120 Arcachon, France.
| | | | - Audrey Mat
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33120 Arcachon, France
| | | | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR 6539, LEMAR), IUEM/UBO, Technopole Brest Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Christophe Lambert
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR 6539, LEMAR), IUEM/UBO, Technopole Brest Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Nelly Le Goic
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR 6539, LEMAR), IUEM/UBO, Technopole Brest Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR 6539, LEMAR), IUEM/UBO, Technopole Brest Iroise, Plouzané, France
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Richter I, Fidler AE. Marine invertebrate xenobiotic-activated nuclear receptors: their application as sensor elements in high-throughput bioassays for marine bioactive compounds. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:5590-618. [PMID: 25421319 PMCID: PMC4245547 DOI: 10.3390/md12115590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing high-throughput assays to screen marine extracts for bioactive compounds presents both conceptual and technical challenges. One major challenge is to develop assays that have well-grounded ecological and evolutionary rationales. In this review we propose that a specific group of ligand-activated transcription factors are particularly well-suited to act as sensors in such bioassays. More specifically, xenobiotic-activated nuclear receptors (XANRs) regulate transcription of genes involved in xenobiotic detoxification. XANR ligand-binding domains (LBDs) may adaptively evolve to bind those bioactive, and potentially toxic, compounds to which organisms are normally exposed to through their specific diets. A brief overview of the function and taxonomic distribution of both vertebrate and invertebrate XANRs is first provided. Proof-of-concept experiments are then described which confirm that a filter-feeding marine invertebrate XANR LBD is activated by marine bioactive compounds. We speculate that increasing access to marine invertebrate genome sequence data, in combination with the expression of functional recombinant marine invertebrate XANR LBDs, will facilitate the generation of high-throughput bioassays/biosensors of widely differing specificities, but all based on activation of XANR LBDs. Such assays may find application in screening marine extracts for bioactive compounds that could act as drug lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Richter
- Environmental Technology Group, Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7012, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew E Fidler
- Environmental Technology Group, Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7012, New Zealand.
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Lassudrie M, Soudant P, Richard G, Henry N, Medhioub W, da Silva PM, Donval A, Bunel M, Le Goïc N, Lambert C, de Montaudouin X, Fabioux C, Hégaret H. Physiological responses of Manila clams Venerupis (=Ruditapes) philippinarum with varying parasite Perkinsus olseni burden to toxic algal Alexandrium ostenfeldii exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 154:27-38. [PMID: 24858898 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Manila clam stock from Arcachon Bay, France, is declining, as is commercial harvest. To understand the role of environmental biotic interactions in this decrease, effects of a toxic dinoflagellate, Alexandrium ostenfeldii, which blooms regularly in Arcachon bay, and the interaction with perkinsosis on clam physiology were investigated. Manila clams from Arcachon Bay, with variable natural levels of perkinsosis, were exposed for seven days to a mix of the nutritious microalga T-Iso and the toxic dinoflagellate A. ostenfeldii, a producer of spirolides, followed by seven days of depuration fed only T-Iso. Following sacrifice and quantification of protozoan parasite Perkinsus olseni burden, clams were divided into two groups according to intensity of the infection ("Light-Moderate" and "Moderate-Heavy"). Hemocyte and plasma responses, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant enzyme activities in gills, and histopathological responses were analyzed. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in hemocytes and catalase (CAT) activity in gills increased with P. olseni intensity of infection in control clams fed T-Iso, but did not vary among A. ostenfeldii-exposed clams. Exposure to A. ostenfeldii caused tissue alterations associated with an inflammatory response and modifications in hemocyte morphology. In the gills, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased, and an increase in brown cell occurrence was seen, suggesting oxidative stress. Observations of hemocytes and brown cells in tissues during exposure and depuration suggest involvement of both cell types in detoxication processes. Results suggest that exposure to A. ostenfeldii disrupted the pro-/anti-oxidant response of clams to heavy P. olseni intensity. In addition, depressed mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in hemocytes of clams exposed to A. ostenfeldii suggests that mitochondrial functions are regulated to maintain homeostasis of digestive enzyme activity and condition index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwenn Lassudrie
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Gaëlle Richard
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Nicolas Henry
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Walid Medhioub
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France; Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Ifremer, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes CEDEX3, France; Laboratoire Milieu Marin, INSTM, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, 28 rue du 2 mars 1934, 2025 Salammbô, Tunisie
| | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Invertebrates, Department of Molecular Biology, Exact and Natural Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba-Campus I, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Anne Donval
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Mélanie Bunel
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Christophe Lambert
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Xavier de Montaudouin
- Université de Bordeaux UMR 5805 EPOC, station marine d'Arcachon, 2 rue du Pr Jolyet, 33120 Arcachon, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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Haberkorn H, Lambert C, Le Goïc N, Quéré C, Bruneau A, Riso R, Auffret M, Soudant P. Cellular and biochemical responses of the oyster Crassostrea gigas to controlled exposures to metals and Alexandrium minutum. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 147:158-167. [PMID: 24418747 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Effects of simultaneous exposure of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, to both a harmful dinoflagellate that produces Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST), Alexandrium minutum, and cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu), were assessed. Oysters were exposed to a mix of Cd-Cu with two different diets (i.e. A. minutum or Tisochrysis lutea) and compared to control oysters fed A. minutum or T. lutea, respectively, without metal addition. Metals and PST accumulations, digestive gland lipid composition, and cellular and biochemical hemolymph variables were measured after 4 days of exposure. Oysters exposed to Cd-Cu accumulated about thirty-six times less PSTs than oysters exposed to A. minutum alone. Exposure to Cd-Cu induced significant changes in neutral lipids (increase in diacylglycerol - DAG - and decrease in sterols) and phospholipids (decreases in phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, cardiolipin and ceramide aminoethylphosphonate) of digestive gland suggesting that lipid metabolism disruptions and/or lipid peroxidation have occurred. Simultaneously, concentrations, percentages of dead cells and phenoloxidase activity of hemocytes increased in oysters exposed to metals while reactive oxygen species production of hemocytes decreased. Feeding on the harmful dinoflagellate A. minutum resulted in significant decreases in monoacylglycerol (MAG) and DAG and ether glycerides (EG), as well as significant increases in hemocyte concentration and phagocytic activity as compared to oysters fed T. lutea. Finally, the present study revealed that short-term, simultaneous exposure to Cd-Cu and A. minutum may induce antagonistic (i.e. hemocyte concentration and phagocytosis) or synergic (i.e. DAG content in digestive gland) effects upon cellular and tissular functions in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansy Haberkorn
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Place Copernic, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Christophe Lambert
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Place Copernic, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Place Copernic, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Claudie Quéré
- IFREMER Centre de Brest, Laboratoire de Physiologie des Invertébrés, Unité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Audrey Bruneau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Place Copernic, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Ricardo Riso
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Place Copernic, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Michel Auffret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Place Copernic, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Place Copernic, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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Mat AM, Haberkorn H, Bourdineaud JP, Massabuau JC, Tran D. Genetic and genotoxic impacts in the oyster Crassostrea gigas exposed to the harmful alga Alexandrium minutum. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 140-141:458-465. [PMID: 23933679 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxic, genetic and behavioral impacts of the paralytic shellfish toxin (PST)-producing alga Alexandrium minutum on the oyster Crassostrea gigas were assessed using RAPD-PCR, qPCR and valve activity recording. Oysters were exposed to a dose mimicking an algal bloom (≈1600 cells ml(-1)) for 48 h. Results indicate a rapid and sustained behavioral disturbance. Animals remained open but exhibited reduced valve-opening amplitude, correlated to the amount of toxin accumulated in the digestive gland. They also exhibited increased micro-closures. In the gills, gene transcription levels were modified: a transcriptional repression of genes involved in oxidative and mitochondrial metabolism, endogenous clock, immunity and detoxification processes was observed. DNA impacts, both quantitative and qualitative, were observed as well. Indeed, both the PCR product profile and the number of hybridization sites for the RAPD probe OPB7 were modified. These results indicate genotoxic effects and gene repression in C. gigas following behavioral disturbance by A. minutum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey M Mat
- Univ. Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33120 Arcachon, France
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31
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Zamorano R, Marín M, Cabrera F, Figueroa D, Contreras C, Barriga A, Lagos N, García C. Determination of the variability of both hydrophilic and lipophilic toxins in endemic wild bivalves and carnivorous gastropods from the Southern part of Chile. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1660-77. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.805438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Escobedo-Lozano AY, Estrada N, Ascencio F, Contreras G, Alonso-Rodriguez R. Accumulation, biotransformation, histopathology and paralysis in the Pacific calico scallop Argopecten ventricosus by the paralyzing toxins of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:1044-1065. [PMID: 22822356 PMCID: PMC3397451 DOI: 10.3390/md10051044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum produces paralyzing shellfish poisons that are consumed and accumulated by bivalves. We performed short-term feeding experiments to examine ingestion, accumulation, biotransformation, histopathology, and paralysis in the juvenile Pacific calico scallop Argopecten ventricosus that consume this dinoflagellate. Depletion of algal cells was measured in closed systems. Histopathological preparations were microscopically analyzed. Paralysis was observed and the time of recovery recorded. Accumulation and possible biotransformation of toxins were measured by HPLC analysis. Feeding activity in treated scallops showed that scallops produced pseudofeces, ingestion rates decreased at 8 h; approximately 60% of the scallops were paralyzed and melanin production and hemocyte aggregation were observed in several tissues at 15 h. HPLC analysis showed that the only toxins present in the dinoflagellates and scallops were the N-sulfo-carbamoyl toxins (C1, C2); after hydrolysis, the carbamate toxins (epimers GTX2/3) were present. C1 and C2 toxins were most common in the mantle, followed by the digestive gland and stomach-complex, adductor muscle, kidney and rectum group, and finally, gills. Toxin profiles in scallop tissue were similar to the dinoflagellate; biotransformations were not present in the scallops in this short-term feeding experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amada Y. Escobedo-Lozano
- Laboratorio de Biotoxinas Marinas, Instituto de Ciencias del Mary Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apdo. Postal 811, Mazatlan, Sinaloa 82040, Mexico;
- Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica-Bioquimica, Instituto Tecnologico de Mazatlan, Calle Corsario 1 No. 203, Col. Urias, Mazatlan, Sinaloa 82070, Mexico
| | - Norma Estrada
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Biofisica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City, D.F. 07300, Mexico; (N.E.); (G.C.)
- Departamento de Patologia Marina, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste, Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico;
| | - Felipe Ascencio
- Departamento de Patologia Marina, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste, Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico;
| | - Gerardo Contreras
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Biofisica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City, D.F. 07300, Mexico; (N.E.); (G.C.)
| | - Rosalba Alonso-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Biotoxinas Marinas, Instituto de Ciencias del Mary Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apdo. Postal 811, Mazatlan, Sinaloa 82040, Mexico;
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +52-669-985-2845; Fax: +52-669-982-6133
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Guéguen M, Baron R, Bardouil M, Haberkorn H, Soudant P, Truquet P, Lassus P. Influence of Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) sexual maturation stage and ploidy on uptake of paralytic phycotoxins. Toxicon 2012; 60:40-3. [PMID: 22465018 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess paralytic phycotoxin uptake in diploid and triploid oysters at two stages of their sexual cycle corresponding to their status in early summer (June) and winter (November). Samples of diploid and triploid oysters were exposed to a toxic culture of Alexandrium minutum for 4 days in each season. No significant differences in filtration or clearance rates were observed during either November or June experiments. When diploid oysters were at resting stage (November), toxin uptake showed no significant difference between the ploidy classes. In contrast, when the diploid oysters were at the peak of their sexual maturation (June), the triploid oysters were seen to accumulate almost double the amount of paralytic toxins as the diploid ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Guéguen
- Microbiologie d'Intérêt Laitier et Alimentaire EA 3214, Université de Caen, Esplanade de la Paix, BP 5183, 14032 Caen, France
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