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Nakagawa K, Islam MS, Shah SSH, Li Z, Takao Y, Berndtsson R. Relationship between nitrate, heavy metal, and sterols contents in Japanese agricultural soils with risk of groundwater pollution. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142335. [PMID: 38754494 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
In Japanese agricultural lands, nitrate-nitrogen contamination of soil and groundwater often occurs due to the application of livestock excrements and compost. Therefore, rural soils in Japan were sampled and analyzed for nitrate-nitrogen leaching, heavy metal content, and sterols associated with livestock excrement and compost to calculate contamination risk indicators. The results were analyzed using self-organizing maps and cluster analysis. Nitrate-nitrogen content using water extraction was detected in most of the sampled soils. In addition, many samples from areas that were already severely contaminated with nitrate-nitrogen showed particularly high concentrations. Coprostanol, an indicator of fecal contamination, was detected in more than half of the samples. The main source of nitrate-nitrogen contamination in these areas is livestock excrement and compost. Self-organization maps showed that areas with high nitrate-nitrogen contamination also corresponded to areas with high copper and zinc soil contents. The self-organization maps and cluster analysis resulted in five clusters: a nitrate-contaminated group mainly originating from livestock excrement and compost, a heavy metal-contaminated group, a general group, a nitrate-contaminated group mainly originating from chemical fertilizers, and a contaminated group with potentially hazardous substances requiring attention. Authorities and decision-makers can use the results to prioritize areas requiring remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Nakagawa
- Institute of Integrated Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
| | - M Shahidul Islam
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Syed Shabbar Hussain Shah
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Zhuolin Li
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Yuji Takao
- Institute of Integrated Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Ronny Berndtsson
- Division of Water Resources Engineering & Centre for Advanced Middle Eastern Studies, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
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Saldaña-Serrano M, Bastolla CLV, Mattos JJ, de Lima D, Piazza CE, Righetti BPH, Martiol R, Dias VHV, Ferreira CP, Nogueira DJ, de Miranda Gomes CHA, Taniguchi S, Bícego MC, Bainy ACD. Biochemical responses in Pacific oysters Magallana gigas (Thunberg, 1793): Tools to evaluate the environmental quality of aquaculture areas. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 201:116244. [PMID: 38489909 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The discharge of sanitary sewage into the bays of the Florianópolis Metropolitan Area (Southern Brazil), has led to the contamination of oyster farms. Consequently, linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) were quantified in the sediment, and the biochemical responses in gills and digestive gland of oysters from six farms were assessed. Our findings revealed elevated levels of LABs in the sediment of the Imaruim and Serraria farms. Additionally, alterations were observed in the antioxidant enzymes: catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in both oyster tissue from the Serraria, Santo Antonio de Lisboa and Sambaqui farms. Furthermore, correlation analyses indicated strong and moderate associations between biochemical responses, organic contaminants, and certain physicochemical parameters. Consequently, our results demonstrated the activation of the antioxidant system in oysters, representing a protective response to the presence of sanitary sewage and other contaminants. Therefore, we propose the utilization of biochemical biomarkers for monitoring the environmental quality of farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Saldaña-Serrano
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Camila Lisarb Velasquez Bastolla
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Jacó Joaquim Mattos
- Aquaculture Pathology Research Center-NEPAQ, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Daína de Lima
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Clei Endrigo Piazza
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Pacheco Harrison Righetti
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Renata Martiol
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Vera Helena Vidal Dias
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Pellegrini Ferreira
- Department of Fisheries Engineering and Biological Sciences, University of Santa Catarina State, UDESC, Laguna, SC 88.790-000, Brazil
| | - Diego José Nogueira
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Araujo de Miranda Gomes
- Laboratory of Marine Mollusks-LMM, Department of Aquaculture, Center of Agricultural Science, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88040900, Brazil
| | - Satie Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry - LABQOM, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Marcia Caruso Bícego
- Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry - LABQOM, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Afonso Celso Dias Bainy
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry-LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil.
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Alidoust M, Saito Y, Takada H, Mizukawa K, Karlsson T, Brosché S, Beeler B, Karapanagioti HK. A Unique Monitoring Method for Fecal and Sewage-Derived Chemical Pollution Utilizing International Pellet Watch Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4761-4771. [PMID: 38410842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
This study established a unique approach to assess fecal contamination by measuring fecal sterols, especially coprostanol (5β-cholestanol-3β-ol, 5β) and cholestanol (5α-cholestan-3β-ol, 5α) and their ratio 5β/(5β + 5α) alongside triclosan (TCS) and methyl-triclosan (MTC) in beached plastic pellets across 40 countries. Coprostanol concentrations ranged from 3.6 to 8190 ng/g pellet with extremely high levels in densely populated areas in African countries. The 5β/(5β + 5α) ratio was not affected by the difference in residence time of pellets in aquatic environments, and their spatial pattern showed a positive correlation with that of sedimentary sterols, demonstrating its reliability as an indicator of fecal contamination. Pellets from populated areas of economically developing countries, i.e., Africa and Asia, with lower coverage of wastewater treatment exhibited higher 5β/(5β + 5α) ratios (∼0.7) corresponding to ∼1% sewage in seawater, while pellets from developed countries, i.e., the USA, Canada, Japan, and Europe, with higher coverage of modern wastewater treatment displayed lower ratios (∼0.5), corresponding to the first contact limit. Triclosan levels were higher in developing countries (0.4-1298 ng/g pellet), whereas developed countries showed higher methyl-triclosan levels (0.5-70 ng/g pellet) due to TCS conversion during secondary treatment. However, some samples from Japan and Europe displayed higher TCS levels, suggesting contributions from combined sewage overflow (CSO). Combination of 5β/(5β + 5α) and MTC/TCS ratios revealed extreme fecal contamination from direct input of raw sewage due to inadequate treatment facilities in some African and South and Southeast Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Alidoust
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry (LOG), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yu Saito
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry (LOG), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hideshige Takada
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry (LOG), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kaoruko Mizukawa
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry (LOG), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Therese Karlsson
- International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN), Första Långgatan 18, 413 28 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara Brosché
- International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN), Första Långgatan 18, 413 28 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bjorn Beeler
- International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN), Första Långgatan 18, 413 28 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Carr B, Masqué P, Alonso-Hernández CM, Huertas D, Bersuder P, Tolosa I. Trends of legacy and emerging organic contaminants in a sediment core from Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, from 1990 to 2015. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 328:138571. [PMID: 37019402 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Legacy and emerging organic pollutants pose an ever-expanding challenge for the marine environment. This study analysed a dated sediment core from Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, to assess the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), alternative halogenated flame retardants (aHFRs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), and phthalates (PAEs) from 1990 to 2015. The results evidence the continuing presence of historical regulated contaminants (PCBs, OCPs, and PBDEs) in the southern basin of Cienfuegos Bay. PCB contamination declined since 2007, likely in response to the gradual global phasing out of PCB containing materials. There have been relatively consistent low accumulation rates for OCPs and PBDEs at this location (in 2015 approximately 1.9 and 0.26ng/cm2/year, respectively, with 2.8ng/cm2/year for Σ6PCBs), with indications of recent local DDT use in response to public health emergencies. In contrast, sharp increases are observed between 2012 and 2015 for the contaminants of emerging concern (PAEs, OPEs, and aHFRs), and in the case of two PAEs (DEHP and DnBP) the concentrations were above the established environmental effect limits for sediment dwelling organisms. These increasing trends reflect the growing global usage of both alternative flame retardants and plasticizer additives. Local drivers for these trends include nearby industrial sources such as a plastic recycling plant, multiple urban waste outfalls, and a cement factory. The limited capacity for solid waste management may also contribute to the high concentrations of emerging contaminants, especially plastic additives. For the most recent year (2015), the accumulation rates for Σ17aHFRs, Σ19PAEs, and Σ17OPEs into sediment at this location were estimated to be 10, 46 000, and 750ng/cm2/year, respectively. This data provides an initial survey of emerging organic contaminants within this understudied region of the world. The increasing temporal trends observed for aHFRs, OPEs, and PAEs highlights the need for further research concerning the rapid influx of these emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid Carr
- IAEA Marine Environmental Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco.
| | - Pere Masqué
- IAEA Marine Environmental Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco
| | | | - David Huertas
- IAEA Marine Environmental Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco
| | - Philippe Bersuder
- IAEA Marine Environmental Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco
| | - Imma Tolosa
- IAEA Marine Environmental Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco.
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de Lima Sobrinho R, da Costa Peçanha G, Martins de Souza T, Cotovicz Junior LC, Vidal LO, Duarte Pereira Netto A, Corrêa Bernardes M. Evaluation of urban pollution in a tropical lacustrine ecosystem by using n-alkanes and sterols as biomarkers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120567. [PMID: 36370972 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Jacarepaguá Lagoon System (JLS) receives industrial and domestic waste in an urban area with high population density and intense economic activity. The hydrography of the lagoons favours the sedimentation of particulate material transferred from the drainage basin. Water engineering, such as channel dredging and subsea outfall, did not satisfactorily mitigate pollution effects. Therefore, the environment is highly eutrophic, presents frequent blooms of algae and generates high emissions of greenhouse gases. There is no record in the literature on the analysis of organic compounds in the water compartment. The present work applies sterols as biomarkers to quantify the degree of pollution caused by biogenic compounds in riverine and lacustrine water of the JLS. n-Alkanes were applied to estimate the fractions of petrogenic contaminants. The sums of n-alkanes and sterols analysed had average concentrations of 21 ± 20 μg L-1 and 10 ± 8 μg L-1, respectively, in the river samples and 235 ± 156 μg L-1 and 30 ± 28 μg L-1, respectively, in the lagoon samples. The work also showed that the organic compounds inside the lagoons are evenly distributed, and approximately 7% of them are transferred to the marine ecosystem. Biogenic biomarkers and the absolute concentrations of sterols showed that sewage contaminants transferred by the rivers are partially decomposed in the lagoons. The correlations between indices and physicochemical parameters indicated that the degradation of organic compounds in the lagoons occurs mainly in the sediment compartment under anoxic conditions. The indices for sewage indicate that the ecosystem has exceeded its carrying capacity. The indices based on n-alkanes reported strong contamination at all sampling stations and inferred that 75-100% of these compounds were derived from petrogenic sources. These indices did not show any difference between rivers and the lagoon, which demonstrates the resilience of these compounds in the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo de Lima Sobrinho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel da Costa Peçanha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thallis Martins de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Cotovicz Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Department of Marine Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Germany; Instituto de Ciências do Lar (LABOMAR), Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Luciana Oliveira Vidal
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Annibal Duarte Pereira Netto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Corrêa Bernardes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Santos FR, Morais PCV, Nascimento RF, Cavalcante RM. Tracking the historical urban and rural sources of fecal pollution in a South American tropical semi-arid region using sterols and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156497. [PMID: 35675885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sterols and endocrine-disrupting chemicals were analyzed in two dated sediment cores collected in the Jaguaribe river to determine the recent decades' influence of urbanization and agropastoral activities on the inputs of fecal pollution in a semi-arid region of Brazil. Stigmasterol and sitosterol were the most abundant of the 6 sterols examined in both cores, indicating an important contribution of organic matter from mangrove forests to the study region. Coprostanol presented a continuous increase in concentrations from the 1930s to the 2000s in one core, however, showing higher concentrations (>100 ng g-1) in the upper layers of both cores. The sterols diagnostic ratios indicated fecal pollution through both cores, especially from the 1940s to 1970s. The coprostanol levels followed the variations in population growth in the state of Ceará. Estriol and estrone were the most abundant estrogenic hormones found in both cores. These compounds are probably related to the intense livestock activities in the Ceará state, especially after the 1970s. The baseline levels of fecal sterols and estrogen hormones found in this study possibly represent a previous unimpacted scenario and may be used for future evaluations of fecal pollution from urbanization and livestock activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe R Santos
- Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Abolição, 3207, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Pollyana C V Morais
- Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Abolição, 3207, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo F Nascimento
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Rivelino M Cavalcante
- Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Abolição, 3207, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Souza IS, Santos FR, Martins DA, Morais PCV, Gama AF, Nascimento RF, Cavalcante RM, Abessa DMS. Dealing with complex contamination scenarios: using a multi-geochemical approach to assess environmental quality and identify pollution sources in a semi-arid estuary from Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:567. [PMID: 35792964 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Jundiaí-Potengi Estuary (EJP) is located on the semi-arid coast of northeastern Brazil and is influenced by multiple sources of contamination. The sediment quality of EJP was assessed by using a multi-geochemical approach during the dry and wet seasons. Sediments were analyzed for concentrations of nutrients, metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, hormones (natural and synthetic), and sterols. The results were integrated by multivariate methods. The sediment was altered by the presence of contaminants from anthropogenic and natural sources. The middle and lower estuarine areas were considered more degraded in both seasons. In these regions, metals, hormones, sterols, and PAHs were found, indicating that these regions are severely affected by industrial, sanitary and aquaculture effluents, combustion of fossil fuels, and oil spills. The upstream region was contaminated by pesticides. The contamination pattern along the EJP shows the prevalence of local sources which continuously release the chemicals into the estuary. Worse conditions occurred during the rainy season, when the runoff from urban and rural areas is more intense and carries a greater load of contaminants to the EJP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanildo S Souza
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande Do Norte (IFRN), Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 1559, Natal, RN, 59015-000, Brazil.
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Av. Abolição, 3207, Fortaleza, CE, 60165-081, Brazil.
| | - Felipe R Santos
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Av. Abolição, 3207, Fortaleza, CE, 60165-081, Brazil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, R. Humberto Monte S/N, Campus do Pici, BL 340, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60455760, Brazil
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça Do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, SP, 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Davi A Martins
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Av. Abolição, 3207, Fortaleza, CE, 60165-081, Brazil
| | - Pollyana C V Morais
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Av. Abolição, 3207, Fortaleza, CE, 60165-081, Brazil
| | - Allyne F Gama
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Av. Abolição, 3207, Fortaleza, CE, 60165-081, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo F Nascimento
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, R. Humberto Monte S/N, Campus do Pici, BL 340, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60455760, Brazil
| | - Rivelino M Cavalcante
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Av. Abolição, 3207, Fortaleza, CE, 60165-081, Brazil
| | - Denis M S Abessa
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Av. Abolição, 3207, Fortaleza, CE, 60165-081, Brazil
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n., São Vicente, SP, 11330-900, Brazil
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Kaiser J, Lerch M. Sedimentary faecal lipids as indicators of Baltic Sea sewage pollution and population growth since 1860 AD. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112305. [PMID: 34743904 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The stress on the environment is increasing as the human population living on it increases. Water eutrophication, a leading cause of impairment of many freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems in the world, is a typical consequence of anthropogenic pressure on the environment. The Baltic Sea represents an excellent example of eutrophication-related massive bottom water deoxygenation since 1950s, when the nutrient inputs derived from agricultural fertilisers and wastewater discharges increased significantly. Faecal lipids (β-stanols) represent a tool to estimate qualitatively anthropogenic sewage pollution in the environment. The present study shows that a ratio to evaluate sewage pollution based on faecal β-stanols preserved in modern sediments reflects the eutrophication status of the Baltic Sea and rivers from its catchment area, as well as the nutrient inputs in the central Baltic Sea since 1860. A second ratio, which allows differentiating between livestock breed and human faecal matter, reflects human population growth in the Baltic Sea Eastern European countries since 1860, and more specifically in St. Petersburg. Sedimentary faecal biomarkers are thus reliable indicators for both population growth and anthropogenic sewage pollution in the Baltic Sea, and may thus be useful to evaluate the past and present status of this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Kaiser
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW), Seestrasse 15, 18119, Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany.
| | - Mathias Lerch
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Strasse 1, 18057, Rostock, Germany
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Sojobi AO, Zayed T. Impact of sewer overflow on public health: A comprehensive scientometric analysis and systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111609. [PMID: 34216613 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sewer overflow (SO), which has attracted global attention, poses serious threat to public health and ecosystem. SO impacts public health via consumption of contaminated drinking water, aerosolization of pathogens, food-chain transmission, and direct contact with fecally-polluted rivers and beach sediments during recreation. However, no study has attempted to map the linkage between SO and public health including Covid-19 using scientometric analysis and systematic review of literature. Results showed that only few countries were actively involved in SO research in relation to public health. Furthermore, there are renewed calls to scale up environmental surveillance to safeguard public health. To safeguard public health, it is important for public health authorities to optimize water and wastewater treatment plants and improve building ventilation and plumbing systems to minimize pathogen transmission within buildings and transportation systems. In addition, health authorities should formulate appropriate policies that can enhance environmental surveillance and facilitate real-time monitoring of sewer overflow. Increased public awareness on strict personal hygiene and point-of-use-water-treatment such as boiling drinking water will go a long way to safeguard public health. Ecotoxicological studies and health risk assessment of exposure to pathogens via different transmission routes is also required to appropriately inform the use of lockdowns, minimize their socio-economic impact and guide evidence-based welfare/social policy interventions. Soft infrastructures, optimized sewer maintenance and prescreening of sewer overflow are recommended to reduce stormwater burden on wastewater treatment plant, curtail pathogen transmission and marine plastic pollution. Comprehensive, integrated surveillance and global collaborative efforts are important to curtail on-going Covid-19 pandemic and improve resilience against future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarek Zayed
- Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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Pang SY, Tay JH, Suratman S, Simoneit BRT, Mohd Tahir N. Input of organic matter in Brunei Bay, East Malaysia, as indicated by sedimentary steroids and multivariate statistics. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 156:111269. [PMID: 32510409 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brunei Bay is one of the most important marine environments of East Malaysia (South China Sea), covering many productive ecosystems with activities including fisheries, tourism, and main shipping lanes for petroleum transfers. Evaluation of the sources and distributions of steroids in the surface sedimentary organic matter was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The concentrations of the total identified sterols (TIS) ranged between 0.81 and 12.69 μg g-1 dry weight, and the total sterones were between 0.11 and 5.66 μg g-1 dry weight. The coprostanol level was comparatively low (<0.10 μg g-1), and the multi-biomarker proxies indicated that the region did not exhibit significant contamination from sewage effluents. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the coastal environment of the study area was dominated by allochthonous (mainly terrestrial) organic matter input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swee Yun Pang
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Joo Hui Tay
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Malaysia
| | - Suhaimi Suratman
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Bernd R T Simoneit
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Norhayati Mohd Tahir
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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11
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Cabral AC, Dauner ALL, Xavier FCB, Garcia MRD, Wilhelm MM, Dos Santos VCG, Netto SA, Martins CC. Tracking the sources of allochthonous organic matter along a subtropical fluvial-estuarine gradient using molecular proxies in view of land uses. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126435. [PMID: 32169703 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sedimentary sterols and linear alkylbenzenes associated with allochthonous organic matter (AOM) inputs were studied in surface sediments along the Tubarão riverbed, South Brazil. These markers were analysed in terms of concentrations, diagnostic ratios and by using multivariate analyses to identify the main organic matter sources. It was necessary to integrate all these factors to distinguish the sources and determine sewage contamination. Phytosterols predominated over faecal sterols, but the contributions of livestock waste along the river (determined in 50% of the sites) were confirmed by the fingerprint analysis. Raw sewage contamination was verified at one site, according to the increased levels of sewage molecular markers and confirmed by the multivariate analyses and diagnostic ratios calibrated to this region. A possible synergistic effect between inorganic nanoparticles from coal mine waste and organic contaminants related to AOM input was suggested and should not be ignored since both activities severely contribute to the environmental changes in much of this fluvial-estuarine gradient from the South Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline Cabral
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Lindroth Dauner
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Marina Reback Domingues Garcia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Marines Maria Wilhelm
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Antônio Netto
- Laboratório de Ciências Marinhas, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, 88704-900, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - César C Martins
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil.
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12
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Mashjoor S, Mohamadjafari Dehkordi S, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Cappello T. Steroid Fingerprint Analysis of Endangered Caspian Seal ( Pusa caspica) through the Gorgan Bay (Caspian Sea). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7339-7353. [PMID: 32459473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The profile of steroid congeners was evaluated in Caspian seals Pusa caspica by age, sex, and tissue-specific bioaccumulation, and compared with that of abiotic matrices (seawater, surface sediment, and suspended particulate materials, SPMs) from Miankaleh Wildlife/Gorgan Bay, (Caspian Sea, Iran). To identify the level of human fecal contamination, ∑25 sterol congeners were measured in all abiotic/biotic samples, revealing coprostanol, a proxy for human feces, as the most abundant sterol (seawater: 45.1-20.3 ng L-1; surface sediment: 90.2-70.3 ng g-1 dw; SPMs: 187.7-157.6 ng g-1 dw). The quantification of ∑25 sterols in seals followed the order of brain > liver > kidney > heart > blood > spleen > muscle > intestine > blubber > fur, and in both sexes coprostanol level (8.95-21.01% of ∑25s) was higher in blubber and fur, followed by cholesterol in brain, liver, kidney, heart, and blood, cholestanone in intestine and muscle, and β-sitosterol in spleen. Though no age/sex differentiation was observed, the mean concentration of ∑25s was higher in male than females and pup. Different diagnostic ratios revealed sterols originating from human and nonhuman sewage sources. Findings pinpoint the urgent necessity to investigate the ecotoxicity of fecal sterols in mammals, and consequent implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran 14115-111, Iran
| | - Sakineh Mashjoor
- Department of Marine biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Marine Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shirin Mohamadjafari Dehkordi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran 14115-111, Iran
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran 14115-111, Iran
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy
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13
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Dos Reis Souza MR, Santos E, Suzarte JS, do Carmo LO, Soares LS, Santos LGGV, Júnior ARV, Krause LC, Frena M, Damasceno FC, Huang Y, da Rosa Alexandre M. The impact of anthropogenic activity at the tropical Sergipe-Poxim estuarine system, Northeast Brazil: Fecal indicators. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 154:111067. [PMID: 32319900 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The individual concentrations and sources of sterols in sediments samples collected in two periods 2017 (dry period /March and rainy period/August) were determined along with the Sergipe-Poxim estuarine system, Aracaju, Brazil. The individual sterols concentration ranged from 135 to 21,746 ng g-1 (March) and 191 to 144,748 ng g-1 (August) and the distribution was mainly dominated by β-sitosterol in both periods with 37.2% (March) and 70.8% (August) of the total sterols found. In all the sampling sites, the coprostanol levels were higher than 100 ng g1 (March) and 500 ng g-1 (August), indicating sewage contamination. Diagnostic ratios between sterols suggested the predominance of sewage sources. Pearson correlation assessed a correlation significant (March) and negligible (August) between coprostanol concentration levels and organic matter. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the sterols levels influenced strongly C1, as well as C2 distinguished between the plant sterols and from sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Rubens Dos Reis Souza
- Tiradentes University, Industrial Biotechnology Graduate Program, Aracaju, Sergipe 49032-490, Brazil; Federal University of Sergipe, Chemistry Department, São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil.
| | - Ewerton Santos
- Federal University of Sergipe, Chemistry Department, São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Jaiane Santos Suzarte
- Federal University of Sergipe, Chemistry Department, São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil
| | | | - Laiane Santos Soares
- Federal University of Sergipe, Chemistry Department, São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Laiza Canielas Krause
- Tiradentes University, Industrial Biotechnology Graduate Program, Aracaju, Sergipe 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Morgana Frena
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Chemistry Department, Campus Universitário Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Yongsong Huang
- Brown University, Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Science, Providence, RI 02912, United States of America
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14
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Distributions and Sources of Sedimentary Sterols as well as Their Indications of Sewage Contamination in the Guanting Reservoir, Beijing. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/3050687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, domestic sewage contamination in the Guanting Reservoir, one of the major water source reservoirs of Beijing, was examined using sterols as tracing molecular markers. Nineteen sediment samples in seven cross-sections in the Guanting Reservoir were collected, extracted, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Seven different sterols were identified and quantified from the surface sediment samples in the Guanting Reservoir. The total sterols in sediments of the reservoir ranged from 2.78 μg g−1 to 40.31 μg g−1 with the average concentration of 13.53 μg g−1. Concentrations of fecal sterols, coprostanol and epicoprostanol in the Guishui River reservoir area were generally higher than in the Yongding River reservoir area. The average concentrations of coprostanol and epicoprostanol in the Yongding River reservoir area were 0.41 μg g−1 and 0.34 μg g−1, respectively. The average concentrations of coprostanol and epicoprostanol in the Guishui River reservoir area were 0.72 μg g−1 and 0.70 μg g−1, respectively. Ratios of sterols indicated higher sewage pollution in regions close to river mouths and reservoir banks. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated three distinct sources of sterols from domestic sewage, phytoplankton, and terrestrial higher plants. This article identified the current situation of sewage contamination in sediments of the Guanting Reservoir, which could provide important references for further implementation of pollution control and basin management in the region.
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15
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Thomes MW, Vaezzadeh V, Zakaria MP, Bong CW. Use of sterols and linear alkylbenzenes as molecular markers of sewage pollution in Southeast Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:31555-31580. [PMID: 31440968 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Southeast Asia has undergone rapid developments in terms of urbanization, economic and population growth. The progress in sewerage treatment infrastructure has not kept pace with such developments. The inadequacy and inefficiency of sewerage systems has prompted the release of untreated sewage into the aquatic environment of Southeast Asia causing many waterborne illnesses since surface water is utilized for recreational, agricultural and aquaculture purposes and, above all, as a source of water intake in Southeast Asia. This paper will review the current data on molecular markers of sewage pollution including sterols and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) in Southeast Asian aquatic environment to clarify the state of sewage pollution and the competence of sewage treatment plants (STPs) in this area. Despite the importance of sewage pollution research in the region, the number of studies using molecular markers to trace the sources of sewage pollution is limited. So far, indicators of sewage pollution have been investigated in aquatic environments of Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia and Brunei among Southeast Asian countries. The concentrations and diagnostic ratios of faecal sterols and LABs show the release of untreated and primary treated urban waste into water bodies of these countries. Further studies are required to fill the data gaps in Southeast Asia and come to a better understanding of the trends of sewage pollution in this part of the world. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret William Thomes
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vahab Vaezzadeh
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chui Wei Bong
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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16
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Aminot Y, Sayfritz SJ, Thomas KV, Godinho L, Botteon E, Ferrari F, Boti V, Albanis T, Köck-Schulmeyer M, Diaz-Cruz MS, Farré M, Barceló D, Marques A, Readman JW. Environmental risks associated with contaminants of legacy and emerging concern at European aquaculture areas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1301-1310. [PMID: 31252127 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of marine ecosystems by contaminants of emerging concern such as personal care products or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances is of increasing concern. This work assessed the concentrations of selected contaminants of emerging concern in water and sediment of European aquaculture areas, to evaluate their co-variation with legacy contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and faecal biomarkers, and estimate the risks associated with their occurrence. The 9 study sites were selected in 7 European countries to be representative of the aquaculture activities of their region: 4 sites in the Atlantic Ocean and 5 in the Mediterranean Sea. Musks, UV filters, preservatives, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in at least one of the sites with regional differences. While personal care products appear to be the main component of the water contamination, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were mostly found in sediments. As expected, generally higher levels of personal care products were found in sewage impacted sites, urbanised coasts and estuaries. The risk assessment for water and sediment revealed a potential risk for the local aquatic environment from contaminants of both legacy and emerging concern, with a significant contribution of the UV filter octocrylene. Despite marginal contributions of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the total concentrations, PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) aqueous concentrations combined to its low ecotoxicity thresholds produced significant hazard quotients indicating a potential risk to the ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Aminot
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; IFREMER LBCO, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, Cedex 3, France.
| | - Stephen J Sayfritz
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway; QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lia Godinho
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elena Botteon
- Aeiforia Srl, Località Faggiola 12-16, 29027, Gariga, Podenzano, PC, Italy; Di.S.T.A.S., Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Federico Ferrari
- Aeiforia Srl, Località Faggiola 12-16, 29027, Gariga, Podenzano, PC, Italy
| | - Vasiliki Boti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupolis, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Albanis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupolis, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Marianne Köck-Schulmeyer
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marinella Farré
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - António Marques
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - James W Readman
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, the Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
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17
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Cabral AC, Wilhelm MM, Figueira RCL, Martins CC. Tracking the historical sewage input in South American subtropical estuarine systems based on faecal sterols and bulk organic matter stable isotopes (δ 13C and δ 15N). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:855-864. [PMID: 30481712 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Faecal sterols and stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) from bulk organic matter (OM) were analysed in three sedimentary cores collected in two subtropical bays located in the South Atlantic to evaluate historical trends in the sewage input and to track possible changes in the bulk isotopic composition of OM in recent decades. The values of δ13C and δ15N ranged from -27.4 to -25.0‰ and from 0.5 to 3.9‰, respectively, without a clear trend in the variation over the whole period covered by sediment cores and with no conclusive interpretation of a specific range value typically related to the sewage input for these areas. The maximum coprostanol concentration was 0.19 μg g-1 in the upper 4 cm of one core, which was not considered contaminated by evaluation of the sterols diagnostic ratios. Even at low levels, the coprostanol concentrations followed variations in urban and economical regional development. Baseline values for faecal sterols (in average between 0.03 and 0.05 μg g-1), which may represent a previous non-impacted environment scenarios, were calculated for use in comparative perspectives for future evaluations of the sewage input and contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline Cabral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos (PGSISCO), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil; Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil.
| | - Marines Maria Wilhelm
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos (PGSISCO), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Rubens C L Figueira
- Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - César C Martins
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
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18
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Frena M, Santos APS, Souza MRR, Carvalho SS, Madureira LAS, Alexandre MR. Sterol biomarkers and fecal coliforms in a tropical estuary: Seasonal distribution and sources. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 139:111-116. [PMID: 30686407 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Sergipe River estuary has been subjected to a range of anthropogenic activities including food, plastic, textile, ceramic and metallurgical production plants along with domestic sewage inputs, all of which are of environmental concern. In this study, the levels of fecal coliforms (FC) in surface water samples and sterols in superficial sediment samples collected from the Sergipe River estuary were determined. Based on the FC concentrations, 58% of the water samples were considered Water Potentially Unusable (WPU) according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Concentrations of coprostanol ranged from 13 to 1072 ng g-1, indicating a significant input of sewage at some points in the estuary. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that there is no clear correlation between the coprostanol and coliform data, which may be due to the high resistance to degradation of coprostanol in sediments and to recent inputs of sewage at the water sample collection points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgana Frena
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Química, São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Química, Campus Universitário Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Stein Santos
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Química, Campus Universitário Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Michel R R Souza
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Química, São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Shalana Santos Carvalho
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Química, São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz A S Madureira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Química, Campus Universitário Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R Alexandre
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Química, São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil
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19
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Lima MFB, Fernandes GM, Oliveira AHB, Morais PCV, Marques EV, Santos FR, Nascimento RF, Swarthout RF, Nelson RK, Reddy CM, Cavalcante RM. Emerging and traditional organic markers: Baseline study showing the influence of untraditional anthropogenic activities on coastal zones with multiple activities (Ceará coast, Northeast Brazil). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 139:256-262. [PMID: 30686426 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular markers are useful tools to characterize natural and anthropogenic impacts on coastal zones. Distribution of n-alkanes showed that the Pacoti River was predominantly influenced by terrigenous input. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) indices showed a mix of natural sources, especially pyrogenic influences. Sterol and hormone levels showed sewage discharge. Integrated geographic assessment showed that pyrogenic process and sewage discharge are predominant along the river because of natural and different anthropogenic activities. The upstream region is influenced by rural activities such as livestock and discharge from the sewage treatment plant, whereas the estuarine region is influenced by urban and industrial activities, predominantly the discharge of treated or untreated sewage, vehicle traffic, and manufacture of red ceramics. On the other hand, on the river mouth, there is the predominance of aquaculture activities. Traditional anthropogenic markers are not sufficient for producing a comprehensive assessment of anthropogenic impacts in areas with multiple activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcielly F B Lima
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle M Fernandes
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Andre H B Oliveira
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Av. Humberto Monte, SN-PICI, 60000-000 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Pollyana C V Morais
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Elissandra V Marques
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Felipe R Santos
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo (IOUSP), Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo F Nascimento
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Av. Humberto Monte, SN-PICI, 60000-000 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Robert F Swarthout
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States of America
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States of America
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States of America
| | - Rivelino M Cavalcante
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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20
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de Melo MG, da Silva BA, Costa GDS, da Silva Neto JCA, Soares PK, Val AL, Chaar JDS, Koolen HHF, Bataglion GA. Sewage contamination of Amazon streams crossing Manaus (Brazil) by sterol biomarkers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:818-826. [PMID: 30390455 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sewage pollution is a principal factor of decreasing water quality, although it has not been considered a real impact in Amazonia that is still considered a pristine environment around the world. Thus, this study aimed to assess the levels of sewage contamination in sediments from three streams crossing Manaus - a Brazilian city of 2,403,796 inhabitants in the heart of the Amazon rain forest. Cholesterol, cholestanol, brassicasterol, ergosterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmastanol, coprostanol, and epicoprostanol levels were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The fecal indicator, coprostanol, was found in high concentrations (509-12 830 ng g-1) and high relative proportions (21-54%) in all samples collected in the Mindu stream that crosses many heavily populated districts of the city, and in the Quarenta stream that crosses the Industrial District of Manaus. The sediments of the Tarumã-Açu stream also presented coprostanol; however, concentrations (<LOQ-142 ng g-1) and relative proportions (0-7%) were much lower in this stream. Sterol ratios indicate a severe contamination of the urban streams (Mindu and Quarenta) and a low to moderate contamination of the partially urban stream (Tarumã-Açu). This is the first study evaluating the levels of sewage contamination of Amazon streams using sterol biomarkers and the results obtained herein indicate the need of an immediate implementation of effective sewage treatment strategies. Additionally, these findings may be considered as baseline concentrations for future monitoring programs of that globally important environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Guimarães de Melo
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), General Rodrigo Octavio Avenue, 6200 Coroado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Brina Aguiar da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), General Rodrigo Octavio Avenue, 6200 Coroado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Gilcllys de Souza Costa
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), General Rodrigo Octavio Avenue, 6200 Coroado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - João Cândido André da Silva Neto
- Department of Geography, Institute of Philosophy, Human and Social Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), General Rodrigo Octavio Avenue, 6200 Coroado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Kaori Soares
- Science and Technology School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Passeio dos Girassóis Avenue, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Luis Val
- Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon (INPA), Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, André Araújo Avenue, 2936 Aleixo, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Jamal da Silva Chaar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), General Rodrigo Octavio Avenue, 6200 Coroado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Hector Henrique Ferreira Koolen
- Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Amazonas State University (UEA), Carvalho Leal Avenue, 1777 Cachoeirinha, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Giovana Anceski Bataglion
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), General Rodrigo Octavio Avenue, 6200 Coroado, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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21
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He D, Zhang K, Tang J, Cui X, Sun Y. Using fecal sterols to assess dynamics of sewage input in sediments along a human-impacted river-estuary system in eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:787-797. [PMID: 29727845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sedimentary fecal sterols and other sterol biomarkers, combined with bulk total organic carbon (TOC) and its stable carbon isotope were applied to characterize the sewage contamination across a ca. 280 km transect from the Xiaoqing River to the Laizhou Bay, a typical river-estuary system subjected to extensive anthropogenic stress due to rapid regional urbanization and industrialization in eastern China. Two sampling events were performed in both spring and summer seasons in the Laizhou Bay adjacent to the Xiaoqing River in order to assess the potential seasonal variation. Fecal sterols such as coprostanol and epicoprostanol, which are typical indicators of anthropogenic sewage input, displayed high concentrations of up to 63.2 μg g-1 dry weight (dw) and 13.1 μg g-1 dw, respectively. Results suggested that most of the stations along the Xiaoqing River were severely contaminated by fecal inputs with a decreasing trend from the river to the estuary that was mainly explained by the increasing distance from the diffuse sewage sources and the gradual dilution by sea water. Although there was no significant difference in fecal sterol concentrations between spring and summer in the Laizhou Bay, suggestive of no significant difference in sewage abundance, significantly higher average epicoprostanol/coprostanol and lower coprostanol/epicoprostanol ratios were observed in spring than summer, indicative of different sewage sources (e.g., human vs. non-human). Seasonal discharge and land-runoff, air temperature related to microbial activity differences and different extend of animal manure irrigation during agricultural planting could be additional reasons and need further investigation. Nevertheless, fecal sterol concentrations, distributions and diagnostic ratios should all be taken into consideration to better understand sewage inputs and source dynamics in river-estuary ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding He
- Institute of Environment & Biogeochemistry (eBig), School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Environment & Biogeochemistry (eBig), School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Xingqian Cui
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yongge Sun
- Institute of Environment & Biogeochemistry (eBig), School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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22
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Castellanos-Iglesias S, Cabral AC, Martins CC, Di Domenico M, Rocha RM, Haddad MA. Organic contamination as a driver of structural changes of hydroid's assemblages of the coral reefs near to Havana Harbour, Cuba. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 133:568-577. [PMID: 30041351 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydroid assemblage's responses to organic contamination were evaluated using sedimentary sterols as explanatory variables. At seven coral reef sites in the Havana west coast, hydroids were collected along three 10 m × 1 m, 10 m deep transects. Five sterols were analysed, i.e., coprostanol, an indicator of faecal contamination, and cholestanol, cholesterol, stigmasterol and brassicasterol, indicators of biogenic organic matter inputs. The sampling sites were classified by level of contamination. A total of 65 species comprised the hydroid assemblages. Hydroids community abundance and richness decreased in the contaminated sites. Coprostanol had the highest relative importance for these variables and also for Plumularia floridana and Clytia gracilis abundances. Obelia dichotoma and Halecium bermudense were relatively abundant in the contaminated sites. The results indicate that faecal contamination negatively affected the hydroid assemblages, highlighting the importance of integrated biological and chemical indicators to evaluate the environmental conditions of the Havana coral reef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susel Castellanos-Iglesias
- Post-graduate Program in Zoology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Caixa Postal 19020, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Ana Caroline Cabral
- Post-graduate Course on Estuarine and Ocean Systems (PGSISCO), Universidade Federal do Parana, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - César C Martins
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Maikon Di Domenico
- Post-graduate Course on Estuarine and Ocean Systems (PGSISCO), Universidade Federal do Parana, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil; Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - R M Rocha
- Post-graduate Program in Zoology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Caixa Postal 19020, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Zoology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Caixa Postal 19020, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Angélica Haddad
- Post-graduate Program in Zoology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Caixa Postal 19020, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Zoology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Caixa Postal 19020, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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23
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Checon HH, Corte GN, Muniz P, Brauko KM, Di Domenico M, Bícego MC, Siegle E, Figueira RCL, Amaral ACZ. Unraveling the performance of the benthic index AMBI in a subtropical bay: The effects of data transformations and exclusion of low-reliability sites. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 126:438-448. [PMID: 29421124 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between the AMBI index and different contamination proxies in an urbanized bay in South America (SE Brazil), and the effect of (a) abundance data transformation and (b) exclusion of low-reliability sites (high SD; low N) on the index' performance. Poor ecological quality and opportunistic species were related to an increase in contaminants concentrations and mud content. Good ecological status and sensitive species (EG I) were mainly related to increased hydrodynamics. Data transformation caused minimal changes to the overall relationships, but exclusion of low-reliability sites improved the relationship between ecological groups and contamination proxies. Our results show that AMBI is robust in detecting effects of different contaminants in the area and reinforce the importance of the index as a tool for coastal management, but local joint efforts are needed to improve and adjust local species classification in ecological groups to improve the index' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helio H Checon
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Monteiro Lobato St., 255, CEP 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme N Corte
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Monteiro Lobato St., 255, CEP 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pablo Muniz
- Instituto de Ecología y Ciências Ambientales, Universidad de La República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Kalina M Brauko
- Departamento de Geociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, CEP 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Maikon Di Domenico
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcia C Bícego
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-120 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Siegle
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-120 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rubens C L Figueira
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-120 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Cecília Z Amaral
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Monteiro Lobato St., 255, CEP 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Frena M, Santos APS, Santos E, Silva RP, Souza MRR, Madureira LAS, Alexandre MR. Distribution and sources of sterol biomarkers in sediments collected from a tropical estuary in Northeast Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:23291-23299. [PMID: 27696200 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Piauí-Real estuary is located along the southern coast of Sergipe state, Northeast Brazil. This estuary has great economic importance due to its physical, biological, and socioeconomic diversity, but it is subject to anthropogenic stress since the resident population in the town bordered by the estuarine system has grown in recent years. Thus, the possibility of sewage contamination originating from the approximately 450,000 inhabitants living within its drainage basin was investigated in this study. Sediment samples were collected from 15 sampling stations along the estuarine system and extracted, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Six sterols were quantified, indicating natural and anthropogenic sources. Coprostanol concentrations higher than 100 ng g-1 were observed in 47 % of the stations analyzed, indicating sewage contamination, which was confirmed by the diagnostic ratios calculated. Based on the Pearson correlation test, a significant correlation between coprostanol concentrations and total organic carbon content (TOC) was observed, indicating that sterols record the history of sewage inputs in this area. These results indicate that control of the organic inputs into the estuarine system is required. Graphical abstract Sterol markers were determined and sources assessed in surface sediments from Piauí-Real estuarine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgana Frena
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil.
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Stein Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ewerton Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Rosianne P Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Michel R R Souza
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz A S Madureira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R Alexandre
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
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Frena M, Souza MRR, Damasceno FC, Madureira LAS, Alexandre MR. Evaluation of anthropogenic contamination using sterol markers in a tropical estuarine system of northeast Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 109:619-623. [PMID: 27207024 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The São Francisco River estuarine system, located in the Northeast coast of Brazil, has great economic, tourist and social importance. Its waters are used for activities such as agriculture, aquaculture, navigation and fishery, which supplies the surrounding communities. In this study, sterols markers were determined in twenty-eight sediment samples from São Francisco River estuary by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sterol analysis was useful to distinguish between anthropogenic and biogenic organic matter (OM) sources in the studied area. Six sterols were quantified, suggesting different sources. Concentrations of fecal sterol (coprostanol) were lower than 500ngg(-1), suggesting no indicative of severe sewage contamination.However, two stations showed concentrations around 100ngg(-1) and the values for the coprostanol/(coprostanol+cholestanol) and coprostanol/cholesterol ratios indicates sewage contamination. The results in this study may be considered as baseline concentrations to be used as future reference for monitoring programs to prevent anthropogenic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgana Frena
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Química, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, SE 49100-000, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Química, Campus Universitário Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, SC 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Michel R R Souza
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Química, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, SE 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Flaviana C Damasceno
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Química, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, SE 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz A S Madureira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Química, Campus Universitário Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R Alexandre
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Química, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, SE 49100-000, Brazil
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Matić Bujagić I, Grujić S, Jauković Z, Laušević M. Sterol ratios as a tool for sewage pollution assessment of river sediments in Serbia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:76-83. [PMID: 26874877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, source pollution tracing of the sediments of the Danube River and its tributaries in Serbia was performed using sterol ratios. Improved liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, which enabled complete chromatographic separation of four analytes with identical fragmentation reactions (epicoprostanol, coprostanol, epicholestanol and cholestanol), was applied for the determination of steroid compounds (hormones, human/animal and plant sterols). A widespread occurrence of sterols was identified in all analyzed samples, whereas the only detected hormones were mestranol and 17α-estradiol. A human-sourced sewage marker coprostanol was detected at the highest concentration (up to 1939 ng g(-1)). The ratios between the key sterol biomarkers, as well as the percentage of coprostanol relative to the total sterol amount, were applied with the aim of selecting the most reliable for distinction between human-sourced pollution and the sterols originated from the natural sources in river sediments. The coprostanol/(cholesterol + cholestanol) and coprostanol/epicoprostanol ratios do not distinguish between human and natural sources of sterols in the river sediments in Serbia. The most reliable sterol ratios for the sewage pollution assessment of river sediments in the studied area were found to be coprostanol/(coprostanol + cholestanol), coprostanol/cholesterol and epicoprostanol/coprostanol. For the majority of sediments, human-derived pollution was determined. Two sediment samples were identified as influenced by a combination of human and natural biogenic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Matić Bujagić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Grujić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Zorica Jauković
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mila Laušević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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27
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Murphy BT, O'Reilly SS, Monteys X, Reid BF, Szpak MT, McCaul MV, Jordan SF, Allen CCR, Kelleher BP. The occurrence of PAHs and faecal sterols in Dublin Bay and their influence on sedimentary microbial communities. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 106:215-224. [PMID: 26961173 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The source, concentration, and potential impact of sewage discharge and incomplete organic matter (OM) combustion on sedimentary microbial populations were assessed in Dublin Bay, Ireland. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and faecal steroids were investigated in 30 surface sediment stations in the bay. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) content at each station was used to identify and quantify the broad microbial groups present and the impact of particle size, total organic carbon (%TOC), total hydrogen (%H) and total nitrogen (%N) was also considered. Faecal sterols were found to be highest in areas with historical point sources of sewage discharge. PAH distribution was more strongly associated with areas of deposition containing high %silt and %clay content, suggesting that PAHs are from diffuse sources such as rainwater run-off and atmospheric deposition. The PAHs ranged from 12 to 3072ng/g, with 10 stations exceeding the suggested effect range low (ERL) for PAHs in marine sediments. PAH isomer pair ratios and sterol ratios were used to determine the source and extent of pollution. PLFAs were not impacted by sediment type or water depth but were strongly correlated to, and influenced by PAH and sewage levels. Certain biomarkers such as 10Me16:0, i17:0 and a17:0 were closely associated with PAH polluted sediments, while 16:1ω9, 16:1ω7c, Cy17:0, 18:1ω6, i16:0 and 15:0 all have strong positive correlations with faecal sterols. Overall, the results show that sedimentary microbial communities are impacted by anthropogenic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Murphy
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Shane S O'Reilly
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Xavier Monteys
- Geological Survey of Ireland, Beggars Bush, Haddington Rd, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Barry F Reid
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Michal T Szpak
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Margaret V McCaul
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Sean F Jordan
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Christopher C R Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Lisburn Rd, Belfast, N. Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Brian P Kelleher
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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28
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Quantification of Sterol and Triterpenol Biomarkers in Sediments of the Cananéia-Iguape Estuarine-Lagoonal System (Brazil) by UHPLC-MS/MS. Int J Anal Chem 2016; 2016:8361375. [PMID: 27087811 PMCID: PMC4819115 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8361375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterols and triterpenols present in sedimentary cores from 12 stations along the Cananéia-Iguape estuarine-lagoonal system were investigated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Ten sterols and three triterpenols were identified and quantified, indicating both natural and anthropogenic sources. The relative distributions of sterol and triterpenol showed that the study area is submitted to organic matter (OM) from the Ribeira de Iguape River, seawater, surrounding vegetation, and plankton production. The contribution of these sources depends on the region of the estuarine-lagoonal system and the depth of sediment. Regarding anthropogenic sources, only the samples submitted to freshwater flow from the Ribeira de Iguape River presented concentration of coprostanol higher than the threshold value and diagnostic ratios, coprostanol/(coprostanol + cholestanol) and coprostanol/cholesterol, that indicate moderate contamination by domestic sewage in that area of the estuarine-lagoonal system. Therefore, the approach used herein identified the OM sources and its transport along the Cananéia-Iguape estuarine-lagoonal system (Brazil), which is a complex of lagoonal channels located in a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Biosphere Reserve.
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Liu J, Yao X, Lu J, Qiao X, Liu Z, Li S. Distribution and factors affecting adsorption of sterols in the surface sediments of Bosten Lake and Manas Lake, Xinjiang. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:5892-5901. [PMID: 26593726 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the concentrations and distribution of eight sterol compounds in the surface sediments of Bosten Lake and Manas Lake, Xinjiang, China. The ratios of sterols as diagnostic indices were used to identify pollution sources. The sediment of the two lakes was selected as an adsorbent to investigate the adsorption behaviour of sterols. Results showed that the sterols were widely distributed in the sediments of the lakes in the study areas. The total concentrations of the detected sterols in Bosten Lake and in Manas Lake were 1.584-27.897 and 2.048-18.373 μg g(-1)∙dw, respectively. In all of the sampling sites, the amount of faecal sterols was less than that of plant sterols. β-sitosterol was the dominant plant sterol with a mean concentration of 2.378 ± 2.234 μg g(-1)∙dw; cholesterol was the most abundant faecal sterol with a mean concentration of 1.060 ± 1.402 μg g(-1)∙dw. The pollution level was higher in Bosten Lake than in Manas Lake. Majority of the ratios clearly demonstrated that the contamination by human faecal sources was occurring at stations which are adjacent to residential areas and water inlets. The adsorption behaviour of sterols to sediment suggested that the sterol adsorption coefficients were reduced as temperature increased. As salinity increased, the adsorption quantity also increased. As pH increased, the sediment adsorption of sterol slightly increased because the strong alkaline solution is not conducive to the adsorption of sterols. The ratios between sterols did not change largely with the change in external factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaorui Yao
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jianjiang Lu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Xiuwen Qiao
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zilong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shanman Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
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30
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Frena M, Bataglion GA, Tonietto AE, Eberlin MN, Alexandre MR, Madureira LAS. Assessment of anthropogenic contamination with sterol markers in surface sediments of a tropical estuary (Itajaí-Açu, Brazil). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:432-438. [PMID: 26657388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Itajaí-Açu estuarine region is one of the most important estuarine systems of south Brazil, due to the location of the Itajaí Harbor, which is the major route of international trading of the state and the largest national fishing pole landing. In addition, industries as well as urban and tourism activities are potential sources of pollution in this area. In the present study, sediment samples from 12 stations along the estuarine system were collected and extracted followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis. Eight sterols were identified and quantified, indicating natural and anthropogenic sources. Coprostanol concentrations ranged from <4 up to 8930 ng g(-1) of dry weight sediment with higher values being observed in the area next to the Itajaí Harbor and under influence of Itajaí-Mirim River flow, which receives wastewater from several cities. Concentrations and selected sterol ratios were useful tools used to distinguish anthropogenic and biogenic organic matter (OM) sources in the studied area, where coprostanol concentrations higher than 500 ng g(-1) were observed in 42% of the stations analyzed, indicating strong sewage contamination. Factor analysis with principal component analysis (FA/PCA) has distinguished two different groups of samples, with high and low total sterol concentrations. FA/PCA results revealed that the stations located in the estuary were separated by PC1 because they are clearly contaminated by sewage, also pointed by coprostanol/(coprostanol+cholestanol) and coprostanol/cholesterol ratios and by the higher concentrations of fecal sterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgana Frena
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Química, Campus Universitário Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina SC 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Giovana A Bataglion
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química, Laboratório ThoMSon de Espectrometria de Massas, Campinas, São Paulo SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Alessandra E Tonietto
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Botânica, Rodovia Washington Luis km 235, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química, Laboratório ThoMSon de Espectrometria de Massas, Campinas, São Paulo SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R Alexandre
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Química, São Cristóvão, Sergipe SE 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz A S Madureira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Química, Campus Universitário Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina SC 88040-900, Brazil
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31
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Lyons BP, Devlin MJ, Abdul Hamid SA, Al-Otiabi AF, Al-Enezi M, Massoud MS, Al-Zaidan AS, Smith AJ, Morris S, Bersuder P, Barber JL, Papachlimitzou A, Al-Sarawi HA. Microbial water quality and sedimentary faecal sterols as markers of sewage contamination in Kuwait. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 100:689-698. [PMID: 26228071 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbial water quality and concentrations of faecal sterols in sediment have been used to assess the degree of sewage contamination in Kuwait's marine environment. A review of microbial (faecal coliform, faecal streptococci and Escherichia coli) water quality data identified temporal and spatial sources of pollution around the coastline. Results indicated that bacterial counts regularly breach regional water quality guidelines. Sediments collected from a total of 29 sites contained detectable levels of coprostanol with values ranging from 29 to 2420 ng g(-1) (dry weight). Hot spots based on faecal sterol sediment contamination were identified in Doha Bay and Sulaibikhat Bay, which are both smaller embayments of Kuwait Bay. The ratio of epicoprostanol/coprostanol indicates that a proportion of the contamination was from raw or partially treated sewage. Sewage pollution in these areas are thought to result from illegal connections and discharges from storm drains, such as that sited at Al-Ghazali.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Lyons
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - M J Devlin
- James Cook University, Catchment Reef Research Group, TropWater, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - S A Abdul Hamid
- Kuwait Environment Public Authority, P.O. Box 24395, Safat 13104, Kuwait
| | - A F Al-Otiabi
- Kuwait Environment Public Authority, P.O. Box 24395, Safat 13104, Kuwait
| | - M Al-Enezi
- Kuwait Environment Public Authority, P.O. Box 24395, Safat 13104, Kuwait
| | - M S Massoud
- Kuwait Environment Public Authority, P.O. Box 24395, Safat 13104, Kuwait
| | - A S Al-Zaidan
- Kuwait Environment Public Authority, P.O. Box 24395, Safat 13104, Kuwait
| | - A J Smith
- Cefas, Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - S Morris
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - P Bersuder
- Cefas, Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - J L Barber
- Cefas, Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - A Papachlimitzou
- Cefas, Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - H A Al-Sarawi
- Kuwait Environment Public Authority, P.O. Box 24395, Safat 13104, Kuwait
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32
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Bataglion GA, Meurer E, de Albergaria-Barbosa ACR, Bícego MC, Weber RR, Eberlin MN. Determination of Geochemically Important Sterols and Triterpenols in Sediments Using Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Anal Chem 2015; 87:7771-8. [PMID: 26132310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A fast, sensitive, and selective ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method that is able to quantify geochemical biomarkers in sediment is described. A pool of 10 sterols, which can be used as biomarkers of autochthonous (cholesterol, cholestanol, brassicasterol, ergosterol), allochthonous (stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmastanol) and anthropogenic (coprostanol and epicoprostanol) organic matter (OM), and three triterpenols (lupeol, α-amyrin, and β-amyrin) were chosen as the analytes. The method showed excellent analytical parameters, and, compared with the traditional GC-MS methods that are commonly applied for the analysis of sterols, this method requires no sample cleanup or derivatization and presents improved values for the LOD and LOQ. UHPLC can separate the diastereoisomers (epicoprostanol, coprostanol, and cholestanol) and the isomers (lupeol, α-amyrin, and β-amyrin). The method was successfully applied for the quantification of the biomarkers, and thus, it was applied to assess the OM sources and the impacts of anthropogenic activities in sediments from different environments, such as Antarctica and other Brazilian systems (Continental Shelf, São Sebastião Channel, and Santos Estuary). Unique profiles of the biomarkers were observed for the contrasting environments, and β-amyrin and cholesterol were more predominant in the Santos Estuary and Antarctica samples, respectively. The sterol ratios indicated a higher level of sewage contamination in the Santos Estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Anceski Bataglion
- †ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Meurer
- †ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Caruso Bícego
- ‡Marine Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Oceanography Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rolf Roland Weber
- ‡Marine Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Oceanography Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Nogueira Eberlin
- †ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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