1
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Caillier A, Oleksyn D, Fowell DJ, Miller J, Oakes PW. T cells use focal adhesions to pull themselves through confined environments. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202310067. [PMID: 38889096 PMCID: PMC11187980 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202310067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune cells are highly dynamic and able to migrate through environments with diverse biochemical and mechanical compositions. Their migration has classically been defined as amoeboid under the assumption that it is integrin independent. Here, we show that activated primary Th1 T cells require both confinement and extracellular matrix proteins to migrate efficiently. This migration is mediated through small and dynamic focal adhesions that are composed of the same proteins associated with canonical mesenchymal cell focal adhesions, such as integrins, talin, and vinculin. These focal adhesions, furthermore, localize to sites of contractile traction stresses, enabling T cells to pull themselves through confined spaces. Finally, we show that Th1 T cells preferentially follow tracks of other T cells, suggesting that these adhesions modify the extracellular matrix to provide additional environmental guidance cues. These results demonstrate not only that the boundaries between amoeboid and mesenchymal migration modes are ambiguous, but that integrin-mediated focal adhesions play a key role in T cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Caillier
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - David Oleksyn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Deborah J. Fowell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jim Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Patrick W. Oakes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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2
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Paulus J, Sewald N. Small molecule- and peptide-drug conjugates addressing integrins: A story of targeted cancer treatment. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3561. [PMID: 38382900 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Targeted cancer treatment should avoid side effects and damage to healthy cells commonly encountered during traditional chemotherapy. By combining small molecule or peptidic ligands as homing devices with cytotoxic drugs connected by a cleavable or non-cleavable linker in peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) or small molecule-drug conjugates (SMDCs), cancer cells and tumours can be selectively targeted. The development of highly affine, selective peptides and small molecules in recent years has allowed PDCs and SMDCs to increasingly compete with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Integrins represent an excellent target for conjugates because they are overexpressed by most cancer cells and because of the broad knowledge about native binding partners as well as the multitude of small-molecule and peptidic ligands that have been developed over the last 30 years. In particular, integrin αVβ3 has been addressed using a variety of different PDCs and SMDCs over the last two decades, following various strategies. This review summarises and describes integrin-addressing PDCs and SMDCs while highlighting points of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Paulus
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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3
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Ferrai C, Schulte C. Mechanotransduction in stem cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151417. [PMID: 38729084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, it is an established concept that the capability to reach a specialised cell identity via differentiation, as in the case of multi- and pluripotent stem cells, is not only determined by biochemical factors, but that also physical aspects of the microenvironment play a key role; interpreted by the cell through a force-based signalling pathway called mechanotransduction. However, the intricate ties between the elements involved in mechanotransduction, such as the extracellular matrix, the glycocalyx, the cell membrane, Integrin adhesion complexes, Cadherin-mediated cell/cell adhesion, the cytoskeleton, and the nucleus, are still far from being understood in detail. Here we report what is currently known about these elements in general and their specific interplay in the context of multi- and pluripotent stem cells. We furthermore merge this overview to a more comprehensive picture, that aims to cover the whole mechanotransductive pathway from the cell/microenvironment interface to the regulation of the chromatin structure in the nucleus. Ultimately, with this review we outline the current picture of the interplay between mechanotransductive cues and epigenetic regulation and how these processes might contribute to stem cell dynamics and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Ferrai
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Carsten Schulte
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences and Department of Physics "Aldo Pontremoli", University of Milan, Italy.
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4
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Pratt SJP, Plunkett CM, Kuzu G, Trinh T, Barbara J, Choconta P, Quackenbush D, Huynh T, Smith A, Barnes SW, New J, Pierce J, Walker JR, Mainquist J, King FJ, Elliott J, Hammack S, Decker RS. A high throughput cell stretch device for investigating mechanobiology in vitro. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:026129. [PMID: 38938688 PMCID: PMC11210978 DOI: 10.1063/5.0206852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanobiology is a rapidly advancing field, with growing evidence that mechanical signaling plays key roles in health and disease. To accelerate mechanobiology-based drug discovery, novel in vitro systems are needed that enable mechanical perturbation of cells in a format amenable to high throughput screening. Here, both a mechanical stretch device and 192-well silicone flexible linear stretch plate were designed and fabricated to meet high throughput technology needs for cell stretch-based applications. To demonstrate the utility of the stretch plate in automation and screening, cell dispensing, liquid handling, high content imaging, and high throughput sequencing platforms were employed. Using this system, an assay was developed as a biological validation and proof-of-concept readout for screening. A mechano-transcriptional stretch response was characterized using focused gene expression profiling measured by RNA-mediated oligonucleotide Annealing, Selection, and Ligation with Next-Gen sequencing. Using articular chondrocytes, a gene expression signature containing stretch responsive genes relevant to cartilage homeostasis and disease was identified. The possibility for integration of other stretch sensitive cell types (e.g., cardiovascular, airway, bladder, gut, and musculoskeletal), in combination with alternative phenotypic readouts (e.g., protein expression, proliferation, or spatial alignment), broadens the scope of high throughput stretch and allows for wider adoption by the research community. This high throughput mechanical stress device fills an unmet need in phenotypic screening technology to support drug discovery in mechanobiology-based disease areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. P. Pratt
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | | | - Guray Kuzu
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Ton Trinh
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Joshua Barbara
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Paula Choconta
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Doug Quackenbush
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Truc Huynh
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Anders Smith
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - S. Whitney Barnes
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Joel New
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - James Pierce
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - John R. Walker
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - James Mainquist
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Frederick J. King
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Jimmy Elliott
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Scott Hammack
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Rebekah S. Decker
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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5
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Braeutigam A, Burnet AF, Gompper G, Sabass B. Clutch model for focal adhesions predicts reduced self-stabilization under oblique pulling. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:295101. [PMID: 38574682 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad3ac1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Cell-matrix adhesions connect the cytoskeleton to the extracellular environment and are essential for maintaining the integrity of tissue and whole organisms. Remarkably, cell adhesions can adapt their size and composition to an applied force such that their size and strength increases proportionally to the load. Mathematical models for the clutch-like force transmission at adhesions are frequently based on the assumption that mechanical load is applied tangentially to the adhesion plane. Recently, we suggested a molecular mechanism that can explain adhesion growth under load for planar cell adhesions. The mechanism is based on conformation changes of adhesion molecules that are dynamically exchanged with a reservoir. Tangential loading drives the occupation of some states out of equilibrium, which for thermodynamic reasons, leads to the association of further molecules with the cluster, which we refer to as self-stabilization. Here, we generalize this model to forces that pull at an oblique angle to the plane supporting the cell, and examine if this idealized model also predicts self-stabilization. We also allow for a variable distance between the parallel planes representing cytoskeletal F-actin and transmembrane integrins. Simulation results demonstrate that the binding mechanism and the geometry of the cluster have a strong influence on the response of adhesion clusters to force. For oblique angles smaller than about 40∘, we observe a growth of the adhesion site under force. However this self-stabilization is reduced as the angle between the force and substrate plane increases, with vanishing self-stabilization for normal pulling. Overall, these results highlight the fundamental difference between the assumption of pulling and shearing forces in commonly used models of cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Braeutigam
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80752 Munich, Germany
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute for Biological Information Processes, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Anton F Burnet
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80752 Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80752 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gompper
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute for Biological Information Processes, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Sabass
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80752 Munich, Germany
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute for Biological Information Processes, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80752 Munich, Germany
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6
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Jaudon F, Cingolani LA. Unlocking mechanosensitivity: integrins in neural adaptation. Trends Cell Biol 2024:S0962-8924(24)00046-1. [PMID: 38514304 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Mechanosensitivity extends beyond sensory cells to encompass most neurons in the brain. Here, we explore recent research on the role of integrins, a diverse family of adhesion molecules, as crucial biomechanical sensors translating mechanical forces into biochemical and electrical signals in the brain. The varied biomechanical properties of neuronal integrins, including their force-dependent conformational states and ligand interactions, dictate their specific functions. We discuss new findings on how integrins regulate filopodia and dendritic spines, shedding light on their contributions to synaptic plasticity, and explore recent discoveries on how they engage with metabotropic receptors and ion channels, highlighting their direct participation in electromechanical transduction. Finally, to facilitate a deeper understanding of these developments, we present molecular and biophysical models of mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Jaudon
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Cingolani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN), Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16132 Genoa, Italy.
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7
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Chen Y, Li Z, Kong F, Ju LA, Zhu C. Force-Regulated Spontaneous Conformational Changes of Integrins α 5β 1 and α Vβ 3. ACS NANO 2024; 18:299-313. [PMID: 38105535 PMCID: PMC10786158 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are cell surface nanosized receptors crucial for cell motility and mechanosensing of the extracellular environment, which are often targeted for the development of biomaterials and nanomedicines. As a key feature of integrins, their activity, structure and behavior are highly mechanosensitive, which are regulated by mechanical forces down to pico-Newton scale. Using single-molecule biomechanical approaches, we compared the force-modulated ectodomain bending/unbending conformational changes of two integrin species, α5β1 and αVβ3. It was found that the conformation of integrin α5β1 is determined by a threshold head-to-tail tension. By comparison, integrin αVβ3 exhibits bistability even without force and can spontaneously transition between the bent and extended conformations with an apparent transition time under a wide range of forces. Molecular dynamics simulations observed almost concurrent disruption of ∼2 hydrogen bonds during integrin α5β1 unbending, but consecutive disruption of ∼7 hydrogen bonds during integrin αVβ3 unbending. Accordingly, we constructed a canonical energy landscape for integrin α5β1 with a single energy well that traps the integrin in the bent state until sufficient force tilts the energy landscape to allow the conformational transition. In contrast, the energy landscape of integrin αVβ3 conformational changes was constructed with hexa-stable intermediate states and intermediate energy barriers that segregate the conformational change process into multiple small steps. Our study elucidates the different biomechanical inner workings of integrins α5β1 and αVβ3 at the submolecular level, helps understand their mechanosignaling processes and how their respective functions are facilitated by their distinctive mechanosensitivities, and provides useful design principles for the engineering of protein-based biomechanical nanomachines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Chen
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute
for Bioengineering
and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Zhenhai Li
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai Institute
of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering
Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Fang Kong
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute
for Bioengineering
and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Coulter
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of
Biological Science, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute
for Bioengineering
and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Coulter
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, The University
of Sydney, Darlington, New South Wales 2008, Australia
- Charles
Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute
for Bioengineering
and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Coulter
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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8
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Chirasani VR, Khan MAI, Malavade JN, Dokholyan NV, Hoffman BD, Campbell SL. Molecular basis and cellular functions of vinculin-actin directional catch bonding. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8300. [PMID: 38097542 PMCID: PMC10721916 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells and tissues to respond differentially to mechanical forces applied in distinct directions is mediated by the ability of load-bearing proteins to preferentially maintain physical linkages in certain directions. However, the molecular basis and biological consequences of directional force-sensitive binding remain unclear. Vinculin (Vcn) is a load-bearing linker protein that exhibits directional catch bonding due to interactions between the Vcn tail domain (Vt) and filamentous (F)-actin. We developed a computational approach to predict Vcn residues involved in directional catch bonding and produced a set of associated Vcn variants with unaltered Vt structure, actin binding, or phospholipid interactions. Incorporation of the variants did not affect Vcn activation but reduced Vcn loading and altered exchange dynamics, consistent with the loss of directional catch bonding. Expression of Vcn variants perturbed the coordination of subcellular structures and cell migration, establishing key cellular functions for Vcn directional catch bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat R Chirasani
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mohammad Ashhar I Khan
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Juilee N Malavade
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Brenton D Hoffman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Sharon L Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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9
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Dong S, Xia Q, Pan J, Du XL, Wu YJ, Xie XJ. Hyperbranched polyamidoamine-RGD peptide/si- circICA1 in the treatment of invasive thyroid cancer through targeting of the miR-486-3p/SERPINA1 axis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:2039-2059. [PMID: 38131284 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to identify molecular markers associated with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and investigate the therapeutic potential of targeted nanoscale drugs. Materials & methods: We analyzed the effects of circICA1 and miR-486-3p on B-CPAP cells' proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion. The regulation of the miR-486-3p/SERPINA1 axis was explored using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR and western blot analyses for metastasis. In vivo, we evaluated the effects of hyperbranched polyamidoamine-RGD peptide/si-circICA1 on PTC growth and metastasis. Results: Enhanced miR-486-3p expression inhibits B-CPAP cells' proliferation and invasion. si-circICA1 delivered via hyperbranched polyamidoamine-RGD peptide nanoparticles shows potential for treating metastasis in PTC. Conclusion: This study identifies key molecular mechanisms underlying PTC invasiveness and suggests a promising therapeutic strategy for PTC using targeted nanoscale drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Dong
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jun Pan
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiao-Long Du
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yi-Jun Wu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Xie
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
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10
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Caillier A, Oleksyn D, Fowell DJ, Miller J, Oakes PW. T cells Use Focal Adhesions to Pull Themselves Through Confined Environments. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.16.562587. [PMID: 37904911 PMCID: PMC10614902 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.16.562587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells are highly dynamic and able to migrate through environments with diverse biochemical and mechanical composition. Their migration has classically been defined as amoeboid under the assumption that it is integrin-independent. Here we show that activated primary Th1 T cells require both confinement and extracellular matrix protein to migrate efficiently. This migration is mediated through small and dynamic focal adhesions that are composed of the same proteins associated with canonical mesenchymal focal adhesions, such as integrins, talin, and vinculin. These focal adhesions, furthermore, localize to sites of contractile traction stresses, enabling T cells to pull themselves through confined spaces. Finally, we show that Th1 T cell preferentially follows tracks of other T cells, suggesting that these adhesions are modifying the extracellular matrix to provide additional environmental guidance cues. These results demonstrate not only that the boundaries between amoeboid and mesenchymal migration modes are ambiguous, but that integrin-mediated adhesions play a key role in T cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Caillier
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - David Oleksyn
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Deborah J Fowell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jim Miller
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Patrick W Oakes
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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11
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Alonso-Matilla R, Provenzano PP, Odde DJ. Optimal cell traction forces in a generalized motor-clutch model. Biophys J 2023; 122:3369-3385. [PMID: 37475213 PMCID: PMC10465728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells exert forces on mechanically compliant environments to sense stiffness, migrate, and remodel tissue. Cells can sense environmental stiffness via myosin-generated pulling forces acting on F-actin, which is in turn mechanically coupled to the environment via adhesive proteins, akin to a clutch in a drivetrain. In this "motor-clutch" framework, the force transmitted depends on the complex interplay of motor, clutch, and environmental properties. Previous mean-field analysis of the motor-clutch model identified the conditions for optimal stiffness for maximal force transmission via a dimensionless number that combines motor-clutch parameters. However, in this and other previous mean-field analyses, the motor-clutch system is assumed to have balanced motors and clutches and did not consider force-dependent clutch reinforcement and catch bond behavior. Here, we generalize the motor-clutch analytical framework to include imbalanced motor-clutch regimes, with clutch reinforcement and catch bonding, and investigate optimality with respect to all parameters. We found that traction force is strongly influenced by clutch stiffness, and we discovered an optimal clutch stiffness that maximizes traction force, suggesting that cells could tune their clutch mechanical properties to perform a specific function. The results provide guidance for maximizing the accuracy of cell-generated force measurements via molecular tension sensors by designing their mechanosensitive linker peptide to be as stiff as possible. In addition, we found that, on rigid substrates, the mean-field analysis identifies optimal motor properties, suggesting that cells could regulate their myosin repertoire and activity to maximize force transmission. Finally, we found that clutch reinforcement shifts the optimum substrate stiffness to larger values, whereas the optimum substrate stiffness is insensitive to clutch catch bond properties. Overall, our work reveals novel features of the motor-clutch model that can affect the design of molecular tension sensors and provide a generalized analytical framework for predicting and controlling cell adhesion and migration in immunotherapy and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Alonso-Matilla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Minnesota Physical Sciences in Oncology Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Minnesota Center for Multiparametric Imaging of Tumor Immune Microenvironments, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Paolo P Provenzano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Minnesota Physical Sciences in Oncology Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Minnesota Center for Multiparametric Imaging of Tumor Immune Microenvironments, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David J Odde
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Minnesota Physical Sciences in Oncology Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Minnesota Center for Multiparametric Imaging of Tumor Immune Microenvironments, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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12
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Choi HK, Travaglino S, Münchhalfen M, Görg R, Zhong Z, Lyu J, Reyes-Aguilar DM, Wienands J, Singh A, Zhu C. Mechanotransduction governs CD40 function and underlies X-linked Hyper IgM syndrome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.23.550231. [PMID: 37546834 PMCID: PMC10401940 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.23.550231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
B cell maturation in germinal centers (GCs) depends on cognate interactions between the T and B cells. Upon interaction with CD40 ligand (CD40L) on T cells, CD40 delivers co-stimulatory signals alongside B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling to regulate affinity maturation and antibody class-switch during GC reaction. Mutations in CD40L disrupt interactions with CD40, which lead to abnormal antibody responses in immune deficiencies known as X-linked Hyper IgM syndrome (X-HIgM). Assuming that physical interactions between highly mobile T and B cells generate mechanical forces on CD40-CD40L bonds, we set out to study the B cell mechanobiology mediated by CD40-CD40L interaction. Using a suite of biophysical assays we find that CD40 forms catch bond with CD40L where the bond lasts longer at larger forces, B cells exert tension on CD40-CD40L bonds, and force enhances CD40 signaling and antibody class-switch. Significantly, X-HIgM CD40L mutations impair catch bond formation, suppress endogenous tension, and reduce force-enhanced CD40 signaling, leading to deficiencies in antibody class switch. Our findings highlight the critical role of mechanotransduction in CD40 function and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying X-HIgM syndrome.
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13
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Gaikwad HK, Jaswandkar SV, Katti KS, Haage A, Katti DR. Molecular basis of conformational changes and mechanics of integrins. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220243. [PMID: 37211038 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Integrin, as a mechanotransducer, establishes the mechanical reciprocity between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cells at integrin-mediated adhesion sites. This study used steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations to investigate the mechanical responses of integrin αvβ3 with and without 10th type III fibronectin (FnIII10) binding for tensile, bending and torsional loading conditions. The ligand-binding integrin confirmed the integrin activation during equilibration and altered the integrin dynamics by changing the interface interaction between β-tail, hybrid and epidermal growth factor domains during initial tensile loading. The tensile deformation in integrin molecules indicated that fibronectin ligand binding modulates its mechanical responses in the folded and unfolded conformation states. The bending deformation responses of extended integrin models reveal the change in behaviour of integrin molecules in the presence of Mn2+ ion and ligand based on the application of force in the folding and unfolding directions of integrin. Furthermore, these SMD simulation results were used to predict the mechanical properties of integrin underlying the mechanism of integrin-based adhesion. The evaluation of integrin mechanics provides new insights into understanding the mechanotransmission (force transmission) between cells and ECM and contributes to developing an accurate model for integrin-mediated adhesion. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Supercomputing simulations of advanced materials'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanmant K Gaikwad
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Sharad V Jaswandkar
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Kalpana S Katti
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Amanda Haage
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Dinesh R Katti
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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14
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Choi HK, Cong P, Ge C, Natarajan A, Liu B, Zhang Y, Li K, Rushdi MN, Chen W, Lou J, Krogsgaard M, Zhu C. Catch bond models may explain how force amplifies TCR signaling and antigen discrimination. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2616. [PMID: 37147290 PMCID: PMC10163261 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The TCR integrates forces in its triggering process upon interaction with pMHC. Force elicits TCR catch-slip bonds with strong pMHCs but slip-only bonds with weak pMHCs. We develop two models and apply them to analyze 55 datasets, demonstrating the models' ability to quantitatively integrate and classify a broad range of bond behaviors and biological activities. Comparing to a generic two-state model, our models can distinguish class I from class II MHCs and correlate their structural parameters with the TCR/pMHC's potency to trigger T cell activation. The models are tested by mutagenesis using an MHC and a TCR mutated to alter conformation changes. The extensive comparisons between theory and experiment provide model validation and testable hypothesis regarding specific conformational changes that control bond profiles, thereby suggesting structural mechanisms for the inner workings of the TCR mechanosensing machinery and plausible explanations of why and how force may amplify TCR signaling and antigen discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyu Choi
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Peiwen Cong
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Chenghao Ge
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Aswin Natarajan
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Baoyu Liu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kaitao Li
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Muaz Nik Rushdi
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Medtronic CO., Minneapolis, MN, 55432, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jizhong Lou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Michelle Krogsgaard
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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15
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Fu W, Xie Z, Bai M, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Tian J. Proteomics analysis of methionine enkephalin upregulated macrophages against infection by the influenza-A virus. Proteome Sci 2023; 21:4. [PMID: 37041527 PMCID: PMC10088144 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-023-00205-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have a vital role in phagocytosis and antiviral effect against invading influenza viruses. Previously, we found that methionine enkephalin (MENK) inhibited influenza virus infection by upregulating the "antiviral state" of macrophages. To investigate the immunoregulatory mechanism of action of MENK on macrophages, we employed proteomic analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between macrophages infected with the influenza-A virus and cells infected with the influenza-A virus after pretreatment with MENK. A total of 215 DEPs were identified: 164 proteins had upregulated expression and 51 proteins had downregulated expression. Proteomics analysis showed that DEPs were highly enriched in "cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction", "phagosome", and "complement and coagulation cascades pathway". Proteomics analysis revealed that MENK could be an immune modulator or prophylactic for the prevention and treatment of influenza. MENK promoted the polarization of M1 macrophages, activated inflammatory responses, and enhanced phagocytosis and killing function by upregulating opsonizing receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Fu
- Graduate College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Zifeng Xie
- First Clinical Medical College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Mei Bai
- Department of Microbiology, Jinzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Jinzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Yuanlong Zhao
- First Clinical Medical College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
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16
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Gu Y, Dong B, He X, Qiu Z, Zhang J, Zhang M, Liu H, Pang X, Cui Y. The challenges and opportunities of αvβ3-based therapeutics in cancer: From bench to clinical trials. Pharmacol Res 2023; 189:106694. [PMID: 36775082 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are main cell adhesion receptors serving as linker attaching cells to extracellular matrix (ECM) and bidirectional hubs transmitting biochemical and mechanical signals between cells and their environment. Integrin αvβ3 is a critical family member of integrins and interacts with ECM proteins containing RGD tripeptide sequence. Accumulating evidence indicated that the abnormal expression of integrin αvβ3 was associated with various tumor progressions, including tumor initiation, sustained tumor growth, distant metastasis, drug resistance development, maintenance of stemness in cancer cells. Therefore, αvβ3 has been explored as a therapeutic target in various types of cancers, but there is no αvβ3 antagonist approved for human therapy. Targeting-integrin αvβ3 therapeutics has been a challenge, but lessons from the past are valuable to the development of innovative targeting approaches. This review systematically summarized the structure, signal transduction, regulatory role in cancer, and drug development history of integrin αvβ3, and also provided new insights into αvβ3-based therapeutics in cancer from bench to clinical trials, which would contribute to developing effective targeting αvβ3 agents for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlun Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Bingqi Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China
| | - Xu He
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Juqi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Mo Zhang
- Department of traditional Chinese and Western medicine,Peking University Of First Hospital, Xishiku street 8th,Xicheng District,10034 Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaocong Pang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China.
| | - Yimin Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China.
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17
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Tong D, Soley N, Kolasangiani R, Schwartz MA, Bidone TC. Integrin α IIbβ 3 intermediates: From molecular dynamics to adhesion assembly. Biophys J 2023; 122:533-543. [PMID: 36566352 PMCID: PMC9941721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The platelet integrin αIIbβ3 undergoes long-range conformational transitions associated with its functional conversion from inactive (low-affinity) to active (high-affinity) during hemostasis. Although new conformations that are intermediate between the well-characterized bent and extended states have been identified, their molecular dynamic properties and functions in the assembly of adhesions remain largely unexplored. In this study, we evaluated the properties of intermediate conformations of integrin αIIbβ3 and characterized their effects on the assembly of adhesions by combining all-atom simulations, principal component analysis, and mesoscale modeling. Our results show that in the low-affinity, bent conformation, the integrin ectodomain tends to pivot around the legs; in intermediate conformations, the headpiece becomes partially extended, away from the lower legs. In the fully open, active state, αIIbβ3 is flexible, and the motions between headpiece and lower legs are accompanied by fluctuations of the transmembrane helices. At the mesoscale, bent integrins form only unstable adhesions, but intermediate or open conformations stabilize the adhesions. These studies reveal a mechanism by which small variations in ligand binding affinity and enhancement of the ligand-bound lifetime in the presence of actin retrograde flow stabilize αIIbβ3 integrin adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dudu Tong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Nidhi Soley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Reza Kolasangiani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tamara C Bidone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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18
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Mana G, Valdembri D, Askari JA, Li Z, Caswell P, Zhu C, Humphries MJ, Ballestrem C, Serini G. The βI domain promotes active β1 integrin clustering into mature adhesion sites. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201388. [PMID: 36410791 PMCID: PMC9679427 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of integrin function is required in many physiological and pathological settings, such as angiogenesis and cancer. Integrin allosteric changes, clustering, and trafficking cooperate to regulate cell adhesion and motility on extracellular matrix proteins via mechanisms that are partly defined. By exploiting four monoclonal antibodies recognizing distinct conformational epitopes, we show that in endothelial cells (ECs), the extracellular βI domain, but not the hybrid or I-EGF2 domain of active β1 integrins, promotes their FAK-regulated clustering into tensin 1-containing fibrillar adhesions and impairs their endocytosis. In this regard, the βI domain-dependent clustering of active β1 integrins is necessary to favor fibronectin-elicited directional EC motility, which cannot be effectively promoted by β1 integrin conformational activation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mana
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo (TO), Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Donatella Valdembri
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo (TO), Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Janet A Askari
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Zhenhai Li
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Patrick Caswell
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Martin J Humphries
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Christoph Ballestrem
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Guido Serini
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo (TO), Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo (TO), Italy
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19
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Chen Y, Kong F, Li Z, Ju LA, Zhu C. Force-regulated spontaneous conformational changes of integrins α 5 β 1 and α V β 3. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.09.523308. [PMID: 36712101 PMCID: PMC9881988 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.09.523308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Force can modulate the properties and functions of macromolecules by inducing conformational changes, such as coiling/uncoiling, zipping/unzipping, and folding/unfolding. Here we compared force-modulated bending/unbending of two purified integrin ectodomains, α 5 β 1 and α V β 3 , using single-molecule approaches. Similar to previously characterized mechano-sensitive macromolecules, the conformation of α 5 β 1 is determined by a threshold head-to-tail tension, suggesting a canonical energy landscape with a deep energy well that traps the integrin in the bent state until sufficient force tilts the energy landscape to accelerate transition to the extended state. By comparison, α V β 3 exhibits bi-stability even without force and can spontaneously transition between the bent and extended conformations in a wide range of forces without energy supplies. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed consecutive formation and disruption of 7 hydrogen bonds during α V β 3 bending and unbending, respectively. Accordingly, we constructed an energy landscape with hexa-stable intermediate states to break down the energy barrier separating the bent and extended states into smaller ones, making it possible for the thermal agitation energy to overcome them sequentially and to be accumulated and converted into mechanical work required for α V β 3 to bend against force. Our study elucidates the different inner workings of α 5 β 1 and α V β 3 at the sub-molecular level, sheds lights on how their respectively functions are facilitated by their distinctive mechano-sensitivities, helps understand their signal initiation processes, and provides critical concepts and useful design principles for engineering of protein-based biomechanical nanomachines.
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20
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Pang X, He X, Qiu Z, Zhang H, Xie R, Liu Z, Gu Y, Zhao N, Xiang Q, Cui Y. Targeting integrin pathways: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:1. [PMID: 36588107 PMCID: PMC9805914 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are considered the main cell-adhesion transmembrane receptors that play multifaceted roles as extracellular matrix (ECM)-cytoskeletal linkers and transducers in biochemical and mechanical signals between cells and their environment in a wide range of states in health and diseases. Integrin functions are dependable on a delicate balance between active and inactive status via multiple mechanisms, including protein-protein interactions, conformational changes, and trafficking. Due to their exposure on the cell surface and sensitivity to the molecular blockade, integrins have been investigated as pharmacological targets for nearly 40 years, but given the complexity of integrins and sometimes opposite characteristics, targeting integrin therapeutics has been a challenge. To date, only seven drugs targeting integrins have been successfully marketed, including abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban, natalizumab, vedolizumab, lifitegrast, and carotegrast. Currently, there are approximately 90 kinds of integrin-based therapeutic drugs or imaging agents in clinical studies, including small molecules, antibodies, synthetic mimic peptides, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, imaging agents, etc. A serious lesson from past integrin drug discovery and research efforts is that successes rely on both a deep understanding of integrin-regulatory mechanisms and unmet clinical needs. Herein, we provide a systematic and complete review of all integrin family members and integrin-mediated downstream signal transduction to highlight ongoing efforts to develop new therapies/diagnoses from bench to clinic. In addition, we further discuss the trend of drug development, how to improve the success rate of clinical trials targeting integrin therapies, and the key points for clinical research, basic research, and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Pang
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Xu He
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Qiu
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Hanxu Zhang
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Ran Xie
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyan Liu
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Yanlun Gu
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034, Beijing, China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Yimin Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034, Beijing, China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China.
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21
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Jia X, Li X, Jia B, Yang Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Ji T, Xie X, Yao Y, Qiu G, Deng H, Zhu Z, Chen S, Yang A, Gao R. The role of [ 99mTc]Tc-HFAPi SPECT/CT in patients with malignancies of digestive system: first clinical experience. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:1228-1239. [PMID: 36477400 PMCID: PMC9931852 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-06068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, PET/CT imaging with radiolabelled FAP inhibitors (FAPIs) has been widely evaluated in diverse diseases. However, rare report has been published using SPECT/CT, a more available imaging method, with [99mTc]Tc-labelled FAPI. In this study, we evaluated the potential effect of [99mTc]Tc-HFAPi in clinical analysis for digestive system tumours. METHODS This is a single-centre prospective diagnostic efficiency study (Ethic approved No.: XJTU1AF2021LSK-021 of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University and ChiCTR2100048093 of the Chinese Clinical Trial Register). Forty patients with suspected or confirmed digestive system tumours underwent [99mTc]Tc-HFAPi SPECT/CT between January and June 2021. For dynamic biodistribution and dosimetry estimation, whole-body planar scintigraphy was performed at 10, 30, 90, 150, and 240 min post-injection in four representative patients. Optimal acquisition time was considered in all the patients at 60-90 min post-injection, then quantified or semi-quantified using SUVmax and T/B ratio was done. The diagnostic performance of [99mTc]Tc-HFAPi was calculated and compared with those of contrast-enhanced CT (ceCT) using McNemar test, and the changes of tumour stage and oncologic management were recorded. RESULTS Physiological distribution of [99mTc]Tc-HFAPi was observed in the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and to a lesser extent in the kidneys, spleen and thyroid. Totally, 40 patients with 115 lesions were analysed. The diagnostic sensitivity of [99mTc]Tc-HFAPi for non-operative primary lesions was similar to that of ceCT (94.29% [33/35] vs 100% [35/35], respectively; P = 0.5); in local relapse detection, [99mTc]Tc-HFAPi was successfully detected in 100% (n = 3) of patients. In the diagnosis of suspected metastatic lesions, [99mTc]Tc-HFAPi exhibited higher sensitivity (89.66% [26/29] vs 68.97% [20/29], respectively, P = 0.03) and specificity (97.9% [47/48] vs 85.4% [41/48], respectively, P = 0.03) than ceCT, especially with 100% (24/24) specificity in the diagnosis of liver metastases, resulting in 20.0% (8/40) changes in TNM stage and 15.0% (6/40) changes in oncologic management. CONCLUSION [99mTc]Tc-HFAPi demonstrates a greater diagnostic efficiency than ceCT in the detection of distant metastasis, especially in identifying liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinru Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Jia
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanbo Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Ji
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanglin Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huixing Deng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Si Chen
- Tianfu Technology Center, Foshan Atomical Medical Equipment Ltd.(S.C.), Foshan, 528000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Aimin Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Cardiac fibroblasts and mechanosensation in heart development, health and disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 20:309-324. [PMID: 36376437 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The term 'mechanosensation' describes the capacity of cells to translate mechanical stimuli into the coordinated regulation of intracellular signals, cellular function, gene expression and epigenetic programming. This capacity is related not only to the sensitivity of the cells to tissue motion, but also to the decryption of tissue geometric arrangement and mechanical properties. The cardiac stroma, composed of fibroblasts, has been historically considered a mechanically passive component of the heart. However, the latest research suggests that the mechanical functions of these cells are an active and necessary component of the developmental biology programme of the heart that is involved in myocardial growth and homeostasis, and a crucial determinant of cardiac repair and disease. In this Review, we discuss the general concept of cell mechanosensation and force generation as potent regulators in heart development and pathology, and describe the integration of mechanical and biohumoral pathways predisposing the heart to fibrosis and failure. Next, we address the use of 3D culture systems to integrate tissue mechanics to mimic cardiac remodelling. Finally, we highlight the potential of mechanotherapeutic strategies, including pharmacological treatment and device-mediated left ventricular unloading, to reverse remodelling in the failing heart.
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23
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Luo J, Walker M, Xiao Y, Donnelly H, Dalby MJ, Salmeron-Sanchez M. The influence of nanotopography on cell behaviour through interactions with the extracellular matrix – A review. Bioact Mater 2022; 15:145-159. [PMID: 35386337 PMCID: PMC8940943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotopography presents an effective physical approach for biomaterial cell manipulation mediated through material-extracellular matrix interactions. The extracellular matrix that exists in the cellular microenvironment is crucial for guiding cell behaviours, such as determination of integrin ligation and interaction with growth factors. These interactions with the extracellular matrix regulate downstream mechanotransductive pathways, such as rearrangements in the cytoskeleton and activation of signal cascades. Protein adsorption onto nanotopography strongly influences the conformation and distribution density of extracellular matrix and, therefore, subsequent cell responses. In this review, we first discuss the interactive mechanisms of protein physical adsorption on nanotopography. Secondly, we summarise advances in creating nanotopographical features to instruct desired cell behaviours. Lastly, we focus on the cellular mechanotransductive pathways initiated by nanotopography. This review provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art designs of nanotopography aiming to provide better biomedical materials for the future. A comprehensive overview of nanotopography fabrication, and nanotopography regulates various cell behaviours. The interactive physical adsorption between nanotopography and extracellular matrix. Nanotopography initiates the cellular mechanotransductive pathways and downstream signalling cascades.
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24
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Watson VE, Faniel ML, Kamili NA, Krueger LD, Zhu C. Immune-mediated alopecias and their mechanobiological aspects. Cells Dev 2022; 170:203793. [PMID: 35649504 PMCID: PMC10681075 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2022.203793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alopecia is a non-specific term for hair loss clinically diagnosed by the hair loss pattern and histological analysis of patient scalp biopsies. The immune-mediated alopecia subtypes, including alopecia areata, lichen planopilaris, frontal fibrosing alopecia, and central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, are common, significant forms of alopecia subtypes. For example, alopecia areata is the most common autoimmune disease with a lifetime incidence of approximately 2% of the world's population. In this perspective, we discuss major results from studies of immune-mediated alopecia subtypes. These studies suggest the key event in disease onset as the collapse in immune privilege, which alters the hair follicle microenvironment, e.g., upregulation of major histocompatibility complex molecules and increase of cytokine production, and results in immune cell infiltration, inflammatory responses, and damage of hair follicles. We note that previous studies have established that the hair follicle has a complex mechanical microenvironment, which may regulate the function of not only tissue cells but also immune cell infiltrates. This suggests a potential for mechanobiology to contribute to alopecia research by adding new methods, new approaches, and new ways of thinking, which is missing in the existing literature. To fill this a gap in the alopecia research space, we develop a mechanobiological hypothesis that alterations in the hair follicle microenvironment, specifically in the mechanically responsive tissues and cells, partially due to loss of immune privilege, may be contributors to disease pathology. We further focus our discussion on the potential for applying mechanoimmunology to the study of T cell infiltrates in the hair follicle, as they are considered primary contributors to alopecia pathology. To establish the connection between the mechanoimmunological hypothesis and immune-mediated alopecia subtypes, we discuss what is known about the role of T cells in immune-mediated alopecia subtypes, using the most extensively studied AA as our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valencia E Watson
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, USA; Bioengineering PhD Program, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Makala L Faniel
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, USA; Bioengineering PhD Program, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Loren D Krueger
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, USA; Bioengineering PhD Program, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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25
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Rao TC, Beggs RR, Ankenbauer KE, Hwang J, Ma VPY, Salaita K, Bellis SL, Mattheyses AL. ST6Gal-I-mediated sialylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor modulates cell mechanics and enhances invasion. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101726. [PMID: 35157848 PMCID: PMC8956946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity within the glycocalyx influences cell adhesion mechanics and signaling. However, the role of specific glycosylation subtypes in influencing cell mechanics via alterations of receptor function remains unexplored. It has been shown that the addition of sialic acid to terminal glycans impacts growth, development, and cancer progression. In addition, the sialyltransferase ST6Gal-I promotes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity, and we have shown EGFR is an 'allosteric mechano-organizer' of integrin tension. Here, we investigated the impact of ST6Gal-I on cell mechanics. Using DNA-based tension gauge tether probes of variable thresholds, we found that high ST6Gal-I activity promotes increased integrin forces and spreading in Cos-7 and OVCAR3, OVCAR5, and OV4 cancer cells. Further, employing inhibitors and function-blocking antibodies against β1, β3, and β5 integrins and ST6Gal-I targets EGFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor, and Fas cell surface death receptor, we validated that the observed phenotypes are EGFR-specific. We found that while tension, contractility, and adhesion are extracellular-signal-regulated kinase pathway-dependent, spreading, proliferation, and invasion are phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt serine/threonine kinase dependent. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, we also show that high ST6Gal-I activity leads to sustained EGFR membrane retention, making it a key regulator of cell mechanics. Our findings suggest a novel sialylation-dependent mechanism orchestrating cellular mechanics and enhancing cell motility via EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejeshwar C Rao
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Reena R Beggs
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Katherine E Ankenbauer
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jihye Hwang
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susan L Bellis
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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26
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Driscoll TP, Bidone TC, Ahn SJ, Yu A, Groisman A, Voth GA, Schwartz MA. Integrin-based mechanosensing through conformational deformation. Biophys J 2021; 120:4349-4359. [PMID: 34509509 PMCID: PMC8553792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Conversion of integrins from low to high affinity states, termed activation, is important in biological processes, including immunity, hemostasis, angiogenesis, and embryonic development. Integrin activation is regulated by large-scale conformational transitions from closed, low affinity states to open, high affinity states. Although it has been suggested that substrate stiffness shifts the conformational equilibrium of integrin and governs its unbinding, here, we address the role of integrin conformational activation in cellular mechanosensing. Comparison of wild-type versus activating mutants of integrin αVβ3 show that activating mutants shift cell spreading, focal adhesion kinase activation, traction stress, and force on talin toward high stiffness values at lower stiffness. Although all activated integrin mutants showed equivalent binding affinity for soluble ligands, the β3 S243E mutant showed the strongest shift in mechanical responses. To understand this behavior, we used coarse-grained computational models derived from molecular level information. The models predicted that wild-type integrin αVβ3 displaces under force and that activating mutations shift the required force toward lower values, with S243E showing the strongest effect. Cellular stiffness sensing thus correlates with computed effects of force on integrin conformation. Together, these data identify a role for force-induced integrin conformational deformation in cellular mechanosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan P. Driscoll
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida,Corresponding author
| | - Tamara C. Bidone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Salt Lake City, Utah,Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah,Corresponding author
| | - Sang Joon Ahn
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alvin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexander Groisman
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Gregory A. Voth
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Martin A. Schwartz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut,Department of Cell Biology, New Haven, Connecticut,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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27
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Selivanova EK, Gaynullina DK, Tarasova OS. Thyroxine Induces Acute Relaxation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Arteries via Integrin αvβ3, ERK1/2 and Integrin-Linked Kinase. Front Physiol 2021; 12:726354. [PMID: 34594239 PMCID: PMC8477044 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.726354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Hyperthyroidism is associated with a decreased peripheral vascular resistance, which could be caused by the vasodilator genomic or non-genomic effects of thyroid hormones (TH). Non-genomic, or acute, effects develop within several minutes and involve a wide tissue-specific spectrum of molecular pathways poorly studied in vasculature. We aimed to investigate the mechanisms of acute effects of TH on rat skeletal muscle arteries. Methods: Sural arteries from male Wistar rats were used for isometric force recording (wire myography) and phosphorylated protein content measurement (Western blotting). Results: Both triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) reduced contractile response of sural arteries to α1-adrenoceptor agonist methoxamine. The effect of T4 was more prominent than T3 and not affected by iopanoic acid, an inhibitor of deiodinase 2. Endothelium denudation abolished the effect of T3, but not T4. Integrin αvβ3 inhibitor tetrac abolished the effect of T4 in endothelium-denuded arteries. T4 weakened methoxamine-induced elevation of phospho-MLC2 (Ser19) content in arterial samples. The effect of T4 in endothelium-denuded arteries was abolished by inhibiting ERK1/2 activation with U0126 as well as by ILK inhibitor Cpd22 but persisted in the presence of Src- or Rho-kinase inhibitors (PP2 and Y27632, respectively). Conclusion: Acute non-genomic relaxation of sural arteries induced by T3 is endothelium-dependent and that induced by T4 is endothelium-independent. The effect of T4 on α1-adrenergic contraction is stronger compared to T3 and involves the suppression of extracellular matrix signaling via integrin αvβ3, ERK1/2 and ILK with subsequent decrease of MLC2 (Ser19) phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina K Selivanova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dina K Gaynullina
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S Tarasova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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28
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Motz CT, Kabat V, Saxena T, Bellamkonda RV, Zhu C. Neuromechanobiology: An Expanding Field Driven by the Force of Greater Focus. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100102. [PMID: 34342167 PMCID: PMC8497434 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The brain processes information by transmitting signals through highly connected and dynamic networks of neurons. Neurons use specific cellular structures, including axons, dendrites and synapses, and specific molecules, including cell adhesion molecules, ion channels and chemical receptors to form, maintain and communicate among cells in the networks. These cellular and molecular processes take place in environments rich of mechanical cues, thus offering ample opportunities for mechanical regulation of neural development and function. Recent studies have suggested the importance of mechanical cues and their potential regulatory roles in the development and maintenance of these neuronal structures. Also suggested are the importance of mechanical cues and their potential regulatory roles in the interaction and function of molecules mediating the interneuronal communications. In this review, the current understanding is integrated and promising future directions of neuromechanobiology are suggested at the cellular and molecular levels. Several neuronal processes where mechanics likely plays a role are examined and how forces affect ligand binding, conformational change, and signal induction of molecules key to these neuronal processes are indicated, especially at the synapse. The disease relevance of neuromechanobiology as well as therapies and engineering solutions to neurological disorders stemmed from this emergent field of study are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara T Motz
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
| | - Victoria Kabat
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
| | - Tarun Saxena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ravi V Bellamkonda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
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29
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Pérez LA, Rashid A, Combs JD, Schneider P, Rodríguez A, Salaita K, Leyton L. An Outside-In Switch in Integrin Signaling Caused by Chemical and Mechanical Signals in Reactive Astrocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:712627. [PMID: 34497806 PMCID: PMC8419233 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.712627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte reactivity is associated with poor repair capacity after injury to the brain, where chemical and physical changes occur in the damaged zone. Astrocyte surface proteins, such as integrins, are upregulated, and the release of pro-inflammatory molecules and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins upon damage generate a stiffer matrix. Integrins play an important role in triggering a reactive phenotype in astrocytes, and we have reported that αVβ3 Integrin binds to the Thy-1 (CD90) neuronal glycoprotein, increasing astrocyte contractility and motility. Alternatively, αVβ3 Integrin senses mechanical forces generated by the increased ECM stiffness. Until now, the association between the αVβ3 Integrin mechanoreceptor response in astrocytes and changes in their reactive phenotype is unclear. To study the response to combined chemical and mechanical stress, astrocytes were stimulated with Thy-1-Protein A-coated magnetic beads and exposed to a magnetic field to generate mechanical tension. We evaluated the effect of such stimulation on cell adhesion and contraction. We also assessed traction forces and their effect on cell morphology, and integrin surface expression. Mechanical stress accelerated the response of astrocytes to Thy-1 engagement of integrin receptors, resulting in cell adhesion and contraction. Astrocyte contraction then exerted traction forces onto the ECM, inducing faster cell contractility and higher traction forces than Thy-1 alone. Therefore, cell-extrinsic chemical and mechanical signals regulate in an outside-in manner, astrocyte reactivity by inducing integrin upregulation, ligation, and signaling events that promote cell contraction. These changes in turn generate cell-intrinsic signals that increase traction forces exerted onto the ECM (inside-out). This study reveals αVβ3 Integrin mechanoreceptor as a novel target to regulate the harmful effects of reactive astrocytes in neuronal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A Pérez
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aysha Rashid
- Chemistry Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - J Dale Combs
- Chemistry Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Andrés Rodríguez
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health, Machine Learning Applied to Biomedicine Group, Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Chemistry Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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30
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Abe K, Baba K, Huang L, Wei KT, Okano K, Hosokawa Y, Inagaki N. Mechanosensitive axon outgrowth mediated by L1-laminin clutch interface. Biophys J 2021; 120:3566-3576. [PMID: 34384760 PMCID: PMC8456307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical properties of the extracellular environment modulate axon outgrowth. Growth cones at the tip of extending axons generate traction force for axon outgrowth by transmitting the force of actin filament retrograde flow, produced by actomyosin contraction and F-actin polymerization, to adhesive substrates through clutch and cell adhesion molecules. A molecular clutch between the actin filament flow and substrate is proposed to contribute to cellular mechanosensing. However, the molecular identity of the clutch interface responsible for mechanosensitive growth cone advance is unknown. We previously reported that mechanical coupling between actin filament retrograde flow and adhesive substrates through the clutch molecule shootin1a and the cell adhesion molecule L1 generates traction force for axon outgrowth and guidance. Here, we show that cultured mouse hippocampal neurons extend longer axons on stiffer substrates under elastic conditions that correspond to the soft brain environments. We demonstrate that this stiffness-dependent axon outgrowth requires actin-adhesion coupling mediated by shootin1a, L1, and laminin on the substrate. Speckle imaging analyses showed that L1 at the growth cone membrane switches between two adhesive states: L1 that is immobilized and that undergoes retrograde movement on the substrate. The duration of the immobilized phase was longer on stiffer substrates; this was accompanied by increases in actin-adhesion coupling and in the traction force exerted on the substrate. These data suggest that the interaction between L1 and laminin is enhanced on stiffer substrates, thereby promoting force generation for axon outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Abe
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Kentarou Baba
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Liguo Huang
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Koay Teng Wei
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okano
- Bio-processing Engineering Laboratory, Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Bio-processing Engineering Laboratory, Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Inagaki
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan.
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31
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Jo MH, Kim BC, Sung K, Panettieri RA, An SS, Liu J, Ha T. Molecular Nanomechanical Mapping of Histamine-Induced Smooth Muscle Cell Contraction and Shortening. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11585-11596. [PMID: 34197709 PMCID: PMC10144385 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical response to external stimuli is a conserved feature of many cell types. For example, neurotransmitters (e.g., histamine) trigger calcium signals that induce actomyosin-regulated contraction of airway smooth muscle (ASM); the resulting cell shortening causes airway narrowing, the excess of which can cause asthma. Despite intensive studies, however, it remains unclear how physical forces are propagated through focal adhesion (FA)-the major force-transmission machinery of the cell-during ASM shortening. We provide a nanomechanical platform to directly image single molecule forces during ASM cell shortening by repurposing DNA tension sensors. Surprisingly, cell shortening and FA disassembly that immediately precedes it occurred long after histamine-evoked increases in intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+]i). Our mathematical model that fully integrates cell edge protrusion and retraction with contractile forces acting on FA predicted that (1) stabilization of FA impedes cell shortening and (2) the disruption of FAs is preceded by their strengthening through actomyosin-activated molecular tension. We confirmed these predictions via real-time imaging and molecular force measurements. Together, our work highlights a key role of FA dynamics in regulating ASM contraction induced by an allergen with potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Hyun Jo
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Byoung Choul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Division of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - Keewon Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Reynold A. Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Steven S. An
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 20205, USA
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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32
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Zanotelli MR, Zhang J, Reinhart-King CA. Mechanoresponsive metabolism in cancer cell migration and metastasis. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1307-1321. [PMID: 33915111 PMCID: PMC9015673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Altered tissue mechanics and metabolism are defining characteristics of cancer that impact not only proliferation but also migration. While migrating through a mechanically and spatially heterogeneous microenvironment, changes in metabolism allow cells to dynamically tune energy generation and bioenergetics in response to fluctuating energy needs. Physical cues from the extracellular matrix influence mechanosignaling pathways, cell mechanics, and cytoskeletal architecture to alter presentation and function of metabolic enzymes. In cancer, altered mechanosensing and metabolic reprogramming supports metabolic plasticity and high energy production while cells migrate and metastasize. Here, we discuss the role of mechanoresponsive metabolism in regulating cell migration and supporting metastasis as well as the potential of therapeutically targeting cancer metabolism to block motility and potentially metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Zanotelli
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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33
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Sun G, Guillon E, Holley SA. Integrin intra-heterodimer affinity inversely correlates with integrin activatability. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109230. [PMID: 34107244 PMCID: PMC8227800 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface receptors composed of an α and β subunit that mediate cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin. We previously studied integrin α5β1 activation during zebrafish somitogenesis, and in the present study, we characterize the integrin αV fibronectin receptors. Integrins are activated via a conformational change, and we perform single-molecule biophysical measurements of both integrin activation via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and integrin intra-heterodimer stability via fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) in living embryos. We find that integrin heterodimers that exhibit robust cell surface expression, including αVβ3, αVβ5, and αVβ6, are never activated in this in vivo context, even in the presence of fibronectin matrix. In contrast, activatable integrins, such as integrin αVβ1, and alleles of αVβ3, αVβ5, αVβ6 that are biased to the active conformation exhibit poor cell surface expression and have a higher intra-heterodimer dissociation constant (KD). These observations suggest that a weak integrin intra-heterodimer affinity decreases integrin cell surface stability and increases integrin activatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Sun
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Emilie Guillon
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Scott A Holley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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34
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Hang X, He S, Dong Z, Minnick G, Rosenbohm J, Chen Z, Yang R, Chang L. Nanosensors for single cell mechanical interrogation. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 179:113086. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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35
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Shinde A, Illath K, Gupta P, Shinde P, Lim KT, Nagai M, Santra TS. A Review of Single-Cell Adhesion Force Kinetics and Applications. Cells 2021; 10:577. [PMID: 33808043 PMCID: PMC8000588 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells exert, sense, and respond to the different physical forces through diverse mechanisms and translating them into biochemical signals. The adhesion of cells is crucial in various developmental functions, such as to maintain tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis and activate critical signaling pathways regulating survival, migration, gene expression, and differentiation. More importantly, any mutations of adhesion receptors can lead to developmental disorders and diseases. Thus, it is essential to understand the regulation of cell adhesion during development and its contribution to various conditions with the help of quantitative methods. The techniques involved in offering different functionalities such as surface imaging to detect forces present at the cell-matrix and deliver quantitative parameters will help characterize the changes for various diseases. Here, we have briefly reviewed single-cell mechanical properties for mechanotransduction studies using standard and recently developed techniques. This is used to functionalize from the measurement of cellular deformability to the quantification of the interaction forces generated by a cell and exerted on its surroundings at single-cell with attachment and detachment events. The adhesive force measurement for single-cell microorganisms and single-molecules is emphasized as well. This focused review should be useful in laying out experiments which would bring the method to a broader range of research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Shinde
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.S.); (K.I.); (P.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Kavitha Illath
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.S.); (K.I.); (P.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Pallavi Gupta
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.S.); (K.I.); (P.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Pallavi Shinde
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.S.); (K.I.); (P.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-Si, Gangwon-Do 24341, Korea;
| | - Moeto Nagai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan;
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.S.); (K.I.); (P.G.); (P.S.)
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Novikova EA, Storm C. Evolving roles and dynamics for catch and slip bonds during adhesion cluster maturation. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:032402. [PMID: 33862804 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.032402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesions are the loci of cellular adhesion to the extracellular matrix. At these sites, various integrins forge connections between the intracellular cytoskeleton and the outside world; large patches of multiple types of integrins together grip hold of collagen, fibronectin, and other extracellular matrix components. A single focal adhesion will likely contain bonds whose lifetime increases with applied load (catch bonds), and bonds whose lifetime decreases with applied load (slip bonds). Prior work suggests that the combination of different types of integrins is essential for focal adhesion stability and mechanosensory functionality. In the present work, we investigate numerically the interplay between two distinct types of bonds, and we ask how the presence of slip bonds, in the same focal integrin cluster, augments the collective behavior of the catch bonds. We show that mixing these two components may increase the low-force mechanical integrity that may be lacking in pure-catch adhesions, while preserving the potential to strengthen the entire adhesion when a force is applied. We investigate the spatial distribution in mixed-integrin focal adhesions, and we show that the differential response to loading leads, via an excluded volume interaction, to a dependence of the individual integrin diffusivities on the applied load, an effect that has been reported in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta A Novikova
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Storm
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Manokawinchoke J, Pavasant P, Limjeerajarus CN, Limjeerajarus N, Osathanon T, Egusa H. Mechanical loading and the control of stem cell behavior. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 125:105092. [PMID: 33652301 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mechanical stimulation regulates many cell responses. The present study describes the effects of different in vitro mechanical stimulation approaches on stem cell behavior. DESIGN The narrative review approach was performed. The articles published in English language that addressed the effects of mechanical force on stem cells were searched on Pubmed and Scopus database. The effects of extrinsic mechanical force on stem cell response was reviewed and discussed. RESULTS Cells sense mechanical stimuli by the function of mechanoreceptors and further transduce force stimulation into intracellular signaling. Cell responses to mechanical stimuli depend on several factors including type, magnitude, and duration. Further, similar mechanical stimuli exhibit distinct cell responses based on numerous factors including cell type and differentiation stage. Various mechanical applications modulate stemness maintenance and cell differentiation toward specific lineages. CONCLUSIONS Mechanical force application modulates stemness maintenance and differentiation. Modification of force regimens could be utilized to precisely control appropriate stem cell behavior toward specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeranan Manokawinchoke
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Prasit Pavasant
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Chalida Nakalekha Limjeerajarus
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Nuttapol Limjeerajarus
- Research Center for Advanced Energy Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology, Bangkok, 10250, Thailand.
| | - Thanaphum Osathanon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
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38
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Bibli SI, Hu J, Looso M, Weigert A, Ratiu C, Wittig J, Drekolia MK, Tombor L, Randriamboavonjy V, Leisegang MS, Goymann P, Delgado Lagos F, Fisslthaler B, Zukunft S, Kyselova A, Justo AFO, Heidler J, Tsilimigras D, Brandes RP, Dimmeler S, Papapetropoulos A, Knapp S, Offermanns S, Wittig I, Nishimura SL, Sigala F, Fleming I. Mapping the Endothelial Cell S-Sulfhydrome Highlights the Crucial Role of Integrin Sulfhydration in Vascular Function. Circulation 2020; 143:935-948. [PMID: 33307764 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.051877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vascular endothelial cells, cysteine metabolism by the cystathionine γ lyase (CSE), generates hydrogen sulfide-related sulfane sulfur compounds (H2Sn), that exert their biological actions via cysteine S-sulfhydration of target proteins. This study set out to map the "S-sulfhydrome" (ie, the spectrum of proteins targeted by H2Sn) in human endothelial cells. METHODS Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify S-sulfhydrated cysteines in endothelial cell proteins and β3 integrin intraprotein disulfide bond rearrangement. Functional studies included endothelial cell adhesion, shear stress-induced cell alignment, blood pressure measurements, and flow-induced vasodilatation in endothelial cell-specific CSE knockout mice and in a small collective of patients with endothelial dysfunction. RESULTS Three paired sample sets were compared: (1) native human endothelial cells isolated from plaque-free mesenteric arteries (CSE activity high) and plaque-containing carotid arteries (CSE activity low); (2) cultured human endothelial cells kept under static conditions or exposed to fluid shear stress to decrease CSE expression; and (3) cultured endothelial cells exposed to shear stress to decrease CSE expression and treated with solvent or the slow-releasing H2Sn donor, SG1002. The endothelial cell "S-sulfhydrome" consisted of 3446 individual cysteine residues in 1591 proteins. The most altered family of proteins were the integrins and focusing on β3 integrin in detail we found that S-sulfhydration affected intraprotein disulfide bond formation and was required for the maintenance of an extended-open conformation of the β leg. β3 integrin S-sulfhydration was required for endothelial cell mechanotransduction in vitro as well as flow-induced dilatation in murine mesenteric arteries. In cultured cells, the loss of S-sulfhydration impaired interactions between β3 integrin and Gα13 (guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit α 13), resulting in the constitutive activation of RhoA (ras homolog family member A) and impaired flow-induced endothelial cell realignment. In humans with atherosclerosis, endothelial function correlated with low H2Sn generation, impaired flow-induced dilatation, and failure to detect β3 integrin S-sulfhydration, all of which were rescued after the administration of an H2Sn supplement. CONCLUSIONS Vascular disease is associated with marked changes in the S-sulfhydration of endothelial cell proteins involved in mediating responses to flow. Short-term H2Sn supplementation improved vascular reactivity in humans highlighting the potential of interfering with this pathway to treat vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia-Iris Bibli
- Institute for Vascular Signalling (S-I.B., J.H., J.W., M.K.D., V.R., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., I.F.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S-I.B., J.Hu, M.L., C.R., J.W., L.T., V.R., M.S.L., P.G., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., J.Heidler, R.P.B., S.D., S.O., I.W., I.F.)
| | - Jiong Hu
- Institute for Vascular Signalling (S-I.B., J.H., J.W., M.K.D., V.R., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., I.F.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S-I.B., J.Hu, M.L., C.R., J.W., L.T., V.R., M.S.L., P.G., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., J.Heidler, R.P.B., S.D., S.O., I.W., I.F.)
| | - Mario Looso
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S-I.B., J.Hu, M.L., C.R., J.W., L.T., V.R., M.S.L., P.G., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., J.Heidler, R.P.B., S.D., S.O., I.W., I.F.).,Bioinformatics Core Unit (M.L., P.G.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany (A.W.)
| | - Corina Ratiu
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology (C.R., M.S.L., R.P.B.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S-I.B., J.Hu, M.L., C.R., J.W., L.T., V.R., M.S.L., P.G., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., J.Heidler, R.P.B., S.D., S.O., I.W., I.F.)
| | - Janina Wittig
- Institute for Vascular Signalling (S-I.B., J.H., J.W., M.K.D., V.R., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., I.F.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S-I.B., J.Hu, M.L., C.R., J.W., L.T., V.R., M.S.L., P.G., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., J.Heidler, R.P.B., S.D., S.O., I.W., I.F.)
| | - Maria Kyriaki Drekolia
- Institute for Vascular Signalling (S-I.B., J.H., J.W., M.K.D., V.R., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., I.F.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lukas Tombor
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration (L.T., S.D.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S-I.B., J.Hu, M.L., C.R., J.W., L.T., V.R., M.S.L., P.G., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., J.Heidler, R.P.B., S.D., S.O., I.W., I.F.)
| | - Voahanginirina Randriamboavonjy
- Institute for Vascular Signalling (S-I.B., J.H., J.W., M.K.D., V.R., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., I.F.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S-I.B., J.Hu, M.L., C.R., J.W., L.T., V.R., M.S.L., P.G., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., J.Heidler, R.P.B., S.D., S.O., I.W., I.F.)
| | - Matthias S Leisegang
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology (C.R., M.S.L., R.P.B.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S-I.B., J.Hu, M.L., C.R., J.W., L.T., V.R., M.S.L., P.G., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., J.Heidler, R.P.B., S.D., S.O., I.W., I.F.)
| | - Philipp Goymann
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S-I.B., J.Hu, M.L., C.R., J.W., L.T., V.R., M.S.L., P.G., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., J.Heidler, R.P.B., S.D., S.O., I.W., I.F.).,Bioinformatics Core Unit (M.L., P.G.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Fredy Delgado Lagos
- Institute for Vascular Signalling (S-I.B., J.H., J.W., M.K.D., V.R., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., I.F.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S-I.B., J.Hu, M.L., C.R., J.W., L.T., V.R., M.S.L., P.G., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., J.Heidler, R.P.B., S.D., S.O., I.W., I.F.)
| | - Beate Fisslthaler
- Institute for Vascular Signalling (S-I.B., J.H., J.W., M.K.D., V.R., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., I.F.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S-I.B., J.Hu, M.L., C.R., J.W., L.T., V.R., M.S.L., P.G., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., J.Heidler, R.P.B., S.D., S.O., I.W., I.F.)
| | - Sven Zukunft
- Institute for Vascular Signalling (S-I.B., J.H., J.W., M.K.D., V.R., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., I.F.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S-I.B., J.Hu, M.L., C.R., J.W., L.T., V.R., M.S.L., P.G., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., J.Heidler, R.P.B., S.D., S.O., I.W., I.F.)
| | - Anastasia Kyselova
- Institute for Vascular Signalling (S-I.B., J.H., J.W., M.K.D., V.R., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., I.F.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S-I.B., J.Hu, M.L., C.R., J.W., L.T., V.R., M.S.L., P.G., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., J.Heidler, R.P.B., S.D., S.O., I.W., I.F.)
| | - Alberto Fernando Oliveira Justo
- Institute for Vascular Signalling (S-I.B., J.H., J.W., M.K.D., V.R., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., I.F.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S-I.B., J.Hu, M.L., C.R., J.W., L.T., V.R., M.S.L., P.G., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., J.Heidler, R.P.B., S.D., S.O., I.W., I.F.)
| | - Juliana Heidler
- Functional Proteomics (J.Heidler., I.W.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S-I.B., J.Hu, M.L., C.R., J.W., L.T., V.R., M.S.L., P.G., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., J.Heidler, R.P.B., S.D., S.O., I.W., I.F.)
| | - Diamantis Tsilimigras
- First Propedeutic Department of Surgery, Vascular Surgery Division (D.T., F.S.), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Greece
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology (C.R., M.S.L., R.P.B.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S-I.B., J.Hu, M.L., C.R., J.W., L.T., V.R., M.S.L., P.G., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., J.Heidler, R.P.B., S.D., S.O., I.W., I.F.)
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration (L.T., S.D.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S-I.B., J.Hu, M.L., C.R., J.W., L.T., V.R., M.S.L., P.G., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., J.Heidler, R.P.B., S.D., S.O., I.W., I.F.)
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.P.), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Greece.,Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Greece (A.P.)
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.K.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S-I.B., J.Hu, M.L., C.R., J.W., L.T., V.R., M.S.L., P.G., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., J.Heidler, R.P.B., S.D., S.O., I.W., I.F.).,Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Functional Proteomics (J.Heidler., I.W.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Fragiska Sigala
- First Propedeutic Department of Surgery, Vascular Surgery Division (D.T., F.S.), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Greece
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling (S-I.B., J.H., J.W., M.K.D., V.R., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., I.F.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S-I.B., J.Hu, M.L., C.R., J.W., L.T., V.R., M.S.L., P.G., F.D.L., B.F., S.Z., A.K., A.F.O.J., J.Heidler, R.P.B., S.D., S.O., I.W., I.F.)
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39
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The Mechanical Microenvironment in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061452. [PMID: 32503141 PMCID: PMC7352870 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction is the interpretation of physical cues by cells through mechanosensation mechanisms that elegantly translate mechanical stimuli into biochemical signaling pathways. While mechanical stress and their resulting cellular responses occur in normal physiologic contexts, there are a variety of cancer-associated physical cues present in the tumor microenvironment that are pathological in breast cancer. Mechanistic in vitro data and in vivo evidence currently support three mechanical stressors as mechanical modifiers in breast cancer that will be the focus of this review: stiffness, interstitial fluid pressure, and solid stress. Increases in stiffness, interstitial fluid pressure, and solid stress are thought to promote malignant phenotypes in normal breast epithelial cells, as well as exacerbate malignant phenotypes in breast cancer cells.
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40
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Zhu C, Lee CY, McIntire LV. From cellular to molecular mechanobiology. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:010902. [PMID: 32095735 PMCID: PMC7021513 DOI: 10.1063/1.5129937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanobiology at the cellular level is concerned with what phenotypes that cells exhibit to maintain homeostasis in their normal physiological mechanical environment, as well as what phenotypical changes that cells have to make when their environment is altered. Mechanobiology at the molecular level aims to understand the molecular underpinning of how cells sense, respond to, and adapt to mechanical cues in their environment. In this Perspective, we use our work inspired by and in collaboration with Professor Shu Chien as an example with which we connect the mechanobiology between the cellular and molecular levels. We discuss how physical forces acting on intracellular proteins may impact protein-protein interaction, change protein conformation, crosstalk with biochemical signaling molecules, induce mechanotransduction, and alter the cell structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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41
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MacKay L, Khadra A. The bioenergetics of integrin-based adhesion, from single molecule dynamics to stability of macromolecular complexes. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:393-416. [PMID: 32128069 PMCID: PMC7044673 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The forces actively generated by motile cells must be transmitted to their environment in a spatiotemporally regulated manner, in order to produce directional cellular motion. This task is accomplished through integrin-based adhesions, large macromolecular complexes that link the actin-cytoskelton inside the cell to its external environment. Despite their relatively large size, adhesions exhibit rapid dynamics, switching between assembly and disassembly in response to chemical and mechanical cues exerted by cytoplasmic biochemical signals, and intracellular/extracellular forces, respectively. While in material science, force typically disrupts adhesive contact, in this biological system, force has a more nuanced effect, capable of causing assembly or disassembly. This initially puzzled experimentalists and theorists alike, but investigation into the mechanisms regulating adhesion dynamics have progressively elucidated the origin of these phenomena. This review provides an overview of recent studies focused on the theoretical understanding of adhesion assembly and disassembly as well as the experimental studies that motivated them. We first concentrate on the kinetics of integrin receptors, which exhibit a complex response to force, and then investigate how this response manifests itself in macromolecular adhesion complexes. We then turn our attention to studies of adhesion plaque dynamics that link integrins to the actin-cytoskeleton, and explain how force can influence the assembly/disassembly of these macromolecular structure. Subsequently, we analyze the effect of force on integrins populations across lengthscales larger than single adhesions. Finally, we cover some theoretical studies that have considered both integrins and the adhesion plaque and discuss some potential future avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent MacKay
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anmar Khadra
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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42
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Zhu C, Chen Y, Ju LA. Dynamic bonds and their roles in mechanosensing. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 53:88-97. [PMID: 31563813 PMCID: PMC6926149 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are ubiquitous in a cell's internal structure and external environment. Mechanosensing is the process that the cell employs to sense its mechanical environment. In receptor-mediated mechanosensing, cell surface receptors interact with immobilized ligands to provide a specific way to receive extracellular force signals to targeted force-transmitting, force-transducing and force-supporting structures inside the cell. Conversely, forces generated endogenously by the cell can be transmitted via cytoplasmic protein-protein interactions and regulate cell surface receptor activities in an 'inside-out' manner. Dynamic force spectroscopy analyzes these interactions on and inside cells to reveal various dynamic bonds. What is more, by integrating analysis of molecular interactions with that of cell signaling events involved in force-sensing and force-responding processes, one can investigate how dynamic bonds regulate the reception, transmission and transduction of mechanical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MERU-Roon Research Center on Vascular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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43
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Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface receptors ensuring the mechanical connection between cells and the extracellular matrix. In addition to the anchorage of cells to the extracellular matrix, these receptors have critical functions in intracellular signaling, but are also taking center stage in many physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we provide some historical, structural, and physiological notes so that the diverse functions of these receptors can be appreciated and put into the context of the emerging field of mechanobiology. We propose that the exciting journey of the exploration of these receptors will continue for at least another new generation of researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bachmann
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire , Geneva , Switzerland ; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, and Fimlab Laboratories , Tampere , Finland
| | - Sampo Kukkurainen
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire , Geneva , Switzerland ; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, and Fimlab Laboratories , Tampere , Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire , Geneva , Switzerland ; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, and Fimlab Laboratories , Tampere , Finland
| | - Bernhard Wehrle-Haller
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire , Geneva , Switzerland ; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, and Fimlab Laboratories , Tampere , Finland
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44
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Ham TR, Collins KL, Hoffman BD. Molecular Tension Sensors: Moving Beyond Force. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019; 12:83-94. [PMID: 32864525 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nearly all cellular processes are sensitive to mechanical inputs, and this plays a major role in diverse physiological processes. Mechanical stimuli are thought to be primarily detected through force-induced changes in protein structure. Approximately a decade ago, molecular tension sensors were created to measure forces across proteins within cells. Since then, an impressive assortment of sensors has been created and provided key insights into mechanotransduction, but comparisons of measurements between various sensors are challenging. In this review, we discuss the different types of molecular tension sensors, provide a system of classification based on their molecular-scale mechanical properties, and highlight how new applications of these sensors are enabling measurements beyond the magnitude of tensile load. We suggest that an expanded understanding of the functionality of these sensors, as well as integration with other techniques, will lead to consensus amongst measurements as well as critical insights into the underlying mechanisms of mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor R Ham
- Duke University, Room 1379 CIEMAS, 101 Science Drive, 27710, United States
| | - Kasie L Collins
- Duke University, Room 1379 CIEMAS, 101 Science Drive, 27710, United States
| | - Brenton D Hoffman
- Duke University, Room 1379 CIEMAS, 101 Science Drive, 27710, United States
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45
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Chighizola M, Dini T, Lenardi C, Milani P, Podestà A, Schulte C. Mechanotransduction in neuronal cell development and functioning. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:701-720. [PMID: 31617079 PMCID: PMC6815321 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many details remain still elusive, it became increasingly evident in recent years that mechanosensing of microenvironmental biophysical cues and subsequent mechanotransduction are strongly involved in the regulation of neuronal cell development and functioning. This review gives an overview about the current understanding of brain and neuronal cell mechanobiology and how it impacts on neurogenesis, neuronal migration, differentiation, and maturation. We will focus particularly on the events in the cell/microenvironment interface and the decisive extracellular matrix (ECM) parameters (i.e. rigidity and nanometric spatial organisation of adhesion sites) that modulate integrin adhesion complex-based mechanosensing and mechanotransductive signalling. It will also be outlined how biomaterial approaches mimicking essential ECM features help to understand these processes and how they can be used to control and guide neuronal cell behaviour by providing appropriate biophysical cues. In addition, principal biophysical methods will be highlighted that have been crucial for the study of neuronal mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Chighizola
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (C.I.Ma.I.Na.) and Department of Physics ``Aldo Pontremoli'', Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Tania Dini
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (C.I.Ma.I.Na.) and Department of Physics ``Aldo Pontremoli'', Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Lenardi
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (C.I.Ma.I.Na.) and Department of Physics ``Aldo Pontremoli'', Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (C.I.Ma.I.Na.) and Department of Physics ``Aldo Pontremoli'', Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Podestà
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (C.I.Ma.I.Na.) and Department of Physics ``Aldo Pontremoli'', Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Carsten Schulte
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (C.I.Ma.I.Na.) and Department of Physics ``Aldo Pontremoli'', Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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46
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Chen Y, Ju LA, Zhou F, Liao J, Xue L, Su QP, Jin D, Yuan Y, Lu H, Jackson SP, Zhu C. An integrin α IIbβ 3 intermediate affinity state mediates biomechanical platelet aggregation. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:760-769. [PMID: 30911119 PMCID: PMC6586518 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are membrane receptors that mediate cell adhesion and mechanosensing. The structure-function relationship of integrins remains incompletely understood, despite the extensive studies carried out because of its importance to basic cell biology and translational medicine. Using a fluorescence dual biomembrane force probe, microfluidics and cone-and-plate rheometry, we applied precisely controlled mechanical stimulations to platelets and identified an intermediate state of integrin αIIbβ3 that is characterized by an ectodomain conformation, ligand affinity and bond lifetimes that are all intermediate between the well-known inactive and active states. This intermediate state is induced by ligand engagement of glycoprotein (GP) Ibα via a mechanosignalling pathway and potentiates the outside-in mechanosignalling of αIIbβ3 for further transition to the active state during integrin mechanical affinity maturation. Our work reveals distinct αIIbβ3 state transitions in response to biomechanical and biochemical stimuli, and identifies a role for the αIIbβ3 intermediate state in promoting biomechanical platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Chen
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MERU-Roon Research Center on Vascular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fangyuan Zhou
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jiexi Liao
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lingzhou Xue
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Qian Peter Su
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yuping Yuan
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shaun P Jackson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MERU-Roon Research Center on Vascular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
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47
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Orré T, Rossier O, Giannone G. The inner life of integrin adhesion sites: From single molecules to functional macromolecular complexes. Exp Cell Res 2019; 379:235-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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48
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Jang I, Beningo KA. Integrins, CAFs and Mechanical Forces in the Progression of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050721. [PMID: 31137693 PMCID: PMC6562616 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells respond to both chemical and mechanical cues present within their microenvironment. Various mechanical signals are detected by and transmitted to the cells through mechanoreceptors. These receptors often contact with the extracellular matrix (ECM), where the external signals are converted into a physiological response. Integrins are well-defined mechanoreceptors that physically connect the actomyosin cytoskeleton to the surrounding matrix and transduce signals. Families of α and β subunits can form a variety of heterodimers that have been implicated in cancer progression and differ among types of cancer. These heterodimers serve as the nexus of communication between the cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME is dynamic and composed of stromal cells, ECM and associated soluble factors. The most abundant stromal cells within the TME are cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Accumulating studies implicate CAFs in cancer development and metastasis through their remodeling of the ECM and release of large amounts of ECM proteins and soluble factors. Considering that the communication between cancer cells and CAFs, in large part, takes place through the ECM, the involvement of integrins in the crosstalk is significant. This review discusses the role of integrins, as the primary cell-ECM mechanoreceptors, in cancer progression, highlighting integrin-mediated mechanical communication between cancer cells and CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imjoo Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Karen A Beningo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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49
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Chen Y, Li Z, Ju LA. Tensile and compressive force regulation on cell mechanosensing. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:311-318. [PMID: 31073958 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00536-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-mediated cell mechanosensing plays critical roles in cell spreading, migration, growth, and survival. Dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS) techniques have recently been advanced to visualize such processes, which allow the concurrent examination of molecular binding dynamics and cellular response to mechanical stimuli on single living cells. Notably, the live-cell DFS is able to manipulate the force "waveforms" such as tensile versus compressive, ramped versus clamped, static versus dynamic, and short versus long lasting forces, thereby deriving correlations of cellular responses with ligand binding kinetics and mechanical stimulation profiles. Here, by differentiating extracellular mechanical stimulations into two major categories, tensile force and compressive force, we review the latest findings on receptor-mediated mechanosensing mechanisms that are discovered by the state-of-the-art live-cell DFS technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MERU-Roon Research Center on Vascular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zhiyong Li
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia. .,School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Darlington, Australia. .,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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50
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Fiore VF, Wong SS, Tran C, Tan C, Xu W, Sulchek T, White ES, Hagood JS, Barker TH. αvβ3 Integrin drives fibroblast contraction and strain stiffening of soft provisional matrix during progressive fibrosis. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97597. [PMID: 30333317 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by persistent deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) by fibroblasts. Fibroblast mechanosensing of a stiffened ECM is hypothesized to drive the fibrotic program; however, the spatial distribution of ECM mechanics and their derangements in progressive fibrosis are poorly characterized. Importantly, fibrosis presents with significant histopathological heterogeneity at the microscale. Here, we report that fibroblastic foci (FF), the regions of active fibrogenesis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), are surprisingly of similar modulus as normal lung parenchyma and are nonlinearly elastic. In vitro, provisional ECMs with mechanical properties similar to those of FF activate both normal and IPF patient-derived fibroblasts, whereas type I collagen ECMs with similar mechanical properties do not. This is mediated, in part, by αvβ3 integrin engagement and is augmented by loss of expression of Thy-1, which regulates αvβ3 integrin avidity for ECM. Thy-1 loss potentiates cell contractility-driven strain stiffening of provisional ECM in vitro and causes elevated αvβ3 integrin activation, increased fibrosis, and greater mortality following fibrotic lung injury in vivo. These data suggest a central role for αvβ3 integrin and provisional ECM in overriding mechanical cues that normally impose quiescent phenotypes, driving progressive fibrosis through physical stiffening of the fibrotic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F Fiore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Simon S Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Coleen Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chunting Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wenwei Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Todd Sulchek
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric S White
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James S Hagood
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Thomas H Barker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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