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Palomer X, Salvador JM, Griñán-Ferré C, Barroso E, Pallàs M, Vázquez-Carrera M. GADD45A: With or without you. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1375-1403. [PMID: 38264852 DOI: 10.1002/med.22015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The growth arrest and DNA damage inducible (GADD)45 family includes three small and ubiquitously distributed proteins (GADD45A, GADD45B, and GADD45G) that regulate numerous cellular processes associated with stress signaling and injury response. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the current literature investigating GADD45A, the first discovered member of the family. We first depict how its levels are regulated by a myriad of genotoxic and non-genotoxic stressors, and through the combined action of intricate transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and even, posttranslational mechanisms. GADD45A is a recognized tumor suppressor and, for this reason, we next summarize its role in cancer, as well as the different mechanisms by which it regulates cell cycle, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Beyond these most well-known actions, GADD45A may also influence catabolic and anabolic pathways in the liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, among others. Not surprisingly, GADD45A may trigger AMP-activated protein kinase activity, a master regulator of metabolism, and is known to act as a transcriptional coregulator of numerous nuclear receptors. GADD45A has also been reported to display a cytoprotective role by regulating inflammation, fibrosis and oxidative stress in several organs and tissues, and is regarded an important contributor for the development of heart failure. Overall data point to that GADD45A may play an important role in metabolic, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, and also autoimmune-related disorders. Thus, the potential mechanisms by which dysregulation of GADD45A activity may contribute to the progression of these diseases are also reviewed below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús M Salvador
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Griñán-Ferré
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (NeuroUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Barroso
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (NeuroUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Meng X, Wang L, Du YC, Cheng D, Zeng T. PPARβ/δ as a promising molecular drug target for liver diseases: A focused review. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2024; 48:102343. [PMID: 38641250 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2024.102343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Various liver diseases pose great threats to humans. Although the etiologies of these liver diseases are quite diverse, they share similar pathologic phenotypes and molecular mechanisms such as oxidative stress, lipid and glucose metabolism disturbance, hepatic Kupffer cell (KC) proinflammatory polarization and inflammation, insulin resistance, and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and proliferation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) is expressed in various types of liver cells with relatively higher expression in KCs and HSCs. Accumulating evidence has revealed the versatile functions of PPARβ/δ such as controlling lipid homeostasis, inhibiting inflammation, regulating glucose metabolism, and restoring insulin sensitivity, suggesting that PPARβ/δ may serve as a potential molecular drug target for various liver diseases. This article aims to provide a concise review of the structure, expression pattern and biological functions of PPARβ/δ in the liver and its roles in various liver diseases, and to discuss potential future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Meng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yan-Chao Du
- Jinan Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan, Shandong 250102, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Department of Health Test and Detection, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Souza-Tavares H, Santana-Oliveira DA, Vasques-Monteiro IML, Silva-Veiga FM, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Souza-Mello V. Exercise enhances hepatic mitochondrial structure and function while preventing endoplasmic reticulum stress and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res 2024; 126:180-192. [PMID: 38759501 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has attracted increasing attention from the scientific community because of its severe but silent progression and the lack of specific treatment. Glucolipotoxicity triggers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with decreased beta-oxidation and enhanced lipogenesis, promoting the onset of MASLD, whereas regular physical exercise can prevent MASLD by preserving ER and mitochondrial function. Thus, the hypothesis of this study was that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) could prevent the development of MASLD in high-fat (HF)-fed C57BL/6J mice by maintaining insulin sensitivity, preventing ER stress, and promoting beta-oxidation. Forty male C57BL/6J mice (3 months old) comprised 4 experimental groups: the control (C) diet group, the C diet + HIIT (C-HIIT) group, the HF diet group, and the HF diet + HIIT (HF-HIIT) group. HIIT sessions lasted 12 minutes and were performed 3 times weekly by trained mice. The diet and exercise protocols lasted for 10 weeks. The HIIT protocol prevented weight gain and maintained insulin sensitivity in the HF-HIIT group. A chronic HF diet increased ER stress-related gene and protein expression, but HIIT helped to maintain ER homeostasis, preserve mitochondrial ultrastructure, and maximize beta-oxidation. The increased sirtuin-1/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha expression implies that HIIT enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and yielded adequate mitochondrial dynamics. High hepatic fibronectin type III domain containing 5/irisin agreed with the antilipogenic and anti-inflammatory effects observed in the HF-HIIT group, reinforcing the antisteatotic effects of HIIT. Thus, we confirmed that practicing HIIT 3 times per week maintained insulin sensitivity, prevented ER stress, and enhanced hepatic beta-oxidation, impeding MASLD development in this mouse model even when consuming high energy intake from saturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Souza-Tavares
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology. Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daiana Araujo Santana-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology. Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabela Macedo Lopes Vasques-Monteiro
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology. Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavia Maria Silva-Veiga
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology. Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology. Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Souza-Mello
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology. Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Souza-Tavares H, Miranda CS, Vasques-Monteiro IML, Sandoval C, Santana-Oliveira DA, Silva-Veiga FM, Fernandes-da-Silva A, Souza-Mello V. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as targets to treat metabolic diseases: Focus on the adipose tissue, liver, and pancreas. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:4136-4155. [PMID: 37475842 PMCID: PMC10354577 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i26.4136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The world is experiencing reflections of the intersection of two pandemics: Obesity and coronavirus disease 2019. The prevalence of obesity has tripled since 1975 worldwide, representing substantial public health costs due to its comorbidities. The adipose tissue is the initial site of obesity impairments. During excessive energy intake, it undergoes hyperplasia and hypertrophy until overt inflammation and insulin resistance turn adipocytes into dysfunctional cells that send lipotoxic signals to other organs. The pancreas is one of the organs most affected by obesity. Once lipotoxicity becomes chronic, there is an increase in insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells, a surrogate for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These alterations threaten the survival of the pancreatic islets, which tend to become dysfunctional, reaching exhaustion in the long term. As for the liver, lipotoxicity favors lipogenesis and impairs beta-oxidation, resulting in hepatic steatosis. This silent disease affects around 30% of the worldwide population and can evolve into end-stage liver disease. Although therapy for hepatic steatosis remains to be defined, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) activation copes with T2DM management. Peroxisome PPARs are transcription factors found at the intersection of several metabolic pathways, leading to insulin resistance relief, improved thermogenesis, and expressive hepatic steatosis mitigation by increasing mitochondrial beta-oxidation. This review aimed to update the potential of PPAR agonists as targets to treat metabolic diseases, focusing on adipose tissue plasticity and hepatic and pancreatic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cristian Sandoval
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Osorno 5310431, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Preclínicas, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | | | | | | | - Vanessa Souza-Mello
- Department of Anatomy, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20551030, Brazil
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Miranda CS, Silva-Veiga FM, Santana-Oliveira DA, Fernandes-da-Silva A, Brito GC, Martins FF, Souza-Mello V. Chronic Excessive Fructose Intake Maximizes Brown Adipocyte Whitening but Causes Similar White Adipocyte Hypertrophy Than a High-Fat Diet in C57BL/6 Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2023; 42:435-444. [PMID: 35822844 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2022.2062686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the differential role of a high-fat diet (HF) or high-fructose diet (HFRU) on white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue remodeling in C57BL/6 mice.Methods: The animals were randomly assigned to receive HF (50% of energy as lipids), HFRU (50% of energy as fructose), or a control diet (C, 10% of energy as lipids) for 12 weeks. Results: The HF group became overweight from the 7th week onwards, but both HF and HFRU groups showed hyperinsulinemia, oral glucose intolerance, and adverse adipose tissue remodeling. HF and HFRU groups showed interscapular brown adipose tissue whitening, tough the reduced QA [nuclei] suggested maximized brown adipocyte dysfunction due to the HFRU diet. In contrast, HF and HFRU diets exerted similar effects upon subcutaneous white adipocytes, with a similar average cross-sectional area. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the whitening enhancement with reduced UCP1 immunodensity in the HFRU group. Conclusion: In conclusion, HF and HFRU diets had indistinguishable effects upon white adipocyte morphology, but the HFRU diet provoked a more pronounced whitening than the HF diet after a 12-week protocol. These results point to the silent and harmful impact that excessive fructose has upon the metabolism of lean mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolline Santos Miranda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia Maria Silva-Veiga
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daiana Araujo Santana-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Fernandes-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Carvalho Brito
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Ferreira Martins
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Souza-Mello
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Miao M, Wang X, Liu T, Li YJ, Yu WQ, Yang TM, Guo SD. Targeting PPARs for therapy of atherosclerosis: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125008. [PMID: 37217063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chief pathogenic factor of cardiovascular disease, is associated with many factors including inflammation, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors and are widely expressed with tissue- and cell-specificity. They control multiple genes that are involved in lipid metabolism, inflammatory response, and redox homeostasis. Given the diverse biological functions of PPARs, they have been extensively studied since their discovery in 1990s. Although controversies exist, accumulating evidence have demonstrated that PPAR activation attenuates atherosclerosis. Recent advances are valuable for understanding the mechanisms of action of PPAR activation. This article reviews the recent findings, mainly from the year of 2018 to present, including endogenous molecules in regulation of PPARs, roles of PPARs in atherosclerosis by focusing on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress, and synthesized PPAR modulators. This article provides information valuable for researchers in the field of basic cardiovascular research, for pharmacologists that are interested in developing novel PPAR agonists and antagonists with lower side effects as well as for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Miao
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Yan-Jie Li
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Wen-Qian Yu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Tong-Mei Yang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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Binayi F, Moslemi M, Khodagholi F, Hedayati M, Zardooz H. Long-term high-fat diet disrupts lipid metabolism and causes inflammation in adult male rats: possible intervention of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023; 129:204-212. [PMID: 32907408 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1808997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of long-term high-fat diet (HFD) on plasma lipid profile and probability of inflammation in adult rats. After weaning, male offspring were divided into six groups based on diet type and medication. After 20 weeks of dietary intake, 4-PBA (endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor) was injected for three days. Then, blood samples were taken to measure plasma concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), cholesterol, leptin and interleukin 1-β (IL 1-β). The HFD increased body weight and food intake and intra-abdominal fat and thymus weights, which were associated with elevated plasma leptin level. Moreover, HFD increased plasma concentrations of TG, LDL, cholesterol and IL 1-β and decreased HDL level. Injection of 4-PBA reversed the plasma parameters changes caused by HFD. It seems that long-term HFD feeding through inducing the ER stress, disrupted the lipid metabolism and resulted in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Binayi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Moslemi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homeira Zardooz
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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He S, Yu D, Li P, Zhang M, Xing S, Sun C, Li ZH. Triphenyltin exposure causes changes in health-associated gut microbiome and metabolites in marine medaka. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117751. [PMID: 34252717 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPT), an organic compound with a wide range of applications, is often detected in water bodies and aquatic animals. However, the mechanism underlying the biological metabolic health problems caused by long-term exposure to environment concentrations of TPT remains unclear. The morphology and gene expression in the gut and liver were investigated; and 16SrRNA gene amplification sequencing and non-targeted LC-MS/MS metabonomics were investigated after marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) was treated with 1, 10, and 100 ng/L TPT for 21 days. During prolonged exposure to TPT, the adaptation mechanism maximized the energy of absorption, increased the length of intestinal microvilli, reduced the number of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the liver, and caused loss of weight. TPT exposure significantly changed the intestinal microbiome of marine medaka, thereby resulting in a significant decrease in microbial diversity. Following exposure to 100 ng/L TPT, the metabolic profiles were significantly changed and the altered metabolites were mainly concentrated in the lipid metabolic pathway. Finally, based on comprehensive network analysis, the association between the significantly changed bacteria and metabolites contributed further to the prediction of the impact of TPT on the host. This study provides a novel insight into the underlying mechanisms of host metabolic diseases caused by TPT and emphasizes the importance of monitoring pollutants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen He
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Daode Yu
- Marine Biology Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao, Shandong, 266104, China
| | - Ping Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Shaoying Xing
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Cuici Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510301, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China.
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Fernandes-da-Silva A, Miranda CS, Santana-Oliveira DA, Oliveira-Cordeiro B, Rangel-Azevedo C, Silva-Veiga FM, Martins FF, Souza-Mello V. Endoplasmic reticulum stress as the basis of obesity and metabolic diseases: focus on adipose tissue, liver, and pancreas. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:2949-2960. [PMID: 33742254 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity challenges lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. The resulting glucolipotoxicity causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysfunction, provoking the accumulation of immature proteins, which triggers the unfolded protein reaction (UPR) as an attempt to reestablish ER homeostasis. When the three branches of UPR fail to correct the unfolded/misfolded proteins, ER stress happens. Excessive dietary saturated fatty acids or fructose exhibit the same impact on the ER stress, induced by excessive ectopic fat accumulation or rising blood glucose levels, and meta-inflammation. These metabolic abnormalities can alleviate through dietary interventions. Many pathways are disrupted in adipose tissue, liver, and pancreas during ER stress, compromising browning and thermogenesis, favoring hepatic lipogenesis, and impairing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion within pancreatic beta cells. As a result, ER stress takes part in obesity, hepatic steatosis, and diabetes pathogenesis, arising as a potential target to treat or even prevent metabolic diseases. The scientific community seeks strategies to alleviate ER stress by avoiding inflammation, apoptosis, lipogenesis suppression, and insulin sensitivity augmentation through pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. This comprehensive review aimed to describe the contribution of excessive dietary fat or sugar to ER stress and the impact of this adverse cellular environment on adipose tissue, liver, and pancreas function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Fernandes-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro 87 fds, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Carolline Santos Miranda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro 87 fds, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Daiana Araujo Santana-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro 87 fds, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Brenda Oliveira-Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro 87 fds, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Camilla Rangel-Azevedo
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro 87 fds, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Flávia Maria Silva-Veiga
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro 87 fds, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Ferreira Martins
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro 87 fds, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Souza-Mello
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro 87 fds, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil.
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Oh KK, Adnan M, Ju I, Cho DH. A network pharmacology study on main chemical compounds from Hibiscus cannabinus L. leaves. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11062-11082. [PMID: 35423640 PMCID: PMC8695834 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10932k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibiscus cannabinus L. leaves (HCLLs) are considered a favorable source of natural antiobesity substances. However, actual bioactive compound(s) in it and their mechanism(s) against obesity have not been confirmed. Hence, network pharmacology was conducted to identify its key compounds and mechanism(s) against obesity. Compounds in HCLLs were identified through GC-MS analysis and screened by Lipinski's rule. Genes related to the selected compounds and obesity were obtained from public databases, and overlapping genes between HCLL compound-related genes and obesity target genes were selected using a Venn diagram. The networking between selected compounds and overlapping genes was then constructed, visualized, and analyzed by RStudio. Finally, the binding affinity between compounds and genes was evaluated via molecular docking (MD). A total of 30 compounds in HCLLs were detected via GC-MS, and Lipinski's rule accepted all compounds. The compound-related genes (570 genes) and obesity targeted genes (3028 genes) were identified, and between them, 64 overlapping genes were selected. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) displayed that the mechanisms of HCLLs against obesity were associated with 13 signaling pathways on 22 compounds in HCLLs. Superficially, AKT1, vitamin E, and RAS signaling pathways were noted as a hub gene, an uppermost bioactive compound, and a hub signaling pathway, respectively. However, the binding affinity of ligands and proteins on the RAS signaling pathway was very low; instead, the PPAR signalling pathway was evaluated with potent efficacy against obesity through MD. On the PPAR signaling pathway, α-amyrin was found as the most significant compound for the amelioration of obesity. α-Amyrin manifested the strongest binding affinity on six target proteins associated with the PPAR signaling pathway. Our study suggests that an auxiliary (PPAR) signaling pathway of HCLLs might intervene efficiently against obesity over the hub (RAS) signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Kwang Oh
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Korea +82-33-250-6475
| | - Md Adnan
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Korea +82-33-250-6475
| | - Inseok Ju
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Korea
| | - Dong Ha Cho
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Korea +82-33-250-6475
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Zarei M, Aguilar-Recarte D, Palomer X, Vázquez-Carrera M. Revealing the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2021; 114:154342. [PMID: 32810487 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a form of chronic liver disease that occurs in individuals with no significant alcohol abuse, has become an increasing concern for global health. NAFLD is defined as the presence of lipid deposits in hepatocytes and it ranges from hepatic steatosis (fatty liver) to steatohepatitis. Emerging data from both preclinical studies and clinical trials suggest that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)β/δ plays an important role in the control of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in liver, and its activation might hinder the progression of NAFLD. Here, we review the latest information on the effects of PPARβ/δ on NAFLD, including its capacity to reduce lipogenesis, to alleviate inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress, to ameliorate insulin resistance, and to attenuate liver injury. Because of these effects, activation of hepatic PPARβ/δ through synthetic or natural ligands provides a promising therapeutic option for the management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Aguilar-Recarte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Xiong Z, Zeng Y, Zhou J, Shu R, Xie X, Fu Z. Exposure to dibutyl phthalate impairs lipid metabolism and causes inflammation via disturbing microbiota-related gut-liver axis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:1382-1393. [PMID: 33167028 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), a kind of typical environmental pollutant, is widely used as plasticizers, and its neurotoxicity and developmental toxicity have been found in recent years. However, whether oral DBP exposure will affect the homeostasis of gut microbiota and its adverse response in liver of mammalians remain unclear. In the present study, 10-week experimental cycles of vehicle or DBP (0.1 and 1 mg/kg) were given to 6-week-old C57BL/6J mice by oral gavage. Our results revealed that the body weight of mice was increased after exposure to both low and high doses of DBP. The serum levels of hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol were significantly increased in response to both doses of DBP. In addition, some pivotal genes related to lipogenesis were also increased in liver at the mRNA level. Evaluation of gut microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing technology showed that 0.1 mg/kg DBP exposure significantly affected gut microbiota at the phylum and genus levels. Moreover, DBP exposure decreased mucus secretion and caused inflammation in the gut, leading to the impairment of intestinal barrier function. Exposure to DBP inhibited the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and activated the expression of nuclear factor kappa B. In addition, DBP exposure increased the level of lipopolysaccharide in serum, and increased the expression of toll-like receptor 4 and the levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, in the liver. These results indicated that exposure to DBP disturbed the homeostasis of gut microbiota, induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorder, and caused liver inflammation in mice via the related gut-liver axis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Xiong
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuyao Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiafeng Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Ruonan Shu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xiaoxian Xie
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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13
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the pathogenesis and therapies of liver fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 222:107791. [PMID: 33321113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a dynamic wound-healing process associated with the deposition of extracellular matrix produced by myofibroblasts. HSCs activation, inflammation, oxidative stress, steatosis and aging play critical roles in the progression of liver fibrosis, which is correlated with the regulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway. As nuclear receptors, PPARs reduce inflammatory response, regulate lipid metabolism, and inhibit fibrogenesis in the liver associated with aging. Thus, PPAR ligands have been investigated as possible therapeutic agents. Mounting evidence indicated that some PPAR agonists could reverse steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis. Consequently, targeting PPARs might be a promising and novel therapeutic option against liver fibrosis. This review summarizes recent studies on the role of PPARs on the pathogenesis and treatment of liver fibrosis.
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14
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Vays VB, Vangeli IM, Averina OA, Lovat ML, Bakeeva LE. Ultrastructure of Hepatocytes from Laboratory Mice Fed a Standard Dry Laboratory Animal Diet. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:1082-1112. [PMID: 33050854 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920090084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The significant destructive changes in ultrastructure of hepatocytes from laboratory mice kept in different vivariums in Moscow and fed with dry laboratory animal diets acquired from different domestic manufacturers that were not standardized for initial products were demonstrated using electron microscopy. Furthermore, disruption in the ultrastructure of liver parenchymal cells occurred regardless of the animal status (SPF or conventional), conditions of various vivariums, as well as the feed manufacturer. At the same time, studies on ultrastructure of liver hepatocytes from mice kept in the Charles River Laboratory facilities in Germany and fed with the Altromin Spezialfutter laboratory animal diet (GmbH & Co., Germany) that was produced using quality control of ingredients did not reveal destructive changes in the internal ultrastructure of hepatocytes. However, if these mice were later fed with the food produced in local manufactures, changes in the structure of liver cells developed after 2 months. Thus, feeding with dry diet from the domestic producers of an unspecified composition causes significant changes in the ultrastructure of hepatocytes in control animals, reflecting the development of some pathological processes in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Vays
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - I M Vangeli
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - O A Averina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - M L Lovat
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - L E Bakeeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Yanagita T, Tsuge K, Koga M, Inoue N, Nagao K. Eicosapentaenoic acid-containing polar lipids from seaweed Susabinori (Pyropia yezoensis) alleviate hepatic steatosis in obese db/db mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 691:108486. [PMID: 32710880 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging as the most common liver disease in industrialized countries. Because hepatic steatosis is an early pathogenesis of NAFLD, the discovery of food components that could ameliorate hepatic steatosis is of interest. Susabinori (Pyropia yezoensis) is recognized as one of the most delicious edible brown algae, and we prepared lipid component of susabinori (SNL), which is rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-containing polar lipids. In this study, we tested whether feeding SNL to db/db mice protects them from developing obesity-induced hepatic steatosis. After four weeks of feeding, hepatomegaly, hepatic steatosis, and hepatic injury were markedly alleviated in SNL-fed db/db mice. These effects were partly attributable to the suppression of activities and mRNA expressions of lipogenic enzymes and enhanced levels of adiponectin due to the SNL diet. Additionally, mRNA expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, an inflammatory chemokine, was markedly suppressed, and the mRNA levels of PPARδ, the anti-inflammatory transcription factor, were strongly enhanced in the livers of db/db mice by the SNL diet. We speculate that the development and progression of obesity-induced hepatic steatosis was prevented by the suppression of chronic inflammation due to the combination of bioactivities of EPA, phospholipids, and glycolipids in the SNL diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyoshi Yanagita
- Department of Biological Resource Science, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan; Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Nishikyushu University, Kanzaki, 842-8585, Japan; Saga Regional Industry Support Center, Saga, 849-0932, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tsuge
- Industrial Technology Center of Saga, Saga, 849-0932, Japan
| | - Misato Koga
- Department of Biological Resource Science, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Nao Inoue
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, 997-8555, Japan
| | - Koji Nagao
- Department of Biological Resource Science, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan.
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Fougerat A, Montagner A, Loiseau N, Guillou H, Wahli W. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Their Novel Ligands as Candidates for the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cells 2020; 9:E1638. [PMID: 32650421 PMCID: PMC7408116 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health issue worldwide, frequently associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Steatosis is the initial stage of the disease, which is characterized by lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, which can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with inflammation and various levels of fibrosis that further increase the risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is influenced by interactions between genetic and environmental factors and involves several biological processes in multiple organs. No effective therapy is currently available for the treatment of NAFLD. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that regulate many functions that are disturbed in NAFLD, including glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as inflammation. Thus, they represent relevant clinical targets for NAFLD. In this review, we describe the determinants and mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of NAFLD, its progression and complications, as well as the current therapeutic strategies that are employed. We also focus on the complementary and distinct roles of PPAR isotypes in many biological processes and on the effects of first-generation PPAR agonists. Finally, we review novel and safe PPAR agonists with improved efficacy and their potential use in the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fougerat
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), ToxAlim, UMR1331 Toulouse, France; (A.M.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Alexandra Montagner
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), ToxAlim, UMR1331 Toulouse, France; (A.M.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, UMR1048 Toulouse, France
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, UMR1048 Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), ToxAlim, UMR1331 Toulouse, France; (A.M.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), ToxAlim, UMR1331 Toulouse, France; (A.M.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Walter Wahli
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), ToxAlim, UMR1331 Toulouse, France; (A.M.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Université de Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Santos FO, Correia BRO, Marinho TS, Barbosa-da-Silva S, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Souza-Mello V. Anti-steatotic linagliptin pleiotropic effects encompasses suppression of de novo lipogenesis and ER stress in high-fat-fed mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 509:110804. [PMID: 32259637 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of linagliptin treatment on hepatic energy metabolism and ER stress in high-fat-fed C57BL/6 mice. METHODS Forty male C57BL/6 mice, three months of age, received a control diet (C, 10% of lipids as energy, n = 20) or high-fat diet (HF, 50% of lipids as energy, n = 20) for 10 weeks. The groups were randomly subdivided into four groups to receive linagliptin, for five weeks, at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day added to the diets: C, C-L, HF, and HF-L groups. RESULTS The HF group showed higher body mass, total and hepatic cholesterol levels and total and hepatic triacylglycerol levels than the C group, all of which were significantly diminished by linagliptin in the HF-L group. The HF group had higher hepatic steatosis than the C group, whereas linagliptin markedly reduced the hepatic steatosis (less 52%, P < 0.001). The expression of Sirt1 and Pgc1a was more significant in the HF-L group than in the HF group. Linagliptin also elicited enhanced GLP-1 concentrations and a reduction in the expression of the lipogenic genes Fas and Srebp1c. Besides, HF-L showed a reduction in the genes related to endoplasmic reticulum stress Chop, Atf4, and Gadd45 coupled with reduced apoptotic nuclei immunostaining. CONCLUSION Linagliptin caused a marked reduction in hepatic steatosis as a secondary effect of its glucose-lowering property. NAFLD countering involved reduced lipogenesis, increased beta-oxidation, and relief in endoplasmic reticulum stress, leading to reduced apoptosis and better preservation of the hepatic structure. Therefore, linagliptin may be used, preferably in diabetic patients, to avoid the progression of hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F O Santos
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - B R O Correia
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T S Marinho
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandra Barbosa-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Souza-Mello
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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18
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PPARs as Metabolic Regulators in the Liver: Lessons from Liver-Specific PPAR-Null Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062061. [PMID: 32192216 PMCID: PMC7139552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, β/δ, and γ modulate lipid homeostasis. PPARα regulates lipid metabolism in the liver, the organ that largely controls whole-body nutrient/energy homeostasis, and its abnormalities may lead to hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis, steatofibrosis, and liver cancer. PPARβ/δ promotes fatty acid β-oxidation largely in extrahepatic organs, and PPARγ stores triacylglycerol in adipocytes. Investigations using liver-specific PPAR-disrupted mice have revealed major but distinct contributions of the three PPARs in the liver. This review summarizes the findings of liver-specific PPAR-null mice and discusses the role of PPARs in the liver.
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Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of transcription factors with a key role in glucose and lipid metabolism. PPARs are expressed in many cell types including pancreatic beta cells and immune cells, where they regulate insulin secretion and T cell differentiation, respectively. Moreover, various PPAR agonists prevent diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of type 1 diabetes. PPARs are thus of interest in type 1 diabetes (T1D) as they represent a novel approach targeting both the pancreas and the immune system. In this review, we examine the role of PPARs in immune responses and beta cell biology and their potential as targets for treatment of T1D.
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20
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Ishtiaq SM, Rashid H, Hussain Z, Arshad MI, Khan JA. Adiponectin and PPAR: a setup for intricate crosstalk between obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2019; 20:253-261. [PMID: 31656991 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-019-09510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin, a soluble adipocytokine, plays an important role in the functioning of adipose tissue and in the regulation of inflammation, particularly hepatic inflammation. The adiponectin subsequently imparts a crucial role in metabolic and hepato-inflammatory diseases. The most recent evidences indicate that lipotoxicity-induced inflammation in the liver is associated with obesity-derived alterations and remolding in adipose tissue that culminates in most prevalent liver pathology named as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A comprehensive crosstalk of adiponectin and its cognate receptors, specifically adiponectin receptor-2 in the liver mediates ameliorative effects in obesity-induced NAFLD by interaction with hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Recent studies highlight the implication of molecular mediators mainly involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and obesity-driven NAFLD, however, the plausible mechanisms remain elusive. The present review aimed at collating the data regarding mechanistic approaches of adiponectin and adiponectin-activated PPARs as well as PPAR-induced adiponectin levels in attenuation of hepatic lipoinflammation. Understanding the rapidly occurring adiponectin-mediated pathophysiological outcomes might be of importance in the development of new therapies that can potentially resolve obesity and obesity-associated NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Momna Ishtiaq
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Rashid
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Zulfia Hussain
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | | | - Junaid Ali Khan
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
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21
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Konttinen H, Gureviciene I, Oksanen M, Grubman A, Loppi S, Huuskonen MT, Korhonen P, Lampinen R, Keuters M, Belaya I, Tanila H, Kanninen KM, Goldsteins G, Landreth G, Koistinaho J, Malm T. PPARβ/δ-agonist GW0742 ameliorates dysfunction in fatty acid oxidation in PSEN1ΔE9 astrocytes. Glia 2018; 67:146-159. [PMID: 30453390 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the gatekeepers of neuronal energy supply. In neurodegenerative diseases, bioenergetics demand increases and becomes reliant upon fatty acid oxidation as a source of energy. Defective fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial dysfunctions correlate with hippocampal neurodegeneration and memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but it is unclear whether energy metabolism can be targeted to prevent or treat the disease. Here we show for the first time an impairment in fatty acid oxidation in human astrocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of AD patients. The impairment was corrected by treatment with a synthetic peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta (PPARβ/δ) agonist GW0742 which acts to regulate an array of genes governing cellular metabolism. GW0742 enhanced the expression of CPT1a, the gene encoding for a rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid oxidation. Similarly, treatment of a mouse model of AD, the APP/PS1-mice, with GW0742 increased the expression of Cpt1a and concomitantly reversed memory deficits in a fear conditioning test. Although the GW0742-treated mice did not show altered astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactivity or reduction in amyloid beta (Aβ) load, GW0742 treatment increased hippocampal neurogenesis and enhanced neuronal differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells. Furthermore, GW0742 prevented Aβ-induced impairment of long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices. Collectively, these data suggest that PPARβ/δ-agonism alleviates AD related deficits through increasing fatty acid oxidation in astrocytes and improves cognition in a transgenic mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Konttinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Irina Gureviciene
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna Oksanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alexandra Grubman
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sanna Loppi
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko T Huuskonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paula Korhonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Lampinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Meike Keuters
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Irina Belaya
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gundars Goldsteins
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gary Landreth
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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22
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Zhang C, Deng J, Liu D, Tuo X, Yu Y, Yang H, Wang N. Nuciferine Inhibits Proinflammatory Cytokines via the PPARs in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102723. [PMID: 30360404 PMCID: PMC6222486 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is important and has been found to be an underlying cause in many acute and chronic human diseases. Nuciferine, a natural alkaloid containing an aromatic ring, is found in the nelumbo nucifera leaves. It has been shown to have potential anti-inflammatory activities, but the molecular mechanism has remained unclear. In this study, we found that nuciferine (10 μM) significantly inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and TNF-α production in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, the luciferase reporter assay results of different subtypes of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) showed that nuciferine dose-dependently activated all the PPAR activities. Specific inhibitors of PPARα and PPARγ significantly abolished the production of inflammatory cytokines as well as IκBα degradation. However, PPARδ inhibitor did not show this effect. Our results suggested a potential molecular mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effects of nuciferine in LPS-induced inflammation, at least in part, by activating PPARα and PPARγ in RAW 264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jianjun Deng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Xingxia Tuo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Haixia Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Nanping Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- The Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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23
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Fujii J, Homma T, Kobayashi S, Seo HG. Mutual interaction between oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of diseases specifically focusing on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Biol Chem 2018; 9:1-15. [PMID: 30364769 PMCID: PMC6198288 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v9.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during normal physiologic processes with the consumption of oxygen. While ROS play signaling roles, when they are produced in excess beyond normal antioxidative capacity this can cause pathogenic damage to cells. The majority of such oxidation occurs in polyunsaturated fatty acids and sulfhydryl group in proteins, resulting in lipid peroxidation and protein misfolding, respectively. The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is enhanced under conditions of oxidative stress and results in ER stress, which, together, leads to the malfunction of cellular homeostasis. Multiple types of defensive machinery are activated in unfolded protein response under ER stress to resolve this unfavorable situation. ER stress triggers the malfunction of protein secretion and is associated with a variety of pathogenic conditions including defective insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and accelerated lipid droplet formation in hepatocytes. Herein we use nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as an illustration of such pathological liver conditions that result from ER stress in association with oxidative stress. Protecting the ER by eliminating excessive ROS via the administration of antioxidants or by enhancing lipid-metabolizing capacity via the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors represent promising therapeutics for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Sho Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Metabolic Disorders. Cells 2018; 7:cells7060063. [PMID: 29921793 PMCID: PMC6025008 DOI: 10.3390/cells7060063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders have become among the most serious threats to human health, leading to severe chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as cardiovascular diseases. Interestingly, despite the fact that each of these diseases has different physiological and clinical symptoms, they appear to share certain pathological traits such as intracellular stress and inflammation induced by metabolic disturbance stemmed from over nutrition frequently aggravated by a modern, sedentary life style. These modern ways of living inundate cells and organs with saturating levels of sugar and fat, leading to glycotoxicity and lipotoxicity that induce intracellular stress signaling ranging from oxidative to ER stress response to cope with the metabolic insults (Mukherjee, et al., 2015). In this review, we discuss the roles played by cellular stress and its responses in shaping metabolic disorders. We have summarized here current mechanistic insights explaining the pathogenesis of these disorders. These are followed by a discussion of the latest therapies targeting the stress response pathways.
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