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Wu XF, Liu Y, Wang YG, Zhang F, Li WY. A novel 22-bp InDel within FGF7 gene is significantly associated with growth traits in goat. Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2262537. [PMID: 37870116 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2262537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7) is involved in lipid metabolism, which is considered as a candidate gene with close relation with muscle development by eGWAs and RNA-Seq analyses. To date, limited research has been conducted on the relationship between FGF7 gene and growth traits. The main objective of this work was to further investigate the association between novel InDel within FGF7 gene and growth traits in goat. Herein, FGF7 mRNA expression levels were investigated in various Fuqing goat tissues. We found that FGF7 gene was expressed in six adult goat tissues with the highest mRNA levels in adipose tissue. This result suggested that FGF7 gene might play a critical role in fat deposition. We also detected potential polymorphisms in Fuqing, Nubian and Jianyang Daer breeds. A 22-bp InDel polymorphism in FGF7 gene was detected in 396 goats and the three genotypes were designated as II, ID, and DD. Correlation analysis revealed that InDel polymorphism was significantly associated with growth traits (P < 0.05). Goats with genotypes ID and/or II had superior growth traits compared to those with genotype DD. In summary, our findings suggested that the 22-bp InDel within FGF7 gene could act as a molecular marker to improve the growth traits of goats in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Feng Wu
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ying-Gang Wang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fu Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wen-Yang Li
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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2
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Zheng Y, Liu WH, Yang B, Milman Krentsis I. Primer on fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF 7). Differentiation 2024:100801. [PMID: 39048474 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2024.100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7), also known as keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), is an important member of the FGF family that is mainly expressed by cells of mesenchymal origin while affecting specifically epithelial cells. Thus, FGF7 is widely expressed in diverse tissues, especially in urinary system, gastrointestinal tract (GI-tract), respiratory system, skin, and reproductive system. By interacting specifically with FGFR2-IIIb, FGF7 activates several downstream signal pathways, including Ras, PI3K-Akt, and PLCs. Previous studies of FGF7 mutants also have implicated its roles in various biological processes including development of essential organs and tissue homeostasis in adults. Moreover, more publications have reported that FGF7 and/or FGF7/FGFR2-IIIb-associated signaling pathway are involved in the progression of various heritable or acquired human diseases: heritable conditions like autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and non-syndromic cleft lip and palate (NS CLP), where it promotes cyst formation and affects craniofacial development, respectively; acquired non-malignant diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), mucositis, osteoarticular disorders, and metabolic diseases, where it influences inflammation, repair, and metabolic control; and tumorigenesis and malignant diseases, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer, gastric cancer, and ovarian cancer, where it enhances cell proliferation, invasion, and chemotherapy resistance. Targeting FGF7 pathways holds therapeutic potential for managing these conditions, underscoring the need for further research to explore its clinical applications. Having more insights into the function and underlying molecular mechanisms of FGF7 is warranted to facilitate the development of effective treatments in the future. Here, we discuss FGF7 genomic structure, signal pathway, expression pattern during embryonic development and in adult organs and mutants along with phenotypes, as well as associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxi Zheng
- UT Health Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei-Hsin Liu
- UT Health Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Boxuan Yang
- UT Health Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Irit Milman Krentsis
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Goutam RS, Kumar V, Lee U, Kim J. Exploring the Structural and Functional Diversity among FGF Signals: A Comparative Study of Human, Mouse, and Xenopus FGF Ligands in Embryonic Development and Cancer Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087556. [PMID: 37108717 PMCID: PMC10146080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) encode a large family of growth factor proteins that activate several intracellular signaling pathways to control diverse physiological functions. The human genome encodes 22 FGFs that share a high sequence and structural homology with those of other vertebrates. FGFs orchestrate diverse biological functions by regulating cellular differentiation, proliferation, and migration. Dysregulated FGF signaling may contribute to several pathological conditions, including cancer. Notably, FGFs exhibit wide functional diversity among different vertebrates spatiotemporally. A comparative study of FGF receptor ligands and their diverse roles in vertebrates ranging from embryonic development to pathological conditions may expand our understanding of FGF. Moreover, targeting diverse FGF signals requires knowledge regarding their structural and functional heterogeneity among vertebrates. This study summarizes the current understanding of human FGF signals and correlates them with those in mouse and Xenopus models, thereby facilitating the identification of therapeutic targets for various human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Shankar Goutam
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- iPS Bio, Inc., 3F, 16 Daewangpangyo-ro 712 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13522, Republic of Korea
| | - Unjoo Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
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Huang W, Qiu W, Chen K, Ye S, Wang D, Hu J, Xu H, Lin L, Li X. Research progress of fibroblast growth factor in nervous system diseases. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2022; 51:738-749. [PMID: 36915973 PMCID: PMC10262007 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2022-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are a group of structurally related polypeptides which constitute an elaborate signaling system with their receptors. Evidence accumulated in the years suggests that the FGF family plays a key role in the repair of central nervous system injury. The main protective mechanisms include activating the expression of PI3K-Akt, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) and other signals; inhibiting NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response, oxidative stress and apoptosis; regulating neuronal differentiation and neuronal excitability as well as participating in protection of neurovascular units and nerve function repair. This paper comprehensively summarizes the latest research progress in FGF signaling related to diseases of the central nervous system such as cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy and depression, aiming to provide scientific basis and reference for the development of innovative FGF drugs for the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Huang
- 1. Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wanhua Qiu
- 2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kun Chen
- 2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shasha Ye
- 2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- 2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian Hu
- 2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Huiqin Xu
- 1. Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li Lin
- 2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- 2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
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5
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Singh T, Mishra A, Goel RK. PTZ kindling model for epileptogenesis, refractory epilepsy, and associated comorbidities: relevance and reliability. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1573-1590. [PMID: 34427842 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure is one of the gold standard mouse models for rapid evaluation of novel anticonvulsants. Synchronically, PTZ induced kindling in mice is also a simple and well accepted model of chronic epilepsy. PTZ kindling has been explored for studying epileptogenesis, epilepsy-associated comorbidities, and refractory epilepsy. This review summarizes the potential of PTZ kindling in mice and its modifications for its face, construct, and predictive validity to screen antiepileptogenic drugs, combined or add on novel and safe therapies for treatment of epilepsy-associated depression and cognitive impairment as well as effective interventions for pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Guwahati , Changsari, Kamrup , 781101 , Assam , India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Goel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India.
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Klimaschewski L, Claus P. Fibroblast Growth Factor Signalling in the Diseased Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3884-3902. [PMID: 33860438 PMCID: PMC8280051 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) act as key signalling molecules in brain development, maintenance, and repair. They influence the intricate relationship between myelinating cells and axons as well as the association of astrocytic and microglial processes with neuronal perikarya and synapses. Advances in molecular genetics and imaging techniques have allowed novel insights into FGF signalling in recent years. Conditional mouse mutants have revealed the functional significance of neuronal and glial FGF receptors, not only in tissue protection, axon regeneration, and glial proliferation but also in instant behavioural changes. This review provides a summary of recent findings regarding the role of FGFs and their receptors in the nervous system and in the pathogenesis of major neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Klimaschewski
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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7
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Wilkerson BA, Zebroski HL, Finkbeiner CR, Chitsazan AD, Beach KE, Sen N, Zhang RC, Bermingham-McDonogh O. Novel cell types and developmental lineages revealed by single-cell RNA-seq analysis of the mouse crista ampullaris. eLife 2021; 10:e60108. [PMID: 34003106 PMCID: PMC8189719 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides transcriptomic characterization of the cells of the crista ampullaris, sensory structures at the base of the semicircular canals that are critical for vestibular function. We performed single-cell RNA-seq on ampullae microdissected from E16, E18, P3, and P7 mice. Cluster analysis identified the hair cells, support cells and glia of the crista as well as dark cells and other nonsensory epithelial cells of the ampulla, mesenchymal cells, vascular cells, macrophages, and melanocytes. Cluster-specific expression of genes predicted their spatially restricted domains of gene expression in the crista and ampulla. Analysis of cellular proportions across developmental time showed dynamics in cellular composition. The new cell types revealed by single-cell RNA-seq could be important for understanding crista function and the markers identified in this study will enable the examination of their dynamics during development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Wilkerson
- Department of Biological Structure, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Heather L Zebroski
- Department of Biological Structure, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Connor R Finkbeiner
- Department of Biological Structure, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Alex D Chitsazan
- Department of Biological Structure, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Kylie E Beach
- Department of Biological Structure, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Nilasha Sen
- Department of Biological Structure, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Renee C Zhang
- Department of Biological Structure, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Olivia Bermingham-McDonogh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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8
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Barakat AK, Scholl C, Steffens M, Brandenburg K, Ising M, Lucae S, Holsboer F, Laje G, Kalayda GV, Jaehde U, Stingl JC. Citalopram-induced pathways regulation and tentative treatment-outcome-predicting biomarkers in lymphoblastoid cell lines from depression patients. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:210. [PMID: 32612257 PMCID: PMC7329820 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antidepressant therapy is still associated with delays in symptomatic improvement and low response rates. Incomplete understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying antidepressant effects hampered the identification of objective biomarkers for antidepressant response. In this work, we studied transcriptome-wide expression followed by pathway analysis in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from 17 patients documented for response to SSRI antidepressants from the Munich Antidepressant Response Signatures (MARS) study upon short-term incubation (24 and 48 h) with citalopram. Candidate transcripts were further validated with qPCR in MARS LCLs from responders (n = 33) vs. non-responders (n = 36) and afterward in an independent cohort of treatment-resistant patients (n = 20) vs. first-line responders (n = 24) from the STAR*D study. In MARS cohort we observed significant associations of GAD1 (glutamate decarboxylase 1; p = 0.045), TBC1D9 (TBC1 Domain Family Member 9; p = 0.014-0.021) and NFIB (nuclear factor I B; p = 0.015-0.025) expression with response status, remission status and improvement in depression scale, respectively. Pathway analysis of citalopram-altered gene expression indicated response-status-dependent transcriptional reactions. Whereas in clinical responders neural function pathways were primarily up- or downregulated after incubation with citalopram, deregulated pathways in non-responders LCLs mainly involved cell adhesion and immune response. Results from the STAR*D study showed a marginal association of treatment-resistant depression with NFIB (p = 0.068) but not with GAD1 (p = 0.23) and TBC1D9 (p = 0.27). Our results propose the existence of distinct pathway regulation mechanisms in responders vs. non-responders and suggest GAD1, TBC1D9, and NFIB as tentative predictors for clinical response, full remission, and improvement in depression scale, respectively, with only a weak overlap in predictors of different therapy outcome phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Karim Barakat
- grid.414802.b0000 0000 9599 0422Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Catharina Scholl
- grid.414802.b0000 0000 9599 0422Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Steffens
- grid.414802.b0000 0000 9599 0422Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin Brandenburg
- grid.414802.b0000 0000 9599 0422Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcus Ising
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Lucae
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Holsboer
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Laje
- Washington Behavioral Medicine Associates LLC, Chevy Chase, MD USA
| | - Ganna V. Kalayda
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Jaehde
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Carolin Stingl
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 Regulates Fibroblast Growth Factor 7 Expression in Schwann Cells. Ochsner J 2019; 19:7-12. [PMID: 30983895 DOI: 10.31486/toj.18.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Our previous work demonstrated that application of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and forskolin to the repair site after chronic denervation and axotomy has a mitogenic effect, reactivates Schwann cells (SCs), and supports axonal regeneration. We found decreased expression of fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF-7), a factor involved in synaptic organization and maintenance. Using an in vitro system, we examined the molecular mechanism of TGF-β1 and forskolin on the regulation of FGF-7 expression in SCs. Methods: SCs were prepared from the sciatic nerve and stimulated with forskolin (0.5 μM), TGF-β1 (1 ng/mL), or TGF-β1 + forskolin for 6 or 24 hours. SCs were also pretreated with LY2109761 (0.5 μM), a TGF-β receptor inhibitor, prior to stimulation with TGF-β1 + forskolin for 6 hours. Real-time TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses for FGF-7, myelin basic protein, and peripheral myelin protein 22 expression were performed. Cycle threshold (Ct) data were normalized to a reference gene, and fold changes relative to untreated SCs were determined using the 2-ΔΔCt method. Statistical analysis was done using t test (P<0.05). Results: TGF-β1 alone or in combination with forskolin for 24 hours resulted in a 3.3- and 2.8-fold decrease in FGF-7 expression in SCs, respectively. No change in FGF-7 expression was found with forskolin alone. TGF-β1 + forskolin treatment for 6 hours resulted in a 4.0-fold decrease in FGF-7 expression, while the addition of LY2109761 resulted in a 2.7-fold decrease in FGF-7 expression. Conclusion: We showed that SC expression of FGF-7 is regulated by TGF-β1. The positive effect of TGF-β1 and forskolin on SC reactivation and axonal regeneration may involve modulation of FGF-7 expression and activity in SCs.
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Zinkle A, Mohammadi M. Structural Biology of the FGF7 Subfamily. Front Genet 2019; 10:102. [PMID: 30809251 PMCID: PMC6379346 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is intricately regulated via selective binding interactions between 18 FGF ligands and four FGF receptors (FGFR1–4), three of which (FGFR1–3) are expressed as either epithelial (“b”) or mesenchymal (“c”) splice isoforms. The FGF7 subfamily, consisting of FGF3, FGF7, FGF10, and FGF22, is unique among FGFs in that its members are secreted exclusively by the mesenchyme, and specifically activate the “b” isoforms of FGFR1 (FGFR1b) and FGFR2 (FGFR2b) present in the overlying epithelium. This unidirectional mesenchyme-to-epithelium signaling contributes to the development of essentially all organs, glands, and limbs. Structural analysis has shown that members of the FGF7 subfamily achieve their restricted specificity for FGFR1b/FGFR2b by engaging in specific contacts with two alternatively spliced loop regions in the immunoglobulin-like domain 3 (D3) of these receptors. Weak basal receptor-binding affinity further constrains the FGF7 subfamily’s specificity for FGFR1b/2b. In this review, we elaborate on the structural determinants of FGF7 subfamily receptor-binding specificity, and discuss how affinity differences among the four members for the heparin sulfate (HS) co-receptor contribute to their disparate biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Zinkle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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11
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Liu XY, Li X, Bai MR, Chen X, Wang CL, Xie J, Ye L. FGF-7 Dictates Osteocyte Cell Processes Through Beta-Catenin Transduction. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14792. [PMID: 30287900 PMCID: PMC6172271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that osteocytes communicate with each other via gap junctions and that connxin43 (Cx43) shows its great potential in gap junction for the contribution enabling transmission of small molecules and operating in an autocrine/a paracrine manner. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play significant roles in new bone formation and adult bone remodeling, and FGF signaling is regulated by the precise spatiotemporal approaches. However, the influence of FGF7 on osteocyte cell processes is not well elucidated. In this study, we aimed to examine the impact of FGF7 on osteocyte cell processes by characterizing the expression of Cx43 and to reveal the underlying mechanism regulating this cell process. We first found that the mRNA level of FGF7 was higher relative to other FGF family members both in osteocytes cell line (MLO-Y4) and bone tissue. We then demonstrated that FGF7 could increase the expression of Cx43 in osteocytes and promote the cell processes in the form of gap junctions between osteocytes. This modulation was due to the FGF7-induced cytoplasmic accumulation and resultant nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Our results could help us to further understand the importance of FGF7 on bone cell behavior and bone physiology and even pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming-Ru Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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12
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Nirwan N, Siraj F, Vohora D. Inverted-U response of lacosamide on pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus and oxidative stress in C57BL/6 mice is independent of hippocampal collapsin response mediator protein-2. Epilepsy Res 2018; 145:93-101. [PMID: 29935443 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Currently, lacosamide (LCM) is not approved for use in status epilepticus (SE) but several shreds of evidence are available to support its use. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to evaluate the effect of LCM on pilocarpine (PILO) induced SE and neurodegeneration in C57BL/6 mice and to ascertain the involvement of CRMP-2 in mediating above effect. METHODS Pilocarpine-induced SE model was developed to explore the effect of LCM 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg in mice. We assessed the seizure severity, seizure latency, spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) and motor coordination by behavioral observation. Histopathological evaluation and measurement of the levels of CRMP-2, reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were carried out in mice hippocampus. RESULTS LCM exhibited a biphasic effect i.e., protection against SE at 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg dose whilst aggravated seizure-like behavior and mortality at 80 mg/kg. Further, it increased percentage alternation (i.e., restored spatial memory) in SAB and elevated motor impairment with increasing dose. Histologically, LCM 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg (but not 80 mg/kg) reduced neurodegeneration. LCM 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg reversed the elevated MDA and GSH levels while 80 mg/kg showed a tendency to increase oxidative stress. In contrast, LCM (at all doses) reversed the pilocarpine-induced elevation of collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2). CONCLUSION LCM protected against pilocarpine-induced SE, associated neurodegeneration and improved pilocarpine-associated impairment of spatial memory. The study reveals that CRMP-2 may not be mediating the inverted-U-response of LCM at least in pilocarpine model. Therefore, the anti-oxidant effect of LCM (and not its ability to modulate CRMP-2) was anticipated as the mechanism underlying neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Nirwan
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Fouzia Siraj
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjang Hospital Campus, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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13
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Taetzsch T, Brayman VL, Valdez G. FGF binding proteins (FGFBPs): Modulators of FGF signaling in the developing, adult, and stressed nervous system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2983-2991. [PMID: 29902550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family are involved in a variety of cellular processes. In the nervous system, they affect the differentiation and migration of neurons, the formation and maturation of synapses, and the repair of neuronal circuits following insults. Because of the varied yet critical functions of FGF ligands, their availability and activity must be tightly regulated for the nervous system, as well as other tissues, to properly develop and function in adulthood. In this regard, FGF binding proteins (FGFBPs) have emerged as strong candidates for modulating the actions of secreted FGFs in neural and non-neural tissues. Here, we will review the roles of FGFBPs in the peripheral and central nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Taetzsch
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA.
| | - Vanessa L Brayman
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Gregorio Valdez
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Research in the last two decades has identified many synaptic organizers in the central nervous system that directly regulate the assembly of pre- and/or postsynaptic molecules, such as synaptic vesicles, active zone proteins, and neurotransmitter receptors. They are classified into secreted factors and cell adhesion molecules, such as neurexins and neuroligins. Certain secreted factors are termed extracellular scaffolding proteins (ESPs) because they are components of the synaptic extracellular matrix and serve as a scaffold at the synaptic cleft. These include Lgi1, Cbln1, neuronal pentraxins, Hevin, thrombospondins, and glypicans. Diffusible secreted factors, such as Wnts, fibroblast growth factors, and semaphorins, tend to act from a distance. In contrast, ESPs remain at the synaptic cleft and often help synaptic adhesion and/or accumulation of postsynaptic receptors. Many fundamental questions remain about when, how, and why various synaptic organizers establish and modify the vast numbers of connections during development and throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
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15
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Liu Y, Zhang B, Meng X, Korn MJ, Parent JM, Lu LY, Yu X. UHRF2 regulates local 5-methylcytosine and suppresses spontaneous seizures. Epigenetics 2017; 12:551-560. [PMID: 28402695 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2017.1314423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-methylcytosine (5mC) modification regulates multiple cellular processes and is faithfully maintained following DNA replication. In addition to DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family proteins, ubiquitin-like PHD and ring finger domain-containing protein 1 (UHRF1) plays an important role in the maintenance of 5mC levels. Loss of UHRF1 abolishes 5mC in cells and leads to embryonic lethality in mice. Interestingly, UHRF1 has a paralog, UHRF2, that has similar sequence and domain architecture, but its biologic function is not clear. Here, we have generated Uhrf2 knockout mice and characterized the role of UHRF2 in vivo. Uhrf2 knockout mice are viable, but the adult mice develop frequent spontaneous seizures and display abnormal electrical activities in brain. Despite no global DNA methylation changes, 5mC levels are decreased at certain genomic loci in the brains of Uhrf2 knockout mice. Therefore, our study has revealed a unique role of UHRF2 in the maintenance of local 5mC levels in brain that is distinct from that of its paralog UHRF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education and Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province , Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China.,b Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Bin Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education and Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province , Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China.,b Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Xiaoyu Meng
- a Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education and Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province , Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China.,b Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Matthew J Korn
- c Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Jack M Parent
- c Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Lin-Yu Lu
- a Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education and Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province , Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China.,b Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Xiaochun Yu
- d Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics , Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope , Duarte , CA , USA
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16
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Tsan YC, Morell MH, O'Shea KS. miR-410 controls adult SVZ neurogenesis by targeting neurogenic genes. Stem Cell Res 2016; 17:238-247. [PMID: 27591480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over-expression of the early neural inducer, Noggin, in nestin positive subventricular zone (SVZ), neural stem cells (NSC) promotes proliferation and neuronal differentiation of neural progenitors and inhibits the expression of a CNS-enriched microRNA-410 (miR-410) (Morell et al., 2015). When expressed in neurospheres derived from the adult SVZ, miR-410 inhibits neuronal and oligodendrocyte differentiation, and promotes astrocyte differentiation. miR-410 also reverses the increase in neuronal differentiation and decreased astroglial differentiation caused by Noggin over-expression. Conversely, inhibition of miR-410 activity promotes neuronal and decreases astroglial differentiation of NSC. Using computer prediction algorithms and luciferase reporter assays we identified multiple neurogenic genes including Elavl4 as downstream targets of miR-410 via the canonical miRNA-3'UTR interaction. Over-expression of Elavl4 transcripts without the endogenous 3'UTR rescued the decrease in neuronal differentiation caused by miR-410 overexpression. Interestingly, we also observed that miR-410 affected neurite morphology; over-expression of miR-410 resulted in the formation of short, unbranched neurites. We conclude that miR-410 expression provides a new link between BMP signaling and the crucial lineage choice of adult neural stem cells via its ability to bind and control the expression of neurogenic gene transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chang Tsan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Maria H Morell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - K Sue O'Shea
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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17
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Dabrowski A, Umemori H. Buttressing a balanced brain: Target-derived FGF signaling regulates excitatory/inhibitory tone and adult neurogenesis within the maturating hippocampal network. NEUROGENESIS 2016; 3:e1168504. [PMID: 27605441 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1168504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Brain development involves multiple levels of molecular coordination in forming a functional nervous system. The hippocampus is a brain area that is important for memory formation and spatial reasoning. During early postnatal development of the hippocampal circuit, Fibroblast growth factor 22 (FGF22) and FGF7 act to establish a balance of excitatory and inhibitory tone. Both FGFs are secreted from CA3 dendrites, acting on excitatory or inhibitory axon terminals formed onto CA3 dendrites, respectively. Mechanistically, FGF22 utilizes FGFR2b and FGFR1b to induce synaptic vesicle recruitment within axons of dentate granule cells (DGCs), and FGF7 utilizes FGFR2b to induce synaptic vesicle recruitment within interneuron axons. FGF signaling eventually induces gene expression in the presynaptic neurons; however, the effects of FGF22-induced gene expression within DGCs and FGF7-induced gene expression within interneurons in the context of a developing hippocampal circuit have yet to be explored. Here, we propose one hypothetical mechanism of FGF22-induced gene expression in controlling adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Dabrowski
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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18
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Korn MJ, Mandle QJ, Parent JM. Conditional Disabled-1 Deletion in Mice Alters Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Reduces Seizure Threshold. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:63. [PMID: 26941603 PMCID: PMC4766299 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) exhibit altered neurogenesis arising from progenitors within the dentate gyrus subgranular zone (SGZ). Aberrant integration of new neurons into the existing circuit is thought to contribute to epileptogenesis. In particular, adult-born neurons that exhibit ectopic migration and hilar basal dendrites (HBDs) are suggested to be pro-epileptogenic. Loss of reelin signaling may contribute to these morphological changes in patients with epilepsy. We previously demonstrated that conditional deletion of the reelin adaptor protein, disabled-1 (Dab1), from postnatal mouse SGZ progenitors generated dentate granule cells (DGCs) with abnormal dendritic development and ectopic placement. To determine whether the early postnatal loss of reelin signaling is epileptogenic, we conditionally deleted Dab1 in neural progenitors and their progeny on postnatal days 7–8 and performed chronic video-EEG recordings 8–10 weeks later. Dab1-deficient mice did not have spontaneous seizures but exhibited interictal epileptiform abnormalities and a significantly reduced latency to pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. After chemoconvulsant treatment, over 90% of mice deficient for Dab1 developed generalized motor convulsions with tonic-clonic movements, rearing, and falling compared to <20% of wild-type mice. Recombination efficiency, measured by Cre reporter expression, inversely correlated with time to the first sustained seizure. These pro-epileptogenic changes were associated with decreased neurogenesis and increased numbers of hilar ectopic DGCs. Interestingly, neurons co-expressing the Cre reporter comprised a fraction of these hilar ectopic DGCs cells, suggesting a non-cell autonomous effect for the loss of reelin signaling. We also noted a dispersion of the CA1 pyramidal layer, likely due to hypomorphic effects of the conditional Dab1 allele, but this abnormality did not correlate with seizure susceptibility. These findings suggest that the misplacement or reduction of postnatally-generated DGCs contributes to aberrant circuit development and hyperexcitability, but aberrant neurogenesis after conditional Dab1 deletion alone is not sufficient to produce spontaneous seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Korn
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Quinton J Mandle
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jack M Parent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical CenterAnn Arbor, MI, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare SystemAnn Arbor, MI, USA
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19
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Ko J, Choii G, Um JW. The balancing act of GABAergic synapse organizers. Trends Mol Med 2016; 21:256-68. [PMID: 25824541 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is the main neurotransmitter at inhibitory synapses in the mammalian brain. It is essential for maintaining the excitation and inhibition (E/I) ratio, whose imbalance underlies various brain diseases. Emerging information about inhibitory synapse organizers provides a novel molecular framework for understanding E/I balance at the synapse, circuit, and systems levels. This review highlights recent advances in deciphering these components of the inhibitory synapse and their roles in the development, transmission, and circuit properties of inhibitory synapses. We also discuss how their dysfunction may lead to a variety of brain disorders, suggesting new therapeutic strategies based on balancing the E/I ratio.
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20
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FGF10: A multifunctional mesenchymal-epithelial signaling growth factor in development, health, and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 28:63-9. [PMID: 26559461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The FGF family comprises 22 members with diverse functions in development and health. FGF10 specifically activates FGFR2b in a paracrine manner with heparan sulfate as a co-factor. FGF10and FGFR2b are preferentially expressed in the mesenchyme and epithelium, respectively. FGF10 is a mesenchymal signaling molecule in the epithelium. FGF10 knockout mice die shortly after birth due to the complete absence of lungs as well as fore- and hindlimbs. FGF10 is also essential for the development of multiple organs. The phenotypes of Fgf10 knockout mice are very similar to those of FGFR2b knockout mice, indicating that FGF10 acts as a ligand that is specific to FGFR2b in mouse multi-organ development. FGF10 also plays roles in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, the repair of tissue injury, and embryonic stem cell differentiation. In humans, FGF10 loss-of-function mutations result in inherited diseases including aplasia of lacrimal and salivary gland, lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. FGF10 is also involved in the oncogenicity of pancreatic and breast cancers. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in FGF10 are also potential risk factors for limb deficiencies, cleft lip and palate, and extreme myopia. These findings indicate that FGF10 is a crucial paracrine signal from the mesenchyme to epithelium for development, health, and disease.
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21
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Moreira-Filho CA, Bando SY, Bertonha FB, Iamashita P, Silva FN, Costa LDF, Silva AV, Castro LHM, Wen HT. Community structure analysis of transcriptional networks reveals distinct molecular pathways for early- and late-onset temporal lobe epilepsy with childhood febrile seizures. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128174. [PMID: 26011637 PMCID: PMC4444281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Age at epilepsy onset has a broad impact on brain plasticity and epilepsy pathomechanisms. Prolonged febrile seizures in early childhood (FS) constitute an initial precipitating insult (IPI) commonly associated with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). FS-MTLE patients may have early disease onset, i.e. just after the IPI, in early childhood, or late-onset, ranging from mid-adolescence to early adult life. The mechanisms governing early (E) or late (L) disease onset are largely unknown. In order to unveil the molecular pathways underlying E and L subtypes of FS-MTLE we investigated global gene expression in hippocampal CA3 explants of FS-MTLE patients submitted to hippocampectomy. Gene coexpression networks (GCNs) were obtained for the E and L patient groups. A network-based approach for GCN analysis was employed allowing: i) the visualization and analysis of differentially expressed (DE) and complete (CO) - all valid GO annotated transcripts - GCNs for the E and L groups; ii) the study of interactions between all the system's constituents based on community detection and coarse-grained community structure methods. We found that the E-DE communities with strongest connection weights harbor highly connected genes mainly related to neural excitability and febrile seizures, whereas in L-DE communities these genes are not only involved in network excitability but also playing roles in other epilepsy-related processes. Inversely, in E-CO the strongly connected communities are related to compensatory pathways (seizure inhibition, neuronal survival and responses to stress conditions) while in L-CO these communities harbor several genes related to pro-epileptic effects, seizure-related mechanisms and vulnerability to epilepsy. These results fit the concept, based on fMRI and behavioral studies, that early onset epilepsies, although impacting more severely the hippocampus, are associated to compensatory mechanisms, while in late MTLE development the brain is less able to generate adaptive mechanisms, what has implications for epilepsy management and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Yumi Bando
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bernardi Bertonha
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila Iamashita
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luiz Henrique Martins Castro
- Department of Neurology, FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Clinical Neurology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hung-Tzu Wen
- Epilepsy Surgery Group, Hospital das Clínicas, FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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22
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Dabrowski A, Terauchi A, Strong C, Umemori H. Distinct sets of FGF receptors sculpt excitatory and inhibitory synaptogenesis. Development 2015; 142:1818-30. [PMID: 25926357 DOI: 10.1242/dev.115568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the brain must establish a balanced network of excitatory and inhibitory synapses during development for the brain to function properly. An imbalance between these synapses underlies various neurological and psychiatric disorders. The formation of excitatory and inhibitory synapses requires precise molecular control. In the hippocampus, the structure crucial for learning and memory, fibroblast growth factor 22 (FGF22) and FGF7 specifically promote excitatory or inhibitory synapse formation, respectively. Knockout of either Fgf gene leads to excitatory-inhibitory imbalance in the mouse hippocampus and manifests in an altered susceptibility to epileptic seizures, underscoring the importance of FGF-dependent synapse formation. However, the receptors and signaling mechanisms by which FGF22 and FGF7 induce excitatory and inhibitory synapse differentiation are unknown. Here, we show that distinct sets of overlapping FGF receptors (FGFRs), FGFR2b and FGFR1b, mediate excitatory or inhibitory presynaptic differentiation in response to FGF22 and FGF7. Excitatory presynaptic differentiation is impaired in Fgfr2b and Fgfr1b mutant mice; however, inhibitory presynaptic defects are only found in Fgfr2b mutants. FGFR2b and FGFR1b are required for an excitatory presynaptic response to FGF22, whereas only FGFR2b is required for an inhibitory presynaptic response to FGF7. We further find that FGFRs are required in the presynaptic neuron to respond to FGF22, and that FRS2 and PI3K, but not PLCγ, mediate FGF22-dependent presynaptic differentiation. Our results reveal the specific receptors and signaling pathways that mediate FGF-dependent presynaptic differentiation, and thereby provide a mechanistic understanding of precise excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Dabrowski
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Akiko Terauchi
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Cameron Strong
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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23
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Isgor C, Pare C, McDole B, Coombs P, Guthrie K. Expansion of the dentate mossy fiber-CA3 projection in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor-enriched mouse hippocampus. Neuroscience 2014; 288:10-23. [PMID: 25555929 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Structural changes that alter hippocampal functional circuitry are implicated in learning impairments, mood disorders and epilepsy. Reorganization of mossy fiber (MF) axons from dentate granule cells is one such form of plasticity. Increased neurotrophin signaling is proposed to underlie MF plasticity, and there is evidence to support a mechanistic role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in this process. Transgenic mice overexpressing BDNF in the forebrain under the α-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II promoter (TgBDNF mice) exhibit spatial learning deficits at 2-3months of age, followed by the emergence of spontaneous seizures at ∼6months. These behavioral changes suggest that chronic increases in BDNF progressively disrupt hippocampal functional organization. To determine if the dentate MF pathway is structurally altered in this strain, the present study employed Timm staining and design-based stereology to compare MF distribution and projection volumes in transgenic and wild-type mice at 2-3months, and at 6-7months. Mice in the latter age group were assessed for seizure vulnerability with a low dose of pilocarpine given 2h before euthanasia. At 2-3months, TgBDNF mice showed moderate expansion of CA3-projecting MFs (∼20%), with increased volumes measured in the suprapyramidal (SP-MF) and intra/infrapyramidal (IIP-MF) compartments. At 6-7months, a subset of transgenic mice exhibited increased seizure susceptibility, along with an increase in IIP-MF volume (∼30%). No evidence of MF sprouting was seen in the inner molecular layer. Additional stereological analyses demonstrated significant increases in molecular layer (ML) volume in TgBDNF mice at both ages, as well as an increase in granule cell number by 8months of age. Collectively, these results indicate that sustained increases in endogenous BDNF modify dentate structural organization over time, and may thereby contribute to the development of pro-epileptic circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Isgor
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, United States
| | - C Pare
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, United States
| | - B McDole
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, United States
| | - P Coombs
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, United States
| | - K Guthrie
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, United States.
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24
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Wagnon JL, Korn MJ, Parent R, Tarpey TA, Jones JM, Hammer MF, Murphy GG, Parent JM, Meisler MH. Convulsive seizures and SUDEP in a mouse model of SCN8A epileptic encephalopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:506-15. [PMID: 25227913 PMCID: PMC4275076 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo mutations of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene SCN8A have recently been recognized as a cause of epileptic encephalopathy, which is characterized by refractory seizures with developmental delay and cognitive disability. We previously described the heterozygous SCN8A missense mutation p.Asn1768Asp in a child with epileptic encephalopathy that included seizures, ataxia, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). The mutation results in increased persistent sodium current and hyperactivity of transfected neurons. We have characterized a knock-in mouse model expressing this dominant gain-of-function mutation to investigate the pathology of the altered channel in vivo. The mutant channel protein is stable in vivo. Heterozygous Scn8aN1768D/+ mice exhibit seizures and SUDEP, confirming the causality of the de novo mutation in the proband. Using video/EEG analysis, we detect ictal discharges that coincide with convulsive seizures and myoclonic jerks. Prior to seizure onset, heterozygous mutants are not defective in motor learning or fear conditioning, but do exhibit mild impairment of motor coordination and social discrimination. Homozygous mutant mice exhibit earlier seizure onset than heterozygotes and more rapid progression to death. Analysis of the intermediate phenotype of functionally hemizygous Scn8aN1768D/− mice indicates that severity is increased by a double dose of mutant protein and reduced by the presence of wild-type protein. Scn8aN1768D mutant mice provide a model of epileptic encephalopathy that will be valuable for studying the in vivo effects of hyperactive Nav1.6 and the response to therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachel Parent
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Taylor A Tarpey
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Michael F Hammer
- Arizona Research Laboratories, Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Geoffrey G Murphy
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA and
| | - Jack M Parent
- Department of Neurology VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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25
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Kehrl JM, Sahaya K, Dalton HM, Charbeneau RA, Kohut KT, Gilbert K, Pelz MC, Parent J, Neubig RR. Gain-of-function mutation in Gnao1: a murine model of epileptiform encephalopathy (EIEE17)? Mamm Genome 2014; 25:202-10. [PMID: 24700286 PMCID: PMC4042023 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-014-9509-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors strongly modulate neuronal excitability but there has been little evidence for G protein mechanisms in genetic epilepsies. Recently, four patients with epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE17) were found to have mutations in GNAO1, the most abundant G protein in brain, but the mechanism of this effect is not known. The GNAO1 gene product, Gαo, negatively regulates neurotransmitter release. Here, we report a dominant murine model of Gnao1-related seizures and sudden death. We introduced a genomic gain-of-function knock-in mutation (Gnao1 (+/G184S)) that prevents Go turnoff by Regulators of G protein signaling proteins. This results in rare seizures, strain-dependent death between 15 and 40 weeks of age, and a markedly increased frequency of interictal epileptiform discharges. Mutants on a C57BL/6J background also have faster sensitization to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling. Both premature lethality and PTZ kindling effects are suppressed in the 129SvJ mouse strain. We have mapped a 129S-derived modifier locus on Chromosome 17 (within the region 41-70 MB) as a Modifer of G protein Seizures (Mogs1). Our mouse model suggests a novel gain-of-function mechanism for the newly defined subset of epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE17). Furthermore, it reveals a new epilepsy susceptibility modifier Mogs1 with implications for the complex genetics of human epilepsy as well as sudden death in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Kehrl
- />Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Kinshuk Sahaya
- />Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Hans M. Dalton
- />Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | | | - Kevin T. Kohut
- />Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Kristen Gilbert
- />Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Madeline C. Pelz
- />Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Jack Parent
- />Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- />Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
| | - Richard R. Neubig
- />Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, B440 Life Sciences, 1355 Bogue St, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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Finch PW, Mark Cross LJ, McAuley DF, Farrell CL. Palifermin for the protection and regeneration of epithelial tissues following injury: new findings in basic research and pre-clinical models. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 17:1065-87. [PMID: 24151975 PMCID: PMC4118166 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a paracrine-acting epithelial mitogen produced by cells of mesenchymal origin, that plays an important role in protecting and repairing epithelial tissues. Pre-clinical data initially demonstrated that a recombinant truncated KGF (palifermin) could reduce gastrointestinal injury and mortality resulting from a variety of toxic exposures. Furthermore, the use of palifermin in patients with hematological malignancies reduced the incidence and duration of severe oral mucositis experienced after intensive chemoradiotherapy. Based upon these findings, as well as the observation that KGF receptors are expressed in many, if not all, epithelial tissues, pre-clinical studies have been conducted to determine the efficacy of palifermin in protecting different epithelial tissues from toxic injury in an attempt to model various clinical situations in which it might prove to be of benefit in limiting tissue damage. In this article, we review these studies to provide the pre-clinical background for clinical trials that are described in the accompanying article and the rationale for additional clinical applications of palifermin.
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Williams AJ, Umemori H. The best-laid plans go oft awry: synaptogenic growth factor signaling in neuropsychiatric disease. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2014; 6:4. [PMID: 24672476 PMCID: PMC3957327 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2014.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factors play important roles in synapse formation. Mouse models of neuropsychiatric diseases suggest that defects in synaptogenic growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways can lead to disordered neural development and various behavioral phenotypes, including anxiety, memory problems, and social deficits. Genetic association studies in humans have found evidence for similar relationships between growth factor signaling pathways and neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Accumulating data suggest that dysfunction in neuronal circuitry, caused by defects in growth factor-mediated synapse formation, contributes to the susceptibility to multiple neuropsychiatric diseases, including epilepsy, autism, and disorders of thought and mood (e.g., schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, respectively). In this review, we will focus on how specific synaptogenic growth factors and their downstream signaling pathways might be involved in the development of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislinn J Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital Boston, MA, USA
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28
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Paradiso B, Zucchini S, Simonato M. Implication of fibroblast growth factors in epileptogenesis-associated circuit rearrangements. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:152. [PMID: 24062643 PMCID: PMC3772316 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transformation of a normal brain in epileptic (epileptogenesis) is associated with extensive morpho-functional alterations, including cell death, axonal and dendritic plasticity, neurogenesis, and others. Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) appear to be very strongly implicated in these phenomena. In this review, we focus on the involvement of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family members. Available data demonstrate that the FGFs are highly involved in the generation of the morpho-functional alterations in brain circuitries associated with epileptogenesis. For example, data on FGF2, the most studied member, suggest that it may be implicated both in seizure susceptibility and in seizure-induced plasticity, exerting different, and apparently contrasting effects: favoring acute seizures but reducing seizure-induced cell death. Even if many FGF members are still unexplored and very limited information is available on the FGF receptors, a complex and fascinating picture is emerging: multiple FGFs producing synergic or antagonistic effects one with another (and/or with other NTFs) on biological parameters that, in turn, facilitate or oppose transformation of the normal tissue in epileptic. In principle, identifying key elements in these phenomena may lead to effective therapies, but reaching this goal will require confronting a huge complexity. One first step could be to generate a "neurotrophicome" listing the FGFs (and all other NTFs) that are active during epileptogenesis. This should include identification of the extent to which each NTF is active (concentrations at the site of action); how it is active (local representation of receptor subtypes); when in the natural history of disease this occurs; how the NTF at hand will possibly interact with other NTFs. This is extraordinarily challenging, but holds the promise of a better understanding of epileptogenesis and, at large, of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Paradiso
- 1Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy ; 2Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology Ferrara, Italy ; 3National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy
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29
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Lee CH, Umemori H. Suppression of epileptogenesis-associated changes in response to seizures in FGF22-deficient mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:43. [PMID: 23616746 PMCID: PMC3629311 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing hippocampus, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 22 promotes the formation of excitatory presynaptic terminals. Remarkably, FGF22 knockout (KO) mice show resistance to generalized seizures in adults as assessed by chemical kindling, a model that is widely used to study epileptogenesis (Terauchi et al., 2010). Repeated injections of low dose pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induce generalized seizures ("kindled") in wild type (WT) mice. With additional PTZ injections, FGF22KO mice do show moderate seizures, but they do not kindle. Thus, analyses of how FGF22 impacts seizure susceptibility will contribute to the better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of epileptogenesis. To decipher the roles of FGF22 in the seizure phenotype, we examine four pathophysiological changes in the hippocampus associated with epileptogenesis: enhancement of dentate neurogenesis, hilar ectopic dentate granule cells (DGCs), increase in hilar cell death, and formation of mossy fiber sprouting (MFS). Dentate neurogenesis is enhanced, hilar ectopic DGCs appeared, and hilar cell death is increased in PTZ-kindled WT mice relative to PBS-injected WT mice. Even in WT mice with fewer PTZ injections, which showed only mild seizures (so were not kindled), neurogenesis, hilar ectopic DGCs, and hilar cell death are increased, suggesting that mild seizures are enough to induce these changes in WT mice. In contrast, PTZ-injected FGF22KO mice do not show these changes despite having moderate seizures: neurogenesis is rather suppressed, hilar ectopic DGCs do not appear, and hilar cell death is unchanged in PTZ-injected FGF22KO mice relative to PBS-injected FGF22KO mice. These results indicate that FGF22 plays important roles in controlling neurogenesis, ectopic migration of DGCs, and hilar cell death after seizures, which may contribute to the generalized seizure-resistant phenotype of FGF22KO mice and suggests a possibility that inhibition of FGF22 may alleviate epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara H. Lee
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA
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30
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Takase HM, Itoh T, Ino S, Wang T, Koji T, Akira S, Takikawa Y, Miyajima A. FGF7 is a functional niche signal required for stimulation of adult liver progenitor cells that support liver regeneration. Genes Dev 2013; 27:169-81. [PMID: 23322300 DOI: 10.1101/gad.204776.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a unique organ with a remarkably high potential to regenerate upon injuries. In severely damaged livers where hepatocyte proliferation is impaired, facultative liver progenitor cells (LPCs) proliferate and are assumed to contribute to regeneration. An expansion of LPCs is often observed in patients with various types of liver diseases. However, the underlying mechanism of LPC activation still remains largely unknown. Here we show that a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, FGF7, is a critical regulator of LPCs. Its expression was induced concomitantly with LPC response in the liver of mouse models as well as in the serum of patients with acute liver failure. Fgf7-deficient mice exhibited markedly depressed LPC expansion and higher mortality upon toxin-induced hepatic injury. Transgenic expression of FGF7 in vivo led to the induction of cells with characteristics of LPCs and ameliorated hepatic dysfunction. We revealed that Thy1(+) mesenchymal cells produced FGF7 and appeared in close proximity to LPCs, implicating a role for those cells as the functional LPC niche in the regenerating liver. These findings provide new insights into the cellular and molecular basis for LPC regulation and identify FGF7 as a potential therapeutic target for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinako M Takase
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Garaffo G, Provero P, Molineris I, Pinciroli P, Peano C, Battaglia C, Tomaiuolo D, Etzion T, Gothilf Y, Santoro M, Merlo GR. Profiling, Bioinformatic, and Functional Data on the Developing Olfactory/GnRH System Reveal Cellular and Molecular Pathways Essential for This Process and Potentially Relevant for the Kallmann Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:203. [PMID: 24427155 PMCID: PMC3876029 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, immature neurons in the olfactory epithelium (OE) extend axons through the nasal mesenchyme, to contact projection neurons in the olfactory bulb. Axon navigation is accompanied by migration of the GnRH+ neurons, which enter the anterior forebrain and home in the septo-hypothalamic area. This process can be interrupted at various points and lead to the onset of the Kallmann syndrome (KS), a disorder characterized by anosmia and central hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Several genes has been identified in human and mice that cause KS or a KS-like phenotype. In mice a set of transcription factors appears to be required for olfactory connectivity and GnRH neuron migration; thus we explored the transcriptional network underlying this developmental process by profiling the OE and the adjacent mesenchyme at three embryonic ages. We also profiled the OE from embryos null for Dlx5, a homeogene that causes a KS-like phenotype when deleted. We identified 20 interesting genes belonging to the following categories: (1) transmembrane adhesion/receptor, (2) axon-glia interaction, (3) scaffold/adapter for signaling, (4) synaptic proteins. We tested some of them in zebrafish embryos: the depletion of five (of six) Dlx5 targets affected axonal extension and targeting, while three (of three) affected GnRH neuron position and neurite organization. Thus, we confirmed the importance of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and identified new molecules needed for olfactory connection and GnRH neuron migration. Using available and newly generated data, we predicted/prioritized putative KS-disease genes, by building conserved co-expression networks with all known disease genes in human and mouse. The results show the overall validity of approaches based on high-throughput data and predictive bioinformatics to identify genes potentially relevant for the molecular pathogenesis of KS. A number of candidate will be discussed, that should be tested in future mutation screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Garaffo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ivan Molineris
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pinciroli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Clelia Peano
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, National Research Council, ITB-CNR, Segrate, Italy
| | - Cristina Battaglia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, National Research Council, ITB-CNR, Segrate, Italy
| | - Daniela Tomaiuolo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Talya Etzion
- The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoav Gothilf
- The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio R. Merlo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giorgio R. Merlo, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy e-mail:
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