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Ben-Shlomo Y, Darweesh S, Llibre-Guerra J, Marras C, San Luciano M, Tanner C. The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. Lancet 2024; 403:283-292. [PMID: 38245248 PMCID: PMC11123577 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease shows marked variations in time, geography, ethnicity, age, and sex. Internationally, prevalence has increased over and above demographic changes. There are several potential reasons for this increase, including the decline in other competing causes of death. Whether incidence is increasing, especially in women or in many low-income and middle-income countries where there is a shortage of high-quality data, is less certain. Parkinson's disease is more common in older people and men, and a variety of environmental factors have been suggested to explain why, including exposure to neurotoxic agents. Within countries, there appear to be ethnic differences in disease risk, although these differences might reflect differential access to health care. The cause of Parkinson's disease is multifactorial, and involves genetic and environmental factors. Both risk factors (eg, pesticides) and protective factors (eg, physical activity and tendency to smoke) have been postulated to have a role in Parkinson's disease, although elucidating causality is complicated by the long prodromal period. Following the establishment of public health strategies to prevent cardiovascular diseases and some cancers, chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and dementia are gaining a deserved higher priority. Multipronged prevention strategies are required that tackle population-based primary prevention, high-risk targeted secondary prevention, and Parkinson's disease-modifying therapies for tertiary prevention. Future international collaborations will be required to triangulate evidence from basic, applied, and epidemiological research, thereby enhancing the understanding and prevention of Parkinson's disease at a global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Sirwan Darweesh
- Centre of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Connie Marras
- The Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marta San Luciano
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Tanner
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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2
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Babić Leko M, Langer Horvat L, Španić Popovački E, Zubčić K, Hof PR, Šimić G. Metals in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1161. [PMID: 37189779 PMCID: PMC10136077 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of metals in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still debated. Although previous research has linked changes in essential metal homeostasis and exposure to environmental heavy metals to the pathogenesis of AD, more research is needed to determine the relationship between metals and AD. In this review, we included human studies that (1) compared the metal concentrations between AD patients and healthy controls, (2) correlated concentrations of AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers with metal concentrations, and (3) used Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess the potential metal contributions to AD risk. Although many studies have examined various metals in dementia patients, understanding the dynamics of metals in these patients remains difficult due to considerable inconsistencies among the results of individual studies. The most consistent findings were for Zn and Cu, with most studies observing a decrease in Zn levels and an increase in Cu levels in AD patients. However, several studies found no such relation. Because few studies have compared metal levels with biomarker levels in the CSF of AD patients, more research of this type is required. Given that MR is revolutionizing epidemiologic research, additional MR studies that include participants from diverse ethnic backgrounds to assess the causal relationship between metals and AD risk are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Babić Leko
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lea Langer Horvat
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ena Španić Popovački
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Klara Zubčić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Lima MN, Barbosa-Silva MC, Maron-Gutierrez T. Microglial Priming in Infections and Its Risk to Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:878987. [PMID: 35783096 PMCID: PMC9240317 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.878987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases of different etiologies have been associated with acute and long-term neurological consequences. The primary cause of these consequences appears to be an inflammatory process characterized primarily by a pro-inflammatory microglial state. Microglial cells, the local effectors’ cells of innate immunity, once faced by a stimulus, alter their morphology, and become a primary source of inflammatory cytokines that increase the inflammatory process of the brain. This inflammatory scenario exerts a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, several studies have shown the involvement of the microglial inflammatory response caused by infections in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. This has been associated with a transitory microglial state subsequent to an inflammatory response, known as microglial priming, in which these cells are more responsive to stimuli. Thus, systemic inflammation and infections induce a transitory state in microglia that may lead to changes in their state and function, making priming them for subsequent immune challenges. However, considering that microglia are long-lived cells and are repeatedly exposed to infections during a lifetime, microglial priming may not be beneficial. In this review, we discuss the relationship between infections and neurodegenerative diseases and how this may rely on microglial priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara N. Lima
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria C. Barbosa-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Maron-Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Tatiana Maron-Gutierrez;
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Akinyemi RO, Yaria J, Ojagbemi A, Guerchet M, Okubadejo N, Njamnshi AK, Sarfo FS, Akpalu A, Ogbole G, Ayantayo T, Adokonou T, Paddick SM, Ndetei D, Bosche J, Ayele B, Damas A, Coker M, Mbakile-Mahlanza L, Ranchod K, Bobrow K, Anazodo U, Damasceno A, Seshadri S, Pericak-Vance M, Lawlor B, Miller BL, Owolabi M, Baiyewu O, Walker R, Gureje O, Kalaria RN, Ogunniyi A. Dementia in Africa: Current evidence, knowledge gaps, and future directions. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:790-809. [PMID: 34569714 PMCID: PMC8957626 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In tandem with the ever-increasing aging population in low and middle-income countries, the burden of dementia is rising on the African continent. Dementia prevalence varies from 2.3% to 20.0% and incidence rates are 13.3 per 1000 person-years with increasing mortality in parts of rapidly transforming Africa. Differences in nutrition, cardiovascular factors, comorbidities, infections, mortality, and detection likely contribute to lower incidence. Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated neurocognitive disorders are the most common dementia subtypes. Comprehensive longitudinal studies with robust methodology and regional coverage would provide more reliable information. The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is most studied but has shown differential effects within African ancestry compared to Caucasian. More candidate gene and genome-wide association studies are needed to relate to dementia phenotypes. Validated culture-sensitive cognitive tools not influenced by education and language differences are critically needed for implementation across multidisciplinary groupings such as the proposed African Dementia Consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufus O Akinyemi
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Centre for Genomic and Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Neurology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Yaria
- Department of Neurology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Akin Ojagbemi
- Department of Psychiatry University College Hospital/College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Maëlenn Guerchet
- INSERM, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, IRD, U1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, GEIST, Limoges, France
| | - Njideka Okubadejo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Alfred K Njamnshi
- Department of Neurology, Yaoundé Central Hospital/Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Geneva, Switzerland/Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Fred S Sarfo
- Department of Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Albert Akpalu
- Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School/Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Godwin Ogbole
- Department of Radiology, University College Hospital/College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Temitayo Ayantayo
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Thierry Adokonou
- Department of Neurology, University Teaching Hospital, Parakou, Benin
| | - Stella-Maria Paddick
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, UK/Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust, Gateshead, UK
| | - David Ndetei
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and African Meatal Health and Training Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Judith Bosche
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Biniyam Ayele
- College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Andrea Damas
- Mirembe Mental Health Hospital, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Motunrayo Coker
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Lingani Mbakile-Mahlanza
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kirti Ranchod
- Lufuno Neuropsychiatry Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kirsten Bobrow
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Udunna Anazodo
- Lawson Health Research Institute / Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Albertino Damasceno
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Margaret Pericak-Vance
- John T. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Brian Lawlor
- Global Brain Health Institute, Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Global Brain Health Institute, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mayowa Owolabi
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Centre for Genomic and Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Neurology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun Baiyewu
- Department of Psychiatry University College Hospital/College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Richard Walker
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, UK
| | - Oye Gureje
- Department of Psychiatry University College Hospital/College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Rajesh N Kalaria
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Adesola Ogunniyi
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Neurology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
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5
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Gauvrit T, Benderradji H, Buée L, Blum D, Vieau D. Early-Life Environment Influence on Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:834661. [PMID: 35252195 PMCID: PMC8891536 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.834661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With the expand of the population’s average age, the incidence of neurodegenerative disorders has dramatically increased over the last decades. Alzheimer disease (AD) which is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease is mostly sporadic and primarily characterized by cognitive deficits and neuropathological lesions such as amyloid -β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyper- and/or abnormally phosphorylated Tau protein. AD is considered a complex disease that arises from the interaction between environmental and genetic factors, modulated by epigenetic mechanisms. Besides the well-described cognitive decline, AD patients also exhibit metabolic impairments. Metabolic and cognitive perturbations are indeed frequently observed in the Developmental Origin of Health and Diseases (DOHaD) field of research which proposes that environmental perturbations during the perinatal period determine the susceptibility to pathological conditions later in life. In this review, we explored the potential influence of early environmental exposure to risk factors (maternal stress, malnutrition, xenobiotics, chemical factors … ) and the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms on the programming of late-onset AD. Animal models indicate that offspring exposed to early-life stress during gestation and/or lactation increase both AD lesions, lead to defects in synaptic plasticity and finally to cognitive impairments. This long-lasting epigenetic programming could be modulated by factors such as nutriceuticals, epigenetic modifiers or psychosocial behaviour, offering thus future therapeutic opportunity to protect from AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Gauvrit
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Hamza Benderradji
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Luc Buée
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - David Blum
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Didier Vieau
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
- *Correspondence: Didier Vieau,
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6
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Curley DE, Webb AE, Sheffler DJ, Haass-Koffler CL. Corticotropin Releasing Factor Binding Protein as a Novel Target to Restore Brain Homeostasis: Lessons Learned From Alcohol Use Disorder Research. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:786855. [PMID: 34912198 PMCID: PMC8667027 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.786855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is well-known to contribute to the development of many psychiatric illnesses including alcohol and substance use disorder (AUD and SUD). The deleterious effects of stress have also been implicated in the acceleration of biological age, and age-related neurodegenerative disease. The physio-pathology of stress is regulated by the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system, the upstream component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Extensive literature has shown that dysregulation of the CRF neuroendocrine system contributes to escalation of alcohol consumption and, similarly, chronic alcohol consumption contributes to disruption of the stress system. The CRF system also represents the central switchboard for regulating homeostasis, and more recent studies have found that stress and aberrations in the CRF pathway are implicated in accelerated aging and age-related neurodegenerative disease. Corticotropin releasing factor binding protein (CRFBP) is a secreted glycoprotein distributed in peripheral tissues and in specific brain regions. It neutralizes the effects of CRF by sequestering free CRF, but may also possess excitatory function by interacting with CRF receptors. CRFBP’s dual role in influencing CRF bioavailability and CRF receptor signaling has been shown to have a major part in the HPA axis response. Therefore, CRFBP may represent a valuable target to treat stress-related illness, including: development of novel medications to treat AUD and restore homeostasis in the aging brain. This narrative review focuses on molecular mechanisms related to the role of CRFBP in the progression of addictive and psychiatric disorders, biological aging, and age-related neurodegenerative disease. We provide an overview of recent studies investigating modulation of this pathway as a potential therapeutic target for AUD and age-related neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallece E Curley
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Ashley E Webb
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Douglas J Sheffler
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Carolina L Haass-Koffler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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7
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Peleg-Raibstein D. Understanding the Link Between Maternal Overnutrition, Cardio-Metabolic Dysfunction and Cognitive Aging. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:645569. [PMID: 33716660 PMCID: PMC7953988 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.645569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has long been identified as a global epidemic with major health implications such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Maternal overnutrition leads to significant health issues in industrial countries and is one of the risk factors for the development of obesity and related disorders in the progeny. The wide accessibility of junk food in recent years is one of the major causes of obesity, as it is low in nutrient content and usually high in salt, sugar, fat, and calories. An excess of nutrients during fetal life not only has immediate effects on the fetus, including increased growth and fat deposition in utero, but also has long-term health consequences. Based on human studies, it is difficult to discern between genetic and environmental contributions to the risk of disease in future generations. Consequently, animal models are essential for studying the impact of maternal overnutrition on the developing offspring. Recently, animal models provided some insight into the physiological mechanisms that underlie developmental programming. Most of the studies employed thus far have focused only on obesity and metabolic dysfunctions in the offspring. These studies have advanced our understanding of how maternal overnutrition in the form of high-fat diet exposure can lead to an increased risk of obesity in the offspring, but many questions remain open. How maternal overnutrition may increase the risk of developing brain pathology such as cognitive disabilities in the offspring and increase the risk to develop metabolic disorders later in life? Further, does maternal overnutrition exacerbate cognitive- and cardio-metabolic aging in the offspring?
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Peleg-Raibstein
- Laboratory of Neurobehavioural Dynamics, Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Synergistic Effects of Milk-Derived Exosomes and Galactose on α-Synuclein Pathology in Parkinson's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031059. [PMID: 33494388 PMCID: PMC7865729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies associate milk consumption with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). PD is an α-synucleinopathy associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, deficient lysosomal clearance of α-synuclein (α-syn) and aggregation of misfolded α-syn. In T2D, α-syn promotes co-aggregation with islet amyloid polypeptide in pancreatic β-cells. Prion-like vagal nerve-mediated propagation of exosomal α-syn from the gut to the brain and pancreatic islets apparently link both pathologies. Exosomes are critical transmitters of α-syn from cell to cell especially under conditions of compromised autophagy. This review provides translational evidence that milk exosomes (MEX) disturb α-syn homeostasis. MEX are taken up by intestinal epithelial cells and accumulate in the brain after oral administration to mice. The potential uptake of MEX miRNA-148a and miRNA-21 by enteroendocrine cells in the gut, dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and pancreatic β-cells may enhance miRNA-148a/DNMT1-dependent overexpression of α-syn and impair miRNA-148a/PPARGC1A- and miRNA-21/LAMP2A-dependent autophagy driving both diseases. MiRNA-148a- and galactose-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress activate c-Abl-mediated aggregation of α-syn which is exported by exosome release. Via the vagal nerve and/or systemic exosomes, toxic α-syn may spread to dopaminergic neurons and pancreatic β-cells linking the pathogenesis of PD and T2D.
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Farugia TL, Cuni-Lopez C, White AR. Potential Impacts of Extreme Heat and Bushfires on Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:969-978. [PMID: 33459654 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Australia often experiences natural disasters and extreme weather conditions such as: flooding, sandstorms, heatwaves, and bushfires (also known as wildfires or forest fires). The proportion of the Australian population aged 65 years and over is increasing, alongside the severity and frequency of extreme weather conditions and natural disasters. Extreme heat can affect the entire population but particularly at the extremes of life, and patients with morbidities. Frequently identified as a vulnerable demographic in natural disasters, there is limited research on older adults and their capacity to deal with extreme heat and bushfires. There is a considerable amount of literature that suggests a significant association between mental disorders such as dementia, and increased vulnerability to extreme heat. The prevalence rate for dementia is estimated at 30%by age 85 years, but there has been limited research on the effects extreme heat and bushfires have on individuals living with dementia. This review explores the differential diagnosis of dementia, the Australian climate, and the potential impact Australia's extreme heat and bushfires have on individuals from vulnerable communities including low socioeconomic status Indigenous and Non-Indigenous populations living with dementia, in both metropolitan and rural communities. Furthermore, we investigate possible prevention strategies and provide suggestions for future research on the topic of Australian bushfires and heatwaves and their impact on people living with dementia. This paper includes recommendations to ensure rural communities have access to appropriate support services, medical treatment, awareness, and information surrounding dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taya L Farugia
- Mental Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carla Cuni-Lopez
- Mental Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- Mental Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Martier R, Konstantinova P. Gene Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Slowing Down the Ticking Clock. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:580179. [PMID: 33071748 PMCID: PMC7530328 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.580179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is an emerging and powerful therapeutic tool to deliver functional genetic material to cells in order to correct a defective gene. During the past decades, several studies have demonstrated the potential of AAV-based gene therapies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. While some clinical studies have failed to demonstrate therapeutic efficacy, the use of AAV as a delivery tool has demonstrated to be safe. Here, we discuss the past, current and future perspectives of gene therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss the current advances on the newly emerging RNAi-based gene therapies which has been widely studied in preclinical model and recently also made it to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raygene Martier
- Department of Research and Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pavlina Konstantinova
- Department of Research and Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands
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11
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Charting the life course: Emerging opportunities to advance scientific approaches using life course research. J Clin Transl Sci 2020; 5:e9. [PMID: 33948236 PMCID: PMC8057465 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2020.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Life course research embraces the complexity of health and disease development, tackling the extensive interactions between genetics and environment. This interdisciplinary blueprint, or theoretical framework, offers a structure for research ideas and specifies relationships between related factors. Traditionally, methodological approaches attempt to reduce the complexity of these dynamic interactions and decompose health into component parts, ignoring the complex reciprocal interaction of factors that shape health over time. New methods that match the epistemological foundation of the life course framework are needed to fully explore adaptive, multilevel, and reciprocal interactions between individuals and their environment. The focus of this article is to (1) delineate the differences between lifespan and life course research, (2) articulate the importance of complex systems science as a methodological framework in the life course research toolbox to guide our research questions, (3) raise key questions that can be asked within the clinical and translational science domain utilizing this framework, and (4) provide recommendations for life course research implementation, charting the way forward. Recent advances in computational analytics, computer science, and data collection could be used to approximate, measure, and analyze the intertwining and dynamic nature of genetic and environmental factors involved in health development.
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Maternal diet high in Omega-3 fatty acids upregulate genes involved in neurotrophin signalling in fetal brain during pregnancy in C57BL/6 mice. Neurochem Int 2020; 138:104778. [PMID: 32474175 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins play a critical role in the development, maintenance, and proper function of the brain. We investigated the effects of maternal diet high in omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on fatty acids composition and the gene expression of neurotrophins in fetal brain at different gestation stages. Female C57BL/6 mice (7-weeks old, n = 8/group) were fed a diet containing high, low or very low n-3 PUFA (9, 3 or 1% w/w, respectively), with an n-6:n-3 PUFA of 5:1, 20:1 and 40:1, respectively, for two weeks before mating and throughout pregnancy. Animals were sacrificed during pregnancy at gestation day 12.5 and 18.5 to determine placental and fetal-brain fatty acids composition. The gene expressions of endothelial lipase (EL) and plasma membrane fatty acid-binding protein (FABPpm) were measured in the placenta, while major facilitator superfamily domain-containing 2a (Mfsd2a), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin-receptor kinase (TrK)-B, and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) were measured in fetal-brain, using qPCR. The protein expression of phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) was determined using ELISA. The high n-3 PUFA diet increased the mRNA expression of EL, FABPpm, and Mfsd2a at both gestation days, compared to other groups. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and total n-3 PUFA were significantly higher in the high n-3 PUFA group, compared to the other groups at both gestation days. The high n-3 PUFA diet also increased the mRNA expressions of BDNF, TrKB and CREB, as well as the protein concentration of pCREB as gestation progressed, compared to the other groups. Our findings show for the first time that maternal diet high in n-3 PUFA increased the mRNA expression of Mfsd2a, which correlated with an increase in DHA accretion in the fetal-brain. A diet high in n-3 PUFA increased neurotrophin signalling in fetal-brain as gestation progressed, demonstrating the importance of n-3 PUFA during brain development.
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Impact of Maternal Separation on Dopamine System and its Association with Parkinson's Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 22:335-340. [PMID: 31933131 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As a type of stress, maternal separation (MS) has been one of the most widely used models in neuropsychiatric research. An increasing number of studies has found that MS not only affects the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and hippocampal 5-hydroxytryptamine system, but also causes dysfunction of the central dopamine (DA) system and increases the susceptibility of dopaminergic neurons to pathogenic factors of Parkinson's disease (PD), for instance, 6-hydroxydopamine, thus impairing motor function. We reviewed the impact of MS on the DA system and its correlation with PD and found the following: (1) discrepant effects of MS on the DA system have been reported; (2) MS is a good model to study the impact of stress on the occurrence and development of PD, however, unified modeling criteria of MS are required; (3) correlation between MS and PD may involve the impact of MS on the DA system, which however is not the only connection; (4) intervening measures can block pathways between MS and PD, which provides reference for the prevention of PD in specific populations such as left-behind children.
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Vandael D, Gounko NV. Corticotropin releasing factor-binding protein (CRF-BP) as a potential new therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease and stress disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:272. [PMID: 31641098 PMCID: PMC6805916 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia and one of the most complex human neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous studies have demonstrated a critical role of the environment in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the disease, where daily life stress plays an important role. A lot of epigenetic studies have led to the conclusion that chronic stress and stress-related disorders play an important part in the onset of neurodegenerative disorders, and an enormous amount of research yielded valuable discoveries but has so far not led to the development of effective treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is one of the major hormones and at the same time a neuropeptide acting in stress response. Deregulation of protein levels of CRF is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, but little is known about the precise roles of CRF and its binding protein, CRF-BP, in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize the key evidence for and against the involvement of stress-associated modulation of the CRF system in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and discuss how recent findings could lead to new potential treatment possibilities in Alzheimer's disease by using CRF-BP as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Vandael
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Electron Microscopy Platform, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium ,VIB Bioimaging Core Facility, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium ,KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalia V. Gounko
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Electron Microscopy Platform, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium ,VIB Bioimaging Core Facility, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium ,KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Yeast Models for Amyloids and Prions: Environmental Modulation and Drug Discovery. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183388. [PMID: 31540362 PMCID: PMC6767215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloids are self-perpetuating protein aggregates causing neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Prions are transmissible protein isoforms (usually of amyloid nature). Prion features were recently reported for various proteins involved in amyloid and neural inclusion disorders. Heritable yeast prions share molecular properties (and in the case of polyglutamines, amino acid composition) with human disease-related amyloids. Fundamental protein quality control pathways, including chaperones, the ubiquitin proteasome system and autophagy are highly conserved between yeast and human cells. Crucial cellular proteins and conditions influencing amyloids and prions were uncovered in the yeast model. The treatments available for neurodegenerative amyloid-associated diseases are few and their efficiency is limited. Yeast models of amyloid-related neurodegenerative diseases have become powerful tools for high-throughput screening for chemical compounds and FDA-approved drugs that reduce aggregation and toxicity of amyloids. Although some environmental agents have been linked to certain amyloid diseases, the molecular basis of their action remains unclear. Environmental stresses trigger amyloid formation and loss, acting either via influencing intracellular concentrations of the amyloidogenic proteins or via heterologous inducers of prions. Studies of environmental and physiological regulation of yeast prions open new possibilities for pharmacological intervention and/or prophylactic procedures aiming on common cellular systems rather than the properties of specific amyloids.
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Fini JB, Demeneix B. [Thyroid disruptors and their consequences on brain development and behavior]. Biol Aujourdhui 2019; 213:17-26. [PMID: 31274099 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2019009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An increase in the prevalence of many diseases affecting the nervous system in both children and adults has been reported. Some of these diseases are related to endocrine dysfunction, notably of the thyroid axis. Examples in children are attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders and Autism Spectrum Disorders, diagnosed but most often affecting the whole life, and multiple sclerosis or Alzheimer's disease in adults. It is becoming increasingly clear that embryonic exposure to thyroid hormone disruptors can lead to short- and long-term consequences, that often escape conventional neonatal diagnosis. Endocrine disruptors comprise a wide range of molecules, plasticizers, some pesticides, surfactants, flame-retardants, etc., many of which can interfere with thyroid hormone synthesis or their actions. We here report briefly the history of endocrine disruptors, their properties and the consequences on neuronal development of embryonic exposure to some of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Fini
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7221, Laboratoire Physiologie moléculaire de l'adaptation, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Barbara Demeneix
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7221, Laboratoire Physiologie moléculaire de l'adaptation, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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17
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Does SCFD1 rs10139154 Polymorphism Decrease Alzheimer’s Disease Risk? J Mol Neurosci 2019; 69:343-350. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Epigenetic and Neurological Impairments Associated with Early Life Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants. Int J Genomics 2019; 2019:2085496. [PMID: 30733955 PMCID: PMC6348822 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2085496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases worldwide has dramatically increased over the last decades. Although the aetiology remains uncertain, evidence is now growing that exposure to persistent organic pollutants during sensitive neurodevelopmental periods such as early life may be a strong risk factor, predisposing the individual to disease development later in life. Epidemiological studies have associated environmentally persistent organic pollutant exposure to brain disorders including neuropathies, cognitive, motor, and sensory impairments; neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In many ways, this expands the classical “Developmental Origins of Health and Disease” paradigm to include exposure to pollutants. This model has been refined over the years to give the current “three-hit” model that considers the individual's genetic factors as a first “hit.” It has an immediate interaction with the early-life exposome (including persistent organic pollutants) that can be considered to be a second “hit.” Together, these first two “hits” produce a quiescent or latent phenotype, most probably encoded in the epigenome, which has become susceptible to a third environmental “hit” in later life. It is only after the third “hit” that the increased risk of disease symptoms is crystallised. However, if the individual is exposed to a different environment in later life, they would be expected to remain healthy. In this review, we examine the effect of exposure to persistent organic pollutants and particulate matters in early life and the relationship to subsequent neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. The roles of those environmental factors which may affect epigenetic DNA methylation and therefore influence normal neurodevelopment are then evaluated.
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Sierra-Fonseca JA, Gosselink KL. Tauopathy and neurodegeneration: A role for stress. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:105-112. [PMID: 30450376 PMCID: PMC6234266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by an irreversible and progressive loss of neuronal structure and function. While many alterations to normal cellular processes occur during neurodegeneration, a pathological accumulation of aggregated proteins constitutes a hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimer's disease, specifically, is pathologically defined by the formation of amyloid plaques and tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Stress has emerged as an important factor in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's. Very little is known, however, regarding the effects of stress on the mechanisms controlling abnormal protein aggregation and clearance. Chronic stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, causing an excessive secretion of glucocorticoids that are capable of impacting diverse physiological and cellular processes. The present review focuses on the influence of stress on a key feature of Alzheimer's disease pathology, emphasizing the relationship between tau phosphorylation and accumulation and its connection to HPA axis dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Sierra-Fonseca
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Kristin L Gosselink
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
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20
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Prince MJ, Acosta D, Guerra M, Huang Y, Jimenez-Velazquez IZ, Llibre Rodriguez JJ, Salas A, Sosa AL, Dewey ME, Guerchet MM, Liu Z, Llibre Guerra JJ, Prina AM. Leg length, skull circumference, and the incidence of dementia in Latin America and China: A 10/66 population-based cohort study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195133. [PMID: 29649337 PMCID: PMC5896923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adult leg length is influenced by nutrition in the first few years of life. Adult head circumference is an indicator of brain growth. Cross-sectional studies indicate inverse associations with dementia risk, but there have been few prospective studies. Methods Population-based cohort studies in urban sites in Cuba, Dominican Republic Puerto Rico and Venezuela, and rural and urban sites in Peru, Mexico and China. Sociodemographic and risk factor questionnaires were administered to all participants, and anthropometric measures taken, with ascertainment of incident dementia, and mortality, three to five years later. Results Of the original at risk cohort of 13,587 persons aged 65 years and over, 2,443 (18.0%) were lost to follow-up; 10,540 persons with skull circumference assessments were followed up for 40,466 person years, and 10,400 with leg length assessments were followed up for 39,954 person years. There were 1,009 cases of incident dementia, and 1,605 dementia free deaths. The fixed effect pooled meta-analysed adjusted subhazard ratio (ASHR) for leg length (highest vs. lowest quarter) was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.66–0.97) and for skull circumference was 1.02 (95% CI, 0.84–1.25), with no heterogeneity of effect between sites (I2 = 0%). Leg length measurements tended to be shorter at follow-up, particularly for those with baseline cognitive impairment and dementia. However, leg length change was not associated with dementia incidence (ASHR, per cm 1.006, 95% CI 0.992–1.020), and the effect of leg length was little altered after adjusting for baseline frailty (ASHR 0.82, 95% CI 0.67–0.99). A priori hypotheses regarding effect modification by gender or educational level were not supported. However, the effect of skull circumference was modified by gender (M vs F ASHR 0.86, 95% CI 0.75–0.98), but in the opposite direction to that hypothesized with a greater protective effect of larger skull dimensions in men. Conclusions Consistent findings across settings provide quite strong support for an association between adult leg length and dementia incidence in late-life. Leg length is a relatively stable marker of early life nutritional programming, which may confer brain reserve and protect against neurodegeneration in later life through mitigation of cardiometabolic risk. Further clarification of these associations could inform predictive models for future dementia incidence in the context of secular trends in adult height, and invigorate global efforts to improve childhood nutrition, growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Prince
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Daisy Acosta
- Universidad Nacional Pedro Henriquez Ureña (UNPHU), Internal Medicine Department, Geriatric Section, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Mariella Guerra
- Psychogeriatric Unit, National Institute of Mental Health “Honorio Delgado Hideyo Noguchi”, Lima, Peru and Instituto de la Memoria y Desordenes Relacionados, Lima, Perú
| | - Yueqin Huang
- Peking University, Institute of Mental Health. Beijing, China
| | - Ivonne Z. Jimenez-Velazquez
- Internal Medicine Dept., Geriatrics Program, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Aquiles Salas
- Medicine Department, Caracas University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Ana Luisa Sosa
- Laboratory of the Dementias, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Mexico, Autonomous National University of Mexico. Delegacion Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michael E. Dewey
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maelenn M. Guerchet
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- Peking University, Institute of Mental Health. Beijing, China
| | | | - A. Matthew Prina
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Developmental toxicant exposure in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease induces differential sex-associated microglial activation and increased susceptibility to amyloid accumulation. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2017; 8:493-501. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174417000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
As the resident macrophage of the central nervous system, microglia are thought to contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology through lack of neuroprotection. The role of immune dysfunction in AD may be due to disruption of regulatory signals for the activation of microglia that may occur early in development. We hypothesized that early toxicant exposure would systematically activate microglia, possibly reversing the pathological severity of AD. Offspring of a triple transgenic murine model for AD (3×TgAD) were exposed to a model neurotoxicant, lead acetate, from postnatal days (PND) 5–10. Our results indicated that female mice exposed to Pb had a greater and earlier incidence of amyloid burden within the hippocampus, coinciding with decreased markers of microglial activation at PND 50. Pb-exposed males had increased microglial activation at PND 50, as evidence by CD11b expression and microglial abundance, with no significant increase in amyloid burden at that time. There was greater amyloid burden at PND 90 and 180 in both male and female mice exposed to Pb compared with control. Together, these data suggest that activated microglia are neuroprotective against amyloid accumulation early in AD pathology, and that early exposure to Pb could increase susceptibility to later-life neurodegeneration. Likewise, females may be more susceptible to early-life microglial damage, and, subsequently, AD. Further investigation into the sex biased mechanisms by which microglial activation is altered by an early-life immune insult will provide critical insight into the temporal susceptibility of the developing neuroimmune system and its potential role in AD etiopathology.
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Krishna M, Kumar GM, Veena SR, Krishnaveni GV, Kumaran K, Karat SC, Coakley P, Osmond C, Copeland JRM, Chandak G, Bhat D, Varghese M, Prince M, Fall C. Birth size, risk factors across life and cognition in late life: protocol of prospective longitudinal follow-up of the MYNAH (MYsore studies of Natal effects on Ageing and Health) cohort. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e012552. [PMID: 28209604 PMCID: PMC5318644 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For late-life neurocognitive disorders, as for other late-life chronic diseases, much recent interest has focused on the possible relevance of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD). Programming by undernutrition in utero, followed by overnutrition in adult life may lead to an increased risk, possibly mediated through cardiovascular and metabolic pathways. This study will specifically examine, if lower birth weight is associated with poorer cognitive functioning in late life in a south Indian population. METHODS AND ANALYSIS From 1934 onwards, the birth weight, length and head circumference of all babies born in the CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India, were recorded in obstetric notes. Approximately 800 men and women from the Mysore Birth Records Cohort aged above 55 years, and a reliable informant for each, will be asked to participate in a single cross-sectional baseline assessment for cognitive function, mental health and cardiometabolic disorders. Participants will be assessed for hypertension, type-2 diabetes and coronary heart disease, nutritional status, health behaviours and lifestyles, family living arrangements, economic status, social support and social networks. Additional investigations include blood tests (for diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, anaemia, vitamin B12 and folate deficiency, hyperhomocysteinemia, renal impairment, thyroid disease and Apolipoprotein E genotype), anthropometry, ECG, blood pressure, spirometry and body composition (bioimpedance). We will develop an analysis plan, first using traditional univariate and multivariable analytical paradigms with independent, dependent and mediating/confounding/interacting variables to test the main hypotheses. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the research ethics committee of CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital. The findings will be disseminated locally and at international meetings, and will be published in open access peer reviewed journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Krishna
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - G Mohan Kumar
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - S R Veena
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - G V Krishnaveni
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kalyanaraman Kumaran
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Patsy Coakley
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Clive Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Giriraj Chandak
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Mathew Varghese
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Martin Prince
- Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Kings College, London, UK
| | - Caroline Fall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Downer B, Veeranki SP, Wong R. A Late Life Risk Index for Severe Cognitive Impairment in Mexico. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:191-203. [PMID: 27060940 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several dementia risk indices have been developed for older adults in high-income countries. However, no index has been developed for populations in low- or middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE To create a risk index for predicting severe cognitive impairment among adults aged ≥60 in Mexico and to compare the accuracy of this index to the Dementia Screening Indicator (DSI). METHODS This study included 3,002 participants from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) interviewed in 2001 and 2012. The MHAS risk index included sociodemographic, health, and functional characteristics collected in 2001. A point value based on the beta coefficients from a multivariable logistic regression model was assigned to each risk factor and the total score was calculated. RESULTS The MHAS risk index (AUC = 0.74 95% CI = 0.70-0.77) and DSI (AUC = 0.72 95% CI = 0.69-0.77) had similar accuracy for discriminating between participants who developed severe cognitive impairment from those who did not. A score of ≥16 on the MHAS risk index had a sensitivity of 0.69 (95% CI = 0.64-0.70) and specificity of 0.67 (95% CI = 0.66-0.69). A score of ≥23 on the DSI had a sensitivity of 0.56 (95% CI = 0.50-0.63) and specificity of 0.78 (95% CI = 0.76-0.79). DISCUSSION The MHAS risk index and DSI have moderate accuracy for predicting severe cognitive impairment among older adults in Mexico. This provides evidence that existing dementia risk indices may be applicable in low- and middle-income countries such as Mexico. Future research should seek to identify additional risk factors that can improve the accuracy of the MHAS risk index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Downer
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sreenivas P Veeranki
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Preventive Medicine and Community Health, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rebeca Wong
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Preventive Medicine and Community Health, Galveston, TX, USA
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Schaefers ATU, Teuchert-Noodt G. Developmental neuroplasticity and the origin of neurodegenerative diseases. World J Biol Psychiatry 2016; 17:587-599. [PMID: 23705632 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2013.797104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease, marked by characteristic protein aggregations, are more and more accepted to be synaptic disorders and to arise from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In this review we propose our concept that neuroplasticity might constitute a link between early life challenges and neurodegeneration. METHODS After introducing the general principles of neuroplasticity, we show how adverse environmental stimuli during development impact adult neuroplasticity and might lead to neurodegenerative processes. RESULTS There are significant overlaps between neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative processes. Proteins that represent hallmarks of neurodegeneration are involved in plastic processes under physiological conditions. Brain regions - particularly the hippocampus - that retain life-long plastic capacities are the key targets of neurodegeneration. Neuroplasticity is highest in young age making the brain more susceptible to external influences than later in life. Impacts during critical periods have life-long consequences on neuroplasticity and structural self-organization and are known to be common risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases. CONCLUSIONS Several lines of evidence support a link between developmental neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative processes later in life. A deeper insight into these processes is necessary to design strategies to mitigate or even prevent neurodegenerative pathologies.
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25
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Hoeijmakers L, Heinen Y, van Dam AM, Lucassen PJ, Korosi A. Microglial Priming and Alzheimer's Disease: A Possible Role for (Early) Immune Challenges and Epigenetics? Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:398. [PMID: 27555812 PMCID: PMC4977314 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is thought to contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis that is, to a large extent, mediated by microglia. Given the tight interaction between the immune system and the brain, peripheral immune challenges can profoundly affect brain function. Indeed, both preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that an aberrant inflammatory response can elicit behavioral impairments and cognitive deficits, especially when the brain is in a vulnerable state, e.g., during early development, as a result of aging, or under disease conditions like AD. However, how exactly peripheral immune challenges affect brain function and whether this is mediated by aberrant microglial functioning remains largely elusive. In this review, we hypothesize that: (1) systemic immune challenges occurring during vulnerable periods of life can increase the propensity to induce later cognitive dysfunction and accelerate AD pathology; and (2) that "priming" of microglial cells is instrumental in mediating this vulnerability. We highlight how microglia can be primed by both neonatal infections as well as by aging, two periods of life during which microglial activity is known to be specifically upregulated. Lasting changes in (the ratios of) specific microglial phenotypes can result in an exaggerated pro-inflammatory cytokine response to subsequent inflammatory challenges. While the resulting changes in brain function are initially transient, a continued and/or excess release of such pro-inflammatory cytokines can activate various downstream cellular cascades known to be relevant for AD. Finally, we discuss microglial priming and the aberrant microglial response as potential target for treatment strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Hoeijmakers
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Heinen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Banik A, Brown RE, Bamburg J, Lahiri DK, Khurana D, Friedland RP, Chen W, Ding Y, Mudher A, Padjen AL, Mukaetova-Ladinska E, Ihara M, Srivastava S, Padma Srivastava MV, Masters CL, Kalaria RN, Anand A. Translation of Pre-Clinical Studies into Successful Clinical Trials for Alzheimer's Disease: What are the Roadblocks and How Can They Be Overcome? J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:815-43. [PMID: 26401762 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies are essential for translation to disease treatments and effective use in clinical practice. An undue emphasis on single approaches to Alzheimer's disease (AD) appears to have retarded the pace of translation in the field, and there is much frustration in the public about the lack of an effective treatment. We critically reviewed past literature (1990-2014), analyzed numerous data, and discussed key issues at a consensus conference on Brain Ageing and Dementia to identify and overcome roadblocks in studies intended for translation. We highlight various factors that influence the translation of preclinical research and highlight specific preclinical strategies that have failed to demonstrate efficacy in clinical trials. The field has been hindered by the domination of the amyloid hypothesis in AD pathogenesis while the causative pathways in disease pathology are widely considered to be multifactorial. Understanding the causative events and mechanisms in the pathogenesis are equally important for translation. Greater efforts are necessary to fill in the gaps and overcome a variety of confounds in the generation, study design, testing, and evaluation of animal models and the application to future novel anti-dementia drug trials. A greater variety of potential disease mechanisms must be entertained to enhance progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Banik
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Richard E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - James Bamburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Debomoy K Lahiri
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Dheeraj Khurana
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Robert P Friedland
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, 318C Parran Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amritpal Mudher
- Southampton Neurosciences Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ante L Padjen
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elizabeta Mukaetova-Ladinska
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, NIHR Biomedical Research Building, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sudhir Srivastava
- Division of Toxicology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - M V Padma Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Colin L Masters
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, The VIC, Australia
| | - Raj N Kalaria
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, NIHR Biomedical Research Building, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Guzmán DC, Olguín HJ, García EH, Herrera MO, Brizuela NO. Moieties in antidiabetic drugs as a target of insulin receptors in association with common neurological disorders. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:395-399. [PMID: 27073619 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a peptide that can be harmful with regards to neuroplasticity, neuroprotection and neuromodulation. Furthermore, the role of insulin highlights its relevance in the progress of diverse clinical disorders as well as in the mechanisms associated with certain pathogenesis and their evolution towards diabetes, obesity and neurodegenerative diseases. The precise molecular mechanisms by which these diseases are induced remain to be elucidated. The benefits in knowing/discovering these mechanisms in animal models and humans cannot be undermined. An in depth understanding of the principal risk factors leading to obesity and their management is vital in the implementation of early-life strategies of intervention and prevention, with a view to avoid adverse late-life outcomes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to review their possible association with antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Calderón Guzmán
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, CP 04530, Mexico
| | - Hugo Juárez Olguín
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, CP 04530, Mexico
| | - Ernestina Hernández García
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, CP 04530, Mexico
| | - Maribel Ortiz Herrera
- Laboratory of Experimental Bacteriology, National Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, CP 04530, Mexico
| | - Norma Osnaya Brizuela
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, CP 04530, Mexico
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Sanchez-Mut JV, Gräff J. Epigenetic Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:347. [PMID: 26734709 PMCID: PMC4681781 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the major cause of dementia in Western societies. It progresses asymptomatically during decades before being belatedly diagnosed when therapeutic strategies have become unviable. Although several genetic alterations have been associated with AD, the vast majority of AD cases do not show strong genetic underpinnings and are thus considered a consequence of non-genetic factors. Epigenetic mechanisms allow for the integration of long-lasting non-genetic inputs on specific genetic backgrounds, and recently, a growing number of epigenetic alterations in AD have been described. For instance, an accumulation of dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms in aging, the predominant risk factor of AD, might facilitate the onset of the disease. Likewise, mutations in several enzymes of the epigenetic machinery have been associated with neurodegenerative processes that are altered in AD such as impaired learning and memory formation. Genome-wide and locus-specific epigenetic alterations have also been reported, and several epigenetically dysregulated genes validated by independent groups. From these studies, a picture emerges of AD as being associated with DNA hypermethylation and histone deacetylation, suggesting a general repressed chromatin state and epigenetically reduced plasticity in AD. Here we review these recent findings and discuss several technical and methodological considerations that are imperative for their correct interpretation. We also pay particular focus on potential implementations and theoretical frameworks that we expect will help to better direct future studies aimed to unravel the epigenetic participation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V Sanchez-Mut
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory - UPGRAEFF, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Gräff
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory - UPGRAEFF, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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Seifan A, Schelke M, Obeng-Aduasare Y, Isaacson R. Early Life Epidemiology of Alzheimer's Disease--A Critical Review. Neuroepidemiology 2015; 45:237-54. [PMID: 26501691 DOI: 10.1159/000439568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As adult brain structure is primarily established in early life, genetic and environmental exposures in infancy and childhood influence the risk for Alzheimer disease (AD). In this systematic review, we identified several early life risk factors and discussed the evidence and underlying mechanism for each. SUMMARY Early risk factors for AD may alter brain anatomy, causing vulnerability to AD-related dementia later in life. In the perinatal period, both genes and learning disabilities have been associated with the development of distinct AD phenotypes. During early childhood, education and intellect, as well as body growth, may predispose to AD through alterations in cognitive and brain reserve, though the specific mediators of neural injury are disputed. Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) may predispose to AD by influencing adult SES and cognition. Association of these risk factors with underlying AD pathology (rather than just clinical diagnosis) has not been sufficiently examined. KEY MESSAGES Factors that impede or alter brain growth during early life could render certain brain regions or networks selectively vulnerable to the onset, accumulation or spread of AD-related pathology during later life. Careful life-course epidemiology could provide clues as to why the brain systematically degenerates during AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Seifan
- Alzheimer Prevention Clinic and Memory Disorders Program, Department of Neurology Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, N.Y., USA
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Abstract
Prior research has shown that arsenic exposure induces changes that coincide with most of the developmental, biochemical, pathologic, and clinical features of Alzheimer disease (AD) and associated disorders. On the basis of this literature, we propose the Arsenic Exposure Hypothesis for AD that is inclusive of and cooperative with the existing hypotheses. Arsenic toxicity induces hyperphosphorylation of protein tau and overtranscription of the amyloid precursor protein, which are involved in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and brain amyloid plaques, consistent with the amyloid hypothesis of AD. Arsenic exposure has been associated with cardiovascular diseases and associated risk factors, which is in agreement with the vascular hypothesis of AD. Arsenic exposure invokes brain inflammatory responses, which resonates with the inflammatory hypotheses of AD. Arsenic exposure has been linked to reduced memory and intellectual abilities in children and adolescents, which provides a biologic basis for the developmental origin of health and disease hypothesis for AD. Arsenic and its metabolites generate free radicals causing oxidative stress and neuronal death, which fits the existing oxidative stress hypothesis. Taken together, the arsenic exposure hypothesis for AD provides a parsimonious testable hypothesis for the development and progression of this devastating disease at least for some subsets of individuals.
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Paus T, Pausova Z, Abrahamowicz M, Gaudet D, Leonard G, Pike GB, Richer L. Saguenay Youth Study: a multi-generational approach to studying virtual trajectories of the brain and cardio-metabolic health. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 11:129-44. [PMID: 25454417 PMCID: PMC6989769 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the Saguenay Youth Study (SYS) and its parental arm. The overarching goal of this effort is to develop trans-generational models of developmental cascades contributing to the emergence of common chronic disorders, such as depression, addictions, dementia and cardio-metabolic diseases. Over the past 10 years, we have acquired detailed brain and cardio-metabolic phenotypes, and genome-wide genotypes, in 1029 adolescents recruited in a population with a known genetic founder effect. At present, we are extending this dataset to acquire comparable phenotypes and genotypes in the biological parents of these individuals. After providing conceptual background for this work (transactions across time, systems and organs), we describe briefly the tools employed in the adolescent arm of this cohort and highlight some of the initial accomplishments. We then outline in detail the phenotyping protocol used to acquire comparable data in the parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Z Pausova
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - M Abrahamowicz
- McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - D Gaudet
- Community Genomic Medicine Centre, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Chicoutimi, Canada
| | - G Leonard
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - G B Pike
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - L Richer
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Quebec in Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Canada
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Baier CJ, Pallarés ME, Adrover E, Monteleone MC, Brocco MA, Barrantes FJ, Antonelli MC. Prenatal restraint stress decreases the expression of alpha-7 nicotinic receptor in the brain of adult rat offspring. Stress 2015; 18:435-45. [PMID: 25798813 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2015.1022148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal stress (PS) strongly impacts fetal brain development and function in adulthood. In normal aging and Alzheimer's disease, there is hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction and loss of cholinergic neurons and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). This study investigated whether prenatal restraint stress affects nAChR expression in the brain of adult offspring. For PS, pregnant dams were placed in a plastic restrainer for 45 min, three times daily during the last week of pregnancy; controls were undisturbed. Male offspring were analyzed at postnatal day (PND) 60 (n = 4 rats per group). Western blot (WB) and fluorescence microscopy showed that PS decreased α7-AChR subunit expression (∼50%) in the frontal cortex in the adult offspring. PS decreased significantly the number of α7-AChR-expressing cells in the medial prefrontal cortex (by ∼25%) and in the sensory-motor cortex (by ∼20%) without affecting the total cell number in those areas. No alterations were found in the hippocampus by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), or WB analysis, but a detailed fluorescence microscopy analysis showed that PS affected α7-AChR mainly in the CA3 and dentate gyrus subfields: PS decreased α7-AChR subunit expression by ∼25 and ∼30%, respectively. Importantly, PS decreased the number of α7-AChR-expressing cells and the total cell number (by ∼15 and 20%, respectively) in the dentate gyrus. PS differently affected α4-AChR: PS impaired its mRNA expression in the frontal cortex (by ∼50%), without affecting protein levels. These results demonstrate that disturbances during gestation produce long-term alterations in the expression pattern of α7-AChR in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Baier
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) , Bahía Blanca , Argentina
| | - María E Pallarés
- b Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Ezequiela Adrover
- b Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Melisa C Monteleone
- c Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomus (IIBINTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - CONICET , San Martín, Buenos Aires , Argentina , and
| | - Marcela A Brocco
- c Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomus (IIBINTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - CONICET , San Martín, Buenos Aires , Argentina , and
| | - Francisco J Barrantes
- d Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular , Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED)-UCA-CONICET, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Marta C Antonelli
- b Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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González-Hunt CP, Leung MCK, Bodhicharla RK, McKeever MG, Arrant AE, Margillo KM, Ryde IT, Cyr DD, Kosmaczewski SG, Hammarlund M, Meyer JN. Exposure to mitochondrial genotoxins and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114459. [PMID: 25486066 PMCID: PMC4259338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration has been correlated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and exposure to environmental toxins, but causation is unclear. We investigated the ability of several known environmental genotoxins and neurotoxins to cause mtDNA damage, mtDNA depletion, and neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that paraquat, cadmium chloride and aflatoxin B1 caused more mitochondrial than nuclear DNA damage, and paraquat and aflatoxin B1 also caused dopaminergic neurodegeneration. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) caused similar levels of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage. To further test whether the neurodegeneration could be attributed to the observed mtDNA damage, C. elegans were exposed to repeated low-dose ultraviolet C radiation (UVC) that resulted in persistent mtDNA damage; this exposure also resulted in dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Damage to GABAergic neurons and pharyngeal muscle cells was not detected. We also found that fasting at the first larval stage was protective in dopaminergic neurons against 6-OHDA-induced neurodegeneration. Finally, we found that dopaminergic neurons in C. elegans are capable of regeneration after laser surgery. Our findings are consistent with a causal role for mitochondrial DNA damage in neurodegeneration, but also support non mtDNA-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P. González-Hunt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maxwell C. K. Leung
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rakesh K. Bodhicharla
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Madeline G. McKeever
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew E. Arrant
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Margillo
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ian T. Ryde
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Derek D. Cyr
- Center for Applied Genomics and Technology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sara G. Kosmaczewski
- Department of Genetics, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Marc Hammarlund
- Department of Genetics, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Joel N. Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: mailto:
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Dong H, Wang S, Zeng Z, Li F, Montalvo-Ortiz J, Tucker C, Akhtar S, Shi J, Meltzer HY, Rice KC, Csernansky JG. Effects of corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor 1 antagonists on amyloid-β and behavior in Tg2576 mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:4711-22. [PMID: 24862368 PMCID: PMC4233002 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Previous studies indicate that psychosocial stressors could accelerate amyloid-β (Aβ) levels and accelerate plaque deposition in mouse models of Alzheimer disease (AD). Stressors enhanced the release of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), and exogenous CRF administration mimicked the effects of stress on Aβ levels in mouse models of AD. However, whether CRF receptor 1 (CRF1) antagonists could influence the stress-induced acceleration of an AD-like process in mouse models has not been well studied. OBJECTIVE We sought to examine whether CRF1 antagonists inhibit the effects of isolation stress on tissue Aβ levels, Aβ plaque deposition, and behaviors related to anxiety and memory in Tg2576 mice, and to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying such effects. METHODS Cohorts of Tg2576 mouse pups were isolated or group-housed at 21 days of age, and then the subgroups of these cohorts received daily intraperitoneal injections of the CRF1 antagonists, antalarmin or R121919 (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg), or vehicle for 1 week. Other cohorts of Tg2576 mouse pups were isolated or group-housed at 21 days of age, and then at 4 months of age, subgroups of these mice were administered antalarmin (20 mg/kg) or vehicle in their drinking water for 6 months. Finally, cultured primary hippocampal neurons from regular Tg2576 pups (P0) were incubated with CRF (0.1, 1, and 10 nM), antalarmin (100 nM) or H-89 (1 μM) for 48 h. Brain tissues or cultured neurons were collected for histological and biochemical analyses, and behavioral measures were collected in the cohorts of mice that were chronically stressed. RESULTS Administration of antalarmin at 20 mg/kg dose for 1 week significantly reduced Aβ1-42 levels in isolation stressed mice. Administration of antalarmin for 6 months significantly decreased plasma corticosterone levels, tissue Aβ1-42 levels, and Aβ plaque deposition in the brain and blocked the effects of isolation stress on behaviors related to anxiety and memory. Finally, incubation of neurons with 100 nM antalarmin inhibited the ability of 10 nM CRF to increase Aβ1-42 levels and protein kinase A IIβ expression. The effect of CRF1 on Aβ1-42 levels was also diminished by treatment with H-89, a c-AMP/PKA inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CRF1 antagonists can slow an AD-like process in Tg2576 mice and that the c-AMP/PKA signaling pathway may be involved in this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Dong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA,
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Martin SAL, Jameson CH, Allan SM, Lawrence CB. Maternal high-fat diet worsens memory deficits in the triple-transgenic (3xTgAD) mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99226. [PMID: 24918775 PMCID: PMC4053375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is not normally diagnosed until later in life, although evidence suggests that the disease starts at a much earlier age. Risk factors for AD, such as diabetes, hypertension and obesity, are known to have their affects during mid-life, though events very early in life, including maternal over-nutrition, can predispose offspring to develop these conditions. This study tested whether over-nutrition during pregnancy and lactation affected the development of AD in offspring, using a transgenic AD mouse model. Female triple-transgenic AD dam mice (3xTgAD) were exposed to a high-fat (60% energy from fat) or control diet during pregnancy and lactation. After weaning (at 3 weeks of age), female offspring were placed on a control diet and monitored up until 12 months of age during which time behavioural tests were performed. A transient increase in body weight was observed in 4-week-old offspring 3xTgAD mice from dams fed a high-fat diet. However, by 5 weeks of age the body weight of 3xTgAD mice from the maternal high-fat fed group was no different when compared to control-fed mice. A maternal high-fat diet led to a significant impairment in memory in 2- and 12-month-old 3xTgAD offspring mice when compared to offspring from control fed dams. These effects of a maternal high-fat diet on memory were accompanied by a significant increase (50%) in the number of tau positive neurones in the hippocampus. These data demonstrate that a high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation increases memory impairments in female 3xTgAD mice and suggest that early life events during development might influence the onset and progression of AD later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. L. Martin
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stuart M. Allan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine B. Lawrence
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Feltes BC, de Faria Poloni J, Nunes IJG, Bonatto D. Fetal alcohol syndrome, chemo-biology and OMICS: ethanol effects on vitamin metabolism during neurodevelopment as measured by systems biology analysis. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2014; 18:344-63. [PMID: 24816220 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2013.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a prenatal disease characterized by fetal morphological and neurological abnormalities originating from exposure to alcohol. Although FAS is a well-described pathology, the molecular mechanisms underlying its progression are virtually unknown. Moreover, alcohol abuse can affect vitamin metabolism and absorption, although how alcohol impairs such biochemical pathways remains to be elucidated. We employed a variety of systems chemo-biology tools to understand the interplay between ethanol metabolism and vitamins during mouse neurodevelopment. For this purpose, we designed interactomes and employed transcriptomic data analysis approaches to study the neural tissue of Mus musculus exposed to ethanol prenatally and postnatally, simulating conditions that could lead to FAS development at different life stages. Our results showed that FAS can promote early changes in neurotransmitter release and glutamate equilibrium, as well as an abnormal calcium influx that can lead to neuroinflammation and impaired neurodifferentiation, both extensively connected with vitamin action and metabolism. Genes related to retinoic acid, niacin, vitamin D, and folate metabolism were underexpressed during neurodevelopment and appear to contribute to neuroinflammation progression and impaired synapsis. Our results also indicate that genes coding for tubulin, tubulin-associated proteins, synapse plasticity proteins, and proteins related to neurodifferentiation are extensively affected by ethanol exposure. Finally, we developed a molecular model of how ethanol can affect vitamin metabolism and impair neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno César Feltes
- Centro de Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Is elevated norepinephrine an etiological factor in some cases of Parkinson’s disease? Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:462-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vilches N, Spichiger C, Mendez N, Abarzua-Catalan L, Galdames HA, Hazlerigg DG, Richter HG, Torres-Farfan C. Gestational chronodisruption impairs hippocampal expression of NMDA receptor subunits Grin1b/Grin3a and spatial memory in the adult offspring. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91313. [PMID: 24663672 PMCID: PMC3963867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental evidence correlates adverse intrauterine conditions with the onset of disease later in life. For a fetus to achieve a successful transition to extrauterine life, a myriad of temporally integrated humoral/biophysical signals must be accurately provided by the mother. We and others have shown the existence of daily rhythms in the fetus, with peripheral clocks being entrained by maternal cues, such as transplacental melatonin signaling. Among developing tissues, the fetal hippocampus is a key structure for learning and memory processing that may be anticipated as a sensitive target of gestational chronodisruption. Here, we used pregnant rats exposed to constant light treated with or without melatonin as a model of gestational chronodisruption, to investigate effects on the putative fetal hippocampus clock, as well as on adult offspring’s rhythms, endocrine and spatial memory outcomes. The hippocampus of fetuses gestated under light:dark photoperiod (12:12 LD) displayed daily oscillatory expression of the clock genes Bmal1 and Per2, clock-controlled genes Mtnr1b, Slc2a4, Nr3c1 and NMDA receptor subunits 1B-3A-3B. In contrast, in the hippocampus of fetuses gestated under constant light (LL), these oscillations were suppressed. In the adult LL offspring (reared in LD during postpartum), we observed complete lack of day/night differences in plasma melatonin and decreased day/night differences in plasma corticosterone. In the adult LL offspring, overall hippocampal day/night difference of gene expression was decreased, which was accompanied by a significant deficit of spatial memory. Notably, maternal melatonin replacement to dams subjected to gestational chronodisruption prevented the effects observed in both, LL fetuses and adult LL offspring. Collectively, the present data point to adverse effects of gestational chronodisruption on long-term cognitive function; raising challenging questions about the consequences of shift work during pregnancy. The present study also supports that developmental plasticity in response to photoperiodic cues may be modulated by maternal melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Vilches
- Laboratorio de Cronobiologia del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Spichiger
- Laboratorio de Cronobiologia del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Natalia Mendez
- Laboratorio de Cronobiologia del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Lorena Abarzua-Catalan
- Laboratorio de Cronobiologia del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hugo A. Galdames
- Laboratorio de Cronobiologia del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - David G. Hazlerigg
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Hans G. Richter
- Laboratorio de Cronobiologia del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudia Torres-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Cronobiologia del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- * E-mail:
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The expression of neurotrophins is differentially regulated by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids at weaning and postweaning in C57BL/6 mice cerebral cortex. Neurochem Int 2014; 66:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative movement disorder. PD was originally attributed to neuronal loss within the substantia nigra pars compacta, and a concomitant loss of dopamine. PD is now thought to be a multisystem disorder that involves not only the dopaminergic system, but other neurotransmitter systems whose role may become more prominent as the disease progresses (189). PD is characterized by four cardinal symptoms, resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability, all of which are motor. However, PD also may include any combination of a myriad of nonmotor symptoms (195). Both motor and nonmotor symptoms may impact the ability of those with PD to participate in exercise and/or impact the effects of that exercise on those with PD. This article provides a comprehensive overview of PD, its symptoms and progression, and current treatments for PD. Among these treatments, exercise is currently at the forefront. People with PD retain the ability to participate in many forms of exercise and generally respond to exercise interventions similarly to age-matched subjects without PD. As such, exercise is currently an area receiving substantial research attention as investigators seek interventions that may modify the progression of the disease, perhaps through neuroprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gammon M Earhart
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Costa G, Frau L, Wardas J, Pinna A, Plumitallo A, Morelli M. MPTP-induced dopamine neuron degeneration and glia activation is potentiated in MDMA-pretreated mice. Mov Disord 2013; 28:1957-65. [PMID: 24108425 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical observations report a greater propensity to develop Parkinson's disease (PD) in amphetamine users. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy") is an amphetamine-related drug that is largely consumed by adolescents and young adults, which may have neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic effects. Here, the objective was to evaluate in mice whether consumption of MDMA during adolescence might influence the neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a toxin known to induce PD in humans. The activation of astroglia and microglia by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and complement receptor type 3 (CD11b) immunohistochemistry and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry were evaluated. MPTP (20 mg/kg × 4) was administered to mice treated from ages 8 weeks to 17 weeks with MDMA (10 mg/kg twice daily, two times a week). In mice that were chronically treated with MDMA, administration of MPTP induced a higher microglial and astroglial response in both the striatum and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) compared with vehicle-treated or vehicle + MPTP-treated mice. Inflammatory changes were associated with a decrease in TH immunoreactivity in the SNc of MDMA-treated mice and with a further decrease in the striatum and the SNc of MDMA + MPTP-treated mice compared with vehicle-treated, MDMA-treated, and MPTP-treated mice. The results demonstrate that chronic administration of MDMA during late adolescence in mice exacerbates the neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation caused by MPTP, suggesting that MDMA may constitute a risk factor for dopaminergic neuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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42
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Doblhammer G, van den Berg GJ, Fritze T. Economic conditions at the time of birth and cognitive abilities late in life: evidence from ten European countries. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74915. [PMID: 24040361 PMCID: PMC3770637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With ageing populations, it becomes increasingly important to understand the determinants of cognitive ability among the elderly. We apply survey data of 17,070 respondents from ten countries to examine several domains of cognitive functioning at ages 60+, and we link them to the macro-economic deviations in the year of birth. We find that economic conditions at birth significantly influence cognitive functioning late in life in various domains. Recessions negatively influence numeracy, verbal fluency, recall abilities, as well as the score on the omnibus cognitive indicator. The results are robust; controlling for current characteristics does not change effect sizes and significance. We discuss possible causal social and biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Doblhammer
- Institute for Sociology and Demography, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Population Studies, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn & Rostock, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
- Rostock Center for the Study of Demographic Change, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gerard J. van den Berg
- Department of Economics, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute for Labor Market Policy Evaluation (IFAU), Uppsala, Sweden
- VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Fritze
- Department of Population Studies, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn & Rostock, Germany
- Rostock Center for the Study of Demographic Change, Rostock, Germany
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43
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Blaney CE, Gunn RK, Stover KR, Brown RE. Maternal genotype influences behavioral development of 3×Tg-AD mouse pups. Behav Brain Res 2013; 252:40-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ułamek-Kozioł M, Bogucka-Kocka A, Kocki J, Pluta R. Good and bad sides of diet in Parkinson's disease. Nutrition 2013; 29:474-5. [PMID: 23312768 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tien LT, Kaizaki A, Pang Y, Cai Z, Bhatt AJ, Fan LW. Neonatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide enhances accumulation of α-synuclein aggregation and dopamine transporter protein expression in the substantia nigra in responses to rotenone challenge in later life. Toxicology 2013; 308:96-103. [PMID: 23567316 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain inflammation in early life may enhance adult susceptibility to develop neurodegenerative disorders triggered by environmental toxins. Our previous studies show that perinatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure enhances adult susceptibility to rotenone-induced injury to the dopaminergic system in the substantia nigra (SN) of the adult rat brain. To further investigate the enhanced adult susceptibility by neonatal LPS exposure to rotenone neurotoxicity, we used our neonatal rat model of LPS exposure (1mg/kg, intracerebral injection in postnatal day 5, P5, neonatal rats) to examine the protein levels of α-synuclein and dopamine transporters (DAT) in the adult rat. By P70, rats from the saline- or LPS-exposed group were challenged with rotenone, a commonly used pesticide, through subcutaneous mini-pump infusion at a dose of 1.25mg/kg/day for 14 days. The accumulation of α-synuclein aggregation and increment of DAT protein content were found in the SN of LPS-exposed rats. Neonatal LPS exposure enhanced rotenone-stimulated accumulation of α-synuclein aggregation and increment in DAT protein expression in the cytoplasmic compartment of the SN, and in the synaptosomal compartment of the striatum of adult rats. Rotenone treatment also resulted in reduction of [(3)H]dopamine uptake and mitochondrial complex I activity in the striatum of rats with neonatal LPS exposure, but not in those without this exposure. The current study suggests possible roles of α-synuclein aggregate and DAT distribution in the cytoplasm and synaptosome triggered by environmental toxins in later life in the development of neurodegenerative disorders. Our model may be useful in studying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of nonfamilial Parkinson's disease and for developing potential therapeutic treatments for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Tai Tien
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
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Cai Z, Fan LW, Kaizaki A, Tien LT, Ma T, Pang Y, Lin S, Lin RCS, Simpson KL. Neonatal systemic exposure to lipopolysaccharide enhances susceptibility of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons to rotenone neurotoxicity in later life. Dev Neurosci 2013; 35:155-71. [PMID: 23446007 PMCID: PMC3777222 DOI: 10.1159/000346156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain inflammation via intracerebral injection with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in early life has been shown to increase risks for the development of neurodegenerative disorders in adult rats. To determine if neonatal systemic LPS exposure has the same effects on enhancement of adult dopaminergic neuron susceptibility to rotenone neurotoxicity as centrally injected LPS does, LPS (2 μg/g body weight) was administered intraperitoneally into postnatal day 5 (P5) rats and when grown to P70, rats were challenged with rotenone, a commonly used pesticide, through subcutaneous minipump infusion at a dose of 1.25 mg/kg/day for 14 days. Systemically administered LPS can penetrate into the neonatal rat brain and cause acute and chronic brain inflammation, as evidenced by persistent increases in IL-1β levels, cyclooxygenase-2 expression and microglial activation in the substantia nigra (SN) of P70 rats. Neonatal LPS exposure resulted in suppression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression, but not actual death of dopaminergic neurons in the SN, as indicated by the reduced number of TH+ cells and unchanged total number of neurons (NeuN+) in the SN. Neonatal LPS exposure also caused motor function deficits, which were spontaneously recoverable by P70. A small dose of rotenone at P70 induced loss of dopaminergic neurons, as indicated by reduced numbers of both TH+ and NeuN+ cells in the SN, and Parkinson's disease (PD)-like motor impairment in P98 rats that had experienced neonatal LPS exposure, but not in those without the LPS exposure. These results indicate that although neonatal systemic LPS exposure may not necessarily lead to death of dopaminergic neurons in the SN, such an exposure could cause persistent functional alterations in the dopaminergic system and indirectly predispose the nigrostriatal system in the adult brain to be damaged by environmental toxins at an ordinarily nontoxic or subtoxic dose and develop PD-like pathological features and motor dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Cai
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4504, USA.
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Blanc-Lapierre A, Bouvier G, Garrigou A, Canal-Raffin M, Raherison C, Brochard P, Baldi I. Effets chroniques des pesticides sur le système nerveux central : état des connaissances épidémiologiques. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2012; 60:389-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Zucchi FCR, Yao Y, Metz GA. The secret language of destiny: stress imprinting and transgenerational origins of disease. Front Genet 2012; 3:96. [PMID: 22675331 PMCID: PMC3366387 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation modulates gene expression without altering the DNA sequence to facilitate rapid adjustments to dynamically changing environmental conditions. The formation of an epigenetic memory allows passing on this information to subsequent generations. Here we propose that epigenetic memories formed by adverse environmental conditions and stress represent a critical determinant of health and disease in the F3 generation and beyond. Transgenerational programming of epigenetic regulation may represent a key to understand adult-onset complex disease pathogenesis and cumulative effects of life span and familial disease etiology. Ultimately, the mechanisms of generating an epigenetic memory may become of potentially promising diagnostic and therapeutic relevance due to their reversible nature. Exploring the role of environmental factors, such as stress, in causing variations in epigenetic profiles may lead to new avenues of personalized, preventive medicine based on epigenetic signatures and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola C R Zucchi
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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49
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The Influence of Ethnicity and Adverse Life Experiences During Adolescence on Young Adult Socioeconomic Attainment: The Moderating Role of Education. J Youth Adolesc 2012; 41:1472-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-012-9764-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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50
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Baier CJ, Katunar MR, Adrover E, Pallarés ME, Antonelli MC. Gestational restraint stress and the developing dopaminergic system: an overview. Neurotox Res 2012; 22:16-32. [PMID: 22215534 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9305-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal stress exerts a strong impact on fetal brain development in rats impairing adaptation to stressful conditions, subsequent vulnerability to anxiety, altered sexual function, and enhanced propensity to self-administer drugs. Most of these alterations have been attributed to changes in the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA). In humans; dysfunction of dopaminergic system is associated with development of several neurological disorders, such as Parkinson disease, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and depression. Evidences provided by animal research, as well as retrospective studies in humans, pointed out that exposure to adverse events in early life can alter adult behaviors and neurochemical indicators of midbrain DA activity, suggesting that the development of the DA system is sensitive to disruption by exposure to early stressors. The purpose of this article is to provide a general overview of published studies and our own study related to the effect of prenatal insults on the development of DA metabolism and biology, focusing mainly in articles involving prenatal-restraint stress protocols in rats. We will also attempt to make a correlation between theses alterations and DA-related pathological processes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Baier
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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