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Sandireddy R, Sakthivel S, Gupta P, Behari J, Tripathi M, Singh BK. Systemic impacts of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) on heart, muscle, and kidney related diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1433857. [PMID: 39086662 PMCID: PMC11289778 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1433857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is the most common liver disorder worldwide, with an estimated global prevalence of more than 31%. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), formerly known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is a progressive form of MASLD characterized by hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the extrahepatic manifestations of MASH, focusing on chronic diseases related to the cardiovascular, muscular, and renal systems. A systematic review of published studies and literature was conducted to summarize the findings related to the systemic impacts of MASLD and MASH. The review focused on the association of MASLD and MASH with metabolic comorbidities, cardiovascular mortality, sarcopenia, and chronic kidney disease. Mechanistic insights into the concept of lipotoxic inflammatory "spill over" from the MASH-affected liver were also explored. MASLD and MASH are highly associated (50%-80%) with other metabolic comorbidities such as impaired insulin response, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension. Furthermore, more than 90% of obese patients with type 2 diabetes have MASH. Data suggest that in middle-aged individuals (especially those aged 45-54), MASLD is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality, sarcopenia, and chronic kidney disease. The concept of lipotoxic inflammatory "spill over" from the MASH-affected liver plays a crucial role in mediating the systemic pathological effects observed. Understanding the multifaceted impact of MASH on the heart, muscle, and kidney is crucial for early detection and risk stratification. This knowledge is also timely for implementing comprehensive disease management strategies addressing multi-organ involvement in MASH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Madhulika Tripathi
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Research Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Research Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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Qin Y, Wu Y, Zang H, Cong X, Shen Q, Chen L, Chen X. Lipid Metabolism in Pregnancy Women with Hypothyroidism and Potential Influence on Pregnancy Outcome. J Lipids 2024; 2024:5589492. [PMID: 39015803 PMCID: PMC11251789 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5589492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for maintaining normal physiological processes during pregnancy, including the metabolism of energy materials in both the mother and fetus and the growth and development of fetal bone and nervous system. TH can act on the liver, fat, and other tissues and organs to participate in lipid synthesis and breakdown through multiple pathways. Consequently, abnormal thyroid function is often accompanied by lipid metabolism disorders. Both clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism, as well as dyslipidemia during pregnancy, have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes. Recently, there has been an increased interest in studying the alteration of lipidomic and hypothyroidism (both clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism) during pregnancy. Studies have suggested that altered lipid molecules might be used as potential biomarker and associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcome. Thus, we summarized the associations between lipid metabolism and clinical or subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy in this review. Then, we discussed the underlying mechanisms of thyroid dysfunction and lipid metabolism. In addition, we reviewed the possible effect of dyslipidemia on pregnancy and neonatal outcome. However, the relationship between hypothyroidism during pregnancy and changes in the lipid profile and how to intervene in the occurrence and development of adverse pregnancy outcomes require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Qin
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Huanhuan Zang
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Xiangguo Cong
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Qiong Shen
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
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Zhou W, Du Z. Oleuropein mitigates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and modulates liver metabolites in high-fat diet-induced obese mice via activating PPARα. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38952322 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of oleuropein (OLE) ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a low-fat diet (LFD), a high-fat diet (HFD), or a HFD supplemented with 0.03% (w/w) OLE for 16 weeks. OLE supplementation decreased body weight and liver weight, improved serum lipid profiles, and ameliorated HFD-induced hepatic dysfunction. Liver metabolomics analysis revealed that OLE increased the levels of nicotinamide, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, taurine, and docosahexaenoic acid, which were beneficial for lipid homeostasis and inflammation regulation. OLE exerted its protective effects by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), a key transcription factor that regulates fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) expression and modulates lipid oxidation, lipogenesis and inflammation pathways. Importantly, OLE supplementation did not significantly affect body weight or liver weight in PPARα knockout (PPARα KO) mice, indicating that PPARα is essential for OLE-mediated NAFLD prevention. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that OLE alleviates NAFLD in mice by activating PPARα and modulating liver metabolites. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zheng Du
- The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang Public Health Department, Lianyungang, China
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Gallego-Durán R, Ampuero J, Maya-Miles D, Pastor-Ramírez H, Montero-Vallejo R, Rivera-Esteban J, Álvarez-Amor L, Pareja MJ, Rico MC, Millán R, Robles-Frías MJ, Aller R, Rojas Á, Muñoz-Hernández R, Gil-Gómez A, Gato S, García-Lozano M, Arias-Loste MT, Abad J, Calleja JL, Andrade RJ, Crespo J, González-Rodríguez Á, García-Monzón C, Andreola F, Pericás JM, Jalan R, Martín-Bermudo F, Romero-Gómez M. Fibroblast growth factor 21 is a hepatokine involved in MASLD progression. United European Gastroenterol J 2024. [PMID: 38894596 DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM We aimed to assess the role of FGF21 in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) at a multi-scale level. METHODS We used human MASLD pathology samples for FGF21 gene expression analyses (qPCR and RNAseq), serum to measure circulating FGF21 levels and DNA for genotyping the FGF21 rs838133 variant in both estimation and validation cohorts. A hepatocyte-derived cell line was exposed to free fatty acids at different timepoints. Finally, C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat and choline-deficient diet (CDA-HFD) for 16 weeks to assess hepatic FGF21 protein expression and FGF21 levels by ELISA. RESULTS A significant upregulation in FGF21 mRNA expression was observed in the liver analysed by both qPCR (fold change 5.32 ± 5.25 vs. 0.59 ± 0.66; p = 0.017) and RNA-Seq (3.5 fold; FDR: 0.006; p < 0.0001) in MASLD patients vs. controls. Circulating levels of FGF21 were increased in patients with steatohepatitis vs. bland steatosis (386.6 ± 328.9 vs. 297.9 ± 231.5 pg/mL; p = 0.009). Besides, sex, age, A-allele from FGF21, GG genotype from PNPLA3, ALT, type 2 diabetes mellitus and BMI were independently associated with MASH and significant fibrosis in both estimation and validation cohorts. In vitro exposure of Huh7.5 cells to high concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs) resulted in overexpression of FGF21 (p < 0.001). Finally, Circulating FGF21 levels and hepatic FGF21 expression were found to be significantly increased (p < 0.001) in animals under CDA-HFD. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic and circulating FGF21 expression was increased in MASH patients, in Huh7.5 cells under FFAs and in CDA-HFD animals. The A-allele from the rs838133 variant was also associated with an increased risk of steatohepatitis and significant and advanced fibrosis in MASLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Gallego-Durán
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBEREHD, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ampuero
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBEREHD, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Douglas Maya-Miles
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBEREHD, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena Pastor-Ramírez
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBEREHD, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Montero-Vallejo
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBEREHD, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Rivera-Esteban
- CIBEREHD, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute for Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leticia Álvarez-Amor
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER- University Pablo Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases-CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Carmen Rico
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBEREHD, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Millán
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBEREHD, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rocío Aller
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ángela Rojas
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBEREHD, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Muñoz-Hernández
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBEREHD, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Gil-Gómez
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBEREHD, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sheila Gato
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBEREHD, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
| | - María García-Lozano
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBEREHD, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Arias-Loste
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Service, IDIVAL, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Javier Abad
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Calleja
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl J Andrade
- CIBEREHD, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Javier Crespo
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Service, IDIVAL, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Águeda González-Rodríguez
- Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases-CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmelo García-Monzón
- Liver Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fausto Andreola
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Pericás
- CIBEREHD, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute for Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Francisco Martín-Bermudo
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER- University Pablo Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases-CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBEREHD, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
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Tang Q, Xing X, Huang H, Yang J, Li M, Xu X, Gao X, Liang C, Tian W, Liao L. Eliminating senescent cells by white adipose tissue-targeted senotherapy alleviates age-related hepatic steatosis through decreasing lipolysis. GeroScience 2024; 46:3149-3167. [PMID: 38217637 PMCID: PMC11009221 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an important risk factor in the development of hepatic steatosis. Senolytics present therapeutic effects on age-related hepatic steatosis without eliminating senescent hepatocytes directly. Therefore, it highlights the need to find senolytics' therapeutic targets. Dysfunction of adipose tissue underlies the critical pathogenesis of lipotoxicity in the liver. However, the correlation between adipose tissue and hepatic steatosis during aging and its underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. We explored the correlation between white adipose tissue (WAT) and the liver during aging and evaluated the effect of lipolysis of aged WAT on hepatic steatosis and hepatocyte senescence. We screened out the ideal senolytics for WAT and developed a WAT-targeted delivery system for senotherapy. We assessed senescence and lipolysis of WAT and hepatic lipid accumulation after treatment. The results displayed that aging accelerated cellular senescence and facilitated lipolysis of WAT. Free fatty acids (FFAs) generated by WAT during aging enhanced hepatic steatosis and induced hepatocyte senescence. The combined usage of dasatinib and quercetin was screened out as the ideal senolytics to eliminate senescent cells in WAT. To minimize non-specific distribution and enhance the effectiveness of senolytics, liposomes decorated with WAT affinity peptide P3 were constructed for senotherapy in vivo. In vivo study, WAT-targeted treatment eliminated senescent cells in WAT and reduced lipolysis, resulting in the alleviation of hepatic lipid accumulation and hepatocyte senescence when compared to non-targeted treatment, providing a novel tissue-targeted, effective and safe senotherapy for age-related hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section Of Ren Min Nan Rd, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaotao Xing
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section Of Ren Min Nan Rd, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Laboratory Center of Stomatology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haisen Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section Of Ren Min Nan Rd, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section Of Ren Min Nan Rd, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Maojiao Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section Of Ren Min Nan Rd, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xun Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section Of Ren Min Nan Rd, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section Of Ren Min Nan Rd, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Cheng Liang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section Of Ren Min Nan Rd, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section Of Ren Min Nan Rd, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Li Liao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section Of Ren Min Nan Rd, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Pant K, Venugopal SK, Lorenzo Pisarello MJ, Gradilone SA. The Role of Gut Microbiome-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acid Butyrate in Hepatobiliary Diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1455-1467. [PMID: 37422149 PMCID: PMC10548274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
The short-chain fatty acid butyrate, produced from fermentable carbohydrates by gut microbiota in the colon, has multiple beneficial effects on human health. At the intestinal level, butyrate regulates metabolism, helps in the transepithelial transport of fluids, inhibits inflammation, and induces the epithelial defense barrier. The liver receives a large amount of short-chain fatty acids via the blood flowing from the gut via the portal vein. Butyrate helps prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, inflammation, cancer, and liver injuries. It ameliorates metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and obesity, and plays a direct role in preventing fatty liver diseases. Butyrate has different mechanisms of action, including strong regulatory effects on the expression of many genes by inhibiting the histone deacetylases and modulating cellular metabolism. The present review highlights the wide range of beneficial therapeutic and unfavorable adverse effects of butyrate, with a high potential for clinically important uses in several liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Pant
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota.
| | - Senthil K Venugopal
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Maria J Lorenzo Pisarello
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA), National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina; Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sergio A Gradilone
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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El-Eshmawy MM. Impact of obesity on liver function tests: is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease the only player? A review article. Porto Biomed J 2023; 8:e228. [PMID: 37846300 PMCID: PMC10575409 DOI: 10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are common worldwide health problems with a strong relationship in between. NAFLD is currently the most common cause of abnormal liver function tests (LFT) because of obesity pandemic. The question is NAFLD the only player of abnormal LFT in obesity? Methodology This article reviews the most important topics regarding the derangements of LFT in obesity through a PubMed search strategy for all English-language literature. Results The reported abnormal LFT in obesity were increased serum levels of transaminases (alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase), gamma glutamyl transferase, and alkaline phosphatase and decreased serum levels of bilirubin and albumin. Besides novel potential hepatic markers of NAFLD/NASH such as triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, sex hormone-binding globulin, fibroblast growth factor 21, and markers of hepatocyte apoptosis i.e. cytokeratin 18 and microribonucleic acids (miRNAs). Beyond NAFLD, there are other underlying players for the abnormal LFT in obesity such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Conclusion Derangements of LFT in obesity are attributed to NAFLD but also to obesity itself and its related oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammatory state. Abnormal LFT predict more than just liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat M. El-Eshmawy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mansoura Specialized Medical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
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Houshmand M, Zeinali V, Hosseini A, Seifi A, Danaei B, Kamfar S. Investigation of FGF21 mRNA levels and relative mitochondrial DNA copy number levels and their relation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a case-control study. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1203019. [PMID: 37347041 PMCID: PMC10279952 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1203019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although the exact mechanisms of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are not fully understood, numerous pieces of evidence show that the variations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) level and hepatic Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) expression may be related to NAFLD susceptibility. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to determine relative levels of mtDNA copy number and hepatic FGF21 expression in a cohort of Iranian NAFLD patients and evaluate the possible relationship. Methods: This study included 27 NAFLD patients (10 with nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and 17 with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)) and ten healthy subjects. Total RNA and genomic DNA were extracted from liver tissue samples, and then mtDNA copy number and FGF21 expression levels were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: The relative level of hepatic mtDNA copy number was 3.9-fold higher in patients than in controls (p < 0.0001). NAFLD patients showed a 2.9-fold increase in hepatic FGF21 expression compared to controls (p < 0.013). Results showed that hepatic FGF21 expression was positively correlated with BMI, serum ALT, and AST levels (p < 0.05). The level of mitochondrial copy number and hepatic FGF21 expression was not significantly associated with stages of change in hepatic steatosis. Finally, there was a significant correlation between FGF21 expression and mitochondrial copy number in NAFLD patients (p = 0.027). Conclusion: Our findings suggest a considerable rise of hepatic FGF21 mRNA levels and mtDNA-CN and show a positive correlation between them in the liver tissue of NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massoud Houshmand
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahide Zeinali
- Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Hosseini
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Research Center, Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atena Seifi
- Pediatric Nephrology Research Center, Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bardia Danaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharareh Kamfar
- Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Heinle JW, DiJoseph K, Sabag A, Oh S, Kimball SR, Keating S, Stine JG. Exercise Is Medicine for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Exploration of Putative Mechanisms. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112452. [PMID: 37299416 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise remains a key component of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) treatment. The mechanisms that underpin improvements in NAFLD remain the focus of much exploration in our attempt to better understand how exercise benefits patients with NAFLD. In this review, we summarize the available scientific literature in terms of mechanistic studies which explore the role of exercise training in modulating fatty acid metabolism, reducing hepatic inflammation, and improving liver fibrosis. This review highlights that beyond simple energy expenditure, the activation of key receptors and pathways may influence the degree of NAFLD-related improvements with some pathways being sensitive to exercise type, intensity, and volume. Importantly, each therapeutic target of exercise training in this review is also the focus of previous or ongoing drug development studies in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and even when a regulatory-agency-approved drug comes to market, exercise will likely remain an integral component in the clinical management of patients with NAFLD and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Westley Heinle
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Kara DiJoseph
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Angelo Sabag
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sechang Oh
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, R Professional University of Rehabilitation, Tsuchiura 300-0032, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Scot R Kimball
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Shelley Keating
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan G Stine
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Fatty Liver Program, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Liver Center, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Cancer Institute, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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10
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Yamashita S, Rizzo M, Su TC, Masuda D. Novel Selective PPARα Modulator Pemafibrate for Dyslipidemia, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), and Atherosclerosis. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050626. [PMID: 37233667 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins, the intestinal cholesterol transporter inhibitor (ezetimibe), and PCSK9 inhibitors can reduce serum LDL-C levels, leading to a significant reduction in cardiovascular events. However, these events cannot be fully prevented even when maintaining very low LDL-C levels. Hypertriglyceridemia and reduced HDL-C are known as residual risk factors for ASCVD. Hypertriglyceridemia and/or low HDL-C can be treated with fibrates, nicotinic acids, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fibrates were demonstrated to be PPARα agonists and can markedly lower serum TG levels, yet were reported to cause some adverse effects, including an increase in the liver enzyme and creatinine levels. Recent megatrials of fibrates have shown negative findings on the prevention of ASCVD, which were supposed to be due to their low selectivity and potency for binding to PPAR α. To overcome the off-target effects of fibrates, the concept of a selective PPARα modulator (SPPARMα) was proposed. Kowa Company, Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), has developed pemafibrate (K-877). Compared with fenofibrate, pemafibrate showed more favorable effects on the reduction of TG and an increase in HDL-C. Fibrates worsened liver and kidney function test values, although pemafibrate showed a favorable effect on liver function test values and little effect on serum creatinine levels and eGFR. Minimal drug-drug interactions of pemafibrate with statins were observed. While most of the fibrates are mainly excreted from the kidney, pemafibrate is metabolized in the liver and excreted into the bile. It can be used safely even in patients with CKD, without a significant increase in blood concentration. In the megatrial of pemafibrate, PROMINENT, for dyslipidemic patients with type 2 diabetes, mild-to-moderate hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-C and LDL-C levels, the incidence of cardiovascular events did not decrease among those receiving pemafibrate compared to those receiving the placebo; however, the incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was lower. Pemafibrate may be superior to conventional fibrates and applicable to CKD patients. This current review summarizes the recent findings on pemafibrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuya Yamashita
- Department of Cardiology, Rinku General Medical Center, Izumisano 598-8577, Osaka, Japan
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Promise Department, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ta-Chen Su
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10017, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Daisaku Masuda
- Department of Cardiology, Rinku General Medical Center, Izumisano 598-8577, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Stine JG, Welles JE, Keating S, Hussaini Z, Soriano C, Heinle JW, Geyer N, Chinchilli VM, Loomba R, Kimball SR. Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Is Markedly Decreased following Exercise Training in Patients with Biopsy-Proven Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Nutrients 2023; 15:1481. [PMID: 36986211 PMCID: PMC10056327 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Exercise remains a key component of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) treatment. However, mechanisms underpinning the improvements in NAFLD seen with exercise are unclear. Exercise improved liver fat and serum biomarkers of liver fibrosis in the NASHFit trial. We investigated exercise's mechanism of benefit by conducting a post hoc analysis of these data to determine the relationship between serum fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, which is implicated in NAFLD development, and exercise. METHODS In the 20 wk NASHFit trial, patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) were randomized to receive moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training or standard clinical care. Mediterranean-informed dietary counseling was provided to each group. Change in serum FGF21 was measured after an overnight fast. RESULTS There was a significant improvement in serum FGF21 with exercise training compared to standard clinical care (p = 0.037) with serum FGF21 reducing by 22% (-243.4 +/-349 ng/mL) with exercise vs. a 34% increase (+88.4 ng/mL +/-350.3 ng/mL) with standard clinical care. There was a large inverse association between change in serum FGF21 and change in cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak) (r = -0.62, 95% CI -0.88 to -0.05, p = 0.031), and on multivariable analysis, change in VO2peak remained independently associated with change in FGF21 (β = -44.5, 95% CI -83.8 to -5.11, p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS Serum FGF21 is markedly decreased in response to aerobic exercise training, offering a novel mechanism to explain the observed reduction in liver fat and improvement in serum biomarkers of liver fibrosis in patients with NASH who do exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G. Stine
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Liver Center, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Cancer Institute, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jaclyn E. Welles
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Shelley Keating
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zeba Hussaini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Christopher Soriano
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - J. Wes Heinle
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nathaniel Geyer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Vernon M. Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- NAFLD Research Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Scot R. Kimball
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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12
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Lin D, Sun Q, Liu Z, Pan J, Zhu J, Wang S, Jia S, Zheng M, Li X, Gong F. Gut microbiota and bile acids partially mediate the improvement of fibroblast growth factor 21 on methionine-choline-deficient diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 195:199-218. [PMID: 36586452 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, as well as gut dysbiosis. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, has been proven to have a good effect on NAFLD. However, the modulating process between FGF21 and gut microbiota remains unclear in treating NAFLD. Here, the fecal microbiota composition of 30 patients with NAFLD who had undergone liver biopsy and 29 matched healthy participants were studied, together with the fecal bile acid (BA) profile. Treatment with FGF21 was given in methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced NAFLD model C57BL/6 mice. An antibiotic cocktail and fecal microbiota transplantation were used to further confirm the benefits of FGF21 that were partially attributable to the change in gut microbiota. Patients with NAFLD had higher serum FGF21 levels and dysregulated fecal microbiota compositions and fecal BA profiles. In NAFLD mice, FGF21 significantly reduced steatohepatitis and collagen deposition in vivo and restored intestinal structure. FGF21 treatment also changed gut microbiota composition and regulated dysbiosis in BA metabolism. After treatment with an antibiotic cocktail, FGF21 partially alleviated hepatic and intestinal damage in NAFLD mice. Furthermore, fecal microbiota transplantation from FGF21-treated mice showed benefits similar to FGF21 therapy. The improvement using FGF21 in MCD diet-induced NAFLD mice is partially mediated via gut microbiota and BA. Gut microbiota-regulated BA metabolism may be a potential target of FGF21 in improving NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Lin
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China; School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Qiyan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jiaxuan Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Shangwen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Sining Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Minghua Zheng
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Fanghua Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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13
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Zhou J, Wu L. Modified Highland Barley Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Liver Injury in High Fat and Cholesterol Diet ICR Mice. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244067. [PMID: 36553810 PMCID: PMC9777615 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Highland barley (Hordeum vulgare L. HB) has been demonstrated to have a series of dietotherapy values, including being low fat, low sugar, high fiber, and especially high in β-glucan. Long-term consumption could reduce the incidence of chronic diseases and metabolic syndromes. In this study, the regulating effect of modified highland barley (MHB) products, namely microwave fluidized HB, extruded and puffed HB, and ultrafine pulverized HB on lipid metabolism and liver injury in mice fed a high fat and cholesterol diet (HFCD) was investigated using microbiota diversity gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics. A total of six groups of mice were supplemented with a normal diet or an HFCD, with or without MHB, and the experimental period lasted 10 weeks. The obtained results demonstrated that MHB supplementation could effectively reverse the increase in body weight gain and adipose tissue accumulation caused by an HFCD (p < 0.05). Moreover, serum biochemical parameters showed that MHB supplementation significantly decreased total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. The results of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) assays showed that MHB supplementation could significantly improve the liver injury and adipose tissue accumulation. In addition, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing showed that MHB supplementation increased the bacteroidetes/firmicutes ratio and the abundance Lactobacillus abundance, while also decreasing the Proteobacteria abundance, which are bacteria closely associated with the hyperlipidemia caused by HFCD. LC-MS metabolomics indicated that MHB supplementation significantly enhanced the levels of Deoxycholic acid, Myclobutanil, 3-Epiecdysone, 3,4-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid, and so on. In addition, MHB supplementation promoted activation of the Arachidonic acid metabolism pathways, the expression of ABC transporters, bile secretion, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and so on. Above all, this study showed the potential capacity of MHB to relieve hyperlipidemia and provides a reference for developing a new dietary intervention supplement to ameliorate hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Guangdong JiaBake Food Co., Ltd., A Building, Hengxingchang Industrial Park, Chashan Town, Dongguan 523382, China
| | - Leiyan Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Correspondence:
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14
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Tarantino G, Cataldi M, Citro V. Could Alcohol Abuse and Dependence on Junk Foods Inducing Obesity and/or Illicit Drug Use Represent Danger to Liver in Young People with Altered Psychological/Relational Spheres or Emotional Problems? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810406. [PMID: 36142317 PMCID: PMC9499369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data show that young people, mainly due to the pressure of some risk factors or due to disrupted interpersonal relationships, utilise greater reward value and display greater sensitivity to the reinforcing properties of “pleasurable stimuli”, specifically in those situations in which an enhanced dopamine release is present. Alcoholic beverages, foods rich in sugar and fat, and illicit drug use are pleasurable feelings associated with rewards. Research shows that there is a link between substance abuse and obesity in brain functioning. Still, alcohol excess is central in leading to obesity and obesity-related morbidities, such as hepatic steatosis, mainly when associated with illicit drug dependence and negative eating behaviours in young people. It is ascertained that long-term drinking causes mental damage, similarly to drug abuse, but also affects liver function. Indeed, beyond the pharmacokinetic interactions of alcohol with drugs, occurring in the liver due to the same metabolic enzymes, there are also pharmacodynamic interactions of both substances in the CNS. To complicate matters, an important noxious effect of junk foods consists of inducing obesity and obesity-related NAFLD. In this review, we focus on some key mechanisms underlying the impact of these addictions on the liver, as well as those on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, “Federico II” University Medical School of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Mauro Cataldi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Citro
- Department of General Medicine, “Umberto I” Hospital, 84014 Nocera Inferiore, Italy
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15
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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16
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Li T, Jin M, Fei X, Yuan Z, Wang Y, Quan K, Wang T, Yang J, He M, Wei C. Transcriptome Comparison Reveals the Difference in Liver Fat Metabolism between Different Sheep Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131650. [PMID: 35804549 PMCID: PMC9265030 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hu sheep and Tibetan sheep are two commonly raised local sheep breeds in China, and they have different morphological characteristics, such as tail type and adaptability to extreme environments. A fat tail in sheep is the main adipose depot in sheep, whereas the liver is an important organ for fat metabolism, with the uptake, esterification, oxidation, and secretion of fatty acids (FAs). Meanwhile, adaptations to high-altitude and arid environments also affect liver metabolism. Therefore, in this study, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) technology was used to characterize the difference in liver fat metabolism between Hu sheep and Tibetan sheep. We identified 1179 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (Q-value < 0.05) between the two sheep breeds, including 25 fat-metabolism-related genes. Through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, 16 pathways were significantly enriched (Q-value < 0.05), such as the proteasome, glutamatergic synapse, and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. In particular, one of these pathways was enriched to be associated with fat metabolism, namely the thermogenesis pathway, to which fat-metabolism-related genes such as ACSL1, ACSL4, ACSL5, CPT1A, CPT1C, SLC25A20, and FGF21 were enriched. Then, the expression levels of ACSL1, CPT1A, and FGF21 were verified in mRNA and protein levels via qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis between the two sheep breeds. The results showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of these three genes were higher in the livers of Tibetan sheep than those of Hu sheep. The above genes are mainly related to FAs oxidation, involved in regulating the oxidation of liver FAs. So, this study suggested that Tibetan sheep liver has a greater FAs oxidation level than Hu sheep liver. In addition, the significant enrichment of fat-metabolism-related genes in the thermogenesis pathway appears to be related to plateau-adaptive thermogenesis in Tibetan sheep, which may indicate that liver- and fat-metabolism-related genes have an impact on adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (M.J.); (X.F.)
| | - Meilin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (M.J.); (X.F.)
| | - Xiaojuan Fei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (M.J.); (X.F.)
| | - Zehu Yuan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Yuqin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China;
| | - Kai Quan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
| | - Tingpu Wang
- College of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui 741000, China;
| | - Junxiang Yang
- Gansu Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Pingliang 744000, China; (J.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Maochang He
- Gansu Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Pingliang 744000, China; (J.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Caihong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (M.J.); (X.F.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Fan Z, Wang C, Yang T, Gao T, Wang D, Zhao X, Guo X, Li D. Coffee peel extracts ameliorate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via a fibroblast growth factor 21-adiponectin signaling pathway. Food Funct 2022; 13:7251-7259. [PMID: 35723052 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00081d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Coffee peel (CP) contains abundant phytochemicals which might prevent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The present study aimed to identify the main phytochemicals in CP extracts, and to investigate whether CP extracts could ameliorate NAFLD through a hepatic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21-adiponectin signaling pathway. Caffeine and seven monomers of flavonoids were identified from CP extracts by using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). After 8 weeks of intervention, the mice fed a high-fat and high-sugar diet showed the pathophysiological characteristics of NAFLD. Treatment with CP extracts significantly alleviated hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance and reduced the concentrations of serum alanine transaminase, FGF21, and triglyceride, and hepatic interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α, while increasing serum adiponectin concentrations. Meanwhile, CP extract supplementation significantly decreased the gene and protein expression levels of FGF21, while enhancing adiponectin expression levels. The present study demonstrated that CP extracts contained caffeine and seven monomers of flavonoids, and protected against NAFLD through regulating the FGF21-adiponectin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekai Fan
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. .,School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. .,School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Laixi People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. .,School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianlin Gao
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. .,School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, China
| | - Xiaofei Guo
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. .,School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Duo Li
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. .,School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Asghari S, Rezaei M, Rafraf M, Taghizadeh M, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Ebadi M. Effects of Calorie Restricted Diet on Oxidative/Antioxidative Status Biomarkers and Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Levels in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122509. [PMID: 35745238 PMCID: PMC9231395 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a fundamental role in the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to investigate the effects of a calorie-restricted (CR) diet on oxidative/anti-oxidative status in patients with NAFLD and the potential mediating role of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) in this regard. This randomized, controlled clinical trial was carried out on sixty patients with NAFLD aged 20 to 60 years with body mass index (BMI) ranging from 25 to 35 kg/m2. Participants were randomly assigned to either the CR diet group (received a prescribed low-calorie diet for twelve weeks, n = 30) or the control group (n = 30). Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measurements, dietary intake, and physical activity data were collected for all participants at baseline and at the end of the trial. Significant reductions in weight, BMI, waist circumference, and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were observed in the CR diet group compared to the control group (all p < 0.05). Liver steatosis grade, serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and FGF-21, as well as erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities did not show significant changes in the CR group when compared to the controls at the end of the study (p > 0.05). CR diet with moderate weight loss has some favorable effects on NAFLD but was not able to modify oxidative/anti-oxidative status in these patients. Future studies are warranted to target the effects of long-term interventions with a greater weight loss in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Asghari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141556117, Iran; (S.A.); (M.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Mahsa Rezaei
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141556117, Iran; (S.A.); (M.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Maryam Rafraf
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614711, Iran;
| | - Mahdiyeh Taghizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141556117, Iran; (S.A.); (M.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614711, Iran;
- Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, 154 Wattletree Rd, Malvern, VIC 3144, Australia
| | - Maryam Ebadi
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-248-1892
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Seo DH, Cho Y, Seo S, Ahn SH, Hong S, Ha KH, Shim JS, Kim HC, Kim DJ, Kim SH. Association between Metabolically Healthy Obesity and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center (CMERC) Cohort. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092440. [PMID: 35566567 PMCID: PMC9103721 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the association between a new definition of metabolic health (MH) and subclinical atherosclerosis in a cohort of patients without previous cardiovascular disease (CVD). In total, 7824 community-dwelling adults were categorized as normal weight, overweight, or obese. Metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) was defined as obesity accompanied by all of the following criteria: systolic blood pressure (BP) < 130 mmHg, no use of BP-lowering medication, waist-hip ratio <0.832 (women) and <0.887 (men), and no prevalent diabetes. Carotid atherosclerosis was defined as carotid plaque or mean carotid intima-media thickness ≥ 1.1 mm. The prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis was 8.3% and 1113 (14.2%) patients were classified as having MHO. All individuals classified as metabolically unhealthy were at an increased risk of carotid atherosclerosis independent of body mass index categories. Conversely, the risk of carotid atherosclerosis in individuals with MHO was not significantly increased compared to that in metabolically healthy normal weight participants (hazard ratio 1.20, 95% confidence interval 0.87−1.67). This new definition of MH was able to identify people with MHO without an increased risk of CVD in an Asian community cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Hea Seo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea; (D.H.S.); (Y.C.); (S.S.); (S.H.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Yongin Cho
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea; (D.H.S.); (Y.C.); (S.S.); (S.H.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Seongha Seo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea; (D.H.S.); (Y.C.); (S.S.); (S.H.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Seong Hee Ahn
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea; (D.H.S.); (Y.C.); (S.S.); (S.H.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Seongbin Hong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea; (D.H.S.); (Y.C.); (S.S.); (S.H.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Kyung Hwa Ha
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea;
| | - Jee-Seon Shim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.-S.S.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Hyeon Chang Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.-S.S.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Dae Jung Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea;
- Correspondence: (D.J.K.); (S.H.K.)
| | - So Hun Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea; (D.H.S.); (Y.C.); (S.S.); (S.H.A.); (S.H.)
- Correspondence: (D.J.K.); (S.H.K.)
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20
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Hense JD, Garcia DN, Isola JV, Alvarado-Rincón JA, Zanini BM, Prosczek JB, Stout MB, Mason JB, Walsh PT, Brieño-Enríquez MA, Schadock I, Barros CC, Masternak MM, Schneider A. Senolytic treatment reverses obesity-mediated senescent cell accumulation in the ovary. GeroScience 2022; 44:1747-1759. [PMID: 35460445 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescent cells are in a cell cycle arrest state and accumulate with aging and obesity, contributing to a chronic inflammatory state. Treatment with senolytic drugs dasatinib and quercetin (D + Q) can reduce senescent cell burden in several tissues, increasing lifespan. Despite this, there are few reports about senescent cells accumulating in female reproductive tissues. Therefore, the aim of the study was to characterize the ovarian reserve and its relationship with cellular senescence in genetically obese mice (ob/ob). In experiment 1, ob/ob (n = 5) and wild-type (WT) mice (n = 5) at 12 months of age were evaluated. In experiment 2, 2-month-old female ob/ob mice were treated with senolytics (D + Q, n = 6) or placebo (n = 6) during the 4 months. Obese mice had more senescent cells in ovaries, indicated by increased p21 and p16 and lipofuscin staining and macrophage infiltration. Treatment with D + Q significantly reduced senescent cell burden in ovaries of obese mice. Neither obesity nor treatment with D + Q affected the number of ovarian follicles. In conclusion, our data indicate that obesity due to leptin deficiency increases the load of senescent cells in the ovary, which is reduced by treatment by senolytics. However, neither obesity nor D + Q treatment affected the ovarian reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica D Hense
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Driele N Garcia
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - José V Isola
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Joao A Alvarado-Rincón
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de La Salle, Campus Utopía, Yopal, Casanare, Colombia
| | - Bianka M Zanini
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliane B Prosczek
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Gomes Carneiro, 1, Pelotas, RS, 96010-610, Brazil
| | - Michael B Stout
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Mason
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Center for Integrated BioSystems, School of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Patrick T Walsh
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Miguel A Brieño-Enríquez
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ines Schadock
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Gomes Carneiro, 1, Pelotas, RS, 96010-610, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Barros
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Gomes Carneiro, 1, Pelotas, RS, 96010-610, Brazil
| | - Michal M Masternak
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Augusto Schneider
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Gomes Carneiro, 1, Pelotas, RS, 96010-610, Brazil.
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Zhang Y, Yin R, Lang J, Fu Y, Yang L, Zhao D. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates hepatic damages by relieve FGF21 resistance and promotion of FGF21-AMPK pathway in mice fed a high fat diet. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:53. [PMID: 35418153 PMCID: PMC9006476 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered to be one of the most common chronic liver diseases across worldwide. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) derived from extract of green tea and is well known for beneficial effects on anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activity. The present study aimed to implore its underlying mechanism for protective effect of NAFLD. METHODS Mice were fed either high fat diet (HFD) or chow diet with or without EGCG treatment in HFD group, for up to 16 weeks. Histopathology, expression of lipid and glucose metabolism and lipogenesis-related gene expression were assessed. Primary mouse hepatocytes were treated with free fatty acids combined with different doses of EGCG for 48 h, expression of lipid and lipogenesis-related gene expression were assessed. RESULTS The results showed that EGCG attenuated HFD- and FFA-induced lipid accumulation in vivo and in vitro. EGCG can decrease the oxidative stress and promote Nrf2 level. Meanwhile EGCG alleviated FGF21 resistance and elevated FGFR/AMPK expression, which suggested an unrecognized mechanism of EGCG in ameliorating NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS EGCG attenuated hepatocytes damage and dysfunction in NAFLD by alleviating FGF21 resistance and improve FGFR/AMPK pathway, mitigating oxidative stress. Our studies verified that EGCG may become a promising drug to treat or relieve NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Ruili Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Jianan Lang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Longyan Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China.
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22
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An Open-Label Exploratory Clinical Trial Evaluating the Effects of GLS (Coptidis Rhizoma-Evodiae Fructus 2 : 1) on Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4583645. [PMID: 35368766 PMCID: PMC8967510 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4583645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Methods In a 12-week, open-label, exploratory clinical trial, 126 NAFLD patients were randomly divided into the GLS group (lifestyle intervention plus GLS) or the polyene phosphatidylcholine (PPC) group (lifestyle intervention plus PPC). Random numbers generated by DPS software were used in combination with opaque, sealed envelopes for allocation concealment. At baseline as well as at the end of the study, anthropometric parameters, glucose, lipids, hepatic enzymes, and FGF 21 were measured, with hepatic fat accumulation assessed by ultrasound (US) and US-based controlled attenuation parameter (CAP). Results 119 patients completed the study. Baseline parameters did not significantly differ between the two groups (P > 0.05). Compared with PPC, GLS decreased more significantly in hepatic fat accumulation, body weight index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and FGF 21 (P < 0.05). The effects of GLS on waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, CAP, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were positively correlated with serum FGF 21 (r = 0.343, 0.342, 0.315, and 0.374, respectively, P < 0.05). The GGT and FGF-21 changes were also confirmed by multiple linear regression analysis (B, 0.777; 95% CI: 0.307–1.247, P < 0.05). Conclusion GLS has a significant hepatoprotective effect on NAFLD patients, causing a decrease in FGF-21 secretion in response to the damage itself.
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23
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Guo XF, Wang C, Yang T, Ma WJ, Zhai J, Zhao T, Xu TC, Li J, Liu H, Sinclair AJ, Li D. Concentrated fish oil ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating FGF21-adiponectin axis. Nutrition 2022; 99-100:111659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Liu H, Peng D. Update on dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism: the mechanism of dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e210002. [PMID: 35015703 PMCID: PMC8859969 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is often associated with elevated serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglycerides. Thyroid hormone (TH) affects the production, clearance and transformation of cholesterol, but current research shows that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) also participates in lipid metabolism independently of TH. Therefore, the mechanism of hypothyroidism-related dyslipidemia is associated with the decrease of TH and the increase of TSH levels. Some newly identified regulatory factors, such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, angiogenin-like proteins and fibroblast growth factors are the underlying causes of dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism. HDL serum concentration changes were not consistent, and its function was reportedly impaired. The current review focuses on the updated understanding of the mechanism of hypothyroidism-related dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Daoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to D Peng:
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25
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Tang H, Li J, Zinker B, Boehm S, Mauer A, Rex-Rabe S, Glaser KJ, Fronheiser M, Bradstreet T, Nakao Y, Petrone T, Pena A, Villano M, Chow P, Malhi H, Charles ED, Hayes W, Ehman RL, Du S, Yin M. Evaluation of a PEGylated Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Variant Using Novel Preclinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Elastography in a Mouse Model of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. J Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 56:712-724. [PMID: 35092323 PMCID: PMC9533307 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treatments for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are urgently needed. Hepatic fat fraction and shear stiffness quantified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI‐HFF) and magnetic resonance elastography (MRE‐SS), respectively, are biomarkers for hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. Purpose This study assessed the longitudinal effects of fibroblast growth factor 21 variant (polyethylene glycol [PEG]‐FGF21v) on MRI‐HFF and MRE‐SS in a NASH mouse model. Study Type Preclinical. Animal Model This study included a choline‐deficient, amino acid‐defined, high‐fat diet (CDAHFD) model and 6‐week‐old, male C57BL/6J mice (N = 78). Field Strength/Sequence This study was performed using: 3T: gradient‐echo two‐point Dixon and spin‐echo (SE) echo‐planar imaging elastography (200 Hz) and 7T: SE two‐point Dixon and SE elastography (200 Hz). Assessment MRI and MRE were performed before control diet (CD) or CDAHFD (BD), before PEG‐FGF21v dosing (baseline), and after PEG‐FGF21v treatment (WK4/8). Regions of interest for MRI‐HFF and MRE‐SS were delineated by J.L. and H.T. (>5 years of experience each). Fibrosis and steatosis were measured histologically after picrosirius red and H&E staining. Alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, bile acids, and triglycerides (TGs) were measured. Statistical Tests Two‐tailed Dunnett's tests were used for statistical analysis; untreated CDAHFD or baseline was used for comparisons. Imaging and histology/biochemistry data were determined using Spearman correlations. Bayesian posterior distributions for MRE‐SS at WK8, posterior means, and 95% credible intervals were presented. Results CDAHFD significantly increased baseline MRI‐HFF (3T: 21.97% ± 0.29%; 7T: 40.12% ± 0.35%) and MRE‐SS (3T: 1.25 ± 0.02; 7T: 1.78 ± 0.06 kPa) vs. CD (3T: 3.45% ± 0.7%; 7T: 12.06% ± 1.4% and 3T: 1.01 ± 0.02; 7T: 0.89 ± 0.06 kPa). At 7T, PEG‐FGF21v significantly decreased MRI‐HFF (WK4: 28.97% ± 1.22%; WK8: 20.93% ± 1.15%) and MRE‐SS (WK4: 1.57 ± 0.04; WK8: 1.36 ± 0.05 kPa) vs. untreated (WK4: 36.36% ± 0.62%; WK8: 30.58% ± 0.81% and WK4: 2.03 ± 0.06; WK8: 2.01 ± 0.04 kPa); 3T trends were similar. WK8 SS posterior mean percent attenuation ratios (RDI) were −68% (−90%, −44%; 3T) and −64% (−78%, −52%; 7T). MRI‐HFF was significantly correlated with H&E (3T, r = 0.93; 7T, r = 0.94) and TGs (both, r = 0.92). Data Conclusions MRI‐HFF and MRE‐SS showed PEG‐FGF21v effects on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis across 3 and 7T, consistent with histological and biochemical data. Level of Evidence 1 Technical Efficacy Stage 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Tang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jiahui Li
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | - Amy Mauer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Kevin J Glaser
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | - Yasuhiko Nakao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | | - Patrick Chow
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Wendy Hayes
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Richard L Ehman
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shuyan Du
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Meng Yin
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Facilitates the Homeostatic Control of Feeding Behavior. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030580. [PMID: 35160033 PMCID: PMC8836936 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a stress hormone that is released from the liver in response to nutritional and metabolic challenges. In addition to its well-described effects on systemic metabolism, a growing body of literature now supports the notion that FGF21 also acts via the central nervous system to control feeding behavior. Here we review the current understanding of FGF21 as a hormone regulating feeding behavior in rodents, non-human primates, and humans. First, we examine the nutritional contexts that induce FGF21 secretion. Initial reports describing FGF21 as a ‘starvation hormone’ have now been further refined. FGF21 is now better understood as an endocrine mediator of the intracellular stress response to various nutritional manipulations, including excess sugars and alcohol, caloric deficits, a ketogenic diet, and amino acid restriction. We discuss FGF21’s effects on energy intake and macronutrient choice, together with our current understanding of the underlying neural mechanisms. We argue that the behavioral effects of FGF21 function primarily to maintain systemic macronutrient homeostasis, and in particular to maintain an adequate supply of protein and amino acids for use by the cells.
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27
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Iacob SA, Iacob DG. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in HIV/HBV Patients - a Metabolic Imbalance Aggravated by Antiretroviral Therapy and Perpetuated by the Hepatokine/Adipokine Axis Breakdown. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:814209. [PMID: 35355551 PMCID: PMC8959898 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.814209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly associated with the metabolic syndrome and is one of the most prevalent comorbidities in HIV and HBV infected patients. HIV plays an early and direct role in the development of metabolic syndrome by disrupting the mechanism of adipogenesis and synthesis of adipokines. Adipokines, molecules that regulate the lipid metabolism, also contribute to the progression of NAFLD either directly or via hepatic organokines (hepatokines). Most hepatokines play a direct role in lipid homeostasis and liver inflammation but their role in the evolution of NAFLD is not well defined. The role of HBV in the pathogenesis of NAFLD is controversial. HBV has been previously associated with a decreased level of triglycerides and with a protective role against the development of steatosis and metabolic syndrome. At the same time HBV displays a high fibrogenetic and oncogenetic potential. In the HIV/HBV co-infection, the metabolic changes are initiated by mitochondrial dysfunction as well as by the fatty overload of the liver, two interconnected mechanisms. The evolution of NAFLD is further perpetuated by the inflammatory response to these viral agents and by the variable toxicity of the antiretroviral therapy. The current article discusses the pathogenic changes and the contribution of the hepatokine/adipokine axis in the development of NAFLD as well as the implications of HIV and HBV infection in the breakdown of the hepatokine/adipokine axis and NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Alexandra Iacob
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals”, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Gabriela Iacob
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- *Correspondence: Diana Gabriela Iacob,
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Negi CK, Babica P, Bajard L, Bienertova-Vasku J, Tarantino G. Insights into the molecular targets and emerging pharmacotherapeutic interventions for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2022; 126:154925. [PMID: 34740573 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease worldwide. With no Food and Drug Administration approved drugs, current treatment options include dietary restrictions and lifestyle modification. NAFLD is closely associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Hence, clinically various pharmacological approaches using existing drugs such as antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antioxidants, and cytoprotective agents have been considered in the management of NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, several pharmacological therapies aiming to alleviate NAFLD-NASH are currently being examined at various phases of clinical trials. Emerging data from these studies with drugs targeting diverse molecular mechanisms show promising outcomes. This review summarizes the current understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of NAFLD and provides an insight into the pharmacological targets and emerging therapeutics with specific interventional mechanisms. In addition, we also discuss the importance and utility of new approach methodologies and regulatory perspectives for NAFLD-NASH drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chander K Negi
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lola Bajard
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Julie Bienertova-Vasku
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Małecki P, Mania A, Tracz J, Łuczak M, Mazur-Melewska K, Figlerowicz M. Adipocytokines as Risk Factors for Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2021; 11:646-653. [PMID: 34866842 PMCID: PMC8617538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive diagnostics of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common cause of liver dysfunction in children, are based on imaging, biochemical tests and their compilation. The study aimed to evaluate the serological biomarkers of steatosis, inflammation and liver fibrosis to assess the risk of NAFLD in children. METHODS A total of 73 children were included in the prospective study; 50 of them were diagnosed with NAFLD based on ultrasound, and 23 formed a control group. Basic anthropometric parameters were measured, blood samples were taken for laboratory tests and evaluated proteins were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor alpha, fibroblast growth factor 21, liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) and interleukin 6. RESULTS Statistically significant differences between the levels of two proteins were found: the adiponectin level was lower in the NAFLD group (12.24 ± 7.01 vs 16.88 ± 9.21 μg/mL, P = 0.024), and L-FABP levels were higher (21.48 ± 20.61 vs 11.74 ± 8.39 ng/mL, P = 0.031). In the group of children with body mass index (BMI)-for-age >1 standard deviation (SD), adiponectin concentration was also significantly lower (12.18 ± 6.43 μg/mL) than in the group with BMI ≤1 SD (17.29 ± 9.42 μg/mL, P = 0.015). The odds ratios and 95% confidence interval for the relation between adiponectin and NAFLD and obesity were 0.868 (0.767-0.982) and 0.838 (0.719-0.977), respectively. CONCLUSION Adiponectin may be useful in evaluating the risk of NAFLD and obesity in children.
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Key Words
- ALF, acute liver failure
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMPK, adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase
- APRI, AST to Platelet Ratio Index
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BMI, body mass index
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FFA, free fatty acid
- FGF-21, fibroblast growth factor 21
- HMW, high-molecular-weight
- IR, insulin resistance
- L-FABP, liver fatty acid-binding protein
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- OR, odds ratio
- PNFS, Paediatric NAFLD Fibrosis Scale
- PPAR-α, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-α
- SD, standard deviation
- SOCS3, suppressor of cytokine signalling 3
- TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α
- US-FLI, ultrasound fatty liver indicator
- WHO, World Health Organization
- adipokines
- children
- nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Małecki
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Mania
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Tracz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Łuczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mazur-Melewska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Figlerowicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Kim S, Choi S, Dutta M, Asubonteng JO, Polunas M, Goedken M, Gonzalez FJ, Cui JY, Gyamfi MA. Pregnane X receptor exacerbates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease accompanied by obesity- and inflammation-prone gut microbiome signature. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114698. [PMID: 34303710 PMCID: PMC9135326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease due to the current epidemics of obesity and diabetes. The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor known for trans-activating liver genes involved in drug metabolism and transport, and more recently implicated in energy metabolism. The gut microbiota can modulate the host xenobiotic biotransformation and contribute to the development of obesity. While the male sex confers a higher risk for NAFLD than women before menopause, the mechanism remains unknown. We hypothesized that the presence of PXR promotes obesity by modifying the gut-liver axis in a sex-specific manner. Male and female C57BL/6 (wild-type/WT) and PXR-knockout (PXR-KO) mice were fed control or high-fat diet (HFD) for 16-weeks. Serum parameters, liver histopathology, transcriptomic profiling, 16S-rDNA sequencing, and bile acid (BA) metabolomics were performed. PXR enhanced HFD-induced weight gain, hepatic steatosis and inflammation especially in males, accompanied by PXR-dependent up-regulation in hepatic genes involved in microbial response, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cancer; PXR-dependent increase in intestinal Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio (hallmark of obesity) and the pro-inflammatory Lactobacillus, as well as a decrease in the anti-obese Allobaculum and the anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterum, with a PXR-dependent reduction of beneficial BAs in liver. The resistance to NAFLD in females may be explained by PXR-dependent decrease in pro-inflammatory bacteria (Ruminococcus gnavus and Peptococcaceae). In conclusion, PXR exacerbates hepatic steatosis and inflammation accompanied by obesity- and inflammation-prone gut microbiome signature, suggesting that gut microbiome may contribute to PXR-mediated exacerbation of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sora Choi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey O Asubonteng
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marianne Polunas
- Office of Research and Economic Development, Research Pathology Services, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Goedken
- Office of Research and Economic Development, Research Pathology Services, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Maxwell A Gyamfi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Foresight regarding drug candidates acting on the succinate-GPR91 signalling pathway for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112298. [PMID: 34649219 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, and it is a liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome, with a histological spectrum from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH can evolve into progressive liver fibrosis and eventually lead to liver cirrhosis. The pathological mechanism of NASH is multifactorial, involving a series of metabolic disorders and changes that trigger low-level inflammation in the liver and other organs. In the pathogenesis of NASH, the signal transduction pathway involving succinate and the succinate receptor (G-protein-coupled receptor 91, GPR91) regulates inflammatory cell activation and liver fibrosis. This review describes the mechanism of the succinate-GPR91 signalling pathway in NASH and summarizes the drugs that act on this pathway, with the aim of providing a new approach to NASH treatment.
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N-butylidenephthalide ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice and promotes browning through adrenergic response/AMPK activation in mouse beige adipocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:159033. [PMID: 34487913 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thermogenesis (non-exercise activity) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) promotes energy expenditure because of its higher number of mitochondria than white adipose tissue (WAT). The main function of thermogenesis in BAT can counteract obesity through the dissipation of calories as heat. N-butylidenephthalide (BP) is a natural derivative from Angelica sinensis, a Chinese herb that has been used for thousands of years. In this report, we demonstrated that BP improved the metabolic profiles of mice with high fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) by preventing weight gain, improving serum blood parameters, enhancing energy expenditure, stimulating white fat browning, and reversing hepatic steatosis. Further investigations demonstrated that BP administration upregulated the mRNA expression of beige (CD137, TMEM26) and brown fat selected genes (UCP1, PRDM16, PGC-1α, PPARγ) in white adipose tissues. In vitro studies, BP treatment increased multilocular lipid droplet levels, induced β-adrenergic receptor (cAMP/PKA) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling (AMPK/acetyl-CoA carboxylase/SIRT1), and increased oxygen consumption in murine differentiated beige adipocytes, and the effects of BP were blocked by an AMPK inhibitor. BP promoted the interaction of AMPK with PGC-1α in beige adipocytes. Our findings provide novel insights into the application of BP in regulating energy metabolism and suggest its utility for clinical use in the treatment of obesity and related diseases.
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New insight and potential therapy for NAFLD: CYP2E1 and flavonoids. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111326. [PMID: 33556870 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased year by year; however, due to its complicated pathogenesis, there is no effective treatment so far. It is reported that Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) plays an indispensable role in the development of NAFLD, and numerous studies have shown that flavonoids have a hepatoprotective effect and can exert a beneficial effect on NAFLD by regulating the activity of CYP2E1. Therefore, flavonoids may become effective drugs for the treatment of NAFLD in the future. This prompted us to review the research progress of the pathological mechanism of NAFLD and the impact of CYP2E1 activity changes during the pathological process, and to summarize the protective effect of flavonoids against CYP2E1 activity.
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Lv XC, Chen M, Huang ZR, Guo WL, Ai LZ, Bai WD, Yu XD, Liu YL, Rao PF, Ni L. Potential mechanisms underlying the ameliorative effect of Lactobacillus paracasei FZU103 on the lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemic mice fed a high-fat diet. Food Res Int 2021; 139:109956. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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De Munck TJI, Xu P, Vanderfeesten BLJ, Elizalde M, Masclee AAM, Nevens F, Cassiman D, Schaap FG, Jonkers DMAE, Verbeek J. The Role of Brown Adipose Tissue in the Development and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: An Exploratory Gene Expression Study in Mice. Horm Metab Res 2020; 52:869-876. [PMID: 33260239 DOI: 10.1055/a-1301-2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) might be a beneficial mediator in the development and treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We aim to evaluate the gene expression of BAT activity-related genes during the development and the dietary and surgical treatment of NASH. BAT was collected from male C57BL/6J mice that received a high fat-high sucrose diet (HF-HSD) or a normal chow diet (NCD) for 4 and 20 weeks (n=8-9 per dietary group and timepoint) and from mice that underwent dietary intervention (return to NCD) (n=8), roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB) (n=6), or sham procedure (n=6) after 12 weeks HF-HSD. Expression of BAT genes involved in lipid metabolism (Cd36 and Cpt1b; p<0.05) and energy expenditure (Ucp1 and Ucp3; p<0.05) were significantly increased after 4 weeks HF-HSD compared with NCD, whereas in the occurrence of NASH after 20 weeks HF-HSD no difference was observed. We observed no differences in gene expression regarding lipid metabolism or energy expenditure at 8 weeks after dietary intervention (no NASH) compared with HF-HSD mice (NASH), nor in mice that underwent RYGB compared with SHAM. However, dietary intervention and RYGB both decreased the BAT gene expression of inflammatory cytokines (Il1b, Tnf-α and MCP-1; p<0.05). Gene expression of the batokine neuregulin 4 was significantly decreased after 20 weeks HF-HSD (p<0.05) compared with NCD, but was restored by dietary intervention and RYGB (p<0.05). In conclusion, BAT is hallmarked by dynamic alterations in the gene expression profile during the development of NASH and can be modulated by dietary intervention and bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon J I De Munck
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pan Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Brechtje L J Vanderfeesten
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Montserrat Elizalde
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A M Masclee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Nevens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Cassiman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank G Schaap
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daisy M A E Jonkers
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jef Verbeek
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Monascus purpureus-fermented common buckwheat protects against dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through the regulation of liver metabolome and intestinal microbiome. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kleinert
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München and German National Diabetes Center (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München and German National Diabetes Center (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany
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Akbari R, Yaghooti H, Jalali MT, Khorsandi LS, Mohammadtaghvaei N. Capparis spinosa improves the high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats: the possible role of FGF21. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:356. [PMID: 32723353 PMCID: PMC7388468 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study focused on the beneficial effects of Capparis spinosa (CS) treatment on the steatohepatitis induced by the administration of a high-fat emulsion in rats. Changes of hepatic expression and secretion of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) were also evaluated as a probable mechanism of the CS effects on fatty liver. Male Wistar rats were allocated in different groups to receive a normal diet (NC group), a high-fat diet (HF group), or the high-fat emulsion plus CS extract at a dose of 20 mg/kg (HF+CS group). Body and liver weight, liver index, serum biochemical factors, histopathological examination, and serum level and hepatic gene expression of FGF21 were determined. RESULTS CS administration markedly reduced liver weight and index, serum levels of glucose, lipids, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and improved histological features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) which were induced by HF feeding in this model. CS supplementation also restored the decreased hepatic and serum FGF21 levels in the fatty liver rats. We propose that the FGF21 up-regulation may partly account for the favorable effects of CS in this steatohepatitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Akbari
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hamid Yaghooti
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taha Jalali
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Laya Sadat Khorsandi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Narges Mohammadtaghvaei
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. .,Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Lonardo A, Mantovani A, Lugari S, Targher G. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of the association between NAFLD and metabolically healthy or metabolically unhealthy obesity. Ann Hepatol 2020; 19:359-366. [PMID: 32349939 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is continuing to rise in many countries, paralleling the epidemic of obesity worldwide. In the last years, the concept of metabolically healthy obesity [MHO, generally defined as obesity without metabolic syndrome (MetS)] has raised considerable scientific interest. MHO is a complex phenotype with risks intermediate between metabolically healthy individuals with normal-weight (NWMH) and patients who are obese and metabolically unhealthy (MUO, i.e. obesity with MetS). In this review we aimed to examine the association and pathophysiological link of NAFLD with MHO and MUO. Compared to NWMH individuals, patients with obesity, regardless of the presence of MetS features, are at higher risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events. Moreover, MHO patients have a greater risk of NAFLD development and progression compared to NWMH individuals. However, this risk is generally lower than that of MUO patients, suggesting a stronger adverse effect of coexisting MetS disorders than obesity per se on the severity of NAFLD. Nevertheless, since MHO is a dynamic state (with a significant proportion of MHO subjects progressing to MUO over time) and NAFLD itself may predict the transition from MHO to MUO, we believe that any effort should be made to identify NAFLD in all obese individuals, although they appear to be "metabolically healthy". Future research is needed to better understand the role of NAFLD and other pathogenic factors potentially involved in the transition from MHO to MUO and to elucidate how this transition may affect the presence and severity of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Lonardo
- Operating Unit of Metabolic Syndrome, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, Modena, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Mantovani
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Huang ZR, Deng JC, Li QY, Cao YJ, Lin YC, Bai WD, Liu B, Rao PF, Ni L, Lv XC. Protective Mechanism of Common Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) against Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Associated with Dyslipidemia in Mice Fed a High-Fat and High-Cholesterol Diet. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6530-6543. [PMID: 32383865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the protective mechanism of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) associated with dyslipidemia in mice that were fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFD). Results showed that oral supplementation of common buckwheat significantly improved physiological indexes and biochemical parameters related to dyslipidemia and NAFLD in mice fed with HFD. Furthermore, the HFD-induced reductions in fecal short-chain fatty acids were reversed by common buckwheat intervention, which also increased the fecal bile acid (BA) abundance compared with HFD-induced hyperlipidemic mice. Liver metabolomics based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry demonstrated that common buckwheat supplementation made significant regulatory effects on the pentose phosphate pathway, starch and sucrose metabolism, primary BA biosynthesis, and so forth. The results of high-throughput sequencing revealed that common buckwheat supplementation significantly altered the structure of the intestinal microbiota in mice fed with HFD. The correlations between lipid metabolic parameters and intestinal microbial phylotypes were also revealed by the heatmap and network. Additionally, common buckwheat intervention regulated the mRNA expressions of genes responsible for liver lipid metabolism and BA homeostasis, thus promoting BA synthesis and excretion. These findings confirmed that common buckwheat has the outstanding ability of improving lipid metabolism and could be used as a potential functional food for the prevention of NAFLD and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Rui Huang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Cong Deng
- School of Ocean Science and Biochemistry Engineering, Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University, Fuqing, Fujian 350300, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Yi Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
- College of Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University of International Studies and Trade, Fuzhou, Fujian 350202, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Jia Cao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Chen Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Dong Bai
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Ping-Fan Rao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
| | - Li Ni
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Cong Lv
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
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Novel Combinatorial Regimen of Garcinol and Curcuminoids for Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) in Mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7440. [PMID: 32366854 PMCID: PMC7198554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64293-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive form of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a chronic liver disease with a significant unmet clinical need. In this study, we examined the protective effects of Garcinia indica extract standardized to contain 20% w/w of Garcinol (GIE) and 95% Curcuminoids w/w from Curcuma longa (Curcuminoids) in a Stelic animal model (STAM) of NASH. The STAM mice developed steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, and inflammation, which were significantly reduced by the combination of GIE and Curcuminoids, resulting in a lower NAFLD activity score. The treatment reduced fibrosis as observed by Sirius red staining, liver hydroxyproline content and mRNA levels of TGF- β and collagen in the liver. Immunostaining with alpha-smooth muscle actin (α SMA) revealed a significant reduction in hepatic stellate cells. Intriguingly, the combination regimen markedly decreased the mRNA levels of MCP1 and CRP and both mRNA and protein levels of TNF-α. NF-kB, reduced the hepatic and circulating FGF21 levels and altered the nonenzymatic (glutathione) and enzymatic antioxidant markers (Glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase). Our results suggest that the combination of GIE and Curcuminoids can reduce the severity of NASH by reducing steatosis, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The results suggest that the combinatorial regimen could be an effective supplement to prevent the progression of liver steatosis to inflammation and fibrosis in NASH.
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Lu S, Liu G, Chen T, Wang W, Hu J, Tang D, Peng X. Lentivirus-Mediated hFGF21 Stable Expression in Liver of Diabetic Rats Model and Its Antidiabetic Effect Observation. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:472-484. [PMID: 32027183 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been increasing annually, which is a serious threat to human health. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is one of the most popular targets for the treatment of diabetes because it effectively improves glycolipid metabolism. In our experiment, human FGF21 (hFGF21) was injected and stably expressed in the liver tissues of a rat T2DM model with lentivirus system. Based on clinical and histopathological examinations, islet cells were protected and liver tissue lesions were repaired for >4 months. Glucose metabolism and histopathology were controlled perfectly when hFGF21 was stably expressed in partial liver of T2DM rats. The results showed that the liver tissue cell apoptosis was reduced, the lipid droplet content was decreased, the oxidative stress indexes were improved, the glycogen content was increased, and the islet cells were increased too. Besides, insulin sensitivity and glycogen synthesis-related genes expression were increased, but cell apoptosis-related genes caspase3 and NFκB expression were decreased. The effectiveness of results suggested that injecting hFGF21 to rats liver could effectively treat T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiyao Lu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Guanglong Liu
- The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Tianxing Chen
- The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Wanpu Wang
- The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Jingwen Hu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Donghong Tang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
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Dai G, Tan Y, Liu J, Yuan B, Song Q, Liu J, He S. The significance of IL-28B and CK-18 M30 levels in the diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in SD rats. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152901. [PMID: 32143904 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the role of IL-28B and CK-18 M30 in the diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in rats. METHODS The rat NASH model was constructed by high-fat diet feeding and confirmed by liver tissue pathology analysis. The CK-18 M30, IL-28B, liver function and blood lipid were detected. The pathology of liver tissues was observed by H&E staining. The ROC curves of liver pathological scores, IL-28B, and CK-18 M30 were plotted and the sensitivity/specificity of each index was calculated. RESULTS The liver tissue pathology at the end of the 12th week met NASH diagnostic criteria. The liver pathological scores of NASH model were higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the body weight of rats in the NASH group was lower (P < 0.05) and the liver index was higher (P < 0.05). Moreover, the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol and CK-18 M30 in the NASH group were higher (P < 0.05) and positively correlated with liver pathological scores (P < 0.05), but IL-28B in serum and liver tissue was lower (P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with liver pathological scores (P < 0.05). According to the ROC curves, the sensitivity/specificity of each index was shown as following: liver pathological scores (1.000/1.000), IL-28B of liver tissue (1.000/0.857), serum CK-18 M30 plus IL-28B (0.857/1.000), serum IL-28B (0.857/0.857) and serum CK-18 M30 (1.000/0.857). CONCLUSIONS IL-28B level is related to the pathological changes of livers in SD rats during the development of NASH. The combination of serum CK-18 M30 level and serum IL-28B level may be a promising non-invasive detection method for the diagnosis of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an Jiaotong University First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Yanan University Affiliated Hospital, Yanan, 716000, PR China
| | - Yue Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yanan University Affiliated Hospital, Yanan, 716000, PR China.
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yanan University Affiliated Hospital, Yanan, 716000, PR China
| | - Beibei Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yanan University Affiliated Hospital, Yanan, 716000, PR China
| | - Qinglian Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yanan University Affiliated Hospital, Yanan, 716000, PR China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Shuixiang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an Jiaotong University First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, 710061, PR China.
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Yamashita S, Masuda D, Matsuzawa Y. Pemafibrate, a New Selective PPARα Modulator: Drug Concept and Its Clinical Applications for Dyslipidemia and Metabolic Diseases. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2020; 22:5. [PMID: 31974794 PMCID: PMC6978439 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-020-0823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Reduction of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels by statins, ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors has been shown to significantly reduce cardiovascular events risk. However, fasting and postprandial hypertriglyceridemia as well as reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) remain as residual risk factors of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). To treat patients with hypertriglyceridemia and/or low HDL-C, drugs such as fibrates, nicotinic acids, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been used. However, fibrates were demonstrated to cause side effects such as liver dysfunction and increase in creatinine levels, and thus large-scale clinical trials of fibrates have shown negative results for prevention of ASCVD. The failure could be attributed to their low selectivity and potency for binding to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α. To resolve these issues, the concept of selective PPARα modulator (SPPARMα) with a superior balance of efficacy and safety has been proposed and pemafibrate (K-877) has been developed. RECENT FINDINGS Pemafibrate, one of SPPARMsα, was synthesized by Kowa Company, Ltd. for better efficiency and safety. Clinical trials in Japan have established the superiority of pemafibrate on effects on serum triglycerides (TG) reduction and HDL-C elevation as well safety. Although available fibrates showed worsening of liver and kidney function test values, pemafibrate indicated improved liver function test values and was less likely to increase serum creatinine or decrease estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Very few drug-drug interactions were observed even when used concomitantly with statins. Furthermore, pemafibrate is metabolized in the liver and excreted into the bile, while many of available fibrates are mainly excreted from the kidney. Therefore, pemafibrate can be used safely even in patients with impaired renal function since there is no significant increase in its blood concentration. A large-scale trial of pemafibrate, PROMINENT, for dyslipidemic patients with type 2 diabetes is ongoing. Pemafibrate is one of novel SPPARMsα and has superior benefit-risk balance compared to conventional fibrates and can be applicable for patients for whom the usage of existing fibrates is difficult such as those who are taking statins or patients with renal dysfunction. In the current review, all the recent data on pemafibrate will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuya Yamashita
- Department of Cardiology, Rinku General Medical Center, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8577, Japan.
| | - Daisaku Masuda
- Department of Cardiology, Rinku General Medical Center, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8577, Japan
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Bullón-Vela V, Abete I, Tur JA, Konieczna J, Romaguera D, Pintó X, Corbella E, Martínez-González MA, Sayón-Orea C, Toledo E, Corella D, Macías-Gonzalez M, Tinahones FJ, Fitó M, Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, Daimiel L, Mascaró CM, Zulet MA, Martínez JA. Relationship of visceral adipose tissue with surrogate insulin resistance and liver markers in individuals with metabolic syndrome chronic complications. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2020; 11:2042018820958298. [PMID: 33149882 PMCID: PMC7586032 DOI: 10.1177/2042018820958298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has a hazardous influence on systemic inflammation, insulin resistance and an adverse metabolic profile, which increases the risk of developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and chronic complications of diabetes. In our study we aimed to evaluate the association of VAT and the triglyceride glucose (TyG) as a proxy of insulin resistance surrogated with metabolic and liver risk factors among subjects diagnosed with metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed including 326 participants with MetS (55-75 years) from the PREDIMED-Plus study. Liver-status markers, VAT and TyG were assessed. Participants were stratified by tertiles according to VAT (n = 254) and TyG (n = 326). A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to analyse the efficiency of TyG for VAT. RESULTS Subjects with greater visceral fat depots showed worse lipid profile, higher homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), TyG, alanine transaminase (ALT), fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), fatty liver index (FLI) and hepatic steatosis index (HSI) compared with participants in the first tertile. The multi-adjusted linear-regression analyses indicated that individuals in the third tertile of TyG (>9.1-10.7) had a positive association with HOMA-IR [β = 3.07 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.28-3.86; p trend < 0.001)], ALT [β = 7.43 (95% CI 2.23-12.63; p trend = 0.005)], gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) [β = 14.12 (95% CI 3.64-24.61; p trend = 0.008)], FGF-21 [β = 190.69 (95% CI 93.13-288.25; p trend < 0.001)], FLI [β = 18.65 (95% CI 14.97-22.23; p trend < 0.001)] and HSI [β = 3.46 (95% CI, 2.23-4.68; p trend < 0.001)] versus participants from the first tertile. Interestingly, the TyG showed the largest area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) for women (AUC = 0.713; 95% CI 0.62-0.79) compared with men (AUC = 0.570; 95% CI 0.48-0.66). CONCLUSIONS A disrupted VAT enlargement and impairment of TyG are strongly associated with liver status and cardiometabolic risk factors linked with NAFLD in individuals diagnosed with MetS. Moreover, the TyG could be used as a suitable and reliable marker estimator of VAT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josep A. Tur
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jadwiga Konieczna
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Research Group on Nutritional Epidemiology & Cardiovascular Physiopathology (NUTRECOR), Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdIsBa), University Hospital of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Dora Romaguera
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Research Group on Nutritional Epidemiology & Cardiovascular Physiopathology (NUTRECOR), Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emili Corbella
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Martínez-González
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Sayón-Orea
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Estefanía Toledo
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Macías-Gonzalez
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Estruch
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Ros
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Unversitat Rovira i Virgili, Department de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició Humana, Reus, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
| | - Lidia Daimiel
- Precision Nutrition Programme, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina M. Mascaró
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - José Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Precision Nutrition Programme, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Afrisham R, Sadegh-Nejadi S, Meshkani R, Emamgholipour S, Paknejad M. Effect of circulating exosomes derived from normal-weight and obese women on gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis and secretion of FGF21 and fetuin A in HepG2 cells. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2020; 12:32. [PMID: 32322309 PMCID: PMC7161281 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-020-00540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is generally accepted that obesity can lead to metabolic disorders such as NAFLD and insulin resistance. However, the underlying mechanism has been poorly understood. Moreover, there is evidence to support the possible role of exosomes in the metabolic homeostasis regulation. Accordingly, we aimed to determine the effect of plasma circulating exosomes derived from obese and normal-weight women on insulin signaling and the secretion of hepatokines in human liver cells. METHODS Plasma exosomes isolated from four obese (O-Exo) women and four normal-weight (N-Exo) female candidates were characterized for size, zeta potential, and CD63 protein expression and were used for stimulation of HepG2 cells. Then, cell viability, as well as levels of glycogen and triglyceride (TG), were evaluated. Levels of fetuin-A and FGF21 were measured using the ELISA kit. Expression of glucose 6-phosphatase (G6pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) genes were determined using qRT-PCR. Western blot analysis was carried out to evaluating the phosphorylation of GSK3β. RESULTS The TG levels increased significantly in the cells treated with O-Exo than the control (vehicle) group (P = 0.005) and normal-weight group (P = 0.018). Levels of p-GSK3β and glycogen were significantly reduced by O-Exo in comparison with control (P = 0.002, P = 0.018, respectively). The mRNA expression of G6pase and PEPCK enzymes increased in the cells treated with O-Exo in comparison with the vehicle group (P = 0.017, P = 0.010, respectively). The levels of FGF21 in the supernatant of cells treated with O-Exo and N-Exo were significantly lower than the control group (P = 0.007). CONCLUSION It appears that obesity-related circulating exosomes can impair insulin signaling pathways and associated components, increase intracellular TG content, and decrease FGF21 secretion in the hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Afrisham
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Sadegh-Nejadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solaleh Emamgholipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Paknejad
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tucker B, Li H, Long X, Rye KA, Ong KL. Fibroblast growth factor 21 in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2019; 101:153994. [PMID: 31672443 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.153994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of pathologies ranging from uncomplicated hepatic fat accumulation to a state of lobular inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning, known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Currently, there are no reliable biomarkers or effective therapeutic options established for NAFLD. Nevertheless, there are several molecular targets in the pipeline, of which fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is one. FGF21 is secreted primarily from liver and has a plethora of metabolic functions. Pre-clinical and epidemiological studies indicate a relationship between circulating FGF21 levels and hepatic fat content in both mice and humans. Moreover, animal studies have clearly shown that aberrant FGF21 signalling is a key pathological step in the development and progression of NAFLD. A recent Phase II clinical trial demonstrated that administration of an FGF21 analogue significantly reduced hepatic fat in subjects with NASH. As such, FGF21 provides a novel target for future biomarker and therapeutic studies. This review appraises preclinical data to outline the current understanding of FGF21 function in both normal hepatic function and NAFLD. Epidemiological evidence is explored to delineate the relationship between circulating FGF21 levels and NAFLD in humans. Finally, we review the therapeutic effects of FGF21 in the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Tucker
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Huating Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Long
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai, China
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kwok Leung Ong
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Zhou L, Li Q, Chen A, Liu N, Chen N, Chen X, Zhu L, Xia B, Gong Y, Chen X. KLF15-activating Twist2 ameliorated hepatic steatosis by inhibiting inflammation and improving mitochondrial dysfunction via NF-κB-FGF21 or SREBP1c-FGF21 pathway. FASEB J 2019; 33:14254-14269. [PMID: 31648561 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901347rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Twist-related protein 2 (TWIST2) is identified as a basic helix-loop-helix (b-HLH) transcription repressor by dimerizing with other b-HLH proteins. The significance of TWIST2 has been emphasized in various tumors; however, few studies report its functions in metabolism and metabolic diseases. Here we aimed to explore the novel role and regulation mechanism of TWIST2 in hepatic steatosis. Our results showed that Twist2 knockdown caused mice obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis, which were accompanied with inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In vitro, TWIST2 overexpression ameliorated hepatocellular steatosis, inhibited inflammation, and improved mitochondrial content and function with a fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)-dependent pattern. NF-κB negatively regulated FGF21 transcription by directly binding to FGF21 promoter DNA, which was eliminated by TWIST2 overexpression by inhibiting NF-κB expression and translocation to nucleus. TWIST2 overexpression decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species level, increased mitochondrial DNA and biogenesis, and enhanced ATP production and antioxidation ability. Additionally, TWIST2 expression was repressed by insulin-targeting sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) and forkhead box protein O1 and was enhanced by dexamethasone targeting Krüppel-like factor 15, which directly interacted with Twist2 promoter DNA. Together, our studies identify an important role and regulation mechanism of TWIST2 in maintaining hepatic homeostasis by ameliorating steatosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress via the NF-κB-FGF21 or SREBP1c-FGF21 pathway, which may provide a new therapeutic scheme for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.-Zhou, L., Li, Q., Chen, A., Liu, N., Chen, N., Chen, X., Zhu, L., Xia, B., Gong, Y., Chen, X. KLF15-activating Twist2 ameliorated hepatic steatosis by inhibiting inflammation and improving mitochondrial dysfunction via NF-κB-FGF21 or SREBP1c-FGF21 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinjin Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Benzeng Xia
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuqing Gong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Flisiak-Jackiewicz M, Bobrus-Chociej A, Wasilewska N, Tarasow E, Wojtkowska M, Lebensztejn DM. Can hepatokines be regarded as novel non-invasive serum biomarkers of intrahepatic lipid content in obese children? Adv Med Sci 2019; 64:280-284. [PMID: 30921653 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatokines are proteins produced by the liver and involved in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. However, their role as the biomarkers of intrahepatic lipid content is not clear. The aim of the study was to evaluate the serum concentration of selected hepatokines: fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), selenoprotein P (SELENOP) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in obese children. PATIENTS AND METHODS The cross-sectional study included 86 obese children with suspected liver disease. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was diagnosed in children with liver steatosis in ultrasound with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum activity and excluded other liver diseases. The total intrahepatic lipid content (TILC) was assessed by magnetic resonance proton spectroscopy (1H-MRS). RESULTS The concentration of FGF-21 and SELENOP was significantly higher and SHBG significantly lower in children with NAFLD compared to controls. Only FGF-21 level was significantly higher in NAFLD children than in obese patients without NAFLD. The significant positive correlation of FGF-21 with ALT, gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), triglycerides, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), the degree of liver steatosis in ultrasound and TILC in 1H-MRS were found. The ability of serum FGF-21 to diagnose severe liver steatosis was significant. CONCLUSIONS FGF-21 can be considered as a suitable biomarker in predicting TILC and fatty liver in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Flisiak-Jackiewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition and Allergology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Anna Bobrus-Chociej
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition and Allergology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Natalia Wasilewska
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition and Allergology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Eugeniusz Tarasow
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Dariusz Marek Lebensztejn
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition and Allergology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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50
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Keuper M, Häring HU, Staiger H. Circulating FGF21 Levels in Human Health and Metabolic Disease. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 128:752-770. [PMID: 31108554 DOI: 10.1055/a-0879-2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is primarily produced and secreted by the liver as a hepatokine. This hormone circulates to its target tissues (e. g., brain, adipose tissue), which requires two components, one of the preferred FGF receptor isoforms (FGFR1c and FGFR3c) and the co-factor beta-Klotho (KLB) to trigger downstream signaling pathways. Although targeting FGF21 signaling in humans by analogues and receptor agonists results in beneficial effects, e. g., improvements in plasma lipids and decreased body weight, it failed to recapitulate the improvements in glucose handling shown for many mouse models. FGF21's role and metabolic effects in mice and its therapeutic potential have extensively been reviewed elsewhere. In this review we focus on circulating FGF21 levels in humans and their associations with disease and clinical parameters, focusing primarily on obesity and obesity-associated diseases such as type-2 diabetes. We provide a comprehensive overview on human circulating FGF21 levels under normal physiology and metabolic disease. We discuss the emerging field of inactivating FGF21 in human blood by fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and its potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Keuper
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Bioscience, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Interfaculty Centre for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Staiger
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Interfaculty Centre for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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