1
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Al Zein M, Akomolafe AF, Mahmood FR, Khrayzat A, Sahebkar A, Pintus G, Kobeissy F, Eid AH. Leptin is a potential biomarker of childhood obesity and an indicator of the effectiveness of weight-loss interventions. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13807. [PMID: 39044542 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Childhood obesity represents a significant public health concern, imposing a substantial burden on the healthcare system. Furthermore, weight-loss programs often exhibit reduced effectiveness in adults who have a history of childhood obesity. Therefore, early intervention against childhood obesity is imperative. Presently, the primary method for diagnosing childhood obesity relies on body mass index (BMI), yet this approach has inherent limitations. Leptin, a satiety hormone produced by adipocytes, holds promise as a superior tool for predicting both childhood and subsequent adulthood obesity. In this review, we elucidate the tools employed for assessing obesity in children, delve into the biological functions of leptin, and examine the factors governing its expression. Additionally, we discuss maternal and infantile leptin levels as predictors of childhood obesity. By exploring the relationship between leptin levels and weight loss, we present leptin as a potential indicator of the effectiveness of obesity interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al Zein
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Fathima R Mahmood
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali Khrayzat
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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2
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Phuong-Nguyen K, McGee SL, Aston-Mourney K, Mcneill BA, Mahmood MQ, Rivera LR. Yoyo Dieting, Post-Obesity Weight Loss, and Their Relationship with Gut Health. Nutrients 2024; 16:3170. [PMID: 39339770 PMCID: PMC11435324 DOI: 10.3390/nu16183170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive body weight is associated with many chronic metabolic diseases and weight loss, so far, remains the gold standard treatment. However, despite tremendous efforts exploring optimal treatments for obesity, many individuals find losing weight and maintaining a healthy body weight difficult. Weight loss is often not sustainable resulting in weight regain and subsequent efforts to lose weight. This cyclic pattern of weight loss and regain is termed "yoyo dieting" and predisposes individuals to obesity and metabolic comorbidities. How yoyo dieting might worsen obesity complications during the weight recurrence phase remains unclear. In particular, there is limited data on the role of the gut microbiome in yoyo dieting. Gut health distress, especially gut inflammation and microbiome perturbation, is strongly associated with metabolic dysfunction and disturbance of energy homeostasis in obesity. In this review, we summarise current evidence of the crosstalk between the gastrointestinal system and energy balance, and the effects of yoyo dieting on gut inflammation and gut microbiota reshaping. Finally, we focus on the potential effects of post-dieting weight loss in improving gut health and identify current knowledge gaps within the field, including gut-derived peptide hormones and their potential suitability as targets to combat weight regain, and how yoyo dieting and associated changes in the microbiome affect the gut barrier and the enteric nervous system, which largely remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Phuong-Nguyen
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Sean L McGee
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Kathryn Aston-Mourney
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Bryony A Mcneill
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Malik Q Mahmood
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Leni R Rivera
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
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3
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Phuong-Nguyen K, O’Hely M, Kowalski GM, McGee SL, Aston-Mourney K, Connor T, Mahmood MQ, Rivera LR. The Impact of Yoyo Dieting and Resistant Starch on Weight Loss and Gut Microbiome in C57Bl/6 Mice. Nutrients 2024; 16:3138. [PMID: 39339738 PMCID: PMC11435396 DOI: 10.3390/nu16183138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclic weight loss and subsequent regain after dieting and non-dieting periods, a phenomenon termed yoyo dieting, places individuals at greater risk of metabolic complications and alters gut microbiome composition. Resistant starch (RS) improves gut health and systemic metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the effect of yoyo dieting and RS on the metabolism and gut microbiome. C57BL/6 mice were assigned to 6 diets for 20 weeks, including control, high fat (HF), yoyo (alternating HF and control diets every 5 weeks), control with RS, HF with RS, and yoyo with RS. Metabolic outcomes and microbiota profiling using 16S rRNA sequencing were examined. Yoyo dieting resulted in short-term weight loss, which led to improved liver health and insulin tolerance but also a greater rate of weight gain compared to continuous HF feeding, as well as a different microbiota profile that was in an intermediate configuration between the control and HF states. Mice fed HF and yoyo diets supplemented with RS gained less weight than those fed without RS. RS supplementation in yoyo mice appeared to shift the gut microbiota composition closer to the control state. In conclusion, yoyo dieting leads to obesity relapse, and increased RS intake reduces weight gain and might help prevent rapid weight regain via gut microbiome restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Phuong-Nguyen
- School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (M.O.); (S.L.M.); (K.A.-M.); (T.C.)
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia;
| | - Martin O’Hely
- School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (M.O.); (S.L.M.); (K.A.-M.); (T.C.)
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Greg M. Kowalski
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia;
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Sean L. McGee
- School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (M.O.); (S.L.M.); (K.A.-M.); (T.C.)
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia;
| | - Kathryn Aston-Mourney
- School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (M.O.); (S.L.M.); (K.A.-M.); (T.C.)
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia;
| | - Timothy Connor
- School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (M.O.); (S.L.M.); (K.A.-M.); (T.C.)
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia;
| | - Malik Q. Mahmood
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia;
| | - Leni R. Rivera
- School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (M.O.); (S.L.M.); (K.A.-M.); (T.C.)
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia;
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Huang JS, Lu MS, Ramakrishnan R, Gao C, Zheng SY, Yang K, Guo YX, Lu JH, Qiu X, He JR. Weight status changes from childhood to adulthood were associated with cardiometabolic outcomes in adulthood. Acta Paediatr 2024; 113:2126-2133. [PMID: 38714365 DOI: 10.1111/apa.17255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
AIM Few studies have assessed the association between weight changes from childhood to adulthood and cardiometabolic factors in adulthood. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between weight changes from childhood to adulthood and cardiometabolic factors in adulthood using national Chinese data. METHODS We included 649 participants from the China Health and Nutrition Survey from 1989 to 2009 and divided them into four groups by their body mass index from 6 to 37 years of age. They were selected using multistage random cluster sampling from 15 areas with large variations in economic and social development. Poisson regression models assessed associations between weight status changes and cardiometabolic outcomes in adulthood. RESULTS The risk of multiple abnormal cardiometabolic outcomes in adulthood was increased in the 126 subjects with normal weight in childhood but overweight or obesity in adulthood and the 28 with obesity at both ages, compared to the 462 with normal weight at both ages. There was insufficient evidence to demonstrate that the 33 who had weight issues as children, but not as adults, had an increased risk. CONCLUSION Being overweight or obese in both childhood and adulthood or during adulthood only increased the risk of abnormal cardiometabolic outcomes in adulthood. Larger studies need to investigate whether weight problems in childhood, but not adulthood, increase the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Shuan Huang
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Paediatrics School, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Shan Lu
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rema Ramakrishnan
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chang Gao
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Yu Zheng
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Paediatrics School, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Paediatrics School, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xin Guo
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Hua Lu
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu Qiu
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Rong He
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Keweloh B, Terenzi D, Froehlich E, Coricelli C, Stürmer P, Rohmann N, Wietzke-Braun P, Beckmann A, Laudes M, Park SQ. Weight loss impacts risky decisions in obesity. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:1270-1277. [PMID: 38653010 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Risky decision making is shaped by individual psychological and metabolic state. Individuals with obesity show not only altered risk behavior, but also metabolic and psychological abnormalities. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a substantial weight loss in individuals with severe obesity will 1) normalize their metabolic and psychological state and 2) will change their pattern of decision guidance. METHODS We assessed the effect of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and mood on risk behavior in individuals with obesity (n = 62, 41 women; BMI, 46.5 ± 4.8 kg/m2; age, 44.9 ± 14.7 years) before and after 10-weeks weight loss intervention. RESULTS Results showed that this intervention reduced participants' risk behavior, which was significantly predicted by their changes in BMI. Before intervention, mood, but not HbA1c significantly predicted decisions. After the weight loss, mood no longer, but HbA1c significantly predicted decisions. CONCLUSION Our findings shed light on the psychological and metabolic mechanisms underlying altered risky decision making in severe obesity and can inform the development of strategies in the context of weight loss interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Keweloh
- Department of Decision Neuroscience & Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Neuroscience Research Center, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Damiano Terenzi
- Department of Decision Neuroscience & Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Neuroscience Research Center, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7289, Marseille, France
| | - Eva Froehlich
- Department of Decision Neuroscience & Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Neuroscience Research Center, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carol Coricelli
- Department of Decision Neuroscience & Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Neuroscience Research Center, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Institut Lyfe Research and Innovation Center, 69139 Écully, France
| | - Paula Stürmer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nathalie Rohmann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Institute of Diabetes and Clinical Metabolic Research, University Medical Centre, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Perdita Wietzke-Braun
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexia Beckmann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Laudes
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Institute of Diabetes and Clinical Metabolic Research, University Medical Centre, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Soyoung Q Park
- Department of Decision Neuroscience & Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Neuroscience Research Center, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Damigou E, Georgoulis M, Chrysohoou C, Barkas F, Vlachopoulou E, Adamidis PS, Kravvariti E, Tsioufis C, Pitsavos C, Liberopoulos E, Sfikakis PP, Panagiotakos D. Mediterranean-Type Diet Adherence and Body Mass Index through 20 Years of Follow-Up: Results from the ATTICA Cohort Study (2002-2022). Nutrients 2024; 16:1128. [PMID: 38674819 PMCID: PMC11054262 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Evidence of the association between dietary habits and long-term body weight status is scarce. This study aimed to evaluate changes in Mediterranean-type diet (MTD) adherence in relation to body weight during 20 years of follow-up. Data from n = 1582 participants from the ATTICA cohort study (2002-2022) were used. MTD adherence was assessed via MedDietScore, and body weight status via body mass index (BMI) by 3 different measurements. We found that MTD adherence and changes in this adherence were inversely related to BMI at 20 years and the mean BMI during the 20-year follow-up. In multi-adjusted linear regression models, a 1/55 increase in baseline, 10-year, and 20-year MedDietScore was associated with a decrease of 0.05-0.13 kg/m2 in BMI at 20 years and of 0.08-0.09 kg/m2 in the mean BMI. Being consistently close to the MTD for 20 years was associated with a >90% decreased risk of maintaining overweight/obesity during the 20-year period. Strong, protective, long-lasting effects of the MTD were observed, even in those who deviated from the MTD in the follow-up (41% of the sample). Our results highlight the need to focus on the overall diet quality to minimize the risk of maintaining an excessive body weight during the life-course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Damigou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, 17676 Athens, Greece; (E.D.); (M.G.)
| | - Michael Georgoulis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, 17676 Athens, Greece; (E.D.); (M.G.)
| | - Christina Chrysohoou
- First Cardiology Clinic, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Fotios Barkas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Elpiniki Vlachopoulou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, 17676 Athens, Greece; (E.D.); (M.G.)
| | - Petros S. Adamidis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Evrydiki Kravvariti
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Costas Tsioufis
- First Cardiology Clinic, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Pitsavos
- First Cardiology Clinic, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Liberopoulos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Petros P. Sfikakis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Demosthenes Panagiotakos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, 17676 Athens, Greece; (E.D.); (M.G.)
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7
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Georgoulis M, Damigou E, Chrysohoou C, Barkas F, Anastasiou G, Kravvariti E, Tsioufis C, Liberopoulos E, Sfikakis PP, Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos DB. Mediterranean diet trajectories and 20-year incidence of cardiovascular disease: The ATTICA cohort study (2002-2022). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 34:153-166. [PMID: 38007352 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Only few studies have assessed longitudinal dietary trends in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We aimed to evaluate the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet, both baseline and longitudinal, and 20-year CVD incidence. METHODS AND RESULTS This was a prospective study among 1988 Greek adults (50% men, age: 45 ± 14years). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated at baseline and 10 years through the MedDietScore, based on which longitudinal Mediterranean diet trajectories were identified. CVD incidence was recorded at 20 years. Each one-unit increase in baseline MedDietScore was associated with an 8% reduction in 20-year CVD incidence. Compared to subjects in the lowest tertile of baseline MedDietScore, those in the highest exhibited a 44% lower 20-year CVD risk (relative risk: 0.56, 95% confidence interval: 0.32, 0.97) adjusted for age, sex, baseline body mass index, smoking, physical activity, presence of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and family history of CVD; further adjustment for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, uric acid and estimated glomerular filtration rate attenuated this association. Results were similar in models adjusted for longitudinal changes in body weight, physical activity and smoking, and 10-year medical status. Mediterranean diet trajectory analysis revealed that 24.7%, 8.6%, 45.8% and 20.9% of participants longitudinally sustained a low adherence, moved closer, moved away or sustained a high adherence, respectively; among those, the corresponding CVD incidence was 63.3%, 65.5%, 28.1% and 9.4% (p-value<0.001). CONCLUSION The Mediterranean diet offers long-term protection against CVD, part of which is mediated by inflammation, uricemia and renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Georgoulis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 17676 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Damigou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 17676 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Chrysohoou
- First Cardiology Clinic, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Fotios Barkas
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Anastasiou
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Evridiki Kravvariti
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Costas Tsioufis
- First Cardiology Clinic, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Liberopoulos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Petros P Sfikakis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Pitsavos
- First Cardiology Clinic, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Demosthenes B Panagiotakos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 17676 Athens, Greece.
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8
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Lundsgaard AM, Bojsen-Møller KN, Kiens B. Dietary Regulation of Hepatic Triacylglycerol Content-the Role of Eucaloric Carbohydrate Restriction with Fat or Protein Replacement. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1359-1373. [PMID: 37591342 PMCID: PMC10721463 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of hepatic triacylglycerol (TG) is highly associated with impaired whole-body insulin-glucose homeostasis and dyslipidemia. The summarized findings from human intervention studies investigating the effect of reduced dietary carbohydrate and increased fat intake (and in studies also increased protein) while maintaining energy intake at eucaloric requirements reveal a beneficial effect of carbohydrate reduction on hepatic TG content in obese individuals with steatosis and indices of insulin resistance. Evidence suggests that the reduction of hepatic TG content after reduced intake of carbohydrates and increased fat/protein intake in humans, results from regulation of fatty acid (FA) metabolism within the liver, with an increase in hepatic FA oxidation and ketogenesis, together with a concomitant downregulation of FA synthesis from de novo lipogenesis. The adaptations in hepatic metabolism may result from reduced intrahepatic monosaccharide and insulin availability, reduced glycolysis and increased FA availability when carbohydrate intake is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Small S, Iglesies-Grau J, Gariepy C, Wilkinson M, Taub P, Kirkham A. Time-Restricted Eating: A Novel Dietary Strategy for Cardiac Rehabilitation. Can J Cardiol 2023; 39:S384-S394. [PMID: 37734709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a multimodal program considered to be the standard of care for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The primary goals of CR are managing CVD risk factors and improving quality of life. Exercise is the cornerstone, but nutrition education delivered by registered dietitians (RDs) is a core component of CR. Yet patient constraints to adherence to dietary change and limited availability of RDs represent major barriers to the success of completion of nutrition intervention during CR. Therefore, nutritional strategies that reduce CVD risk factors, barriers to adherence, and have capacity for broad dissemination are warranted within CR programs. In this review, we propose time-restricted eating (TRE) as a nutrition strategy to improve the outcomes of CR by drawing on parallels to CVD in other populations and describe the available preliminary data on the efficacy of TRE for CVD. TRE is a dietary strategy that involves alternating periods of fasting and consumption of calories each day. We outline the feasibility, safety, and beneficial cardiometabolic impact of TRE from TRE research in other populations. We also discuss the potential for synergistic benefits of exercise when combined with TRE. Although there is currently limited research on TRE within CR programs, we highlight CR as a unique clinical setting where TRE could play a role in secondary prevention of CVD. Overall, we outline the potential of TRE as a promising nutrition strategy to enhance the benefits of CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Small
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Program, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Josep Iglesies-Grau
- Centre EPIC and Research Centre, Montréal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Chantal Gariepy
- Centre EPIC and Research Centre, Montréal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael Wilkinson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pam Taub
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Amy Kirkham
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Program, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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10
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Halsey LG, Areta JL, Koehler K. Does eating less or exercising more to reduce energy availability produce distinct metabolic responses? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220217. [PMID: 37482781 PMCID: PMC10363695 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
When less energy is available to consume, people often lose weight, which reduces their overall metabolic rate. Their cellular metabolic rate may also decrease (metabolic adaptation), possibly reflected in physiological and/or endocrinological changes. Reduced energy availability can result from calorie restriction or increased activity energy expenditure, raising the following question that our review explores: do the body's metabolic and physiological responses to this reduction differ or not depending on whether they are induced by dietary restriction or increased activity? First, human studies offer indirect, contentious evidence that the body metabolically adapts to reduced energy availability, both in response to either a calorie intake deficit or increased activity (exercise; without a concomitant increase in food intake). Considering individual aspects of the body's physiology as constituents of whole-body metabolic rate, similar responses to reduced energy availability are observed in terms of reproductive capacity, somatic maintenance and hormone levels. By contrast, tissue phenotypic responses differ, most evidently for skeletal tissue, which is preserved in response to exercise but not calorie restriction. Thus, while in many ways 'a calorie deficit is a calorie deficit', certain tissues respond differently depending on the energy deficit intervention. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José L. Areta
- Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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11
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Abstract
Overweight, obesity, undernutrition and their respective sequelae have devastating tolls on personal and public health worldwide. Traditional approaches for treating these conditions with diet, exercise, drugs and/or surgery have shown varying degrees of success, creating an urgent need for new solutions with long-term efficacy. Owing to transformative advances in sequencing, bioinformatics and gnotobiotic experimentation, we now understand that the gut microbiome profoundly impacts energy balance through diverse mechanisms affecting both sides of the energy balance equation. Our growing knowledge of microbial contributions to energy metabolism highlights new opportunities for weight management, including the microbiome-aware improvement of existing tools and novel microbiome-targeted therapies. In this Review, we synthesize current knowledge concerning the bidirectional influences between the gut microbiome and existing weight management strategies, including behaviour-based and clinical approaches, and incorporate a subject-level meta-analysis contrasting the effects of weight management strategies on microbiota composition. We consider how emerging understanding of the gut microbiome alters our prospects for weight management and the challenges that must be overcome for microbiome-focused solutions to achieve success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N Carmody
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jordan E Bisanz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State Microbiome Center, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.
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12
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Grzelka K, Wilhelms H, Dodt S, Dreisow ML, Madara JC, Walker SJ, Wu C, Wang D, Lowell BB, Fenselau H. A synaptic amplifier of hunger for regaining body weight in the hypothalamus. Cell Metab 2023; 35:770-785.e5. [PMID: 36965483 PMCID: PMC10160008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Restricting caloric intake effectively reduces body weight, but most dieters fail long-term adherence to caloric deficit and eventually regain lost weight. Hypothalamic circuits that control hunger drive critically determine body weight; yet, how weight loss sculpts these circuits to motivate food consumption until lost weight is regained remains unclear. Here, we probe the contribution of synaptic plasticity in discrete excitatory afferents on hunger-promoting AgRP neurons. We reveal a crucial role for activity-dependent, remarkably long-lasting amplification of synaptic activity originating from paraventricular hypothalamus thyrotropin-releasing (PVHTRH) neurons in long-term body weight control. Silencing PVHTRH neurons inhibits the potentiation of excitatory input to AgRP neurons and diminishes concomitant regain of lost weight. Brief stimulation of the pathway is sufficient to enduringly potentiate this glutamatergic hunger synapse and triggers an NMDAR-dependent gaining of body weight that enduringly persists. Identification of this activity-dependent synaptic amplifier provides a previously unrecognized target to combat regain of lost weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Grzelka
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannah Wilhelms
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Dodt
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Dreisow
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Joseph C Madara
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Samuel J Walker
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chen Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daqing Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Henning Fenselau
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, Cologne 50931, Germany.
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13
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Georgoulis M, Yiannakouris N, Kechribari I, Lamprou K, Perraki E, Vagiakis E, Kontogianni MD. Sustained improvements in the cardiometabolic profile of patients with obstructive sleep apnea after a weight-loss Mediterranean diet/lifestyle intervention: 12-month follow-up (6 months post-intervention) of the "MIMOSA" randomized clinical trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:1019-1028. [PMID: 36958969 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the metabolic syndrome (MS) frequently coexist and lead to increased cardiometabolic morbidity. We aimed to explore the long-term cardiometabolic benefits of a weight-loss Mediterranean diet/lifestyle intervention in OSA. METHODS AND RESULTS As many as 180 adults with overweight/obesity and polysomnography-diagnosed moderate-to-severe OSA were randomized to a standard care (SCG, n = 62), a Mediterranean diet (MDG, n = 59) or a Mediterranean lifestyle group (MLG, n = 59). All groups were prescribed with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), while intervention arms (MDG/MLG) additionally participated in a 6-month weight-loss intervention based on the Mediterranean diet/lifestyle. Cardiometabolic parameters were evaluated at baseline and 12 months (6 months post-intervention). Data were analyzed using the intention-to-treat method, and 12-month between-group differences were explored while adjusting for age, sex, baseline status and CPAP use. Compared to the SCG, intervention arms exhibited lower insulin, triglycerides and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; the MDG also exhibited lower diastolic blood pressure, while the MLG exhibited lower glucose and systolic blood pressure (all P < 0.050). The relative risk (95% confidence interval) of MS was 0.60 (0.36, 0.99) in the MDG versus the SCG, 0.33 (0.20, 0.55) in the MLG versus the SCG and 0.55 (0.32, 0.93) in the MLG versus the MDG. The risk of MS remained lower in the MLG versus the other study groups (both P < 0.050) after additional adjustment for body weight change. CONCLUSION Cardiometabolic benefits of a 6-month healthy dietary/lifestyle intervention are sustainable 6 months post-intervention in OSA. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02515357, August 4, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Georgoulis
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences & Education, Harokopio University, 70 Eleftheriou Venizelou Str., 17676 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Yiannakouris
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences & Education, Harokopio University, 70 Eleftheriou Venizelou Str., 17676 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Kechribari
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences & Education, Harokopio University, 70 Eleftheriou Venizelou Str., 17676 Athens, Greece
| | - Kallirroi Lamprou
- Center of Sleep Disorders, 1st Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Services, Evangelismos Hospital, 45-47 Ipsilantou Str., 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Perraki
- Center of Sleep Disorders, 1st Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Services, Evangelismos Hospital, 45-47 Ipsilantou Str., 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanοuil Vagiakis
- Center of Sleep Disorders, 1st Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Services, Evangelismos Hospital, 45-47 Ipsilantou Str., 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Meropi D Kontogianni
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences & Education, Harokopio University, 70 Eleftheriou Venizelou Str., 17676 Athens, Greece.
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14
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Ayrolles A, Clarke J, Dechaux M, Lefebvre A, Cohen A, Stordeur C, Peyre H, Bargiacchi A, Godart N, Watson H, Delorme R. Inpatient target discharge weight for early-onset anorexia nervosa: Restoring premorbid BMI percentile to improve height prognosis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 54:150-156. [PMID: 36963857 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early-onset anorexia nervosa (EO-AN) is characterized by restricted food intake leading to low body weight, emerging before 14 years old. Most patients reaching a target body mass index (BMI) around the 25th percentile at hospitalization discharge display an incomplete prospective height catch-up. A better understanding of height prognosis determinants is required. METHODS In 74 children with an EO-AN, we collected height and weight premorbidly, at hospitalization, and at discharge, 6 months, 12 months, and at longer-term follow-up of 36 months. We defined a height prognosis parameter (HPP) as the difference between the height percentile at follow-up times and the premorbid height percentile. We explored the relationship between weight parameters and height catch-up at follow-up with linear regression analyses. RESULTS A higher weight suppression (WS) - i.e., difference between premorbid and current BMI - at admission and discharge was associated with lower HPP - i.e., a greater loss of height - at 12 months and 36 months follow-up. Similarly, a higher premorbid BMI percentile was associated with a lower HPP at 12 and 36 months. CONCLUSION Target discharge weight for EO-AN patients should be tailored and based on premorbid BMI trajectory to improve height prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ayrolles
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Paris, France; Human Genetics & Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - J Clarke
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Paris, France; Centre of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, INSERM UMR 894, Paris, France
| | - M Dechaux
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Paris, France
| | - A Lefebvre
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Paris, France; Human Genetics & Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - A Cohen
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Paris, France
| | - C Stordeur
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Paris, France
| | - H Peyre
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Paris, France; INSERM UMRS 1141, Paris, France; Paris University, Paris, France
| | - A Bargiacchi
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Paris, France
| | - N Godart
- Fondation Santé des Etudiants de France, Paris, France; CESP, U1018, INSERM, Villejuif, France; UFR of Health Sciences, UVSQ, Versailles, France
| | - H Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA; School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; School of Paediatrics, Division of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - R Delorme
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Paris, France; Human Genetics & Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Paris University, Paris, France
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15
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Subramanian KS, Lauer LT, Hayes AMR, Décarie-Spain L, McBurnett K, Nourbash AC, Donohue KN, Kao AE, Bashaw AG, Burdakov D, Noble EE, Schier LA, Kanoski SE. Hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone neurons integrate food-motivated appetitive and consummatory processes in rats. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1755. [PMID: 36990984 PMCID: PMC10060386 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) integrates homeostatic processes and reward-motivated behaviors. Here we show that LHA neurons that produce melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) are dynamically responsive to both food-directed appetitive and consummatory processes in male rats. Specifically, results reveal that MCH neuron Ca2+ activity increases in response to both discrete and contextual food-predictive cues and is correlated with food-motivated responses. MCH neuron activity also increases during eating, and this response is highly predictive of caloric consumption and declines throughout a meal, thus supporting a role for MCH neurons in the positive feedback consummatory process known as appetition. These physiological MCH neural responses are functionally relevant as chemogenetic MCH neuron activation promotes appetitive behavioral responses to food-predictive cues and increases meal size. Finally, MCH neuron activation enhances preference for a noncaloric flavor paired with intragastric glucose. Collectively, these data identify a hypothalamic neural population that orchestrates both food-motivated appetitive and intake-promoting consummatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav S Subramanian
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Logan Tierno Lauer
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anna M R Hayes
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Léa Décarie-Spain
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kara McBurnett
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anna C Nourbash
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kristen N Donohue
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alicia E Kao
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexander G Bashaw
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Denis Burdakov
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emily E Noble
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Lindsey A Schier
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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16
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Kolbuszewska M, Anderson J, Milyavskaya M. Autonomous motivation, goal-facilitating behaviours, and dietary goal progress in individuals transitioning to a veg*n diet: A longitudinal study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1019714. [PMID: 36619095 PMCID: PMC9815618 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1019714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have consistently shown that autonomous motivation - pursuing goals because one wants to, rather than has to - is associated with greater behaviour maintenance in the context of healthy eating, exercise, and diet maintenance. The present study used a 7-wave longitudinal design to examine how autonomous motivation is related to dietary goal progress in individuals (N = 222) transitioning to a veg*n (i.e., vegetarian or vegan) diet. We hypothesized that when people reported more autonomous motivation (compared to their own average) they would be more successful in reaching their dietary goals. We also explored the role of goal-facilitating behaviours in this process. We found no directional effects of relative autonomous motivation on goal progress or goal-facilitating behaviours, although the concurrent relations were significant. There were also no within-person effects of behaviours on progress. These findings shed light onto the relationship between autonomous motivation, behaviours, and goal progress both at the same time and over time, and highlight the importance of examining within-person fluctuations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kolbuszewska
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Marina Milyavskaya
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Marina Milyavskaya,
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17
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Humblot C, Seyoum Y, Turpin W, Mrabt R, List EO, Berryman DE, Jensen EA, Sustarsic EG, Kopchick JJ, Ricort J. Long Term Weight Cycling Affects Fecal Microbiota of Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200439. [PMID: 36153842 PMCID: PMC10078315 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Fighting obesity and associated comorbidities through dieting is not always sustained and results in a subsequent weight gain, a phenomenon referred to as weight cycling. Diet is among the most important factors in modifying the composition of gut microbiota. The objective of this work is to determine whether weight cycling affects the composition and the predicted function of mouse fecal bacteria on a long-term basis. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice fed for 40 weeks with either high fat (HF), low fat (LF), or cycled diets (starting and ending by one of the two diets, and the reverse) exhibit a bacterial profile specific to each of the four groups. A higher proportion of Firmicutes and Bacteroidota phyla are observed in mice on Hf and LF diet, respectively. The proportion of functions dedicated to amino acid metabolism is higher in mice on HF or LF/HF diets, whereas the mice on LF or HF/LF diets have a higher proportion of functions involve in carbohydrate metabolism and vitamin B biosynthesis. CONCLUSION Compared to continuous HF or LF diets, cyclic diet specifically alters the composition and function of the mouse fecal microbiota, suggesting that fight against weight gain should be considered on a long-term basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christèle Humblot
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDUniversité de La RéunionMontpellier34394France
| | - Yohannes Seyoum
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDUniversité de La RéunionMontpellier34394France
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural and Computational SciencesAddis Ababa UniversityAddis Ababa1176Ethiopia
| | - Williams Turpin
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDUniversité de La RéunionMontpellier34394France
- Present address:
Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive DiseasesMount Sinai HospitalDivision of Gastroenterology, Temerty Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Rachida Mrabt
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDUniversité de La RéunionMontpellier34394France
| | | | - Darlene E. Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology InstituteAthensOH45701USA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio UniversityAthensOH45701USA
| | | | - Elahu G. Sustarsic
- Edison Biotechnology InstituteAthensOH45701USA
- Present address:
Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology InstituteAthensOH45701USA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio UniversityAthensOH45701USA
| | - Jean‐Marc Ricort
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDUniversité de La RéunionMontpellier34394France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERMSorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale MoléculaireParis75006France
- École Normale Supérieure Paris‐SaclayUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐Yvette91190France
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18
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Altashina MV, Ivannikova EV, Troshina EA. Intermittent fasting: endocrine aspects: A review. TERAPEVT ARKH 2022; 94:1182-1187. [DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2022.10.201906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The increasing number of overweight and obese people makes the search for new effective ways to reduce body weight extremely urgent. Recently, intermittent fasting has received a lot of attention, as a dietary protocol, presumably effective in reducing body weight. Despite the large number of studies, the effects of intermittent fasting on the human body are controversial, since studies differ in dietary options, design, and often have a small sample size. In this review of the literature, the authors cite the results of studies of the effectiveness of intermittent fasting in patients with obesity, diabetes mellitus, and high risks of developing cardiovascular diseases.
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19
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Georgoulis M, Georgousopoulou EN, Chrysohoou C, Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos DB. Longitudinal Trends, Determinants, and Cardiometabolic Impact of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet among Greek Adults. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162389. [PMID: 36010387 PMCID: PMC9407264 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-established health benefits of the Mediterranean diet, there are signs that Mediterranean populations are deviating from this traditional pattern. We aimed to evaluate longitudinal changes in adherence to the Mediterranean diet, its determinants and health effects in a representative sample of the adult Greek population. This was a secondary analysis of the ATTICA epidemiological cohort study conducted in 2001/2002 and 2011/2012. The study sample consisted of 3042 men and women free of cardiovascular diseases living in Attica, Greece; of them, 2583 were followed-up for 10 years. Participants were evaluated in terms of sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical parameters at baseline, and incidence of cardiometabolic diseases was recorded at follow-up. Dietary habits were assessed both at baseline and 10 years through a validated food frequency questionnaire and adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated through the MedDietScore, based on which four trajectories were identified, i.e., low−low, low−high, high−low and high−high. During the study period, 45.6% of participants moved away from the Mediterranean diet (high−low), 9.0% moved closer (low−high), while 18.7% sustained a high adherence (high−high). Participants in the high−high trajectory were younger, mostly women, more physically active, had a higher socioeconomic status, and a more favorable body composition and cardiometabolic profile at baseline, and exhibited lower 10-year incidence rates of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease compared to other trajectories (all p-values < 0.050). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is declining among Greek adults. Staying close to the Mediterranean diet is associated with significant health benefits and should be a major target of public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Georgoulis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 17676 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christina Chrysohoou
- First Cardiology Clinic, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Pitsavos
- First Cardiology Clinic, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 17676 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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20
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Liu M, Huang R, Xu L, Zhang S, Zhong X, Chen X, Lin Y, Xiong Z, Wang L, Liao X, Zhuang X. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes according to body weight time in range. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 49:101451. [PMID: 35747188 PMCID: PMC9156984 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to assess whether the cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) vary for those who can maintain the lower body weight after weight loss through ILI. METHODS In the secondary analysis of the Look AHEAD trial, we identified the status of weight loss for the participants in the ILI arm based on body weight time in range (TIR). These participants were allocated to three groups according to body weight TIR: 0% (n = 727), >0% to 50% (n = 656), and >50% to 100% (n = 811). For each group, cardiovascular outcomes were compared with matched participants receiving diabetes support & education (DSE) using 1:1 propensity score matching and Cox regression. FINDINGS During a median of 9·5 years of follow-up, participants with TIR of >50% to 100% can effectively maintain their body weight after weight loss through ILI; participants with TIR of 0% or >0% to 50% do not achieve or maintain weight loss. Compared with the corresponding matched participants in the DSE arm, participants with TIR of >50% to 100% in the ILI arm had a 45% lower risk of the primary outcome (HR 0·55, 95% CI 0·40-0·76), and no significant effects were found on the risk of the primary outcome in participants with TIR of 0% (HR 1·12, 95% CI 0·86-1·46) or >0% to 50% (HR 1·14, 95% CI 0·85-1·52). INTERPRETATION In adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes, ILI might help in lowering the risk of cardiovascular events when the lower body weight is maintained after weight loss. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Rd., Guangzhou 510080, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rihua Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Rd., Guangzhou 510080, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaozhao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Rd., Guangzhou 510080, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangbin Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Rd., Guangzhou 510080, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifen Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Rd., Guangzhou 510080, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Rd., Guangzhou 510080, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Rd., Guangzhou 510080, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxue Liao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Rd., Guangzhou 510080, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Rd., Guangzhou 510080, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Devericks EN, Carson MS, McCullough LE, Coleman MF, Hursting SD. The obesity-breast cancer link: a multidisciplinary perspective. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:607-625. [PMID: 35752704 PMCID: PMC9470704 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, exceptionally prevalent in the USA, promotes the incidence and progression of numerous cancer types including breast cancer. Complex, interacting metabolic and immune dysregulation marks the development of both breast cancer and obesity. Obesity promotes chronic low-grade inflammation, particularly in white adipose tissue, which drives immune dysfunction marked by increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production, alternative macrophage activation, and reduced T cell function. Breast tissue is predominantly composed of white adipose, and developing breast cancer readily and directly interacts with cells and signals from adipose remodeled by obesity. This review discusses the biological mechanisms through which obesity promotes breast cancer, the role of obesity in breast cancer health disparities, and dietary interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of obesity on breast cancer. We detail the intersection of obesity and breast cancer, with an emphasis on the shared and unique patterns of immune dysregulation in these disease processes. We have highlighted key areas of breast cancer biology exacerbated by obesity, including incidence, progression, and therapeutic response. We posit that interception of obesity-driven breast cancer will require interventions that limit protumor signaling from obese adipose tissue and that consider genetic, structural, and social determinants of the obesity–breast cancer link. Finally, we detail the evidence for various dietary interventions to offset obesity effects in clinical and preclinical studies of breast cancer. In light of the strong associations between obesity and breast cancer and the rising rates of obesity in many parts of the world, the development of effective, safe, well-tolerated, and equitable interventions to limit the burden of obesity on breast cancer are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Devericks
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Meredith S Carson
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lauren E McCullough
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael F Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephen D Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA. .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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22
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Chen J, Lin Y, Li T, Zhu H, Huang F, Yang C, Guo F. Calorie restriction on normal body weight mice prevents body weight regain on a follow-up high-fat diet by shaping an obesity-resistant-like gut microbiota profile. Food Funct 2022; 13:7684-7696. [PMID: 35735100 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04358g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) is one of the most common approaches for obesity treatment, but whether resuming ad libitum feeding after CR in normal-weight mice can affect excessive weight regain remains poorly studied. To address this issue, male C57BL/6 mice were placed in three groups: a control group (n = 10), a group fed normal diet with 30% CR (n = 20); and a group fed a HF diet (n = 30). After four weeks, the CR group was fed either a normal diet (NDCR, n = 10) or a high-fat diet (HFCR, n = 10) for an additional eight weeks. At the end of the experiment, mice in the HF group ranked in the upper and lower thirds for weight gain were designated as obesity-prone (HFOP, n = 10) and obesity-resistant (HFOR, n = 10), respectively. CR delayed weight regain and visceral fat accumulation. Gut microbiota in the HFCR group were more similar to the HFOR group than the HFOP group, mainly due to reversion of the decreased level of Clostridiales induced by CR. Mediation analysis showed that Clostridiales may delay body weight regain by affecting the interconversion of succinate and fumarate. Random forest and structural equation analyses showed Christensenellaceae were the most important biomarker for alleviation of obesity. In conclusion, CR shapes an obesity-resistant-like gut microbiota profile that may attenuate body weight regain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiedong Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, FuZhou 350122, P.R. China.
| | - Yiqi Lin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, FuZhou 350122, P.R. China.
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, FuZhou 350122, P.R. China.
| | - Hongni Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, FuZhou 350122, P.R. China.
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, FuZhou 350122, P.R. China.
| | - Changwei Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, FuZhou 350122, P.R. China.
| | - Fuchuan Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, FuZhou 350122, P.R. China.
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23
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Effect of a six-week times restricted eating intervention on the body composition in early elderly men with overweight. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9816. [PMID: 35701451 PMCID: PMC9198237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of time-restricted eating (TRE) in reducing body fat and lowering body mass index in early elderly men with overweight (65–74 years). An additional goal was to determine the feasibility of applying TRE for extensive use in elderly men. This study included a group of 46 healthy men (EXP = 23 persons, CON = 23 persons). The six-week intervention in the experimental group involved complete abstinence from food intake for 16 h per day, from 08:00 to 12:00 p.m. After the intervention, the body weight decreased in the EXP group (− 1.92 kg) with a 95% CI (1.14–2.70) compared to the CON group. There was also a decrease in the Visceral fat mass (− 0.64 l) with 95% CI (0.46–0.82) and in the waist circumference (− 3.11 cm) with 95% CI (1.89–4.33) in the EXP group compared to the CON group. The skeletal muscle mass did not change significantly. There was no significant change in the control group, either. The application of TRE in early elderly overweight men resulted in positive changes in body composition and visceral fat. All participants succeed in the prescribed diet plan, which shows that TRE is easy to maintain for early elderly overweight men and may become an essential obesity treatment tool in these age groups.
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24
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Videja M, Sevostjanovs E, Upmale-Engela S, Liepinsh E, Konrade I, Dambrova M. Fasting-Mimicking Diet Reduces Trimethylamine N-Oxide Levels and Improves Serum Biochemical Parameters in Healthy Volunteers. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051093. [PMID: 35268068 PMCID: PMC8912301 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma levels of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) have been proposed as a diet-derived biomarker of cardiometabolic disease risk. Caloric restriction is the most common dietary intervention used to improve cardiometabolic health; however, novel trends suggest a fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) as a more feasible alternative. FMD is a variation of intermittent fasting, based on caloric restriction and limitation of protein sources of animal origin, applied in daily cycles during a 5-day period. As TMAO is intensively produced by gut microbiota after the consumption of animal-derived products, we aim to investigate whether a 5-day FMD affects plasma TMAO levels and markers of metabolic health. To investigate whether an increase in vegetable intake possesses similar effects on TMAO levels and metabolic parameters, healthy volunteers (n = 24) were subjected to a 5-day FMD and 19 volunteers served as a reference group (VEG). This group of volunteers consumed an additional four servings of vegetables per day, but otherwise stayed on their usual diet. FMD resulted in a twofold decrease in plasma TMAO levels, which was not evident in the volunteers from the VEG group. Moreover, FMD led to a weight loss of 2.8 ± 0.2 kg and a subsequent reduction in BMI compared to baseline. The FMD group exhibited a significant elevation in plasma ketone bodies (14-fold compared to baseline) and a decrease in IGF-1 levels by 37 ± 8 ng/mL. Since fasting glucose and C-peptide levels decreased, all volunteers in the FMD group showed improved insulin sensitivity and a decreased HOMA-IR index. In contrast, in the VEG group, only a slight reduction in plasma levels of fasting glucose and triglycerides was noted. In conclusion, we show that FMD is a viable strategy to reduce plasma levels of TMAO by limiting caloric intake and animal-derived protein consumption. The reduction in the level of TMAO could be an additional benefit of FMD, leading to a reduced risk of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melita Videja
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (E.S.); (S.U.-E.); (E.L.); (M.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence:
| | - Eduards Sevostjanovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (E.S.); (S.U.-E.); (E.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Sabine Upmale-Engela
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (E.S.); (S.U.-E.); (E.L.); (M.D.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Edgars Liepinsh
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (E.S.); (S.U.-E.); (E.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Ilze Konrade
- Department of Endocrinology, Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia;
- Department of Internal Diseases, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Maija Dambrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (E.S.); (S.U.-E.); (E.L.); (M.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
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25
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Boscaini S, Leigh SJ, Lavelle A, García-Cabrerizo R, Lipuma T, Clarke G, Schellekens H, Cryan JF. Microbiota and body weight control: Weight watchers within? Mol Metab 2022; 57:101427. [PMID: 34973469 PMCID: PMC8829807 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite several decades of research, managing body weight remains an unsolved clinical problem. Health problems associated with dysregulated body weight, such as obesity and cachexia, exhibit several gut microbiota alterations. There is an increased interest in utilising the gut microbiota for body weight control, as it responds to intervention and plays an important role in energy extraction from food, as well as biotransformation of nutrients. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW This review provides an overview of the role of the gut microbiota in the physiological and metabolic alterations observed in two body weight dysregulation-related disorders, namely obesity and cachexia. Second, we assess the available evidence for different strategies, including caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, ketogenic diet, bariatric surgery, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, high-fibre diet, and fermented foods - effects on body weight and gut microbiota composition. This approach was used to give insights into the possible link between body weight control and gut microbiota configuration. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Despite extensive associations between body weight and gut microbiota composition, limited success could be achieved in the translation of microbiota-related interventions for body weight control in humans. Manipulation of the gut microbiota alone is insufficient to alter body weight and future research is needed with a combination of strategies to enhance the effects of lifestyle interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Boscaini
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Aonghus Lavelle
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Timothy Lipuma
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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26
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Woo S, Ju YS, Seo YG, Kim YM, Lim H, Park KH. Additive Effects of Exercise or Nutrition Intervention in a 24-Month Multidisciplinary Treatment with a Booster Intervention for Children and Adolescents with Overweight or Obesity: The ICAAN Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020387. [PMID: 35057568 PMCID: PMC8781150 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effects of a real-world multidisciplinary intervention with additional exercise or nutritional elements and investigated the effectiveness of a booster intervention after weight regain. A total of 242 children and adolescents (age- and sex-specific body mass index [BMI] ≥ 85th percentile, mean age: 10.82 years, 60% male) were allocated to three groups: usual care, exercise, or nutrition. Six-month active treatment with 1:1 session and a maintenance stage with group activities were repeated twice to comprise a 24-month intervention. The primary outcome was change % of the BMI z-score (zBMI). A total of 110 (45.4%) participants completed the 24-month intervention. A mixed-effects model analysis indicated no significant interaction effect of the intervention group and treatment phase on the zBMI change % (p = 0.976). However, there was a significant main effect of the treatment phase on zBMI change % at 6 months (β = -2.98, [95% CI, -5.69-0.27]), 18 months (β = -3.99, [95% CI, -6.76-1.22]), and 24 months (β = -3.23, [95% CI, -5.94-0.52]; p = 0.042). The improvements in zBMI, body fat %, and cardiometabolic markers were observed only among males. Whereas the additive effect of intensive exercise or nutritional feedback was not detected in the long term, a booster intervention with 1:1 counseling was effective even after weight regain during the maintenance period. It may be useful to combine individualized counseling with a less intensive form of group care for long-term maintenance in a real-world setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Woo
- Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea
| | - Young-Su Ju
- Department of Occupational Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul 04564, Korea
| | - Young-Gyun Seo
- Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Anyang-si 14068, Korea
| | - Yoon-Myung Kim
- University College, Yonsei University International Campus, Incheon 21983, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Lim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Anyang-si 14068, Korea
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Martin A, Fox D, Murphy CA, Hofmann H, Koehler K. Tissue losses and metabolic adaptations both contribute to the reduction in resting metabolic rate following weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1168-1175. [PMID: 35181758 PMCID: PMC9151388 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the contributions of the loss of energy-expending tissues and metabolic adaptations to the reduction in resting metabolic rate (RMR) following weight loss. METHODS A secondary analysis was conducted on data from the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy study. Changes in RMR, body composition, and metabolic hormones were examined over 12 months of calorie restriction in 109 individuals. The contribution of tissue losses to the decline in RMR was determined by weighing changes in the size of energy-expending tissues and organs (skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, bone, brain, inner organs, residual mass) assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with their tissue-specific metabolic rates. Metabolic adaptations were quantified as the remaining reduction in RMR. RESULTS RMR was reduced by 101 ± 12 kcal/d as participants lost 7.3 ± 0.2 kg (both p < 0.001). On average, 60% of the total reduction in RMR were explained by energy-expending tissues losses, while 40% were attributed to metabolic adaptations. The loss of skeletal muscle mass (1.0 ± 0.7 kg) was not significantly related to RMR changes (r = 0.14, p = 0.16), whereas adipose tissue losses (7.2 ± 3.0 kg) were positively associated with the reduction in RMR (r = 0.42, p < 0.001) and metabolic adaptations (r = 0.31, p < 0.001). Metabolic adaptations were correlated with declines in leptin (r = 0.27, p < 0.01), triiodothyronine (r = 0.19, p < 0.05), and insulin (r = 0.25, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS During weight loss, tissue loss and metabolic adaptations both contribute to the reduction in RMR, albeit variably. Contrary to popularly belief, it is not skeletal muscle, but rather adipose tissue losses that seem to drive RMR reductions following weight loss. Future research should target personalized strategies addressing the predominant cause of RMR reduction for weight maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Martin
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Darius Fox
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Chaise A. Murphy
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hande Hofmann
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karsten Koehler
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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MORO TATIANA, TINSLEY GRANT, PACELLI FRANCESCOQ, MARCOLIN GIUSEPPE, BIANCO ANTONINO, PAOLI ANTONIO. Twelve Months of Time-restricted Eating and Resistance Training Improves Inflammatory Markers and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2577-2585. [PMID: 34649266 PMCID: PMC10115489 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, a modified intermittent fasting protocol was demonstrated to be able to maintain muscle mass and strength, decrease fat mass, and improve some inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy resistance-trained males after 2 months. The present study sought to investigate the long-term effects on these parameters. METHODS The experiment was a single-blind randomized study. Twenty healthy subjects were enrolled and underwent 12 months of either a time-restricted eating (TRE) diet or a normal diet (ND) protocol, along with resistance training. In the TRE protocol, subjects consumed their energy needs in three meals during an 8-h period of time each day (1 pm, 4 pm, and 8 pm). Subjects in the ND group also had three meals, which were consumed at 8 am, 1 pm, and 8 pm. Groups were matched for kilocalories consumed and macronutrient distribution at baseline. RESULTS After 12 months of TRE, body mass, fat mass, insulin-like growth factor 1, and testosterone were significantly lower compared with ND. Moreover, inflammatory markers (interleukin 6, interleukin 1β, and tumor necrosis factor α), insulin sensitivity (fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance index), and lipid profile (cholesterol, HDL, and LDL) significantly improved after TRE compared with ND. Finally, subjects in TRE spontaneously decreased their daily energy intake, whereas those in ND maintained their starting kilocalories per day. No adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that long-term TRE combined with a resistance training program is feasible, safe, and effective in reducing inflammatory markers and risk factors related to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- TATIANA MORO
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, ITALY
| | - GRANT TINSLEY
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - GIUSEPPE MARCOLIN
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, ITALY
| | - ANTONINO BIANCO
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, ITALY
| | - ANTONIO PAOLI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, ITALY
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Kantilafti M, Chrysostomou S, Yannakoulia M, Giannakou K. The association between binge eating disorder and weight management in overweight and obese adults: A systematic literature review. Nutr Health 2021; 28:189-197. [PMID: 34817248 DOI: 10.1177/02601060211032101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Weight loss is shown to improve obesity-related health problems as long as it is maintained for a long term. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the association between binge eating disorder and weight management in overweight and obese adults. Methods: A systematic search following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines was conducted across PubMed, Ebsco and Cochrane Library from inception through December 2020 to identify studies that assessed the association between binge eating disorder and weight management (e.g., weight loss, weight gain and weight loss maintenance) in overweight and obese adults. We included studies that examined adults (≥18 years old) being overweight and obese with and without binge eating behaviour. Two authors independently screened and evaluated studies for methodological quality. Results: Nine articles were selected, including 3685 participants. Three of the included studies were randomised control trials and the remaining were observational studies. The majority of the studies included support that people who have binge eating disorder may have an additional barrier maintaining their weight loss compared to people who do not suffer from binge eating disorder. Conclusion: Our systematic review revealed that binge eating disorder may have a negative association with weight loss maintenance. Further well-conducted prospective cohort studies and randomised clinical trials are required to investigate the possible mechanisms and whether any such mechanisms are modifiable. These will lead us to more efficient strategies targeting weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kantilafti
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, 112436European University Cyprus, Cyprus
| | - Stavri Chrysostomou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, 112436European University Cyprus, Cyprus
| | - Mary Yannakoulia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, 68996Harokopio University Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Giannakou
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, 112436European University Cyprus, Cyprus
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Wang X, Li Q, Liu Y, Jiang H, Chen W. Intermittent fasting versus continuous energy-restricted diet for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome for glycemic control: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 179:109003. [PMID: 34391831 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the safety of intermittent fasting (IF) with that of continuous energy-restricted diets (CERD) in patients with T2DM and metabolic syndrome who were overweight or obese and assess their effects on glycemic control and weight loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, and SINOMED databases up to September 13, 2020. The major outcome was glycemic control and secondary outcomes were change in weight, fasting insulin, and lipid profile. RESULTS Of 84 retrieved studies, 5 met our inclusion criteria. Of these, four studies comprising 355 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Based on changes in HbA1c (-0.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.27 to 0.16) and fasting plasma glucose (-0.27, 95% CI -0.76 to 0.22), IF and CERD had similar effects on glycemic control. Moreover, IF had a better effect on weight loss (-1.70, 95% CI -3.28 to -0.11 kg). Patients in both groups experienced similar improvements in fasting insulin and lipid profile as well as similar hypoglycemic events. CONCLUSIONS IF is a safe diet pattern and could be implemented for patients with T2DM or metabolic syndrome. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to verify the effectiveness and safety of IF in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai fu yuan Wang fu jing Dong cheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qifei Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai fu yuan Wang fu jing Dong cheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai fu yuan Wang fu jing Dong cheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Institute for Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 Yi Huan Lu Xi Er Duan, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China; Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Emergency Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 Yi Huan Lu Xi Er Duan, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China; Department of Acute Care Surgery, Emergency Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, Yi Huan Lu Xi Er Duan, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai fu yuan Wang fu jing Dong cheng District, Beijing 100730, China.
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Effects of fasting on skeletal muscles and body fat of adult and old C57BL/6J mice. Exp Gerontol 2021; 152:111474. [PMID: 34252523 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fasting improves metabolic health, but is also associated with loss of lean body mass. We investigated if old mice are less resistant to fasting-induce muscle wasting than adult mice. We compared changes in skeletal muscles and fat distribution in C57BL/6J mice subjected to 48-hour fasting at adult (6-month old) or old (24-month old) age. Old mice lost less weight (11.9 ± 1.5 vs 16.9 ± 2.8%, p < 0.001) and showed less (p < 0.01) pronounced muscle wasting than adult mice. Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle force decreased only in adult mice after fasting. Serum IGF-1 levels were higher (p < 0.01) and showed greater (p < 0.01) decline in adult mice compared to old mice. Phosphorylation of 4EBP1 was reduced in the gastrocnemius muscles of adult mice only. Energy expenditure was slower in old mice and showed smaller fasting-induced decline than in adult mice when adjusted for variations in physical activity. There was a loss of fat mass in both age groups, but it was more pronounced in adult mice than old mice. Our results suggest that ageing-related decrease in metabolic rate protects old mice from skeletal muscle wasting during fasting.
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Duregon E, Pomatto-Watson LCDD, Bernier M, Price NL, de Cabo R. Intermittent fasting: from calories to time restriction. GeroScience 2021; 43:1083-1092. [PMID: 33686571 PMCID: PMC8190218 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The global human population has recently experienced an increase in life expectancy with a mounting concern about the steady rise in the incidence of age-associated chronic diseases and socio-economic burden. Calorie restriction (CR), the reduction of energy intake without malnutrition, is a dietary manipulation that can increase health and longevity in most model organisms. However, the practice of CR in day-to-day life is a challenging long-term goal for human intervention. Recently, daily fasting length and periodicity have emerged as potential drivers behind CR's beneficial health effects. Numerous strategies and eating patterns have been successfully developed to recapitulate many of CR's benefits without its austerity. These novel feeding protocols range from shortened meal timing designed to interact with our circadian system (e.g., daily time-restricted feeding) to more extended fasting regimens known as intermittent fasting. Here, we provide a glimpse of the current status of knowledge on different strategies to reap the benefits of CR on metabolic health in murine models and in humans, without the rigor of continuous reduction in caloric intake as presented at the USU State of the Science Symposium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Duregon
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Laura C D D Pomatto-Watson
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Nathan L Price
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Fanti M, Mishra A, Longo VD, Brandhorst S. Time-Restricted Eating, Intermittent Fasting, and Fasting-Mimicking Diets in Weight Loss. Curr Obes Rep 2021; 10:70-80. [PMID: 33512641 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-021-00424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews the current literature on dietary interventions, including time-restricted eating (TRE), intermittent fasting (IF), and fasting-mimicking diets (FMD) and their effects on weight loss. RECENT FINDINGS Dietary interventions, primarily known for their potential health benefits, are attracting considerable interest also for their effects on weight loss. The literature suggests that many popular diets can induce weight loss but only a limited number of studies actually demonstrate long-term weight loss efficacy. Here we present an update on the latest studies on some of the most popular dietary interventions able to trigger the physiology of fasting and highlight their impact on weight loss in overweight or obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Fanti
- Longevity Institute and Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Amrendra Mishra
- Longevity Institute and Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Valter D Longo
- Longevity Institute and Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastian Brandhorst
- Longevity Institute and Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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34
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Qin N, Song G, Ren X, Zhang L, Gao J, Xia X, Zhu B. Fish oil extracted from Coregonus peled improves obese phenotype and changes gut microbiota in a high-fat diet-induced mouse model of recurrent obesity. Food Funct 2021; 11:6158-6169. [PMID: 32578655 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00911c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent obesity is rapidly emerging as a public health problem. Previous studies have confirmed that fish oil supplementation can alleviate obesity in mice; however, the effect of fish oil on recurrent obesity remains unclear. In the present study, the modulatory effects of fish oil extracted from Coregonus peled on the phenotypes and gut microbiota of recurrent obese mice were evaluated by MRI, OGTT, and bioinformatics analysis. We found that fish oil supplementation could significantly reduce the body weight gain, net weight gain, body fat distribution, and glucose tolerance. In addition, the composition and structure of gut microbiota were significantly shifted toward those of the control group by fish oil treatment. Moreover, the relative abundance of gut microbiota, such as Bacteroidetes, Bacteroidia, Lachnospiraceae, and Bifidobacterium, was markedly responding to the rapid dietary changes between fish oil and high-fat diet. Overall, our results confirmed that the alleviation of recurrent obesity using fish oil supplementation might be modulated by altering the hysteretic behavior and memory-like function of gut microbiota. We proposed that further studies are needed to elucidate the modulation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningbo Qin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China. and National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Guoku Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China. and National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Ren
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China. and National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China. and National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jingzhu Gao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China. and National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China. and National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Beiwei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China. and National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian 116304, Liaoning, PR China
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35
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Kotarsky CJ, Johnson NR, Mahoney SJ, Mitchell SL, Schimek RL, Stastny SN, Hackney KJ. Time-restricted eating and concurrent exercise training reduces fat mass and increases lean mass in overweight and obese adults. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14868. [PMID: 34042299 PMCID: PMC8157764 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether time-restricted eating (TRE), also known as time-restricted feeding, was an effective dietary strategy for reducing fat mass and preserving fat-free mass while evaluating changes in cardiometabolic biomarkers, hormones, muscle performance, energy intake, and macronutrient intake after aerobic and resistance exercise training in physically inactive and overweight or obese adults. This study was a randomized, controlled trial. Overweight and obese adults (mean ± SD; age: 44 ± 7 years; body mass index [BMI]: 29.6 ± 2.6 kg/m2 ; female: 85.7%) were randomly assigned to a TRE or normal eating (NE) dietary strategy group. The TRE participants consumed all calories between 12:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m., whereas NE participants maintained their dietary habits. Both groups completed 8 weeks of aerobic exercise and supervised resistance training. Body composition, muscle performance, energy intake, macronutrient intake, physical activity, and physiological variables were assessed. A total of 21 participants completed the study (NE: n = 10; TRE: n = 11). A mild energy restriction was observed for TRE (~300 kcal/day, 14.5%) and NE (~250 kcal/day, 11.4%). Losses of total body mass were significantly greater for TRE (3.3%) relative to NE (0.2%) pre- to post-intervention, of which TRE had significantly greater losses of fat mass (9.0%) compared to NE (3.3%). Lean mass increased during the intervention for both TRE (0.6%) and NE (1.9%), with no group differences. These data support the use of TRE and concurrent exercise training as a short-term dietary strategy for reducing fat mass and increasing lean mass in overweight and obese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Kotarsky
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
- Department of Health and Human Physiological SciencesSkidmore CollegeSaratoga SpringsNYUSA
| | - Nathaniel R. Johnson
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Sean J. Mahoney
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Steven L. Mitchell
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
- Department of RadiologySanford HealthFargoNDUSA
| | - Regina L. Schimek
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Sherri N. Stastny
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Kyle J. Hackney
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
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36
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Pureza IRDOM, Macena MDL, da Silva Junior AE, Praxedes DRS, Vasconcelos LGL, Bueno NB. Effect of early time-restricted feeding on the metabolic profile of adults with excess weight: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:1788-1799. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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37
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O'Connor SG, Boyd P, Bailey CP, Shams-White MM, Agurs-Collins T, Hall K, Reedy J, Sauter ER, Czajkowski SM. Perspective: Time-Restricted Eating Compared with Caloric Restriction: Potential Facilitators and Barriers of Long-Term Weight Loss Maintenance. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:325-333. [PMID: 33463673 PMCID: PMC8009736 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of literature examines the potential benefits of a time-based diet strategy referred to as time-restricted eating (TRE). TRE, a type of intermittent fasting, restricts the time of eating to a window of 4-12 h/d but allows ad libitum intake during eating windows. Although TRE diets do not overtly attempt to reduce energy intake, preliminary evidence from small studies suggests that TRE can lead to concomitant reduction in total energy, improvements in metabolic health, and weight loss. Unique features of the TRE diet strategy may facilitate adherence and long-term weight loss maintenance. In this Perspective, we explore the potential multilevel (i.e., biological, behavioral, psychosocial, environmental) facilitators and barriers of TRE for long-term weight loss maintenance in comparison with the more commonly used diet strategy, caloric restriction (CR). Compared with CR, TRE may facilitate weight loss maintenance by counteracting physiological adaptations to weight loss (biological), allowing for usual dietary preferences to be maintained (behavioral), preserving executive functioning (psychosocial), and enabling individuals to withstand situational pressures to overeat (environmental). However, TRE may also pose unique barriers to weight loss maintenance, particularly for individuals with poor baseline diet quality, internal or social pressures to eat outside selected windows (e.g., grazers), and competing demands that interfere with the scheduling of eating. Future studies of TRE in free-living individuals should consider the multiple levels of influence impacting long-term adherence and weight loss maintenance. Ultimately, TRE could be one strategy in a toolkit of tailored diet strategies to support metabolic health and weight loss maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney G O'Connor
- Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control & Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Boyd
- Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control & Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Caitlin P Bailey
- Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control & Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Marissa M Shams-White
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control & Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Tanya Agurs-Collins
- Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control & Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kara Hall
- Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control & Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jill Reedy
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control & Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Edward R Sauter
- Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Susan M Czajkowski
- Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control & Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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38
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Lord MN, Subramanian K, Kanoski SE, Noble EE. Melanin-concentrating hormone and food intake control: Sites of action, peptide interactions, and appetition. Peptides 2021; 137:170476. [PMID: 33370567 PMCID: PMC8025943 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Given the increased prevalence of obesity and its associated comorbidities, understanding the mechanisms through which the brain regulates energy balance is of critical importance. The neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is produced in the lateral hypothalamic area and the adjacent incerto-hypothalamic area and promotes both food intake and energy conservation, overall contributing to body weight gain. Decades of research into this system has provided insight into the neural pathways and mechanisms (behavioral and neurobiological) through which MCH stimulates food intake. Recent technological advancements that allow for selective manipulation of MCH neuron activity have elucidated novel mechanisms of action for the hyperphagic effects of MCH, implicating neural "volume" transmission in the cerebrospinal fluid and sex-specific effects of MCH on food intake control as understudied areas for future investigation. Highlighted here are historical and recent findings that illuminate the neurobiological mechanisms through which MCH promotes food intake, including the identification of various specific neural signaling pathways and interactions with other peptide systems. We conclude with a framework that the hyperphagic effects of MCH signaling are predominantly mediated through enhancement of an "appetition" process in which early postoral prandial signals promote further caloric consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magen N Lord
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Keshav Subramanian
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Emily E Noble
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA.
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39
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de Andrade Mesquita L, Fagundes Piccoli G, Richter da Natividade G, Frison Spiazzi B, Colpani V, Gerchman F. Is lorcaserin really associated with increased risk of cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13170. [PMID: 33258543 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reported in February 2020 an increased risk of cancer with lorcaserin in the follow-up of the CAMELLIA-TIMI 61 trial. This systematic review and meta-analysis addresses whether lorcaserin is associated with higher incidence of cancer compared with other interventions or no treatment. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) for randomized controlled trials that compared lorcaserin with other interventions or no treatment in adults. We performed descriptive synthesis of all included studies and conducted meta-analysis of trials that reported new cases of cancer. From 11 trials, comprising 21,299 individuals, four studies were included in the meta-analysis and reported 476 cases of cancer in 10,342 subjects in the lorcaserin group and 438 among 9429 individuals randomized to placebo (relative risk [RR]: 1.08; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.96-1.23). The result was heavily influenced by the CAMELLIA-TIMI 61 trial. In this study, the lorcaserin group had a higher risk of lung and pancreatic but not colon cancer. Overall risk of bias was low, and quality of evidence was moderate. The current evidence does not confirm the increased risk of cancer with lorcaserin but suggests a trend in this direction, with a greater incidence of some subtypes such as lung and pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo de Andrade Mesquita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Giovana Fagundes Piccoli
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Verônica Colpani
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernando Gerchman
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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40
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Ghosh S, Yang X, Wang L, Zhang C, Zhao L. Active phase prebiotic feeding alters gut microbiota, induces weight-independent alleviation of hepatic steatosis and serum cholesterol in high-fat diet-fed mice. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 19:448-458. [PMID: 33510856 PMCID: PMC7806547 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that prebiotics may induce weight loss and alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) via modulation of the gut microbiota. However, key members of the gut microbiota that may mediate the beneficial effects of prebiotics remain elusive. Here, we find that restricted prebiotic feeding during active phase (HF-ARP) induced weight-independent alleviation of liver steatosis and reduced serum cholesterol in high-fat diet (HF) fed mice more significantly than unrestricted feeding (HF-UP). HF-ARP mice also showed concomitantly altered gut microbiota structure that was different from HF-UP group along with significantly increased production of total short-chain fatty-acids (SCFAs). Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were clustered into co-abundant groups (CAGs) as potential functional groups that may respond distinctively to prebiotic consumption and prebiotic feeding regime. Prebiotic feeding induces significant alterations in CAG abundances by day 7. Eight of 32 CAGs were promoted by prebiotics, including CAG17 with the most abundant ASV from Parabacteroides, CAG22 with Bacteroides thetaiotamicron and CAG32 with Fecalibaculum and Akkermansia. Among the prebiotic-promoted CAGs, CAG20 with ASVs from Lachnospiraceae and CAG21 with ASVs from Bifidobacterium and Lachnospiraceae were significantly enhanced in HF-ARP compared to HF-UP. Moreover, most of the prebiotic-promoted CAGs were also significantly associated with improvements in hepatic steatosis, reduction in serum cholesterol and increased cecal propionate production. Together, these results suggest that the impact of prebiotics on weight-independent alleviation of liver steatosis and cholesterol-lowering effect can be optimized by restricting prebiotic intake to active phase and is associated with a distinct change of gut microbiota with increased SCFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Ghosh
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Linghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chenhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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41
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Crupi AN, Haase J, Brandhorst S, Longo VD. Periodic and Intermittent Fasting in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Diab Rep 2020; 20:83. [PMID: 33301104 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-020-01362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death globally. Nutrition plays a central role in CVD risk by affecting aging, adiposity, glycemia, blood pressure, cholesterol, inflammation, and other risk factors and can affect CVD risk not only based on calorie intake and dietary composition but also the timing and range of meals. This review evaluates the effects of fasting, fasting-mimicking diets, and time-restricted eating on the reduction of CVD risk factors and provides initial data on their potential to serve as CVD prevention and treatment therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Intermittent fasting (IF), time-restricted eating (TRE), prolonged fasting (PF), and fasting-mimicking diets (FMD) show promise in the reduction of CVD risk factors. Results on IF, TRE, PF, and FMD on CVD risk factors are significant and often independent of weight loss, yet long-term studies on their effect on CVD are still lacking. Coupling periodic and prolonged, or intermittent and more frequent cycles of fasting or fasting-mimicking diets, designed to maximize compliance and minimize side effects, has the potential to play a central role in the prevention and treatment of CVD and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annunziata Nancy Crupi
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Jonathan Haase
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Sebastian Brandhorst
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Valter D Longo
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.
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Dorling JL, Martin CK, Redman LM. Calorie restriction for enhanced longevity: The role of novel dietary strategies in the present obesogenic environment. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101038. [PMID: 32109603 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) is a potent modulator of longevity in multiple species. A growing body of evidence shows that sustained periods of CR without malnutrition improves risk factors involved in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders in humans. Innovative dietary strategies such as intermittent fasting and protein restriction have recently emerged as alternative approaches that improve markers of aging. Some of these newer strategies might provide benefits for healthy aging with little to no CR and therefore, compared to traditional CR, may be easier to follow. Further to providing an update of CR studies in humans, the present narrative review appraises the influence of these contemporary dietary strategies on mechanisms posited to drive CR-induced longevity in humans, including those involving energy metabolism, oxidative damage, inflammation, glucose homeostasis, and functional changes in the neuroendocrine systems. The review also discusses the utilization of these diets for populations in the current obesogenic environment, and comments on whether current research can inform an optimal diet that attenuates aging, can be easily followed, and promises to improve longevity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Dorling
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd., Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd., Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd., Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
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Yannakoulia M, Panagiotakos D. Weight loss through lifestyle changes: impact in the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Heart 2020; 107:1429-1434. [PMID: 33219107 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2019-316376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Yannakoulia
- School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Attica, Greece
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Régnier M, Rastelli M, Morissette A, Suriano F, Le Roy T, Pilon G, Delzenne NM, Marette A, Van Hul M, Cani PD. Rhubarb Supplementation Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity and Diabetes in Association with Increased Akkermansia muciniphila in Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102932. [PMID: 32987923 PMCID: PMC7601677 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and obesity-related disorders, such as type 2 diabetes have been progressively increasing worldwide and treatments have failed to counteract their progression. Growing evidence have demonstrated that gut microbiota is associated with the incidence of these pathologies. Hence, the identification of new nutritional compounds, able to improve health through a modulation of gut microbiota, is gaining interest. In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate the gut-driving effects of rhubarb extract in a context of diet-induced obesity and diabetes. Eight weeks old C57BL6/J male mice were fed a control diet (CTRL), a high fat and high sucrose diet (HFHS) or a HFHS diet supplemented with 0.3% (g/g) of rhubarb extract for eight weeks. Rhubarb supplementation fully prevented HFHS-induced obesity, diabetes, visceral adiposity, adipose tissue inflammation and liver triglyceride accumulation, without any modification in food intake. By combining sequencing and qPCR methods, we found that all these effects were associated with a blooming of Akkermansia muciniphila, which is strongly correlated with increased expression of Reg3γ in the colon. Our data showed that rhubarb supplementation is sufficient to protect against metabolic disorders induced by a diet rich in lipid and carbohydrates in association with a reciprocal interaction between Akkermansia muciniphila and Reg3γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Régnier
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; (M.R.); (M.R.); (F.S.); (T.L.R.); (N.M.D.); (M.V.H.)
| | - Marialetizia Rastelli
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; (M.R.); (M.R.); (F.S.); (T.L.R.); (N.M.D.); (M.V.H.)
| | - Arianne Morissette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.M.); (G.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Francesco Suriano
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; (M.R.); (M.R.); (F.S.); (T.L.R.); (N.M.D.); (M.V.H.)
| | - Tiphaine Le Roy
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; (M.R.); (M.R.); (F.S.); (T.L.R.); (N.M.D.); (M.V.H.)
| | - Geneviève Pilon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.M.); (G.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; (M.R.); (M.R.); (F.S.); (T.L.R.); (N.M.D.); (M.V.H.)
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.M.); (G.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; (M.R.); (M.R.); (F.S.); (T.L.R.); (N.M.D.); (M.V.H.)
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; (M.R.); (M.R.); (F.S.); (T.L.R.); (N.M.D.); (M.V.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-(0)2-764-73-97
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Polhuis CMM, Vaandrager L, Soedamah-Muthu SS, Koelen MA. Salutogenic model of health to identify turning points and coping styles for eating practices in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Equity Health 2020; 19:80. [PMID: 32487086 PMCID: PMC7266427 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-01194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important for people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) to eat healthily. However, implementing dietary advice in everyday life is difficult, because eating is not a distinguishable action, but a chain of activities, embedded in social practices and influenced by previous life experiences. This research aims to understand why and how eating practices are developed over the life-course by investigating influential life experiences - turning points - and coping strategies for eating practices of people with T2DM. METHODS The Salutogenic Model of Health guided the study's objective, study design and analysis. Seventeen interviews were performed and analysed based on the principles of interpretative phenomenological analysis. Narrative inquiry and the creation of timelines and food boxes were used as tools to facilitate reflection on turning points and eating practices. RESULTS Turning points for unhealthier eating were experiences that strongly disturbed the participants' emotional stability. These experiences included psychosocial trauma, physical health disorders, job loss, and smoking cessation. Turning points for healthier eating were experiences that significantly changed participants views on life and made participants reflective about the effects of current eating practices on future health and life goals. These turning points included confrontation with ill-health, becoming a parent, psychosocial therapy, and getting married. Notably, turning points for healthier eating seemed only to happen when life was relatively stress-free. All participants experienced turning points for healthier eating, yet, not all participants succeeded in improving their diets. Two coping styles were distinguished: active and passive coping. Active coping individuals were able to act in line with their personal intentions, whereas passive coping individuals could not. Differences between active and passive coping styles seemed to be explained by differences in available resources important for adapting and maintaining a healthy diet. CONCLUSION Disadvantaged childhood and later life adversities together with the inability to manage the mental stress explained the development unhealthier eating practices. All participants experienced turning points for healthier eating that caused eating to become a priority in their life. Yet, the fact that not all were able to eat as they intended, advocates for nutritional guidance for people with T2DM, with a greater emphasis on reflexivity, psycho-social well-being and social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M M Polhuis
- Health and Society, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8130, 6700 EW, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - L Vaandrager
- Health and Society, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8130, 6700 EW, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S S Soedamah-Muthu
- Center of Research on Psychological and Somatic disorders (CORPS), Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - M A Koelen
- Health and Society, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8130, 6700 EW, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Fragiadakis GK, Wastyk HC, Robinson JL, Sonnenburg ED, Sonnenburg JL, Gardner CD. Long-term dietary intervention reveals resilience of the gut microbiota despite changes in diet and weight. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:1127-1136. [PMID: 32186326 PMCID: PMC7266695 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the rising rates of obesity and associated metabolic disorders, there is a growing need for effective long-term weight-loss strategies, coupled with an understanding of how they interface with human physiology. Interest is growing in the potential role of gut microbes as they pertain to responses to different weight-loss diets; however, the ways that diet, the gut microbiota, and long-term weight loss influence one another is not well understood. OBJECTIVES Our primary objective was to determine if baseline microbiota composition or diversity was associated with weight-loss success. A secondary objective was to track the longitudinal associations of changes to lower-carbohydrate or lower-fat diets and concomitant weight loss with the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota. METHODS We used 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing to profile microbiota composition over a 12-mo period in 49 participants as part of a larger randomized dietary intervention study of participants consuming either a healthy low-carbohydrate or a healthy low-fat diet. RESULTS While baseline microbiota composition was not predictive of weight loss, each diet resulted in substantial changes in the microbiota 3-mo after the start of the intervention; some of these changes were diet specific (14 taxonomic changes specific to the healthy low-carbohydrate diet, 12 taxonomic changes specific to the healthy low-fat diet) and others tracked with weight loss (7 taxonomic changes in both diets). After these initial shifts, the microbiota returned near its original baseline state for the remainder of the intervention, despite participants maintaining their diet and weight loss for the entire study. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a resilience to perturbation of the microbiota's starting profile. When considering the established contribution of obesity-associated microbiotas to weight gain in animal models, microbiota resilience may need to be overcome for long-term alterations to human physiology. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01826591.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah C Wastyk
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Robinson
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erica D Sonnenburg
- Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Center for Human Microbiome Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Justin L Sonnenburg
- Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Center for Human Microbiome Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA,Address correspondence to JLS (e-mail: )
| | - Christopher D Gardner
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Address correspondence to CDG (e-mail: )
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Teong XT, Liu K, Hutchison AT, Liu B, Feinle-Bisset C, Wittert GA, Lange K, Vincent AD, Heilbronn LK. Rationale and protocol for a randomized controlled trial comparing daily calorie restriction versus intermittent fasting to improve glycaemia in individuals at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020; 14:176-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Marc-Hernández A, Ruiz-Tovar J, Aracil A, Guillén S, Moya-Ramón M. Effects of a High-Intensity Exercise Program on Weight Regain and Cardio-metabolic Profile after 3 Years of Bariatric Surgery: A Randomized Trial. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3123. [PMID: 32080310 PMCID: PMC7033151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight regain is one of the most common problems in the long-term after bariatric surgery. It is unknown if high-intensity exercise programs applied in late phases of post-surgical follow-up could counteract this trend. After a 3-year follow-up, 21 patients underwent sleeve gastrectomy were randomized into an exercise group (EG, n = 11), that performed a 5-month supervised exercise program, and a control group (CG, n = 10), that followed the usual care. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, glycaemia and blood cholesterol were evaluated before and after the intervention. Finally, the EG repeated the evaluations 2 months after the end of the exercise program. Both groups reached their maximum weight loss at the first year after surgery and showed significant weight regain by the end of the follow-up. After the exercise program, the EG showed reductions in fat mass (-2.5 ± 2.6 kg, P < 0.05), glycaemia (-13.4 ± 8.7 mg·dL-1, P < 0.01) and blood cholesterol (-24.6 ± 29.1 mg·dL-1, P < 0.05), whereas the CG during the same period showed increases in weight (1.5 ± 1.3 kg, P < 0.05) and fat mass (1.8 ± 0.9, P < 0.01). Two months after the end of the program, EG had increases in weight (1.1 ± 1.2 kg, P < 0.05), fat mass (2.6 ± 2.2 kg, P < 0.01), glycaemia (8.2 ± 11.6 mg·dL-1, P < 0.05) and blood cholesterol (20.0 ± 22.1 mg·dL-1, P < 0.05), when compared with the values after the exercise program. Therefore, in the medium-term after sleeve gastrectomy exercise may contribute to prevent weight regain and to reduce fat mass, glycaemia, and blood cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marc-Hernández
- Laboratory of Training Analysis and Optimization, Sport Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, 03202, Spain
| | - J Ruiz-Tovar
- Centre of Excellence for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes, Valladolid, 47004, Spain
| | - A Aracil
- Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, 03202, Spain.
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550, Spain.
| | - S Guillén
- Laboratory of Training Analysis and Optimization, Sport Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, 03202, Spain
| | - M Moya-Ramón
- Laboratory of Training Analysis and Optimization, Sport Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, 03202, Spain.
- Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, 03202, Spain.
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Foundation), Alicante, 03010, Spain.
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Sex-Specific Physical Activity Patterns Differentiate Weight Loss Maintainers From Regainers: The MedWeight Study. J Phys Act Health 2020; 17:225-229. [PMID: 31923902 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2019-0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although plenty of evidence indicates that weight loss maintainers are highly physically active, studies focusing on the sex-specific differences in activity levels between maintainers and regainers are scarce. The authors aimed to investigate sex-specific differences in activity patterns in a cohort of Mediterranean maintainers and regainers. METHODS Sample includes 756 participants of the MedWeight registry (60.5% women), aged 18-65 years, who lost ≥10% of their initial weight, and either maintained their loss for ≥12 months or regained it. Participants completed a series of questionnaires, including demographics and weight history. Activity levels were evaluated with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short version. RESULTS Maintainers of both sexes were, in total, more active than their same-sex regainers. When specific activities were considered, women maintainers spent more time walking than regainers (Padjusted = .02), whereas men maintainers spent more time in vigorous activities (Padjusted = .001) and walking than regainers (Padjusted = .001). Modest increments in activity of sex-relevant intensity were associated with increased odds for maintenance. CONCLUSIONS Maintainers attained a more active lifestyle than their same-sex regainers, involving more walking for both sexes and more vigorous activities for men. The detected differences, according to activity intensity, support that activity patterns associated with successful weight loss are distinguishable between sexes.
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Four main barriers to weight loss maintenance? A quantitative analysis of difficulties experienced by obese patients after successful weight reduction. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 74:1192-1200. [PMID: 32001814 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight maintenance remains to be a challenge for patients in a reduced obese state and it has been recommended to provide them more individualized support. For this purpose it is crucial to understand the barriers patients are experiencing after weight loss. Many have been identified by qualitative studies. We evaluated if a quantitative assessment of patient perspective during weight maintenance can help identify major barriers that refer to actual regain. METHODS Follow-up data were analyzed from patients attempting weight maintenances after successful completion of a nonsurgical weight loss and lifestyle intervention for morbid obesity. The data were acquired at mandatory follow-up assessments and included rating of 26 probable difficulties. A principal component analysis was carried out to explore whether these difficulties could be grouped into meaningful factors. Associations with socio-demographics, follow-up time, and weight changes were evaluated. RESULTS Data from 88 out of 102 patients were available (baseline BMI 49.5 ± 7.4 kg/m2; 12-month weight loss 24.3 ± 9.6%; follow-up time 1.48 ± 0.6 years). Four solid factors, composed of 21 items and explaining 56% of the variance were extracted and interpreted as 'Hedonic Hunger', 'Mental Distress', 'Binge Eating', and 'Demoralization'. Weight regain (12.4 ± 12%) was correlated with each factor, most closely with 'Mental Distress' (r = 0.38). When controlling for age and follow-up time, 'Binge Eating' was the most important predictor (adj. R2 = 0.297). CONCLUSIONS A quantitative assessment of patient perspective during the first years after weight loss can help identify valid barriers to weight loss maintenance.
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