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Chen S, Chen Z, Xu Q, Jiang X, Lin C, Ji J. Dual effects of serum urate on stroke risk and prognosis: insights from Mendelian randomization. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1359292. [PMID: 38628696 PMCID: PMC11018999 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1359292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the causal associations of serum urate (SUA) with stroke risk and prognosis using Mendelian randomization (MR) and the potential mediating role of stroke risk factors in the causal pathways. Methods We used the random-effects inverse variance weighting (IVW) as our primary method. We initially performed two-sample univariable MR (UVMR) to identify the causal associations of SUA (n = 437,354) with any stroke (AS, FinnGen: n = 311,635; MEGASTROKE: n = 446,696), ischemic stroke (IS, FinnGen: n = 212,774; MEGASTROKE: n = 440,328), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH, FinnGen: n = 343,663; ISGC: n = 3,026), functional outcome after ischemic stroke at 90d (n = 4,363), and motor recovery within 24 months after stroke (n = 488), and then multivariable MR (MVMR) to estimate the direct causal effects of SUA on these outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders. Finally, we further conducted a two-step MR to investigate the potential mediating role of body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the identified causal pathways. Results Genetically predicted elevated SUA levels were significantly associated with increased risk of AS (meta-analysis: OR = 1.09, 95% CI [1.04-1.13], p = 3.69e-05) and IS (meta-analysis: OR = 1.10, 95% CI [1.01-1.19], p = 0.021) and with improved poor functional outcome after ischemic stroke at 90d (OR = 0.81, 95% CI [0.72-0.90], p = 1.79e-04) and motor recovery within 24 months after stroke (OR = 1.42, 95% CI [1.23-1.64], p = 2.15e-06). In MVMR, SBP and DBP significantly attenuated the causal effects of SUA on AS, IS, and functional outcome after ischemic stroke at 90d and motor recovery within 24 months after stroke. Further mediation analyses showed that SBP mediated 52.4 and 34.5% of the effects of SUA on AS and IS, while DBP mediated 28.5 and 23.4% of the causal effects, respectively. Conclusion This study supports the dual role of genetically predicted SUA in increasing stroke risk, especially ischemic stroke risk, and in improving functional outcome and motor recovery. SBP and DBP are key mediators lying on the causal pathways of SUA with AS and IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Department of Nursing, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xia Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chuyong Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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2
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Liu J, Pan H, Liu Y, Guan M, Li X, Chen S, Tong X, Luo Y, Wang X, Yang X, Guo X, Zhang J, Tao L. Distinct hyperuricemia trajectories are associated with different risks of incident diabetes: A prospective cohort study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:967-977. [PMID: 36958974 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Conflicting results suggest a link between serum uric acid and diabetes and previous studies ignored the effect of continuous exposure of serum uric acid on diabetes risk. This study aims to characterize hyperuricemia trajectories in middle-aged adults and to examine its potential impact on diabetes risk, considering the role of obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS The cohort included 9192 participants who were free of diabetes before 2013. The hyperuricemia trajectories during 2009-2013 were identified by latent class growth models. Incident diabetes during 2014-2018 was used as the outcome. Modified Poisson regression models were used to assess the association of trajectories with diabetes. Furthermore, marginal structural models were used to estimate the mediating effects of the relationship between hyperuricemia trajectories and diabetes. We identified three discrete hyperuricemia trajectories: high-increasing (n = 5794), moderate-stable (n = 2049), and low-stable (n = 1349). During 5 years of follow-up, we documented 379 incident diabetes cases. Compared with the low-stable pattern, the high-increasing pattern had a higher risk of developing diabetes (RR, 1.42; 95% CI: 1.09-1.84). In addition, the percentages of total effect between the high-increasing hyperuricemia pattern and diabetes mediated by obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension were 24.41%, 18.26%, and 6.29%. However, the moderate-stable pattern was not associated with an increased risk of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the high-increasing hyperuricemia trajectory is significantly associated with an increased risk of diabetes. Furthermore, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension play mediating roles in the relationship between the high-increasing hyperuricemia pattern and increased diabetes risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Yanjing Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Huiying Pan
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Mengying Guan
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Information, Beijing Physical Examination Center, Beijing 100077, China
| | - Xingyao Tong
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanxia Luo
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xinghua Yang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiuhua Guo
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Department of Information, Beijing Physical Examination Center, Beijing 100077, China.
| | - Lixin Tao
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Lemmens-Gruber R, Tzotzos S. The Epithelial Sodium Channel-An Underestimated Drug Target. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097775. [PMID: 37175488 PMCID: PMC10178586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) are part of a complex network of interacting biochemical pathways and as such are involved in several disease states. Dependent on site and type of mutation, gain- or loss-of-function generated symptoms occur which span from asymptomatic to life-threatening disorders such as Liddle syndrome, cystic fibrosis or generalized pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1. Variants of ENaC which are implicated in disease assist further understanding of their molecular mechanisms in order to create models for specific pharmacological targeting. Identification and characterization of ENaC modifiers not only furthers our basic understanding of how these regulatory processes interact, but also enables discovery of new therapeutic targets for the disease conditions caused by ENaC dysfunction. Numerous test compounds have revealed encouraging results in vitro and in animal models but less in clinical settings. The EMA- and FDA-designated orphan drug solnatide is currently being tested in phase 2 clinical trials in the setting of acute respiratory distress syndrome, and the NOX1/ NOX4 inhibitor setanaxib is undergoing clinical phase 2 and 3 trials for therapy of primary biliary cholangitis, liver stiffness, and carcinoma. The established ENaC blocker amiloride is mainly used as an add-on drug in the therapy of resistant hypertension and is being studied in ongoing clinical phase 3 and 4 trials for special applications. This review focuses on discussing some recent developments in the search for novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lemmens-Gruber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Shen L, Dong Y, Li M, Zhou Z, Zhang J, Liu Y, Zhao W. The relationship between leukocyte level and hypertension in elderly patients with hyperuricemia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32327. [PMID: 36595776 PMCID: PMC9794235 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the change of leukocyte level caused by hyperuricemia, and to explore the relationship between leukocyte level and hypertension in elderly patients with hyperuricemia. A cross-sectional study of serum uric acid (UA) level was conducted in 1352 elderly people over 65 years old. The samples were divided into 3 categories according to the tertiles of leukocyte: Tertile 1, leukocyte ≤ 5.2 × 109/L; Tertile 2, leukocyte = 5.3-6.3 × 109/L; Tertile 3, leukocyte ≥ 6.4 × 109/L. Multiple logistic regression models were used for modeling relationships between leukocyte, hyperuricemia and hypertension. Human vascular endothelial cells were treated by different concentrations of UA. The levels of interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-α, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, inducible nitric oxide synthase and reactive oxygen species were measured by Western Blot or fluorescence microscope. The levels of leukocyte were higher in elderly patients with hyperuricemia than without hyperuricemia. Hyperuricemia was an independent risk factor of leukocyte in Tertile 3 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.657, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.180-2.328). The prevalences of hypertension were higher in elderly patients with hyperuricemia than without hyperuricemia (77.0% vs 63.5%). In the Model 1, hyperuricemia was an independent risk factor of hypertension (OR = 1.536, 95% CI: 1.026-2.302). Leukocyte in Tertile 3 was an independent risk factor of hypertension (OR = 1.333, 95% CI: 1.031-1.724). Expression levels of interleukin-1 beta, inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-α were obviously higher in the UA group than the control group, along with the productions of reactive oxygen species. But the expression level of endothelial nitric oxide synthase was obviously lower in the UA group. Hyperuricemia was associated with an increased risk for hypertension. The chronic inflammation caused by hyperuricemia maybe one of important pathogenesis of incident hypertension in patients with hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Shen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital &Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Johnson RJ, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Nakagawa T, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Tolan D, Gaucher EA, Andrews P, Lanaspa MA. Do thrifty genes exist? Revisiting uricase. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1917-1926. [PMID: 36150210 PMCID: PMC9512363 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sixty years ago, the geneticist James Neel proposed that the epidemics of obesity and diabetes today may have evolutionary roots. Specifically, he suggested that our ancestors may have accumulated mutations during periods of famine that provided a survival advantage at that time. However, the presence of this "thrifty genotype" in today's world, where food is plentiful, would predispose us to obesity and diabetes. The "thrifty gene" hypothesis, attractive to some, has been challenged over the years. The authors have previously postulated that the loss of the uricase gene, resulting in a rise in serum and intracellular uric acid levels, satisfies the criteria of a thrifty genotype mutation. This paper reviews and brings up-to-date the evidence supporting the hypothesis and discusses the current arguments that challenge this hypothesis. Although further studies are needed to test the hypothesis, the evidence supporting a loss of uricase as a thrifty gene is substantial and supports a role for evolutionary biology in the pathogenesis of the current obesity and diabetes epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | | | | | - Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico and INC Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dean Tolan
- Biology Department, Boston University, Boston MA
| | - Eric A. Gaucher
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Peter Andrews
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Division of Nephrology, Oregon Health Sciences University
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Jenkins C, Hwang JH, Kopp JB, Winkler CA, Cho SK. Review of Urate-Lowering Therapeutics: From the Past to the Future. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:925219. [PMID: 36081938 PMCID: PMC9445164 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.925219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed all currently available ULT, as well as any medications in development using following databases: United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), Japanese Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), and ClinicalTrials.gov. We identified a total of 36 drugs, including 10 approved drugs, 17 in clinical testing phases, and 9 in preclinical developmental phases. The 26 drugs currently undergoing testing and development include 5 xanthine oxidase inhibitors, 14 uricosurics, 6 recombinant uricases, and one with multiple urate-lowering mechanisms of action. Herein, we reviewed the benefit and risk of each drug summarizing currently available drugs. New trials of uricosuric agents are underway to develop the new indication. New drugs are going on to improve the potency of recombinant uricase and to develop the new route administration of such as oral formulation. This review will provide valuable information on the properties, indications, and limitations of ULTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jenkins
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Hospital of Central Connecticut, New Britain, CT, United States
| | - Jennifer H. Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Hospital of Central Connecticut, New Britain, CT, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cheryl A. Winkler
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Sung Kweon Cho
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sung Kweon Cho,
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7
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Lin KH, Yen FS, Chen HS, Hwu CM, Yang CC. Serum uric acid and blood pressure among adolescents: data from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) 2010-2011. Blood Press 2020; 30:118-125. [PMID: 33215542 DOI: 10.1080/08037051.2020.1848417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Elevated serum uric acid (UA) is frequently observed in adults with high blood pressure (BP); however, data from adolescents are limited. We examined the association between serum UA and BP in a nationally representative sample of Taiwan adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS Some 1384 participants, aged 14-19 years, from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan 2010-2011 were included for the study. Elevated BP was defined as systolic or diastolic BP ≥120/80 mmHg. The analyses examined the relationship between serum UA and BP using linear regression and odds ratios of having an elevated BP using logistic regression. RESULTS In this study population, the mean age was 16.0 years, mean serum UA was 5.8 mg/dL, 22.5% were obese (body mass index ≥24 kg/m2) and 9.8% had an elevated BP. Compared to girls, boys are more likely to be obese and to have higher serum UA and BP. After full adjustments, systolic BP, diastolic BP and mean arterial pressure increased 0.45, 0.48 and 0.47 mmHg, respectively, for each 1-mg/dL increase in UA (p = 0.07, 0.03 and 0.02, respectively). The odds of having an elevated BP were 3.4 times higher in subjects of the upper tertile of serum UA than those of the lower tertile (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Adolescents with factors as male, obesity, and UA ≥5.5 mg/dL were prone to have an elevated BP, regardless of age and family history of hypertension. The present study found that serum UA levels are significantly correlated to BP in Taiwanese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan.,Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Harn-Shen Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Min Hwu
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chang Yang
- Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Clinical Toxicology & Occupation Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Wang Y, Weng P, Wan H, Zhang W, Chen C, Chen Y, Cai Y, Guo M, Xia F, Wang N, Lu Y. Economic Status Moderates the Association Between Early-Life Famine Exposure and Hyperuricemia in Adulthood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5891935. [PMID: 32789437 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The double burden of malnutrition (DBM), undernutrition in early life and an obesogenic environment later on, influences later risk of chronic disorders. The Great Famine in China from 1959 to1962 and remarkable economic development from the 1980s provided such a burden for a large number of people in their 60s. OBJECTIVE We aimed to analyze the effect of economic status on the association between famine exposure in early life and hyperuricemia in adulthood. DESIGN AND SETTING Participants numbering 12 666 were enrolled in China based on the Survey on Prevalence in East China for Metabolic Diseases and Risk Factors (SPECT-China) Study from 2014 to 2016. PARTICIPANTS Participants with fetal or childhood famine exposure (birth year 1949-1962) formed the exposure group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Hyperuricemia was defined as uric acid (UA) > 420 μmol/L for men and > 360 μmol/L for women. The association of famine with hyperuricemia was assessed via regression analyses. RESULTS Early-life famine exposure was negatively associated with UA levels (P = .045) but was not associated with hyperuricemia (P = .226) in the whole study population. Economic status could moderate the association of famine exposure with UA and hyperuricemia (P ≤ .001). In participants with high economic status, early-life famine exposure was positively associated with UA levels (unstandardized coefficients 7.61, 95% CI 3.63-11.59, P < .001), and with hyperuricemia (odds ratio 1.47, 95% CI 1.19-1.81, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Economic status could moderate the association between exposure to famine in early life and hyperuricemia in adulthood, indicating that the DBM might affect hyperuricemia in an opposite direction of the effects of undernutrition in early life alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pan Weng
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Wan
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Honghe Prefecture Central Hospital (Ge Jiu People's Hospital), Yunnan, China
| | - Minghao Guo
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangzhen Xia
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningjian Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingli Lu
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Pan J, Shi M, Ma L, Fu P. Mechanistic Insights of Soluble Uric Acid-related Kidney Disease. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5056-5066. [PMID: 30526453 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181211094421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia, defined as the presence of elevated serum uric acid (sUA), could lead to urate deposit in joints, tendons, kidney and other tissues. Hyperuricemia as an independent risk factor was common in patients during the causation and progression of kidney disease. Uric acid is a soluble final product of endogenous and dietary purine metabolism, which is freely filtered in kidney glomeruli where approximately 90% of filtered uric acid is reabsorbed. Considerable studies have demonstrated that soluble uric acid was involved in the pathophysiology of renal arteriolopathy, tubule injury, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, as well as glomerular hypertrophy and glomerulosclerosis. In the review, we summarized the mechanistic insights of soluble uric acid related renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- Kidney Research Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Shi
- Kidney Research Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Kidney Research Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ping Fu
- Kidney Research Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Lee S, Choi KB, Kim SJ. The effect of uric acid and urinary sodium excretion on prehypertension: a nationwide population-based study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:251. [PMID: 32460763 PMCID: PMC7251714 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study examined the effect of serum uric acid (SUA) level and urinary sodium excretion on blood pressure as well as their combined effect on prehypertension in a Korean population. Method Data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for adults (≥ 19 years of age) were used. The participants were classified into two groups, normotension and prehypertension, according to the JNC-7 definition. Logistic regression was carried out and adjusted for traditionally regarded confounders of blood pressure. All analyses considered a complex sampling design. A multivariate analysis was performed on subgroups defined according to their SUA level and urinary sodium excretion. Results The 4200 participants were divided into normotension (n = 2646) and prehypertension (n = 1554) groups. In the univariate analysis, patient age, male sex, concurrent comorbidity (diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease), uric acid, and urinary sodium excretion were associated with prehypertension. After adjusting for baseline covariates, both the SUA level and urinary sodium excretion were significant predictors of incident prehypertension (SUA, per 1 mg/dL increase, odds ratio [OR] 1.216, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.131–1.309; urinary sodium excretion, per 1 g/day increase, OR 1.067, 95% CI 1.019–1.117). Additionally, simultaneously higher tertiles of SUA and urinary sodium excretion resulted in higher ORs for prehypertension. Conclusion Increased SUA is a significant risk marker for the development of prehypertension in normotensives. Simultaneously high SUA and urinary sodium excretion amplified the effect on the development of prehypertension. Our findings suggest that lowering SUA levels and reducing sodium intake will contribute to preventing hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shina Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 158-710, Korea.
| | - Kyu Bok Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 158-710, Korea
| | - Seung-Jung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 158-710, Korea
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11
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Gong M, Wen S, Nguyen T, Wang C, Jin J, Zhou L. Converging Relationships of Obesity and Hyperuricemia with Special Reference to Metabolic Disorders and Plausible Therapeutic Implications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:943-962. [PMID: 32280253 PMCID: PMC7125338 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s232377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and hyperuricemia mutually influence metabolic syndrome. This study discusses the metabolic relationships between obesity and hyperuricemia in terms of pathophysiology, complications, and treatments. METHODS We searched for preclinical or clinical studies on the pathophysiology, complications, and therapy of obesity and hyperuricemia on the PubMed database. RESULTS In this systemic review, we summarized our searching results on topics of pathophysiology, complications and therapeutic strategy. In pathophysiology, we firstly introduce genetic variations for obesity, hyperuricemia and their relationships by genetic studies. Secondly, we talk about the epigenetic influences on obesity and hyperuricemia. Thirdly, we describe the central metabolic regulation and the role of hyperuricemia. Then, we refer to the character of adipose tissue inflammation and oxidative stress in the obesity and hyperuricemia. In the last part of this topic, we reviewed the critical links of gut microbiota in the obesity and hyperuricemia. In the following part, we review the pathophysiology of major complications in obesity and hyperuricemia including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Finally, we recapitulate the therapeutic strategies especially the novel pharmaceutic interventions for obesity and hyperuricemia, which concurrently show the mutual metabolic influences between two diseases. CONCLUSION The data reviewed here delineate the metabolic relationships between obesity and hyperuricemia, and provide a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic targets for the management of metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Thiquynhnga Nguyen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoxun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianlan Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ligang Zhou Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, ChinaTel +8613611927616 Email
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Dotinurad: a novel selective urate reabsorption inhibitor as a future therapeutic option for hyperuricemia. Clin Exp Nephrol 2019; 24:1-5. [PMID: 31754883 PMCID: PMC7066308 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-019-01811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Gout is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by precipitation of urate crystals in the joints, kidneys, and urinary tract. Independent of urate deposition disorders, recent studies have shown a positive association between circulating uric acid (UA) levels and cardiovascular (CV) diseases. These results indicate that UA is a precipitating factor of both gout and the progression of CV diseases, including hypertension and/or chronic kidney disease (CKD). A large body of evidence has shown that UA-lowering therapies are effective in preventing the progression of hypertension/CKD and that a causal relationship exists between serum UA level and CV diseases. Despite the urgent need for effective UA-lowering drugs that can be used to obtain better therapeutic outcomes and prognosis, only few drugs have been developed in the past decades. Recently, febuxostat and topiroxostat, which are xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors, were developed and used in clinical practice. Of note, after the approval of lesinurad, which is a urate transporter-1 (URAT-1) inhibitor, in the United States in 2015, dotinurad (Fig. 1), a novel promising drug with selective UA reabsorption inhibitory property, was recently developed in Japan in 2018. Dotinurad is indicated for patients with hyperuricemia/gout as most patients with hyperuricemia are classified into “underexcretion type”, which requires the inhibition of URAT-1 to excrete excess UA via the kidney. Focusing on dotinurad, the present study highlighted the multifaceted preliminary new trials that assessed for drug efficacy and safety, pharmacokinetics (PK) according to age and gender, the presence or absence of liver and kidney disorders, drug interactions with NSAID, and non-inferiority of dotinurad to either febuxostat or benzbromarone. A series of studies included in this supplemental review indicate that dotinurad reduces serum UA levels, and its efficacy and safety are similar to those of other UA-lowering agents currently used even in hyperuricemic patients with various clinical conditions. Moreover, two exploratory studies with a small sample size were conducted to compare PK parameters between patients with overproduction- and underexcretion-type hyperuricemia, and results showed that the effects of UA-lowering agents were comparable between the two subtype groups.Chemical structural formula of dotinurad ![]()
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Chen XJ, Eirin A, Kane GC, Misra S, Textor SC, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Impact of Serum Uric Acid Levels on Outcomes following Renal Artery Revascularization in Patients with Renovascular Disease. Int J Hypertens 2019; 2019:3872065. [PMID: 30838132 PMCID: PMC6374789 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3872065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) improves blood pressure (BP) and renal function only in selected patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease (ARVD). Hyperuricemia is associated with elevated risk for hypertension and chronic renal disease, but its role in renovascular hypertension is unclear. We hypothesized that hyperuricemia negatively impacts renal and BP outcomes among patients with ARVD undergoing PTRA. METHODS This retrospective, observational cohort study included 94 patients with ARVD and preserved systolic cardiac function, who underwent PTRA at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Renal, BP, and mortality outcomes were compared among patients according to their serum uric acid (SUA) levels. Multivariate analysis was used to determine significant predictors of renal, BP, and mortality outcomes after PTRA. RESULTS Compared to patients with normal basal SUA levels (≤5.7 mg/dl), patients with very high SUA (≥8.7 mg/dl) had lower baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), more extensive use of antihypertensive and diuretic drugs, increased baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP), and elevated left ventricular mass index. After PTRA, multiple logistic regression analysis showed that, compared to normal SUA, very high SUA was associated with decreased odds ratio (OR) of change in eGFR (adjusted OR=0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86-0.95), but not of change in SBP. In multivariate linear analysis SUA independently predicted delta urine protein/creatinine ratio (β: 26.0; 95% confidence interval, 13.9 to 38.1). CONCLUSION Severe hyperuricemia in patients with AVRD may have a negative impact on outcomes of renal revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-jun Chen
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Garvan C. Kane
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sanjay Misra
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen C. Textor
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lilach O. Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Contreras-Haro B, Hernandez-Gonzalez SO, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Espinel-Bermudez MC, Garcia-Benavides L, Perez-Guerrero E, Vazquez-Villegas ML, Robles-Cervantes JA, Salazar-Paramo M, Hernandez-Corona DM, Nava-Zavala AH, Gamez-Nava JI. Fasting triglycerides and glucose index: a useful screening test for assessing insulin resistance in patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2019; 11:95. [PMID: 31788032 PMCID: PMC6880507 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-019-0495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance (IR) is frequently observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In clinical practice, IR assessment is limited to a low proportion of patients due to cost and equipment and technical expertise requirements. The surrogate index of triglycerides and glucose (TyG index) has been validated in non-rheumatic populations, showing adequate sensitivity and specificity for IR, although this index has not yet been used in connective tissue disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of insulin resistance (IR) using the validated surrogate index of triglycerides and glucose (TyG index) and to explore factors associated with IR in Mexican women with RA or SLE. METHODS Ninety-five female RA and 57 SLE patients were included in a cross-sectional study. Clinical and epidemiological variables were evaluated. IR was assessed using the TyG index with a cutoff value of > 4.68. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with IR excluding confounders. RESULTS IR frequency in the entire sample was 50%, higher than the 10% observed in non-rheumatic controls (p < 0.001). The frequency of IR was similar in SLE (49.1%) and RA (50.5%, p = 0.8) patients. IR was associated with a longer duration of hypertension and higher total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Based on multivariate analysis, the duration of hypertension (OR: 1.06; 95% CI 1.002-1.12, p = 0.04), waist circumference (OR: 1.04; 95% CI 1.01-1.08, p = 0.007), uric acid levels (OR: 1.46; 95% CI 1.08-1.97, p = 0.01), RA (OR: 4.87; 95% CI 1.31-18.78, p = 0.01) and SLE (OR: 4.22; 95% CI 1.06-16.74, p = 0.04) were the main risk factors for IR. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the TyG index is a useful screening test for IR in RA and SLE patients. Future longitudinal studies should be performed with the aim of identifying the predictive value of TyG index results for identifying complications linked to IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsabe Contreras-Haro
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Sandra Ofelia Hernandez-Gonzalez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica 02, and División de Investigación en Salud, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Laura Gonzalez-Lopez
- Programa de Doctorado en Farmacología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Maria Claudia Espinel-Bermudez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica 02, and División de Investigación en Salud, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Leonel Garcia-Benavides
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Edsaul Perez-Guerrero
- Programa de Doctorado en Salud Publica e Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara (U de G), Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Maria Luisa Vazquez-Villegas
- Programa de Doctorado en Salud Publica e Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara (U de G), Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Jose Antonio Robles-Cervantes
- Division of Internal Medicine, Jalisco Institute of Reconstructive Surgery “Dr. José Guerrerosantos”, Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Mario Salazar-Paramo
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica 02, and División de Investigación en Salud, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | | | - Arnulfo Hernan Nava-Zavala
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica 02, and División de Investigación en Salud, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
- Programa Internacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Av. Patria No. 1201, Lomas del Valle, CP 45129 Zapopan, Jalisco Mexico
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Hospital General de Occidente, Secretaria de Salud Jalisco, Zapopan, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Jorge I. Gamez-Nava
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica 02, and División de Investigación en Salud, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
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Wang Y, Hu JW, Qu PF, Wang KK, Yan Y, Chu C, Zheng WL, Xu XJ, Lv YB, Ma Q, Gao K, Yuan Y, Li H, Yuan ZY, Mu JJ. Association between urinary sodium excretion and uric acid, and its interaction on the risk of prehypertension among Chinese young adults. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7749. [PMID: 29773847 PMCID: PMC5958063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High uric acid (UA) level and high salt intake are reportedly associated with cardiovascular disease. This study investigated the association between UA and urinary sodium excretion, as well as its interaction on the risk of prehypertension. A total of 1869 participants without hypertension were recruited from a previously established cohort in Shaanxi Province, China. The participants were classified as normotensive or prehypertensive on the basis of their blood pressure. Increasing quartiles of sodium excretion were associated with high urinary UA/creatinine levels in prehypertensive participants. Estimated sodium excretion positively correlated with urinary UA/creatinine excretions in the prehypertensive group. In addition, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios for prehypertension compared with normotension were 1.68 (1.27–2.22) for sodium excretion and 1.71 (1.21–2.42) for serum UA. Increasing sodium excretion and serum UA were associated with higher risk of prehypertension. Compared with the lowest quartiles, the highest sodium excretion and serum UA quartiles entailed 3.48 times greater risk of prehypertension. Sodium excretion is associated with urinary UA excretion in prehypertensive participants. The present study shows that high levels of salt intake and serum UA simultaneously are associated with a higher risk of prehypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Wen Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng-Fei Qu
- Assisted Reproduction Center, Northwest Women and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke-Ke Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Chu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen-Ling Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Xian-Jing Xu
- General Ward, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yong-Bo Lv
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiong Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zu-Yi Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian-Jun Mu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China.
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16
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Song YM, Lee K. Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Associations Between Uric Acid Levels and Metabolic Syndrome Over Time. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2018; 16:299-304. [PMID: 29717905 DOI: 10.1089/met.2018.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The longitudinal associations between serum uric acid (UA) levels and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, as well as the shared genetic and environmental correlations between these traits, were evaluated. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS In a total of 1803 participants (675 men and 1128 women; 695 monozygotic twin individuals, 159 dizygotic twin individuals, and 949 non-twin family members; 44.3 ± 12.8 years old) and 321 monozygotic twin pairs with data on UA levels and MetS components at baseline and follow-up, mixed linear model, conditional logistic regression, and bivariate variance component analysis were conducted. RESULTS After 3.7 ± 1.4 years, the incident and persistent prevalence of MetS were 5.3% and 11.6%, respectively. UA was positively associated with the concurrent and future number of MetS criteria, blood pressure (BP), and triglyceride (TG) levels, whereas an inverse association was observed between UA and future high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels after adjusting for twin and household effects, demographics, health behaviors at baseline, and other confounders according to outcome variables. In the adjusted bivariate analysis, UA had genetic and environmental correlations with the concurrent and future number of MetS criteria, and had genetic correlations with concurrent BP and TG levels and future diastolic BP and HDL-C levels. In the adjusted co-twin control analysis, twins with a higher UA level were more likely to have concurrent MetS [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 1.59 (1.00-2.53)], high blood glucose levels [1.84 (1.06-3.17)], future MetS [2.35 (1.19-4.64)], and high TG levels [1.52 (1.03-2.24)] than co-twins with a lower UA level. CONCLUSION Genetic and environmental factors affect the concurrent and longitudinal associations between UA and MetS as well as some of its components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Mi Song
- 1 Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kayoung Lee
- 2 Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University , Busan, South Korea
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Liu N, Xu L, Shi Y, Fang L, Gu H, Wang H, Ding X, Zhuang S. Pharmacologic targeting ERK1/2 attenuates the development and progression of hyperuricemic nephropathy in rats. Oncotarget 2018; 8:33807-33826. [PMID: 28442634 PMCID: PMC5464913 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of hyperuricemia-induced chronic kidney disease is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated whether extracellular signal–regulated kinases1/2 (ERK1/2) would contribute to the development of hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN). In a rat model of HN induced by feeding mixture of adenine and potassium oxonate, increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and severe glomerular sclerosis and renal interstitial fibrosis were evident, in parallel with diminished levels of renal function and increased urine microalbumin excretion. Administration of U0126, which is a selective inhibitor of the ERK1/2 pathway, improved renal function, decreased urine microalbumin and inhibited activation of renal interstitial fibroblasts as well as accumulation of extracellular proteins. U0126 also inhibited hyperuricemia-induced expression of multiple profibrogenic cytokines/chemokines and infiltration of macrophages in the kidney. Furthermore, U0126 treatment suppressed xanthine oxidase, which mediates uric acid production. It also reduced expression of the urate anion exchanger 1, which promotes reabsorption of uric acid, and preserved expression of organic anion transporters 1 and 3, which accelerate uric acid excretion in the kidney of hyperuricemic rats. Finally, U0126 inhibited phosphorylation of Smad3, a key mediator in transforming growth factor (TGF-β) signaling. In cultured renal interstitial fibroblasts, inhibition of ERK1/2 activation by siRNA suppressed uric acid-induced activation of renal interstitial fibroblasts. Collectively, pharmacologic targeting of ERK1/2 can alleviate HN by suppressing TGF-β signaling, reducing inflammation responses, and inhibiting the molecular processes associated with elevation of blood uric acid levels in the body. Thus, ERK1/2 inhibition may be a potential approach for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Liuqing Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yingfeng Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Lu Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Hongwei Gu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Hongrui Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Effect of Salt Intake on Plasma and Urinary Uric Acid Levels in Chinese Adults: An Interventional Trial. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1434. [PMID: 29362390 PMCID: PMC5780523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) has been proposed as an important risk factor for cardiovascular and renal morbidity. We conducted an interventional trial to assess effects of altered salt intake on plasma and urine UA levels and the relationship between UA levels and salt sensitivity in humans. Ninety subjects (18–65 years old) were sequentially maintained on a normal diet for 3 days at baseline, a low-salt diet for 7 days (3.0 g/day, NaCl), and a high-salt diet for an additional 7 days (18.0 g/day of NaCl). Plasma UA levels significantly increased from baseline to low-salt diet and decreased from low-salt to high-salt diet. By contrast, daily urinary levels of UA significantly decreased from baseline to low-salt diet and increased from low-salt to high-salt diet. The 24 h urinary sodium excretions showed inverse correlation with plasma UA and positive correlation with urinary UA excretions. Additionally, salt-sensitive subjects presented significantly higher plasma UA changes in comparison to salt-resistant subjects, and a negative correlation was observed between degree of salt sensitivity and plasma UA difference. The present study indicates that variations in dietary salt intake affect plasma and urine UA levels, and plasma UA may be involved in pathophysiological process of salt sensitivity.
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19
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Kim SK. Interrelationship of Uric Acid, Gout, and Metabolic Syndrome: Focus on Hypertension, Cardiovascular Disease, and Insulin Resistance. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2018. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2018.25.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Kyu Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Arthritis and Autoimmunity Research Center, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Sharaf El Din UA, Salem MM, Abdulazim DO. Uric acid in the pathogenesis of metabolic, renal, and cardiovascular diseases: A review. J Adv Res 2017; 8:537-548. [PMID: 28748119 PMCID: PMC5512153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between uric acid (UA) on one side and systemic hypertension (Htn), dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, overweight, fatty liver, renal disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD) on the other side is well recognized. However, the causal relationship between UA and these different clinical problems is still debatable. The recent years have witnessed hundreds of experimental and clinical trials that favored the opinion that UA is a probable player in the pathogenesis of these disease entities. These studies disclosed the strong association between hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome (MS), obesity, Htn, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertriglyceridemia, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease (CKD), coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure and increased mortality among cardiac and CKD patients. The association between UA and nephrolithiasis or preeclampsia is a non-debatable association. Recent experimental trials have disclosed different changes in enzyme activities induced by UA. Nitric oxide (NO) synthase, adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK), adenosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (AMPD), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase are affected by UA. These changes in enzymatic activities can lead to the observed biochemical and pathological changes associated with UA. The recent experimental, clinical, interventional, and epidemiologic trials favor the concept of a causative role of UA in the pathogenesis of MS, renal, and CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama A.A. Sharaf El Din
- Nephrology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
- Corresponding author. Fax: +20 222753890.
| | - Mona M. Salem
- Endocrinology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Dina O. Abdulazim
- Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Department, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Aroor AR, Jia G, Habibi J, Sun Z, Ramirez-Perez FI, Brady B, Chen D, Martinez-Lemus LA, Manrique C, Nistala R, Whaley-Connell AT, Demarco VG, Meininger GA, Sowers JR. Uric acid promotes vascular stiffness, maladaptive inflammatory responses and proteinuria in western diet fed mice. Metabolism 2017; 74:32-40. [PMID: 28764846 PMCID: PMC5577816 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aortic vascular stiffness has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in obese individuals. However, the mechanism promoting these adverse effects are unclear. In this context, promotion of obesity through consumption of a western diet (WD) high in fat and fructose leads to excess circulating uric acid. There is accumulating data implicating elevated uric acid in the promotion of CVD and CKD. Accordingly, we hypothesized that xanthine oxidase(XO) inhibition with allopurinol would prevent a rise in vascular stiffness and proteinuria in a translationally relevant model of WD-induced obesity. MATERIALS/METHODS Four-week-old C57BL6/J male mice were fed a WD with excess fat (46%) and fructose (17.5%) with or without allopurinol (125mg/L in drinking water) for 16weeks. Aortic endothelial and extracellular matrix/vascular smooth muscle stiffness was evaluated by atomic force microscopy. Aortic XO activity, 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and aortic endothelial sodium channel (EnNaC) expression were evaluated along with aortic expression of inflammatory markers. In the kidney, expression of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and fibronectin were assessed along with evaluation of proteinuria. RESULTS XO inhibition significantly attenuated WD-induced increases in plasma uric acid, vascular XO activity and oxidative stress, in concert with reductions in proteinuria. Further, XO inhibition prevented WD-induced increases in aortic EnNaC expression and associated endothelial and subendothelial stiffness. XO inhibition also reduced vascular pro-inflammatory and maladaptive immune responses induced by consumption of a WD. XO inhibition also decreased WD-induced increases in renal TLR4 and fibronectin that associated proteinuria. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of a WD leads to elevations in plasma uric acid, increased vascular XO activity, oxidative stress, vascular stiffness, and proteinuria all of which are attenuated with allopurinol administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayya R Aroor
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| | - Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Javad Habibi
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Zhe Sun
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Francisco I Ramirez-Perez
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Barron Brady
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Dongqing Chen
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Camila Manrique
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Ravi Nistala
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Adam T Whaley-Connell
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Vincent G Demarco
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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22
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Zhu L, Dong Y, Na S, Han R, Wei C, Chen G. Saponins extracted from Dioscorea collettii rhizomes regulate the expression of urate transporters in chronic hyperuricemia rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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23
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Xu L, Shi Y, Zhuang S, Liu N. Recent advances on uric acid transporters. Oncotarget 2017; 8:100852-100862. [PMID: 29246027 PMCID: PMC5725069 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uric acid is the product of purine metabolism and its increased levels result in hyperuricemia. A number of epidemiological reports link hyperuricemia with multiple disorders, such as kidney diseases, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Recent studies also showed that expression and functional changes of urate transporters are associated with hyperuricemia. Uric acid transporters are divided into two categories: urate reabsorption transporters, including urate anion transporter 1 (URAT1), organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4) and glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9), and urate excretion transporetrs, including OAT1, OAT3, urate transporter (UAT), multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4), ABCG-2 and sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein. In the kidney, uric acid transporters decrease the reabsorption of urate and increase its secretion. These transporters’ dysfunction would lead to hyperuricemia. As the function of urate transporters is important to control the level of serum uric acid, studies on the functional role of uric acid transporter may provide a new strategy to treat hyperuricemia associated diseases, such as gout, chronic kidney disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes and other disorders. This review article summarizes the physiology of urate reabsorption and excretion transporters and highlights the recent advances on their roles in hyperuricemia and various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yingfeng Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
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24
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Krupp D, Esche J, Mensink GB, Neuhauser HK, Remer T. Diet-independent relevance of serum uric acid for blood pressure in a representative population sample. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2017; 19:1042-1050. [PMID: 28664546 DOI: 10.1111/jch.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A direct relationship between serum uric acid and blood pressure (BP) has been reported, but the possible confounding impact of diet on this association is unclear. The authors performed a cross-sectional analysis in the representative German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (n=6788, aged 18-79 years). In adjusted regression models considering dietary factors, each 1-mg/dL higher uric acid value was associated with a 1.10-mm Hg (P=.0002) and a 0.60-mm Hg (P=.04) higher systolic BP among participants younger than 50 years and participants 50 years and older, respectively. For diastolic BP, uric acid was a significant predictor (β=0.71 mm Hg, P=.0001) among participants younger than 50 years and for participants 50 years and older without antihypertensive treatment. Adjusted odds ratios of hypertension for participants with hyperuricemia were broadly similar in younger (odds ratio, 1.71; P=.02) and older (odds ratio, 1.81; P=.0003) participants. Uric acid is a significant predictor of systolic BP and hypertension prevalence in the general adult population in Germany independently of several known dietary BP influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danika Krupp
- DONALD Study Dortmund, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences (IEL), Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonas Esche
- DONALD Study Dortmund, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences (IEL), Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gert Bm Mensink
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannelore K Neuhauser
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Remer
- DONALD Study Dortmund, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences (IEL), Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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25
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Sun H, Wang N, Chen C, Nie X, Han B, Li Q, Zhu C, Chen Y, Xia F, Chen Y, Zhai H, Jiang B, Hu B, Lu Y. Cadmium exposure and its association with serum uric acid and hyperuricemia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:550. [PMID: 28373703 PMCID: PMC5428845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the association between serum uric acid (UA) and cadmium exposure. Our previous study revealed a significantly higher blood cadmium (CdB) level in the Chinese population compared to populations in other countries. To determine whether CdB in Chinese adults is associated with serum UA and hyperuricemia, 2996 participants from the cross-sectional SPECT-China study were recruited. CdB was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Hyperuricemia was defined as a serum UA concentration ≥416.4 μmol/L for men and ≥356.9 μmol/L for women. Regression analyses were used to analyze the association of CdB with serum UA and hyperuricemia. We found that the median CdB level was higher in men with hyperuricemia (2.40 μg/L) than in men without hyperuricemia (1.98 μg/L, P < 0.05). A positive relationship between serum UA and CdB was found in Chinese men after adjusting for the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), current smoking status, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and body mass index and in participants with eGFR > 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Further, the odds ratio of hyperuricemia increased with increasing CdB quartiles (P for trend < 0.05) in men. In conclusion, CdB was positively related to the serum UA level and to hyperuricemia in Chinese men but not in Chinese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Sun
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningjian Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomin Nie
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Han
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Li
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunfang Zhu
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangzhen Xia
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchao Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hualing Zhai
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Boren Jiang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingli Lu
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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26
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Podocyte Injury and Albuminuria in Experimental Hyperuricemic Model Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3759153. [PMID: 28337250 PMCID: PMC5350416 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3759153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although hyperuricemia is shown to accelerate chronic kidney disease, the mechanisms remain unclear. Accumulating studies also indicate that uric acid has both pro- and antioxidant properties. We postulated that hyperuricemia impairs the function of glomerular podocytes, resulting in albuminuria. Hyperuricemic model was induced by oral administration of 2% oxonic acid, a uricase inhibitor. Oxonic acid caused a twofold increase in serum uric acid levels at 8 weeks when compared to control animals. Hyperuricemia in this model was associated with the increase in blood pressure and the wall-thickening of afferent arterioles as well as arcuate arteries. Notably, hyperuricemic rats showed significant albuminuria, and the podocyte injury marker, desmin, was upregulated in the glomeruli. Conversely, podocin, the key component of podocyte slit diaphragm, was downregulated. Structural analysis using transmission electron microscopy confirmed podocyte injury in this model. We found that urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels were significantly increased and correlated with albuminuria and podocytopathy. Interestingly, although the superoxide dismutase mimetic, tempol, ameliorated the vascular changes and the hypertension, it failed to reduce albuminuria, suggesting that vascular remodeling and podocyte injury in this model are mediated through different mechanisms. In conclusion, vasculopathy and podocytopathy may distinctly contribute to the kidney injury in a hyperuricemic state.
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27
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Juraschek SP, Choi HK, Tang O, Appel LJ, Miller ER. Opposing effects of sodium intake on uric acid and blood pressure and their causal implication. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HYPERTENSION : JASH 2016; 10:939-946.e2. [PMID: 27938853 PMCID: PMC5161245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reducing uric acid is hypothesized to lower blood pressure, although evidence is inconsistent. In this ancillary of the DASH-Sodium trial, we examined whether sodium-induced changes in serum uric acid (SUA) were associated with changes in blood pressure. One hundred and three adults with prestage or stage 1 hypertension were randomly assigned to receive either the DASH diet or a control diet (typical of the average American diet) and were fed each of the three sodium levels (low, medium, and high) for 30 days in random order. Body weight was kept constant. SUA was measured at baseline and following each feeding period. Participants were 55% women and 75% black. Mean age was 52 (SD, 10) years, and mean SUA at baseline was 5.0 (SD, 1.3) mg/dL. Increasing sodium intake from low to high reduced SUA (-0.4 mg/dL; P < .001) but increased systolic (4.3 mm Hg; P < .001) and diastolic blood pressure (2.3 mm Hg; P < .001). Furthermore, changes in SUA were independent of changes in systolic (P = .15) and diastolic (P = .63) blood pressure, regardless of baseline blood pressure, baseline SUA, and randomized diet, as well as sodium sensitivity. Although both SUA and blood pressure were influenced by sodium, a common environmental factor, their effects were in opposite directions and were unrelated to each other. These findings do not support a consistent causal relationship between SUA and BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Juraschek
- The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD.
| | - Hyon K Choi
- Gout and Crystal Arthropathy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Olive Tang
- The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD
| | - Edgar R Miller
- The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD
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28
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Lou Y, Hu M, Mao L, Zheng Y, Jin F. Involvement of serum glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 in reproductive success. FASEB J 2016; 31:447-456. [PMID: 27871060 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600760r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive processes, in particular events that concern pregnancy, are fine-tuned to produce offspring. Reproductive success is of prime importance for the survival of every species. The highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed serum glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) was first implicated in infertility as a regulator of a Na+ channel. In this review, we emphasize the prominent role of SGK1 during early pregnancy: 1) balancing uterine luminal fluid secretion and reabsorption to aid blastocyst adhesion and to import nutrients and energy; 2) transducing signals from the blastocyst to the receptive endometrium; 3) inducing multiple genes that are involved in uterine receptivity and trophoblast invasion; 4) regulating cell differentiation and antioxidant defenses at the fetomaternal interface; and 5) contributing to the proliferation and survival of decidual stromal cells. Accordingly, SGK1 coordinates many cellular processes that are crucial to reproductive activities. Aberrant expression or function of SGK1 results in implantation failure and early pregnancy loss. Further investigation of the molecular mechanisms of the function of SGK1 might provide novel diagnostic tools and interventions for reproductive complications.-Lou, Y., Hu, M., Mao, L., Zheng, Y., Jin, F. Involvement of serum glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 in reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Lou
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Gynaecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minhao Hu
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Luna Mao
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingming Zheng
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Jin
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China; .,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.,Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
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29
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Lou Y, Zhang F, Luo Y, Wang L, Huang S, Jin F. Serum and Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinase 1 in Sodium Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081307. [PMID: 27517916 PMCID: PMC5000704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed serum and glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) is tightly regulated by osmotic and hormonal signals, including glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Recently, SGK1 has been implicated as a signal hub for the regulation of sodium transport. SGK1 modulates the activities of multiple ion channels and carriers, such as epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav1.5), sodium hydrogen exchangers 1 and 3 (NHE1 and NHE3), sodium-chloride symporter (NCC), and sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 (NKCC2); as well as the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+-ATPase) and type A natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR-A). Accordingly, SGK1 is implicated in the physiology and pathophysiology of Na+ homeostasis. Here, we focus particularly on recent findings of SGK1’s involvement in Na+ transport in renal sodium reabsorption, hormone-stimulated salt appetite and fluid balance and discuss the abnormal SGK1-mediated Na+ reabsorption in hypertension, heart disease, edema with diabetes, and embryo implantation failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Lou
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Gynaecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuqin Luo
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shisi Huang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Fan Jin
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, National Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Women's Reproductive Healthy Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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30
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Gilardini L, Redaelli G, Croci M, Conti A, Pasqualinotto L, Invitti C. Effect of a Modest Weight Loss in Normalizing Blood Pressure in Obese Subjects on Antihypertensive Drugs. Obes Facts 2016; 9:251-8. [PMID: 27454447 PMCID: PMC5644874 DOI: 10.1159/000445504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of a lifestyle intervention in lowering/normalizing blood pressure (BP) levels in hypertensive (controlled or not) obese patients. METHODS In this prospective observational study, 490 obese hypertensive patients, 389 controlled (BP < 140/90 mm Hg; CH) and 101 uncontrolled (BP ≥ 140/90 mm Hg; UH) attended a 3-month lifestyle intervention. Before and after the intervention we assessed weight, waist circumference, fat mass, BP, metabolic and renal variables, and physical activity. A multivariate regression model was used to determine the predictors of BP changes. RESULTS 18.9% of CH and 20.0% of UH were on ≥ 3 antihypertensive drugs. Weight change (average -4.9 ± 2.7%) was independent of the antihypertensive drugs employed. Systolic BP (SBP) decreased by 23 mm Hg and diastolic BP (DBP) by 9 mm Hg, in patients with UH most of whom (89%) normalized BP levels (in 49% after a weight loss < 5%). Age, gender, whole and central obesity, concomitance of type 2 diabetes, chronic renal disease, physical activity intensification, and pharmacological therapy did not affect BP lowering. In the regression analysis with SBP change as dependent variable, weight reduction (β = 0.523, p = 0.005) and group (UH vs. CH, β = -19.40, p = 0.0005) remained associated with SBP reduction. When DBP change was entered as dependent variable, baseline uric acid remained associated with DBP reduction (β = 0.824, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Lifestyle interventions are useful for all obese hypertensive patients in most of whom a modest weight loss is sufficient to normalize BP levels avoiding the aggressive use of multiple antihypertensive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Gilardini
- *Dr. Luisa Gilardini, Department of Medical Sciences and Rehabilitation, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Ariosto 13, 20145 Milan, Italy,
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