1
|
Mohanty M, Mishra B, Dwibedi B, Das RR, Panda S, Santra D, Mandal MC, Mamidi P, Gulla KM. Pathogenic Role of Human Rhinovirus Mono-Infection in Pediatric Lower Respiratory Tract Infection. Cureus 2024; 16:e60032. [PMID: 38854190 PMCID: PMC11162601 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Human rhinovirus (HRV) is one of the leading causes of pediatric respiratory tract infection with a prevalence rate of 30-50%, mostly affecting children below five years of age and causing a substantial amount of economic loss. In children, it can alone or as a co-infection, cause a wide range of symptoms from mild to life-threatening ones. With the above background, the current study was carried out to emphasize the role of HRV mono-infection in pediatric acute respiratory tract infections by correlating clinical and molecular laboratory findings. Methods This study was carried out in a tertiary care teaching hospital over a duration of four years (March 2019-October 2023). Children up to 14 years of age visiting the outpatient department or admitted to the ward with diagnoses of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) were included. The clinical and laboratory data were retrieved and analyzed. A nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) or throat swab (TS) was collected and sent to the Microbiology laboratory maintaining the cold chain. Nucleic acid was extracted and subjected to multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Result Of the 245 samples tested for the respiratory viral pathogen, 52 samples tested positive for HRV, of which 27 had HRV mono-infection. The clinico-demographic details of these 27 patients were studied in detail. The majority of the cases (24/27; 88.8%) were less than five years of age. Fever and shortness of breath were the most consistent symptoms in all. Nineteen (19/27; 62.9%) HRV mono-infection cases had underlying co-morbidities, all requiring respiratory support. The HRV mono-infection cases either developed bronchiolitis, lower respiratory tract infection, or pneumonia. All mono-infection cases had cycle threshold value (Ct) < 25, while the Ct value of HRV was > 30 in co-infection with other viruses. Conclusion Mono-infection of HRV in under-five children with underlying comorbidities and a lesser Ct value indicates severe disease manifestation and should be dealt with more cautiously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Mohanty
- Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Baijayantimala Mishra
- Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Bhagirathi Dwibedi
- Pediatric Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Rashmi R Das
- Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Sailendra Panda
- Virology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Debashis Santra
- Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Madhab Charan Mandal
- Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Prabhudutta Mamidi
- Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Krishna M Gulla
- Pediatric Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, IND
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang H, Zhu R, Zhou Z, Chen H, Wu Y, Zhang D, Liu C, Xia N, Xu L, Cheng T. Construction and characterization of an infectious cDNA clone of human rhinovirus A89. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27214. [PMID: 38463855 PMCID: PMC10920733 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are major causes of the common cold and are related to severe respiratory tract diseases, leading to a considerable economic burden and impacts on public health. Available and stable viral resources of rhinoviruses for laboratory use are important for promoting studies on rhinoviruses and further vaccine or therapeutic drug development. Reverse genetic technology can be useful to produce rhinoviruses and will help to promote studies on their pathogenesis and virulence. In this study, rhinovirus A89, an RV-A species that has been found to be highly involved in hospitalization triggered by RV infections, was selected to construct an infectious clone based on its sequence as a representative. The viral mRNA produced by a T7 RNA transcript system was transfected into H1-HeLa cells, and the rescued RV-A89 viruses were harvested and confirmed by sequencing. The rescued RV-A89 induced a similar cytopathic effect (CPE) and shared almost identical growth kinetics curves with parental RV-A89. Moreover, 9A7, a prescreened monoclonal antibody against the parental RV-A89, had a good and specific reaction with the rescued RV-A89, and further characterization showed almost the same morphology and protein composition of both viruses; thus, recombinant RV-A89 with similar biological characterization and virulence to the parental virus was obtained. In summary, the infectious clone of RV-A89 was successfully established, and the development of reverse genetic technology for rhinovirus will provide a framework for further studies on rhinoviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhenhong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Che Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Longfa Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alsayed AR, Abed A, Abu-Samak M, Alshammari F, Alshammari B. Etiologies of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children at Risk for Asthma, with Emphasis on the Human Rhinovirus Genotyping Protocol. J Clin Med 2023; 12:3909. [PMID: 37373604 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12123909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aims to determine acute bronchiolitis' causative virus(es) and establish a viable protocol to classify the Human Rhinovirus (HRV) species. During 2021-2022, we included children 1-24 months of age with acute bronchiolitis at risk for asthma. The nasopharyngeal samples were taken and subjected to a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in a viral panel. For HRV-positive samples, a high-throughput assay was applied, directing the VP4/VP2 and VP3/VP1 regions to confirm species. BLAST searching, phylogenetic analysis, and sequence divergence took place to identify the degree to which these regions were appropriate for identifying and differentiating HRV. HRV ranked second, following RSV, as the etiology of acute bronchiolitis in children. The conclusion of the investigation of all available data in this study distributed sequences into 7 HRV-A, 1 HRV-B, and 7 HRV-C types based on the VP4/VP2 and VP3/VP1 sequences. The nucleotide divergence between the clinical samples and the corresponding reference strains was lower in the VP4/VP2 region than in the VP3/VP1 region. The results demonstrated the potential utility of the VP4/VP2 region and the VP3/VP1 region for differentiating HRV genotypes. Confirmatory outcomes were yielded, indicating how nested and semi-nested PCR can establish practical ways to facilitate HRV sequencing and genotyping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Alsayed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Anas Abed
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Mahmoud Abu-Samak
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Farhan Alshammari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bushra Alshammari
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, College of Nursing, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Johnson K, Taleo F, Willie K, Amel E, Nanu M, Alguet M, Wass J, Rymill P, Solomon A, Ruder K, Chen C, Zhong L, Hinterwirth A, Liu D, Abraham T, Seitzman G, Lietman T, Doan T. Viruses Associated with Acute Conjunctivitis in Vanuatu. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:595-598. [PMID: 36646076 PMCID: PMC9978563 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The first manifestation of a viral infection may be conjunctivitis. There are limited data on the etiology of viral conjunctivitis in Vanuatu, a country in the South Pacific Ocean. Patients presenting to one of two Vanuatu health centers with presumed infectious conjunctivitis were eligible if symptom onset was within 14 days of screening. Conjunctival and anterior nasal swabs were obtained and subjected to unbiased RNA deep sequencing (RNA-seq) to identify DNA and RNA viruses. For samples collected from May to November 2021, RNA-seq identified a viral etiology in 12/48 patients. Human adenovirus species were the most common viruses (58%) detected, followed by human herpes viruses (cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus, and human herpes 7 virus). Rhinovirus C, Epstein-Barr virus, and bocavirus were also detected. In summary, the etiology for viral conjunctivitis in Vanuatu appears broad. Unbiased testing may be useful for disease surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fasihah Taleo
- Vanuatu Country Office, World Health Organization, Port Vila, Vanuatu
| | | | | | | | | | - Jose Wass
- Ministry of Health Eye Program, Vanuatu
| | | | - Anthony Solomon
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Ruder
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Cindi Chen
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Lina Zhong
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Armin Hinterwirth
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - David Liu
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas Abraham
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Gerami Seitzman
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas Lietman
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Thuy Doan
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Address correspondence to Thuy Doan, Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 490 Illinois St., Fl. 2, San Francisco, CA 94158. E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dunay E, Owens LA, Dunn CD, Rukundo J, Atencia R, Cole MF, Cantwell A, Emery Thompson M, Rosati AG, Goldberg TL. Viruses in sanctuary chimpanzees across Africa. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23452. [PMID: 36329642 PMCID: PMC9812903 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Infectious disease is a major concern for both wild and captive primate populations. Primate sanctuaries in Africa provide critical protection to thousands of wild-born, orphan primates confiscated from the bushmeat and pet trades. However, uncertainty about the infectious agents these individuals potentially harbor has important implications for their individual care and long-term conservation strategies. We used metagenomic next-generation sequencing to identify viruses in blood samples from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in three sanctuaries in West, Central, and East Africa. Our goal was to evaluate whether viruses of human origin or other "atypical" or unknown viruses might infect these chimpanzees. We identified viruses from eight families: Anelloviridae, Flaviviridae, Genomoviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Parvoviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Picornaviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. The majority (15/26) of viruses identified were members of the family Anelloviridae and represent the genera Alphatorquevirus (torque teno viruses) and Betatorquevirus (torque teno mini viruses), which are common in chimpanzees and apathogenic. Of the remaining 11 viruses, 9 were typical constituents of the chimpanzee virome that have been identified in previous studies and are also thought to be apathogenic. One virus, a novel tibrovirus (Rhabdoviridae: Tibrovirus) is related to Bas-Congo virus, which was originally thought to be a human pathogen but is currently thought to be apathogenic, incidental, and vector-borne. The only virus associated with disease was rhinovirus C (Picornaviridae: Enterovirus) infecting one chimpanzee subsequent to an outbreak of respiratory illness at that sanctuary. Our results suggest that the blood-borne virome of African sanctuary chimpanzees does not differ appreciably from that of their wild counterparts, and that persistent infection with exogenous viruses may be less common than often assumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Dunay
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Leah A Owens
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christopher D Dunn
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joshua Rukundo
- Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary/Chimpanzee Trust, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Rebeca Atencia
- Jane Goodall Institute Congo, Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo
| | - Megan F Cole
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Averill Cantwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Alexandra G Rosati
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sandybayev N, Beloussov V, Strochkov V, Solomadin M, Granica J, Yegorov S. Next Generation Sequencing Approaches to Characterize the Respiratory Tract Virome. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122327. [PMID: 36557580 PMCID: PMC9785614 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and heightened perception of the risk of emerging viral infections have boosted the efforts to better understand the virome or complete repertoire of viruses in health and disease, with a focus on infectious respiratory diseases. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is widely used to study microorganisms, allowing the elucidation of bacteria and viruses inhabiting different body systems and identifying new pathogens. However, NGS studies suffer from a lack of standardization, in particular, due to various methodological approaches and no single format for processing the results. Here, we review the main methodological approaches and key stages for studies of the human virome, with an emphasis on virome changes during acute respiratory viral infection, with applications for clinical diagnostics and epidemiologic analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurlan Sandybayev
- Kazakhstan-Japan Innovation Center, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-778312-2058
| | - Vyacheslav Beloussov
- Kazakhstan-Japan Innovation Center, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory TreeGene, Almaty 050009, Kazakhstan
| | - Vitaliy Strochkov
- Kazakhstan-Japan Innovation Center, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Maxim Solomadin
- School of Pharmacy, Karaganda Medical University, Karaganda 100000, Kazakhstan
| | - Joanna Granica
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory TreeGene, Almaty 050009, Kazakhstan
| | - Sergey Yegorov
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4LB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Weider T, Genoni A, Broccolo F, Paulsen TH, Dahl-Jørgensen K, Toniolo A, Hammerstad SS. High Prevalence of Common Human Viruses in Thyroid Tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:938633. [PMID: 35909527 PMCID: PMC9333159 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.938633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence points to viral infections as possible triggers of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), but little is known about the prevalence of common viruses in the thyroid gland. Using a novel approach based on virus enrichment in multiple cell lines followed by detection of the viral genome and visualization of viral proteins, we investigated the presence of multiple human viruses in thyroid tissue from AITD patients and controls. METHODS Thyroid tissue was collected by core needle biopsy or during thyroid surgery from 35 patients with AITD (20 Graves' disease and 15 Hashimoto's thyroiditis). Eighteen thyroid tissue specimens from patients undergoing neck surgery for reasons other than thyroid autoimmunity served as controls. Specimens were tested for the presence of ten different viruses. Enteroviruses and human herpesvirus 6 were enriched in cell culture before detection by PCR and immunofluorescence, while the remaining viruses were detected by PCR of biopsied tissue. RESULTS Forty of 53 cases (75%) carried an infectious virus. Notably, 43% of all cases had a single virus, whereas 32% were coinfected by two or more virus types. An enterovirus was found in 27/53 cases (51%), human herpesvirus 6 in 16/53 cases (30%) and parvovirus B19 in 12/53 cases (22%). Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus were found in a few cases only. Of five gastroenteric virus groups examined, only one was detected in a single specimen. Virus distribution was not statistically different between AITD cases and controls. CONCLUSION Common human viruses are highly prevalent in the thyroid gland. This is the first study in which multiple viral agents have been explored in thyroid. It remains to be established whether the detected viruses represent causal agents, possible cofactors or simple bystanders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Therese Weider
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- The University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Therese Weider,
| | - Angelo Genoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesco Broccolo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Trond H. Paulsen
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- The University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sara Salehi Hammerstad
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- The Specialist Center Pilestredet Park, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yamaya M, Deng X, Kikuchi A, Sugawara M, Saito N, Kubo T, Momma H, Kawase T, Nakagome K, Shimotai Y, Nishimura H. The proton ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A 1 reduces the release of rhinovirus C and cytokines from primary cultures of human nasal epithelial cells. Virus Res 2021; 304:198548. [PMID: 34425162 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rhinovirus species C (RV-C) causes more severe asthma attacks than other rhinovirus species. However, the modulation of RV-C replication by drugs has not been well studied. Primary human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells cultured on filter membranes with air-liquid interface methods were infected with RV-C03, and the levels of RV-C03 RNA collected from the airway surface liquid (ASL) of HNE cells were measured with a SYBR Green assay. Pretreatment of HNE cells with the specific vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1 reduced the RV-C03 RNA levels in the ASL; inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8, in the supernatant; the mRNA expression of the RV-C receptor cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3) in the cells; and the number of acidic endosomes where RV-B RNA enters the cytoplasm. The levels of RV-C03 RNA in the ASL obtained from HNE cells with the CDHR3 rs6967,330 G/A genotype tended to be higher than those obtained from HNE cells with the G/G genotype. Pretreatment with the Na+/H+ exchanger inhibitor ethyl-isopropyl amiloride or either of the macrolides clarithromycin or EM900 also reduced RV-C03 RNA levels in the ASL and the number of acidic endosomes in HNE cells. In addition, significant levels of RV-A16, RV-B14 and RV-C25 RNA were detected in the ASL, and bafilomycin A1 also decreased the RV-C25 RNA levels. These findings suggest that bafilomycin A1 may reduce the release of RV-Cs and inflammatory cytokines from human airway epithelial cells. RV-Cs may be sensitive to drugs, including bafilomycin A1, that increase endosomal pH, and CDHR3 may mediate virus entry through receptor-mediated endocytosis in human airway epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Yamaya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai 983-8520, Japan.
| | - Xue Deng
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Department of Kampo and Integrative Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akiko Kikuchi
- Department of Kampo and Integrative Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sugawara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tohoku Kosai Hospital, Sendai, 980-0803, Japan
| | - Natsumi Saito
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Toru Kubo
- Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Isahaya Hospital, Isahaya, Nagasaki, 859-0401 Japan
| | - Haruki Momma
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Kawase
- Laboratory of Rehabilitative Auditory Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Nakagome
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Shimotai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai 983-8520, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang YM. Orosomucoid-like protein 3, rhinovirus and asthma. World J Crit Care Med 2021; 10:170-182. [PMID: 34616654 PMCID: PMC8462028 DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v10.i5.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic variants of orosomucoid-like protein 3 (ORMDL3) gene are associated with highly significant increases in the number of human rhinovirus (HRV)-induced wheezing episodes in children. Recent investigations have been focused on the mechanisms of ORMDL3 in rhinovirus infection for asthma and asthma exacerbations. ORMDL3 not only regulates major human rhinovirus receptor intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression, but also plays pivotal roles in viral infection through metabolisms of ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, ER-Golgi interface and glycolysis. Research on the roles of ORMDL3 in HRV infection will lead us to identify new biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets in childhood asthma and viral induced asthma exacerbations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You-Ming Zhang
- Section of Genomic and Environmental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Molecular Genetics Group, Division of Respiratory Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fernandes JF, Laubscher F, Held J, Eckerle I, Docquier M, Grobusch MP, Mordmüller B, Kaiser L, Cordey S. Unbiased metagenomic next-generation sequencing of blood from hospitalized febrile children in Gabon. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:1242-1244. [PMID: 32524907 PMCID: PMC7448917 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1772015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Fernandes
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Tübingen, Germany.,Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Laubscher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory of Virology, University of Geneva Hospitals Geneva, Switzerland.,University of Geneva Medical School Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jana Held
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Tübingen, Germany
| | - Isabella Eckerle
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory of Virology, University of Geneva Hospitals Geneva, Switzerland.,University of Geneva Medical School Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mylène Docquier
- iGE3 Genomics Platform, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin Peter Grobusch
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Tübingen, Germany.,Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory of Virology, University of Geneva Hospitals Geneva, Switzerland.,University of Geneva Medical School Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Cordey
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory of Virology, University of Geneva Hospitals Geneva, Switzerland.,University of Geneva Medical School Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zenhausern R, Chen CH, Yoon JY. Microfluidic sample preparation for respiratory virus detection: A review. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:011503. [PMID: 33643510 PMCID: PMC7889292 DOI: 10.1063/5.0041089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Techniques used to prepare clinical samples have been perfected for use in diagnostic testing in a variety of clinical situations, e.g., to extract, concentrate, and purify respiratory virus particles. These techniques offer a high level of purity and concentration of target samples but require significant equipment and highly trained personnel to conduct, which is difficult to achieve in resource-limited environments where rapid testing and diagnostics are crucial for proper handling of respiratory viruses. Microfluidics has popularly been utilized toward rapid virus detection in resource-limited environments, where most devices focused on detection rather than sample preparation. Initial microfluidic prototypes have been hindered by their reliance on several off-chip preprocessing steps and external laboratory equipment. Recently, sample preparation methods have also been incorporated into microfluidics to conduct the virus detection in an all-in-one, automated manner. Extraction, concentration, and purification of viruses have been demonstrated in smaller volumes of samples and reagents, with no need for specialized training or complex machinery. Recent devices show the ability to function independently and efficiently to provide rapid, automated sample preparation as well as the detection of viral samples with high efficiency. In this review, methods of microfluidic sample preparation for the isolation and purification of viral samples are discussed, limitations of current systems are summarized, and potential advances are identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Zenhausern
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Chia-Hung Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jeong-Yeol Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ammerman E, Sweet SC, Storch GA, Buller RS, Mason S, Conrad C, Hayes D, Faro A, Goldfarb SB, Melicoff E, Schecter M, Visner G, Heeger PS, Mohanakumar T, Williams N, Danziger-Isakov L. Epidemiology and persistence of rhinovirus in pediatric lung transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2020; 22:e13422. [PMID: 32686323 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with rhinovirus (HRV) occurs following pediatric lung transplantation. Prospective studies documenting frequencies, persistence, and progression of HRV in this at-risk population are lacking. METHODS In the Clinical Trials in Organ Transplant in Children prospective observational study, we followed 61 lung transplant recipients for 2 years. We quantified molecular subtypes of HRV in serially collected nasopharyngeal (NP) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples and correlated them with clinical characteristics. RESULTS We identified 135 community-acquired respiratory infections (CARV) from 397 BAL and 480 NP samples. We detected 93 HRV events in 42 (68.8%) patients, 22 of which (23.4%) were symptomatic. HRV events were contiguous with different genotypes identified in 23 cases, but symptoms were not preferentially associated with any particular species. Nine (9.7%) HRV events persisted over multiple successive samples for a median of 36 days (range 18-408 days). Three persistent HRV were symptomatic. When we serially measured forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) in 23 subjects with events, we did not observe significant decreases in lung function over 12 months post-HRV. CONCLUSION In conjunction with our previous reports, our prospectively collected data indicate that molecularly heterogeneous HRV infections occur commonly following pediatric lung transplantation, but these infections do not negatively impact clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Ammerman
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stuart C Sweet
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Sheila Mason
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Carol Conrad
- Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Don Hayes
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Albert Faro
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Samuel B Goldfarb
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Marc Schecter
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Gary Visner
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter S Heeger
- Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Nikki Williams
- National Institutes of Health, NIAID, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lara Danziger-Isakov
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Megremis S, Niespodziana K, Cabauatan C, Xepapadaki P, Kowalski ML, Jartti T, Bachert C, Finotto S, West P, Stamataki S, Lewandowska-Polak A, Lukkarinen H, Zhang N, Zimmermann T, Stolz F, Neubauer A, Akdis M, Andreakos E, Valenta R, Papadopoulos NG. Rhinovirus Species-Specific Antibodies Differentially Reflect Clinical Outcomes in Health and Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 198:1490-1499. [PMID: 30134114 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201803-0575oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Rhinoviruses (RVs) are major triggers of common cold and acute asthma exacerbations. RV species A, B, and C may have distinct clinical impact; however, little is known regarding RV species-specific antibody responses in health and asthma.Objectives: To describe and compare total and RV species-specific antibody levels in healthy children and children with asthma, away from an acute event.Methods: Serum samples from 163 preschool children with mild to moderate asthma and 72 healthy control subjects from the multinational Predicta cohort were analyzed using the recently developed PreDicta RV antibody chip.Measurements and Main Results: RV antibody levels varied, with RV-C and RV-A being higher than RV-B in both groups. Compared with control subjects, asthma was characterized by significantly higher levels of antibodies to RV-A and RV-C, but not RV-B. RV antibody levels positively correlated with the number of common colds over the previous year in healthy children, and wheeze episodes in children with asthma. Antibody levels also positively correlated with asthma severity but not with current asthma control.Conclusions: The variable humoral response to RV species in both groups suggests a differential infectivity pattern between RV species. In healthy preschoolers, RV antibodies accumulate with colds. In asthma, RV-A and RV-C antibodies are much higher and further increase with disease severity and wheeze episodes. Higher antibody levels in asthma may be caused by a compromised innate immune response, leading to increased exposure of the adaptive immune response to the virus. Importantly, there is no apparent protection with increasing levels of antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Niespodziana
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clarissa Cabauatan
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paraskevi Xepapadaki
- Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marek L Kowalski
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tuomas Jartti
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Susetta Finotto
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter West
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine and
| | - Sofia Stamataki
- Athens General Children's Hospital "Pan & Aglaia Kyriakou," Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Lewandowska-Polak
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Heikki Lukkarinen
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Nan Zhang
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Theodor Zimmermann
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine and.,Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Priming of The Host Antiviral Interferon Signaling Pathway by Bronchobini ® Resulting in Balanced Immune Response to Rhinovirus Infection in Mouse Lung Tissue Slices. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092242. [PMID: 31067687 PMCID: PMC6540047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) is the predominant virus causing respiratory tract infections. Bronchobini® is a low dose multi component, multi target preparation used to treat inflammatory respiratory diseases such as the common cold, described to ease severity of symptoms such as cough and viscous mucus production. The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of Bronchobini® in RV infection and to elucidate its mode of action. Therefore, Bronchobini®’s ingredients (BRO) were assessed in an ex vivo model of RV infection using mouse precision-cut lung slices, an organotypic tissue capable to reflect the host immune response to RV infection. Cytokine profiles were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and mesoscale discovery (MSD). Gene expression analysis was performed using Affymetrix microarrays and ingenuity pathway analysis. BRO treatment resulted in the significant suppression of RV-induced antiviral and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Transcriptome analysis revealed a multifactorial mode of action of BRO, with a strong inhibition of the RV-induced pro-inflammatory and antiviral host response mediated by nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) and interferon signaling pathways. Interestingly, this was due to priming of these pathways in the absence of virus. Overall, BRO exerted its beneficial anti-inflammatory effect by priming the antiviral host response resulting in a reduced inflammatory response to RV infection, thereby balancing an otherwise excessive inflammatory response.
Collapse
|
15
|
DUSP10 Negatively Regulates the Inflammatory Response to Rhinovirus through Interleukin-1β Signaling. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01659-18. [PMID: 30333178 PMCID: PMC6321923 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01659-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses are one of the causes of the common cold. In patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, viral infections, including those with rhinovirus, are the commonest cause of exacerbations. Novel therapeutics to limit viral inflammation are clearly required. The work presented here identifies DUSP10 as an important protein involved in limiting the inflammatory response in the airway without affecting immune control of the virus. Rhinoviral infection is a common trigger of the excessive inflammation observed during exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Rhinovirus (RV) recognition by pattern recognition receptors activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which are common inducers of inflammatory gene production. A family of dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) can regulate MAPK function, but their roles in rhinoviral infection are not known. We hypothesized that DUSPs would negatively regulate the inflammatory response to RV infection. Our results revealed that the p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPKs play key roles in the inflammatory response of epithelial cells to RV infection. Three DUSPs previously shown to have roles in innate immunity (DUSPs 1, 4, and 10) were expressed in primary bronchial epithelial cells, and one of them, DUSP10, was downregulated by RV infection. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of DUSP10 identified a role for the protein in negatively regulating inflammatory cytokine production in response to interleukin-1β (IL-1β), alone and in combination with RV, without any effect on RV replication. This study identifies DUSP10 as an important regulator of airway inflammation in respiratory viral infection. IMPORTANCE Rhinoviruses are one of the causes of the common cold. In patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, viral infections, including those with rhinovirus, are the commonest cause of exacerbations. Novel therapeutics to limit viral inflammation are clearly required. The work presented here identifies DUSP10 as an important protein involved in limiting the inflammatory response in the airway without affecting immune control of the virus.
Collapse
|
16
|
Scully EJ, Basnet S, Wrangham RW, Muller MN, Otali E, Hyeroba D, Grindle KA, Pappas TE, Thompson ME, Machanda Z, Watters KE, Palmenberg AC, Gern JE, Goldberg TL. Lethal Respiratory Disease Associated with Human Rhinovirus C in Wild Chimpanzees, Uganda, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:267-274. [PMID: 29350142 PMCID: PMC5782908 DOI: 10.3201/eid2402.170778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a lethal respiratory outbreak among wild chimpanzees in Uganda in 2013 for which molecular and epidemiologic analyses implicate human rhinovirus C as the cause. Postmortem samples from an infant chimpanzee yielded near-complete genome sequences throughout the respiratory tract; other pathogens were absent. Epidemiologic modeling estimated the basic reproductive number (R0) for the epidemic as 1.83, consistent with the common cold in humans. Genotyping of 41 chimpanzees and examination of 24 published chimpanzee genomes from subspecies across Africa showed universal homozygosity for the cadherin-related family member 3 CDHR3-Y529 allele, which increases risk for rhinovirus C infection and asthma in human children. These results indicate that chimpanzees exhibit a species-wide genetic susceptibility to rhinovirus C and that this virus, heretofore considered a uniquely human pathogen, can cross primate species barriers and threatens wild apes. We advocate engineering interventions and prevention strategies for rhinovirus infections for both humans and wild apes.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of upper respiratory tract infections. However, they can induce exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, bronchiolitis in infants, and significant lower respiratory tract infections in children, the immunosuppressed, and the elderly. The large number of rhinovirus strains (currently about 160) and their antigenic diversity are significant obstacles in vaccine development. The phenotype of immune responses induced during rhinovirus infection can affect disease severity. Recognition of rhinovirus and a balance of innate responses are important factors in rhinovirus-induced morbidity. Immune responses to rhinovirus infections in healthy individuals are typically of the T helper type 1 (Th1) phenotype. However, rhinovirus-driven asthma exacerbations are additionally characterised by an amplified Th2 immune response and airway neutrophilia. This commentary focuses on recent advances in understanding immunity toward rhinovirus infection and how innate and adaptive immune responses drive rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Makris
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Johnston
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Potaczek DP, Unger SD, Zhang N, Taka S, Michel S, Akdağ N, Lan F, Helfer M, Hudemann C, Eickmann M, Skevaki C, Megremis S, Sadewasser A, Alashkar Alhamwe B, Alhamdan F, Akdis M, Edwards MR, Johnston SL, Akdis CA, Becker S, Bachert C, Papadopoulos NG, Garn H, Renz H. Development and characterization of DNAzyme candidates demonstrating significant efficiency against human rhinoviruses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1403-1415. [PMID: 30114391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections with human rhinoviruses (RVs) are responsible for millions of common cold episodes and the majority of asthma exacerbations, especially in childhood. No drugs specifically targeting RVs are available. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify specific anti-RV molecules based on DNAzyme technology as candidates to a clinical study. METHODS A total of 226 candidate DNAzymes were designed against 2 regions of RV RNA genome identified to be sufficiently highly conserved between virus strains (ie, the 5'-untranslated region and cis-acting replication element) by using 3 test strains: RVA1, RVA16, and RVA29. All DNAzymes were screened for their cleavage efficiency against in vitro-expressed viral RNA. Those showing any catalytic activity were subjected to bioinformatic analysis of their reverse complementarity to 322 published RV genomic sequences. Further molecular optimization was conducted for the most promising candidates. Cytotoxic and off-target effects were excluded in HEK293 cell-based systems. Antiviral efficiency was analyzed in infected human bronchial BEAS-2B cells and ex vivo-cultured human sinonasal tissue. RESULTS Screening phase-generated DNAzymes characterized by either good catalytic activity or by high RV strain coverage but no single molecule represented a satisfactory combination of those 2 features. Modifications in length of the binding domains of 2 lead candidates, Dua-01(-L12R9) and Dua-02(-L10R11), improved their cleavage efficiency to an excellent level, with no loss in eminent strain coverage (about 98%). Both DNAzymes showed highly favorable cytotoxic/off-target profiles. Subsequent testing of Dua-01-L12R9 in BEAS-2B cells and sinonasal tissue demonstrated its significant antiviral efficiency. CONCLUSIONS Effective and specific management of RV infections with Dua-01-L12R9 might be useful in preventing asthma exacerbations, which should be verified by clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Potaczek
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium; John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sebastian D Unger
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Nan Zhang
- PreDicta Consortium; Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Styliani Taka
- PreDicta Consortium; Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sven Michel
- Secarna Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Planegg, Germany
| | - Nesibe Akdağ
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Feng Lan
- PreDicta Consortium; Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Christoph Hudemann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Markus Eickmann
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Chrysanthi Skevaki
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Spyridon Megremis
- PreDicta Consortium; Division of Infection, Inflammation and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bilal Alashkar Alhamwe
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Fahd Alhamdan
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- PreDicta Consortium; Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Michael R Edwards
- PreDicta Consortium; Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- PreDicta Consortium; Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- PreDicta Consortium; Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Claus Bachert
- PreDicta Consortium; Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- PreDicta Consortium; Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Division of Infection, Inflammation and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Garn
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Muehling LM, Turner RB, Brown KB, Wright PW, Patrie JT, Lahtinen SJ, Lehtinen MJ, Kwok WW, Woodfolk JA. Single-Cell Tracking Reveals a Role for Pre-Existing CCR5+ Memory Th1 Cells in the Control of Rhinovirus-A39 After Experimental Challenge in Humans. J Infect Dis 2018; 217:381-392. [PMID: 29309618 PMCID: PMC5853408 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about T cells that respond to human rhinovirus in vivo, due to timing of infection, viral diversity, and complex T-cell specificities. We tracked circulating CD4+ T cells with identical epitope specificities that responded to intranasal challenge with rhinovirus (RV)-A39, and we assessed T-cell signatures in the nose. Methods Cells were monitored using a mixture of 2 capsid-specific major histocompatibility complex II tetramers over a 7-week period, before and after RV-A39 challenge, in 16 human leukocyte antigen-DR4+ subjects who participated in a trial of Bifidobacterium lactis (Bl-04) supplementation. Results Pre-existing tetramer+ T cells were linked to delayed viral shedding, enriched for activated CCR5+ Th1 effectors, and included a minor interleukin-21+ T follicular helper cell subset. After RV challenge, expansion and activation of virus-specific CCR5+ Th1 effectors was restricted to subjects who had a rise in neutralizing antibodies, and tetramer-negative CCR5+ effector memory types were comodulated. In the nose, CXCR3-CCR5+ T cells present during acute infection were activated effector memory type, whereas CXCR3+ cells were central memory type, and cognate chemokine ligands were elevated over baseline. Probiotic had no T-cell effects. Conclusions We conclude that virus-specific CCR5+ effector memory CD4+ T cells primed by previous exposure to related viruses contribute to the control of rhinovirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey M Muehling
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Ronald B Turner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Kenneth B Brown
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Paul W Wright
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - James T Patrie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | | | | | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Judith A Woodfolk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sopel N, Pflaum A, Kölle J, Finotto S. The Unresolved Role of Interferon-λ in Asthma Bronchiale. Front Immunol 2017; 8:989. [PMID: 28861088 PMCID: PMC5559474 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma bronchiale is a disease of the airways with increasing incidence, that often begins during infancy. So far, therapeutic options are mainly symptomatic and thus there is an increasing need for better treatment and/or prevention strategies. Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a major cause of asthma exacerbations and might cause acute wheezing associated with local production of pro-inflammatory mediators resulting in neutrophilic inflammatory response. Viral infections induce a characteristic activation of immune response, e.g., TLR3, 4, 7, 8, 9 in the endosome and their downstream targets, especially MyD88. Moreover, other cytoplasmic pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) like RIG1 and MDA5 play important roles in the activation of interferons (IFNs) of all types. Depending on the stimulation of the different PRMs, the levels of the IFNs induced might differ. Recent studies focused on Type I IFNs in samples from control and asthma patients. However, the administration of type I IFN-α was accompanied by side-effects, thus this possible therapy was abandoned. Type III IFN-λ acts more specifically, as fewer cells express the IFN-λ receptor chain 1. In addition, it has been shown that asthmatic mice treated with recombinant or adenoviral expressed IFN-λ2 (IL–28A) showed an amelioration of symptoms, indicating that treatment with IFN-λ might be beneficial for asthmatic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Sopel
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Pflaum
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Kölle
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susetta Finotto
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Griggs TF, Bochkov YA, Basnet S, Pasic TR, Brockman-Schneider RA, Palmenberg AC, Gern JE. Rhinovirus C targets ciliated airway epithelial cells. Respir Res 2017; 18:84. [PMID: 28472984 PMCID: PMC5418766 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Rhinovirus C (RV-C), first identified in 2006, produce high symptom burdens in children and asthmatics, however, their primary target host cell in the airways remains unknown. Our primary hypotheses were that RV-C target ciliated airway epithelial cells (AECs), and that cell specificity is determined by restricted and high expression of the only known RV-C cell-entry factor, cadherin related family member 3 (CDHR3). METHODS RV-C15 (C15) infection in differentiated human bronchial epithelial cell (HBEC) cultures was assessed using immunofluorescent and time-lapse epifluorescent imaging. Morphology of C15-infected differentiated AECs was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS C15 produced a scattered pattern of infection, and infected cells were shed from the epithelium. The percentage of cells infected with C15 varied from 1.4 to 14.7% depending on cell culture conditions. Infected cells had increased staining for markers of ciliated cells (acetylated-alpha-tubulin [aat], p < 0.001) but not markers of goblet cells (wheat germ agglutinin or Muc5AC, p = ns). CDHR3 expression was increased on ciliated epithelial cells, but not other epithelial cells (p < 0.01). C15 infection caused a 27.4% reduction of ciliated cells expressing CDHR3 (p < 0.01). During differentiation of AECs, CDHR3 expression progressively increased and correlated with both RV-C binding and replication. CONCLUSIONS The RV-C only replicate in ciliated AECs in vitro, leading to infected cell shedding. CDHR3 expression positively correlates with RV-C binding and replication, and is largely confined to ciliated AECs. Our data imply that factors regulating differentiation and CDHR3 production may be important determinants of RV-C illness severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodor F Griggs
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, CSC K4/945, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, 53792, WI, USA.
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, Madison, WI, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, CSC K4/945, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, 53792, WI, USA
| | - Sarmila Basnet
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, CSC K4/945, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, 53792, WI, USA
| | - Thomas R Pasic
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rebecca A Brockman-Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, CSC K4/945, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, 53792, WI, USA
| | - Ann C Palmenberg
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, CSC K4/945, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, 53792, WI, USA
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Leotte J, Trombetta H, Faggion HZ, Almeida BM, Nogueira MB, Vidal LR, Raboni SM. Impact and seasonality of human rhinovirus infection in hospitalized patients for two consecutive years. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2017; 93:294-300. [PMID: 27916571 PMCID: PMC7094701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report epidemiological features, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of human rhinovirus (HRV) infections in comparison with other community acquired respiratory virus (CRV) infections in patients hospitalized for two consecutive years. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study. Clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory data of patients hospitalized with acute respiratory syndrome in a tertiary care hospital from 2012 to 2013 were reviewed. RESULTS HRV was the most common CRV observed (36%, 162/444) and was present in the majority of viral co-detections (69%, 88/128), mainly in association with human enterovirus (45%). Most HRV-infected patients were younger than 2 years (57%). Overall, patients infected with HRV had a lower frequency of severe acute respiratory infection than those infected with other CRVs (60% and 84%, respectively, p=0.006), but had more comorbidities (40% and 27%, respectively; p=0.043). However, in the adjusted analysis this association was not significant. The mortality rate within the HRV group was 3%. Detection of HRV was more prevalent during autumn and winter, with a moderately negative correlation between viral infection frequency and temperature (r=-0.636, p<0.001) but no correlation with rainfall (r=-0.036, p=0.866). CONCLUSION HRV is usually detected in hospitalized children with respiratory infections and is often present in viral co-detections. Comorbidities are closely associated with HRV infections. These infections show seasonal variation, with predominance during colder seasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Leotte
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Hospital de Clínicas, Divisão de Doenças Infecciosas, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Hygor Trombetta
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Hospital de Clínicas, Divisão de Doenças Infecciosas, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Z Faggion
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Hospital de Clínicas, Divisão de Doenças Infecciosas, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Bernardo M Almeida
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Hospital de Clínicas, Divisão de Epidemiologia Hospitalar, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Meri B Nogueira
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Hospital de Clínicas, Laboratório de Virologia, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luine R Vidal
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Hospital de Clínicas, Laboratório de Virologia, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Sonia M Raboni
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Hospital de Clínicas, Divisão de Doenças Infecciosas, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Hospital de Clínicas, Laboratório de Virologia, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Leotte J, Trombetta H, Faggion HZ, Almeida BM, Nogueira MB, Vidal LR, Raboni SM. Impact and seasonality of human rhinovirus infection in hospitalized patients for two consecutive years. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7153728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivos Relatar as características epidemiológicas, as características clínicas e os resultados das infecções por rinovírus humano (RVH) em comparação a outras infecções por vírus respiratórios adquiridos na comunidade (VRCs) em pacientes internados por dois anos consecutivos. Métodos Este foi um estudo transversal. Foram revisados os dados clínicos, epidemiológicos e laboratoriais de pacientes internados com síndrome respiratória aguda em um hospital terciário de 2012 a 2013. Resultados O RVH foi o VRC mais comum observado (36%, 162/444) e esteve presente na maior parte das codetecções virais (69%, 88/128), principalmente em associação ao enterovírus humano (45%). A maioria dos pacientes infectados por RVH possuía menos de 2 anos (57%). De modo geral, os pacientes com RVH apresentaram uma menor frequência de infecção respiratória aguda grave que os pacientes infectados por outros VRCs (60% e 84%, respectivamente, p = 0,006), porém mais comorbidades (40% e 27%, respectivamente; p = 0,043). Contudo, em uma análise ajustada, essa associação não foi significativa. A taxa de mortalidade no grupo RVH foi 3%. A detecção de RVH foi mais prevalente durante o outono e inverno, com uma correlação negativa moderada entre a frequência de infecção viral e a temperatura (r = ‐0,636, p < 0,001), porém nenhuma correlação com a precipitação (r = −0,036, p = 0,866). Conclusão O RVH é normalmente detectado em crianças internadas com infecções respiratórias e normalmente está presente em codetecções virais. As comorbidades estão estreitamente associadas a infecções por RVH. Essas infecçõesmostram variação sazonal, com predominância durante as estações mais frias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Leotte
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Hospital de Clínicas, Divisão de Doenças Infecciosas, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Hygor Trombetta
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Hospital de Clínicas, Divisão de Doenças Infecciosas, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Heloisa Z. Faggion
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Hospital de Clínicas, Divisão de Doenças Infecciosas, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Bernardo M. Almeida
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Hospital de Clínicas, Divisão de Epidemiologia Hospitalar, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Meri B. Nogueira
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Hospital de Clínicas, Laboratório de Virologia, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Luine R. Vidal
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Hospital de Clínicas, Laboratório de Virologia, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Sonia M. Raboni
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Hospital de Clínicas, Divisão de Doenças Infecciosas, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Hospital de Clínicas, Laboratório de Virologia, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
- Autor para correspondência.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rhinovirus C, Asthma, and Cell Surface Expression of Virus Receptor CDHR3. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00072-17. [PMID: 28100615 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00072-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (RVs) of the A, B, and C species are defined agents of the common cold. But more than that, RV-A and RV-C are the dominant causes of hospitalization category infections in young children, especially those with asthma. The use of cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3) by RV-C as its cellular receptor creates a direct phenotypic link between human genetics (G versus A alleles cause Cys529 versus Tyr529 protein variants) and the efficiency with which RV-C can infect cells. With a lower cell surface display density, the human-specific Cys529 variant apparently confers partial protection from the severest virus-induced asthma episodes. Selective pressure favoring the Cys529 codon may have coemerged with the evolution of RV-C and helped shape modern human genomes against the virus-susceptible, albeit ancestral Tyr529.
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Ratnamohan VM, Zeng F, Donovan L, MacIntyre CR, Kok J, Dwyer DE. Phylogenetic analysis of human rhinoviruses collected over four successive years in Sydney, Australia. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:493-503. [PMID: 27383422 PMCID: PMC5059946 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human rhinoviruses (HRV) cause a wide spectrum of disease, ranging from a mild influenza‐like illness (ILI) to severe respiratory infection. Molecular epidemiological data are limited for HRV circulating in the Southern Hemisphere. Objectives To identify the species and genotypes of HRV from clinical samples collected in Sydney, Australia, from 2006 to 2009. Methods Combined nose and throat swabs or nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from individuals with ILI were tested for HRV using real‐time reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Sequencing data of 5′UTR and VP4/VP2 coding regions on RT‐PCR‐positive specimens were analysed. Results Human rhinoviruses were detected by real‐time PCR in 20.9% (116/555) of samples tested. Phylogenetic analysis of 5′UTR and VP4/VP2 on HRV‐positive samples was concordant in the grouping of HRV A and B species but not HRV C species. Eighty per cent (16/20) of sequences that grouped as HRV C in the VP4/VP2 tree clustered as HRV A, alongside some previously described C strains as subspecies C/A. Discordant branching was seen within HRV A group: two sequences clustering as A in the VP4/VP2 tree branched within the C/A subspecies in the 5′UTR tree, and one sequence showed identity to different HRV A strains in the two genes. The prevalence of HRV C and C/A species was greater in paediatric compared to adult patients (47.9% vs 25.5%, P = .032). Conclusion Human rhinoviruses are a common cause of respiratory infections, and HRV C is present in the Southern Hemisphere. Sequencing of multiple HRV regions may be necessary to determine exact phylogenetic relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vigneswary M Ratnamohan
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank Zeng
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Linda Donovan
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Chandini R MacIntyre
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Jen Kok
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia. .,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia. .,Centre for Research Excellence in Critical Infections, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
| | - Dominic E Dwyer
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Research Excellence in Critical Infections, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Unbiased Detection of Respiratory Viruses by Use of RNA Sequencing-Based Metagenomics: a Systematic Comparison to a Commercial PCR Panel. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:1000-7. [PMID: 26818672 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03060-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Current infectious disease molecular tests are largely pathogen specific, requiring test selection based on the patient's symptoms. For many syndromes caused by a large number of viral, bacterial, or fungal pathogens, such as respiratory tract infections, this necessitates large panels of tests and has limited yield. In contrast, next-generation sequencing-based metagenomics can be used for unbiased detection of any expected or unexpected pathogen. However, barriers for its diagnostic implementation include incomplete understanding of analytical performance and complexity of sequence data analysis. We compared detection of known respiratory virus-positive (n= 42) and unselected (n= 67) pediatric nasopharyngeal swabs using an RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)-based metagenomics approach and Taxonomer, an ultrarapid, interactive, web-based metagenomics data analysis tool, with an FDA-cleared respiratory virus panel (RVP; GenMark eSensor). Untargeted metagenomics detected 86% of known respiratory virus infections, and additional PCR testing confirmed RVP results for only 2 (33%) of the discordant samples. In unselected samples, untargeted metagenomics had excellent agreement with the RVP (93%). In addition, untargeted metagenomics detected an additional 12 viruses that were either not targeted by the RVP or missed due to highly divergent genome sequences. Normalized viral read counts for untargeted metagenomics correlated with viral burden determined by quantitative PCR and showed high intrarun and interrun reproducibility. Partial or full-length viral genome sequences were generated in 86% of RNA-seq-positive samples, allowing assessment of antiviral resistance, strain-level typing, and phylogenetic relatedness. Overall, untargeted metagenomics had high agreement with a sensitive RVP, detected viruses not targeted by the RVP, and yielded epidemiologically and clinically valuable sequence information.
Collapse
|
28
|
Ljungman P, Snydman D, Boeckh M. Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, Enterovirus, and Bocavirus After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation or Solid Organ Transplantation. TRANSPLANT INFECTIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7123292 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28797-3_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts. Newer molecular detection assays have allowed for the characterization of several respiratory viruses not previously recognized as having significant clinical impact in the immunocompromised population. Human rhinoviruses are the most common respiratory viruses detected in the upper respiratory tract of hematopoietic cell transplant and lung transplant recipients, and evidence on the impact on clinical outcomes is mounting. Other respiratory viruses including enteroviruses (EVs), coronaviruses (CoVs), and bocavirus may also contribute to pulmonary disease; however, data is limited in the immunocompromised population. Further studies are needed to define the epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of these infections; this data will help inform decisions regarding development of antiviral therapy and infection prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Per Ljungman
- Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Snydman
- Tufts University School of Medicine Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Michael Boeckh
- University of Washington Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Impact of Human Rhinovirus Types and Viral Load on the Severity of Illness in Hospitalized Children With Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015; 34:1187-92. [PMID: 26267309 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinovirus (HRV) is not only responsible for at least one-half of all common colds but also associated with bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia and acute asthma exacerbation. However, the impact of different HRV types and viral load on disease severity has not been thoroughly elucidated. METHODS From January 2012 to September 2014, 1742 nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens from hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infections were analyzed by quantitative HRV-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Among these 1742 children, HRV (407/1742, 23%) was the second most common viral agent after respiratory syncytial virus. HRV-A, HRV-B, HRV-C and HRV untyped were detected in 229 (56%), 27 (7%), 100 (25%) and 51 (13%) specimens, respectively. Children except who experienced wheezing were more common in the HRV-C detection group than in the HRV-A detection group; there were no other significant differences between the 2 groups, including the percent of children diagnosed with severe diseases. Logistic regression models demonstrated that there was no difference in disease severity among HRV types. In HRV-A detection group, in children younger than 2 years, the viral load was higher in the severe group than in the nonsevere group; but in the HRV-C detection group, there was no difference. CONCLUSIONS HRV was frequently present in hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infections in Chongqing, China. The disease severity for HRV-C and HRV-A was similar. A high load of HRV-A in the lower respiratory tract might be connected with disease severity in children younger than 2 years.
Collapse
|
30
|
Granados A, Goodall EC, Luinstra K, Smieja M, Mahony J. Comparison of asymptomatic and symptomatic rhinovirus infections in university students: incidence, species diversity, and viral load. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 82:292-6. [PMID: 25999242 PMCID: PMC7127333 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections are common but poorly characterized in university students. Thus, we characterized asymptomatic and symptomatic HRV infections by incidence, species diversity, and viral load of 502 university students during September and October of 2010 and 2011 from nasal swabs and electronically submitted symptom questionnaires. We tested all symptomatic students and randomly sampled participants who remained asymptomatic (n = 25/week, over 8 weeks each study year) on a weekly basis by real-time PCR and sequenced HRV positives. HRV was identified in 33/400 (8.3%) and 85/92 (92.4%) of the asymptomatic and symptomatic students, respectively. We identified a higher than previously reported rate of HRV-B in both groups, although the distribution of HRV species was similar (P = 0.37). Asymptomatic viral load averaged 1.2 log10 copies/mL lower than symptomatic HRV (P < 0.001). In conclusion, asymptomatic HRV activity preceded peak symptomatic activity in September and October and was associated with lower viral load. We characterized asymptomatic and symptomatic HRVs in an adult population. We examine HRV incidence, species diversity, and viral load. Asymptomatic HRV was associated with lower viral load than symptomatic HRV. Asymptomatic HRV activity preceded peak symptomatic activity. HRV-A and HRV-B are common in both populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Granados
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Emma C Goodall
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Marek Smieja
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James Mahony
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Teo SM, Mok D, Pham K, Kusel M, Serralha M, Troy N, Holt BJ, Hales BJ, Walker ML, Hollams E, Bochkov YA, Grindle K, Johnston SL, Gern JE, Sly PD, Holt PG, Holt KE, Inouye M. The infant nasopharyngeal microbiome impacts severity of lower respiratory infection and risk of asthma development. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:704-15. [PMID: 25865368 PMCID: PMC4433433 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The nasopharynx (NP) is a reservoir for microbes associated with acute respiratory infections (ARIs). Lung inflammation resulting from ARIs during infancy is linked to asthma development. We examined the NP microbiome during the critical first year of life in a prospective cohort of 234 children, capturing both the viral and bacterial communities and documenting all incidents of ARIs. Most infants were initially colonized with Staphylococcus or Corynebacterium before stable colonization with Alloiococcus or Moraxella. Transient incursions of Streptococcus, Moraxella, or Haemophilus marked virus-associated ARIs. Our data identify the NP microbiome as a determinant for infection spread to the lower airways, severity of accompanying inflammatory symptoms, and risk for future asthma development. Early asymptomatic colonization with Streptococcus was a strong asthma predictor, and antibiotic usage disrupted asymptomatic colonization patterns. In the absence of effective anti-viral therapies, targeting pathogenic bacteria within the NP microbiome could represent a prophylactic approach to asthma. The nasopharynx microbiome of infants has a simple structure dominated by six genera Microbiome composition affects infection severity and pathogen spread to lower airways Early asymptomatic colonization with Streptococcus increases risk of asthma Antibiotic usage disrupts asymptomatic colonization patterns
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Mei Teo
- Medical Systems Biology, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Danny Mok
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Kym Pham
- Melbourne Translational Genomics Platform, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Merci Kusel
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Michael Serralha
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Niamh Troy
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Barbara J Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Belinda J Hales
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Michael L Walker
- Medical Systems Biology, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Elysia Hollams
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Kristine Grindle
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section and MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Peter D Sly
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Patrick G Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA 6008, Australia; Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Michael Inouye
- Medical Systems Biology, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Glanville N, Johnston SL. Challenges in developing a cross-serotype rhinovirus vaccine. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 11:83-8. [PMID: 25829255 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A great burden of disease is attributable to human rhinovirus (HRV) infections which are the major cause of the common cold, exacerbations of both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and are associated with asthma development. Despite this there is currently no vaccine for HRV. The first vaccine studies showed some promise in terms of serotype-specific protection against cold symptoms, but antigenic heterogeneity amongst the >150 HRVs has been regarded as a major barrier to effective vaccine development and has resulted in little progress over 50 years. Here we review those vaccine studies conducted to date, discuss the difficulties posed by antigenic heterogeneity and describe some recent advances in generating cross-reactive antibodies and T cell responses using peptide immunogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Glanville
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Feldman AS, He Y, Moore ML, Hershenson MB, Hartert TV. Toward primary prevention of asthma. Reviewing the evidence for early-life respiratory viral infections as modifiable risk factors to prevent childhood asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:34-44. [PMID: 25369458 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201405-0901pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A first step in primary disease prevention is identifying common, modifiable risk factors that contribute to a significant proportion of disease development. Infant respiratory viral infection and childhood asthma are the most common acute and chronic diseases of childhood, respectively. Common clinical features and links between these diseases have long been recognized, with early-life respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV) lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) being strongly associated with increased asthma risk. However, there has long been debate over the role of these respiratory viruses in asthma inception. In this article, we systematically review the evidence linking early-life RSV and RV LRTIs with asthma inception and whether they could therefore be targets for primary prevention efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Feldman
- 1 Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Center for Asthma Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tsatsral S, Xiang Z, Fuji N, Maitsetseg C, Khulan J, Oshitani H, Wang J, Nymadawa P. Molecular Epidemiology of the Human Rhinovirus Infection in Mongolia during 2008-2013. Jpn J Infect Dis 2015; 68:280-7. [PMID: 25672409 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2014.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhinovirus infections are common in all age groups world-wide, and they occur throughout the year. In this study, we examined 2,689 nasopharyngeal swabs collected in Mongolia during 2008-2013. Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) were detected in 295 (11.0%) samples, and 85 (28.8%) patients were co-infected with other respiratory viruses. HRV was co-detected with bocavirus, human coronavirus, and respiratory syncytial virus in 21 (24.7%), 17 (20.0%), and 14 (16.5%), respectively. We tested 170 (57.6%) of the 295 HRV-positive samples: 117 HRV strains were typed by using the VP4/VP2 method and 53 by using 5' UTR method. We found HVR-A, HVR-C, and HVR-B infections in 80 (47.1%), 76 (44.7%), and 14 (8.2%) samples, respectively.
Collapse
|
35
|
Jazaeri Farsani SM, Oude Munnink BB, Canuti M, Deijs M, Cotten M, Jebbink MF, Verhoeven J, Kellam P, Loens K, Goossens H, Ieven M, van der Hoek L. Identification of a novel human rhinovirus C type by antibody capture VIDISCA-454. Viruses 2015; 7:239-51. [PMID: 25606972 PMCID: PMC4306836 DOI: 10.3390/v7010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Causative agents for more than 30 percent of respiratory infections remain unidentified, suggesting that unknown respiratory pathogens might be involved. In this study, antibody capture VIDISCA-454 (virus discovery cDNA-AFLP combined with Roche 454 high-throughput sequencing) resulted in the discovery of a novel type of rhinovirus C (RV-C). The virus has an RNA genome of at least 7054 nt and carries the characteristics of rhinovirus C species. The gene encoding viral protein 1, which is used for typing, has only 81% nucleotide sequence identity with the closest known RV-C type, and, therefore, the virus represents the first member of a novel type, named RV-C54.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Jazaeri Farsani
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands.
| | - Bas B Oude Munnink
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands.
| | - Marta Canuti
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands.
| | - Martin Deijs
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands.
| | - Matthew Cotten
- Department of Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Maarten F Jebbink
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands.
| | - Joost Verhoeven
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands.
| | - Paul Kellam
- Department of Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Katherine Loens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University Hospital, Antwerp B-2650, Belgium.
| | - Herman Goossens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University Hospital, Antwerp B-2650, Belgium.
| | - Margareta Ieven
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University Hospital, Antwerp B-2650, Belgium.
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Epidemiologic, clinical, and virologic characteristics of human rhinovirus infection among otherwise healthy children and adults: rhinovirus among adults and children. J Clin Virol 2015; 64:74-82. [PMID: 25728083 PMCID: PMC4347877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND human rhinovirus (HRV) is a major cause of influenza-like illness (ILI) in adults and children. Differences in disease severity by HRV species have been described among hospitalized patients with underlying illness. Less is known about the clinical and virologic characteristics of HRV infection among otherwise healthy populations, particularly adults. OBJECTIVES to characterize molecular epidemiology of HRV and association between HRV species and clinical presentation and viral shedding. STUDY DESIGN observational, prospective, facility-based study of ILI was conducted from February 2010 to April 2012. Collection of nasopharyngeal specimens, patient symptoms, and clinical information occurred on days 0, 3, 7, and 28. Patients recorded symptom severity daily for the first 7 days of illness in a symptom diary. HRV was identified by RT-PCR and genotyped for species determination. Cases who were co-infected with other viral respiratory pathogens were excluded from the analysis. We evaluated the associations between HRV species, clinical severity, and patterns of viral shedding. RESULTS eighty-four HRV cases were identified and their isolates genotyped. Of these, 62 (74%) were >18 years. Fifty-four were HRV-A, 11HRV-B, and 19HRV-C. HRV-C infection was more common among children than adults (59% vs. 10%, P<0.001). Among adults, HRV-A was associated with higher severity of upper respiratory symptoms compared to HRV-B (P=0.02), but no such association was found in children. In addition, adults shed HRV-A significantly longer than HRV-C (P trend=0.01). CONCLUSIONS among otherwise healthy adults with HRV infection, we observed species-specific differences in respiratory symptom severity and duration of viral shedding.
Collapse
|
37
|
Kuchar E, Miśkiewicz K, Nitsch-Osuch A, Szenborn L. Pathophysiology of Clinical Symptoms in Acute Viral Respiratory Tract Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 857:25-38. [PMID: 25786400 PMCID: PMC7121097 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2015_110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this article we discuss the pathophysiology of common symptoms of acute viral respiratory infections (e.g., sneezing, nasal discharge, sore throat, cough, muscle pains, malaise, and mood changes). Since clinical symptoms are not sufficient to determine the etiology of viral respiratory tract infections, we believe that the host defense mechanisms are critical for the symptomatology. Consequently, this review of literature is focused on the pathophysiology of respiratory symptoms regardless of their etiology. We assume that despite a high prevalence of symptoms of respiratory infection, their pathogenesis is not widely known. A better understanding of the symptoms' pathogenesis could improve the quality of care for patients with respiratory tract infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Kuchar
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, 2A Chalubinskiego Str., 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rhinovirus-induced VP1-specific Antibodies are Group-specific and Associated With Severity of Respiratory Symptoms. EBioMedicine 2014; 2:64-70. [PMID: 26137535 PMCID: PMC4484518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rhinoviruses (RVs) are a major cause of common colds and induce exacerbations of asthma and chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Methods We expressed and purified recombinant RV coat proteins VP1-4, non-structural proteins as well as N-terminal fragments of VP1 from four RV strains (RV14, 16, 89, C) covering the three known RV groups (RV-A, RV-B and RV-C) and measured specific IgG-subclass-, IgA- and IgM-responses by ELISA in subjects with different severities of asthma or without asthma before and after experimental infection with RV16. Findings Before infection subjects showed IgG1 > IgA > IgM > IgG3 cross-reactivity with N-terminal fragments from the representative VP1 proteins of the three RV groups. Antibody levels were higher in the asthmatic group as compared to the non-asthmatic subjects. Six weeks after infection with RV16, IgG1 antibodies showed a group-specific increase towards the N-terminal VP1 fragment, but not towards other capsid and non-structural proteins, which was highest in subjects with severe upper and lower respiratory symptoms. Interpretation Our results demonstrate that increases of antibodies towards the VP1 N-terminus are group-specific and associated with severity of respiratory symptoms and suggest that it may be possible to develop serological tests for identifying causative RV groups. Increases of rhinovirus-specific antibodies are surrogate markers for severity of rhinovirus-induced respiratory symptoms. Serological tests based on recombinant rhinovirus coat protein fragments identify the culprit rhinovirus strain. Identification of the most relevant RV strains by serology should allow the rational design of RV vaccines.
Collapse
Key Words
- Antibody response
- Asthma
- COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- HRP, Horseradish peroxidase
- HSA, Human serum albumin
- ICAM-1, Intercellular adhesion molecule 1
- ICS, Inhaled corticosteroids
- LDL-R, Low density lipoprotein receptor
- MALDI–TOF, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- MBP, Maltose binding protein
- O.D, Optical density
- PEF, Peak expiratory flow
- RV, Rhinovirus
- Recombinant rhinovirus coat protein
- Rhinovirus
- SABA, Short-acting β2 agonists
- Serological test
- TCID50, Tissue culture 50% infective dose
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are widespread respiratory pathogens and a major cause of acute respiratory tract infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of rhinovirus infections in children in Cyprus over three consecutive winter seasons. From a total of 116 rhinovirus-positive samples, 68 were sequenced in the 5'-UTR and VP4/VP2 regions. Thirty-six (52.9%) samples were identified as HRV-A and 27 (39.7%) as HRV-C, with only five (7.4%) samples belonging to the HRV-B species. Of these, a total of 46 different genotypes were identified. In the VP2/VP4 phylogenetic tree all strains clustered in three different well-defined clades, whereas the 5'-UTR tree exhibited clades with a mixed clustering of HRV-A and HRV-C strains reflecting the evolutionary history of recombination between HRV-A and HRV-C that has been observed previously. In summary, a high intra- and inter-season diversity of HRV types was observed. Despite its geographical isolation the frequency of HRV species in Cyprus is comparable to that reported in other regions of the world supporting the concept of an unrestricted global circulation. This study assesses, for the first time, the epidemiology of rhinovirus infections in Cypriot children and will be helpful to clinicians and researchers interested in the treatment and control of viral respiratory tract infections.
Collapse
|
40
|
Darveaux JI, Lemanske RF. Infection-related asthma. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2014; 2:658-63. [PMID: 25439354 PMCID: PMC5516525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of infection in asthma is varied in that it may exacerbate established asthma or contribute to the initial development of the clinical onset of asthma. Mounting evidence implicates both roles with particular viral pathogens, namely human rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus, among the most likely culprits in asthma inception. Once asthma is present, infection, particularly viral infection, is a common precipitant of asthma exacerbations. Bacterial infections and colonization also have been associated with exacerbation and recurrent wheeze, an effect that may be independent or a cofactor with viruses. Atypical bacterial infections such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae and fungi in the case of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, also play a potential role in inducing and exacerbating this disease. In addition, certain individuals may have a genetic predisposition toward viral-induced wheezing and the development of asthma. This article will discuss host and environmental factors, common pathogens, clinical characteristic, and genetic influences associated with infection-related asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared I Darveaux
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis; Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Robert F Lemanske
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lu QB, Wo Y, Wang LY, Wang HY, Huang DD, Zhang XA, Liu W, Cao WC. Molecular epidemiology of human rhinovirus in children with acute respiratory diseases in Chongqing, China. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6686. [PMID: 25328042 PMCID: PMC4202208 DOI: 10.1038/srep06686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus-C (HRV-C) has been increasingly detected in patients with acute respiratory diseases (ARDs). Prolonged surveillance was performed on children with ARD to investigate the molecular epidemiology and clinical characteristics of HRV in Chongqing, China. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) were collected from hospitalized children with ARD during 2009–2012. HRV-C was genotyped by sequencing the VP4/VP2 coding region. Among the 1,567 NPAs obtained, 223 (14.2%) were HRV positive, and 75.3% of these 223 NPAs were co-infected with other viruses. HRV-A (54.7%) and HRV-C (39.9%) accounted for the majority of HRV infections. Logistic regression models demonstrated significant associations between HRV-A, HRV-C, and asthma attacks, as well as between HRV-C and wheezing. A phylogenetic tree showed that HRV-C2 was the predominant type of HRV-C, followed by HRV-C43, HRV-C1, and HRV-C17. Three novel genotypes were proposed on the basis of a low identity with the known HRVs. Our results showed that HRV-A and HRV-C were the predominant types of HRV infection, and HRV-C showed a high genetic variation in Chongqing, China. HRV infection was associated with asthma attacks and wheezing; furthermore, HRV infections played a minor role in causing severe pneumonia. This knowledge provides information for the prevention and control of HRV associated with ARDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Bin Lu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing100191, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing. 100071, P. R. China
| | - Li-Yuan Wang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing. 100071, P. R. China [2] Graduate School of Anhui Medical University, Hefei. 230032, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yu Wang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing. 100071, P. R. China [2] Graduate School of Anhui Medical University, Hefei. 230032, P. R. China
| | - Dou-Dou Huang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing. 100071, P. R. China [2] Graduate School of Anhui Medical University, Hefei. 230032, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing. 100071, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing. 100071, P. R. China
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing. 100071, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Marcone DN, Culasso A, Carballal G, Campos R, Echavarría M. Genetic diversity and clinical impact of human rhinoviruses in hospitalized and outpatient children with acute respiratory infection, Argentina. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:558-64. [PMID: 25453332 PMCID: PMC7185656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRV) were detected in 40% of children with ARI without comorbidities. HRV were identified as a risk factor associated with hospitalization (OR: 2.47). All HRV species co-circulated, being HRV-A and C the most frequently detected. Demographic and clinical outcome were similar for HRV-A and C infections. A high turnover rate of HRV genotypes was observed.
Background Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are recognized as a cause of upper and lower acute respiratory infections (ARI). The circulating species and their clinical impact were not described in Argentina. Objectives To describe the molecular epidemiology of HRV in children and to determine the association of HRV species with outcome and severity. Study design: Hospitalized and outpatients children <6 years old with ARI without comorbidities (n = 620) were enrolled (2008–2010). Demographic, clinical data and outcome were analyzed. HRV were identified by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis and demographic reconstruction for HRV were performed in selected samples. Results HRV were detected in 252/620 (40.6%) of children; 8.5% in viral coinfection. Bronchiolitis (55%) and pneumonia (13%) were the most frequent clinical diagnosis. Of 202 inpatients with HRV: 72% required oxygen supplementation, 11% intensive care unit and 3% mechanical ventilation. HRV were identified as a risk factor for hospitalization (OR: 2.47). All three HRV species were detected being HRV-A (55%) and HRV-C (43%) the most frequent; HRV-B was infrequent (2%). Of 44 sequenced HRV, 30 genotypes were detected. Seven of them were the most prevalent and circulated during limited periods of time. The demographic reconstruction revealed a constant population size and a high turnover rate of genotypes. Demographic and clinical outcome were similar for HRV-A and HRV-C infections. Conclusion This study highlights the clinical impact of HRV in children without comorbidities as a cause of lower ARI and hospitalization. The high frequency of HRV infections may be associated with the simultaneous circulation of genotypes and their high turnover rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Débora Natalia Marcone
- Virology Unit and Clinical Virology Laboratory, Hospital Universitario CEMIC, Av. Galván 4102, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Andrés Culasso
- Department of Virology, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Carballal
- Virology Unit and Clinical Virology Laboratory, Hospital Universitario CEMIC, Av. Galván 4102, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo Campos
- Department of Virology, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Echavarría
- Virology Unit and Clinical Virology Laboratory, Hospital Universitario CEMIC, Av. Galván 4102, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Parker LC, Stokes CA, Sabroe I. Rhinoviral infection and asthma: the detection and management of rhinoviruses by airway epithelial cells. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:20-8. [PMID: 24355017 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRV) have been linked to the development of childhood asthma and recurrent acute asthma exacerbations throughout life, and contribute considerably to the healthcare and economic burden of this disease. However, the ability of HRV infections to trigger exacerbations, and the link between allergic status and HRV responsiveness, remains incompletely understood. Whilst the receptors on human airway cells that detect and are utilized by most HRV group A and B, but not C serotypes are known, how endosomal pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect HRV replication products that are generated within the cytoplasm remains somewhat of an enigma. In this article, we explore a role for autophagy, a cellular homeostatic process that allows the cell to encapsulate its own cytosolic constituents, as the crucial mechanism controlling this process and regulating the innate immune response of airway epithelial cells to viral infection. We will also briefly describe some of the recent insights into the immune responses of the airway to HRV, focusing on neutrophilic inflammation that is a potentially unwanted feature of the acute response to viral infection, and the roles of IL-1 and Pellinos in the regulation of responses to HRV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Parker
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Karta MR, Gavala ML, Curran CS, Wickert LE, Keely PJ, Gern JE, Bertics PJ. LPS modulates rhinovirus-induced chemokine secretion in monocytes and macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:125-34. [PMID: 24498897 PMCID: PMC4091859 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0404oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that both bacteria and rhinoviruses (RVs) contribute to asthma exacerbations. We hypothesized that bacteria might alter antiviral responses early in the course of infection by modifying monocyte-lineage chemokine responses to RV infection. To test this hypothesis, human blood monocytes or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) macrophages were treated with RV types A016, B014, A001, and/or A002 in the presence or absence of LPS, and secretion of chemokines (CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL2, and CCL8) and IFN-α was measured by ELISA. Treatment with RV alone induced blood monocytes and BAL macrophages to secrete CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL2, and CCL8. Pretreatment with LPS significantly attenuated RV-induced CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL8 secretion by 68-99.9% on average (P < 0.0001, P < 0.004, and P < 0.002, respectively), but did not inhibit RV-induced CCL2 from blood monocytes. Similarly, LPS inhibited RV-induced CXCL10 and CXCL11 secretion by over 88% on average from BAL macrophages (P < 0.002 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Furthermore, LPS inhibited RV-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 phosphorylation (P < 0.05), as determined by immunoblotting, yet augmented RV-induced IFN-α secretion (P < 0.05), and did not diminish expression of RV target receptors, as measured by flow cytometry. In summary, major and minor group RVs strongly induce chemokine expression and IFN-α from monocytic cells. The bacterial product, LPS, specifically inhibits monocyte and macrophage secretion of RV-induced CXCL10 and CXCL11, but not other highly induced chemokines or IFN-α. These effects suggest that airway bacteria could modulate the pattern of virus-induced cell recruitment and inflammation in the airways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya R. Karta
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, and
- Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry
| | | | | | | | - Patricia J. Keely
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, and
- Cellular and Regenerative Biology, and
| | - James E. Gern
- Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Improved molecular typing assay for rhinovirus species A, B, and C. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:2461-71. [PMID: 24789198 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00075-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (RVs), comprising three species (A, B, and C) of the genus Enterovirus, are responsible for the majority of upper respiratory tract infections and are associated with severe lower respiratory tract illnesses such as pneumonia and asthma exacerbations. High genetic diversity and continuous identification of new types necessitate regular updating of the diagnostic assays for the accurate and comprehensive detection of circulating RVs. Methods for molecular typing based on phylogenetic comparisons of a variable fragment in the 5' untranslated region were improved to increase assay sensitivity and to eliminate nonspecific amplification of human sequences, which are observed occasionally in clinical samples. A modified set of primers based on new sequence information and improved buffers and enzymes for seminested PCR assays provided higher specificity and sensitivity for virus detection. In addition, new diagnostic primers were designed for unequivocal species and type assignments for RV-C isolates, based on phylogenetic analysis of partial VP4/VP2 coding sequences. The improved assay was evaluated by typing RVs in >3,800 clinical samples. RVs were successfully detected and typed in 99% of the samples that were RV positive in multiplex diagnostic assays.
Collapse
|
46
|
Schuler BA, Schreiber MT, Li L, Mokry M, Kingdon ML, Raugi DN, Smith C, Hameister C, Racaniello VR, Hall DJ. Major and minor group rhinoviruses elicit differential signaling and cytokine responses as a function of receptor-mediated signal transduction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93897. [PMID: 24736642 PMCID: PMC3988043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Major- and minor-group human rhinoviruses (HRV) enter their host by binding to the cell surface molecules ICAM-1 and LDL-R, respectively, which are present on both macrophages and epithelial cells. Although epithelial cells are the primary site of productive HRV infection, previous studies have implicated macrophages in establishing the cytokine dysregulation that occurs during rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations. Analysis of the transcriptome of primary human macrophages exposed to major- and minor-group HRV demonstrated differential gene expression. Alterations in gene expression were traced to differential mitochondrial activity and signaling pathway activation between two rhinovirus serotypes, HRV16 (major-group) and HRV1A (minor-group), upon initial HRV binding. Variances in phosphorylation of kinases (p38, JNK, ERK5) and transcription factors (ATF-2, CREB, CEBP-alpha) were observed between the major- and minor-group HRV treatments. Differential activation of signaling pathways led to changes in the production of the asthma-relevant cytokines CCL20, CCL2, and IL-10. This is the first report of genetically similar viruses eliciting dissimilar cytokine release, transcription factor phosphorylation, and MAPK activation from macrophages, suggesting that receptor use is a mechanism for establishing the inflammatory microenvironment in the human airway upon exposure to rhinovirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce A. Schuler
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Schreiber
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - LuYuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michal Mokry
- Division of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Megan L. Kingdon
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dana N. Raugi
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cosonya Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chelsea Hameister
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Vincent R. Racaniello
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Nakagome K, Bochkov YA, Ashraf S, Brockman-Schneider RA, Evans MD, Pasic TR, Gern JE. Effects of rhinovirus species on viral replication and cytokine production. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:332-41. [PMID: 24636084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies provide evidence of differential virulence of rhinovirus species (RV). We recently reported that RV-A and RV-C induced more severe illnesses than RV-B, which suggests that the biology of RV-B might be different from RV-A or RV-C. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that RV-B has lower replication and induces lesser cytokine responses than RV-A or RV-C. METHODS We cloned full-length cDNA of RV-A16, A36, B52, B72, C2, C15, and C41 from clinical samples and grew clinical isolates of RV-A7 and RV-B6 in cultured cells. Sinus epithelial cells were differentiated at the air-liquid interface. We tested for differences in viral replication in epithelial cells after infection with purified viruses (10(8) RNA copies) and measured virus load by quantitative RT-PCR. We measured lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration as a marker of cellular cytotoxicity, and cytokine and/or chemokine secretion by multiplex ELISA. RESULTS At 24 hours after infection, the virus load of RV-B (RV-B52, RV-B72, or RV-B6) in adherent cells was lower than that of RV-A or RV-C. The growth kinetics of infection indicated that RV-B types replicate more slowly. Furthermore, RV-B released less LDH than RV-A or RV-C, and induced lower levels of cytokines and chemokines such as CXCL10, even after correction for viral replication. RV-B replicates to lower levels also in primary bronchial epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that RV-B types have lower and slower replication, and lower cellular cytotoxicity and cytokine and/or chemokine production compared with RV-A or RV-C. These characteristics may contribute to reduced severity of illnesses that has been observed with RV-B infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Nakagome
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis
| | - Shamaila Ashraf
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis
| | | | - Michael D Evans
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis
| | - Thomas R Pasic
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gunawardana N, Finney L, Johnston SL, Mallia P. Experimental rhinovirus infection in COPD: implications for antiviral therapies. Antiviral Res 2013; 102:95-105. [PMID: 24370732 PMCID: PMC7172491 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
COPD exacerbations are a major cause of morbidity and mortality; new treatments are urgently needed. Respiratory viruses, particularly rhinoviruses, are a major cause of exacerbations. Experimental rhinovirus infection is a valid model of virus-induced COPD exacerbations. This model could be used to evaluate new antiviral treatments in COPD.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem and will be one of the leading global causes of mortality over the coming decades. Much of the morbidity, mortality and health care costs of COPD are attributable to acute exacerbations, the commonest causes of which are respiratory infections. Respiratory viruses are frequently detected in COPD exacerbations but direct proof of a causative relationship has been lacking. We have developed a model of COPD exacerbation using experimental rhinovirus infection in COPD patients and this has established a causative relationship between virus infection and exacerbations. In addition it has determined some of the molecular mechanisms linking virus infections to COPD exacerbations and identified potential new therapeutic targets. This new data should stimulate research into the role of antiviral agents as potential treatments for COPD exacerbations. Testing of antiviral agents has been hampered by the lack of a small animal model for rhinovirus infection and experimental rhinovirus infection in healthy volunteers has been used to test treatments for the common cold. Experimental rhinovirus infection in COPD subjects offers the prospect of a model that can be used to evaluate the effects of new treatments for virus-induced COPD exacerbations, and provide essential data that can be used in making decisions regarding large scale clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Gunawardana
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Finney
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Mallia
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Basta HA, Ashraf S, Sgro JY, Bochkov YA, Gern JE, Palmenberg AC. Modeling of the human rhinovirus C capsid suggests possible causes for antiviral drug resistance. Virology 2013; 448:82-90. [PMID: 24314639 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses of the RV-C species are recently discovered pathogens with greater clinical significance than isolates in the RV-A+B species. The RV-C cannot be propagated in typical culture systems; so much of the virology is necessarily derivative, relying on comparative genomics, relative to the better studied RV-A+B. We developed a bioinformatics-based structural model for a C15 isolate. The model showed the VP1-3 capsid proteins retain their fundamental cores relative to the RV-A+B, but conserved, internal RV-C residues affect the shape and charge of the VP1 hydrophobic pocket that confers antiviral drug susceptibility. When predictions of the model were tested in organ cultures or ALI systems with recombinant C15 virus, there was a resistance to capsid-binding drugs, including pleconaril, BTA-188, WIN56291, WIN52035 and WIN52084. Unique to all RV-C, the model predicts conserved amino acids within the pocket and capsid surface pore leading to the pocket may correlate with this activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Basta
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Identification of Recombinant Human Rhinovirus A and C in Circulating Strains from Upper and Lower Respiratory Infections. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68081. [PMID: 23826363 PMCID: PMC3695095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs), in the Enterovirus genus within the family Picornaviridae, are a highly prevalent cause of acute respiratory infection (ARI). Enteroviruses are genetically highly variable, and recombination between serotypes is known to be a major contribution to their diversity. Recently it was reported that recombination events in HRVs cause the diversity of HRV-C. This study analyzed parts of the viral genes spanning the 5′ non- coding region (NCR) through to the viral protein (VP) encoding sequences of 105 HRV field isolates from 51 outpatient cases of Acute Respiratory Infectious Network (ARINET) and 54 inpatient cases of severe lower respiratory infection (SLRI) surveillance, in order to identify recombination in field samples. When analyzing parts of the 5′NCR and VP4/VP2 encoding sequences, we found intra- and interspecies recombinants in field strains of HRV-A and -C. Nineteen cases of recombination events (18.1%) were found among 105 field strains. For HRV-A, there were five cases (4.8%) of intraspecies recombination events and three cases (2.8%) of interspecies recombination events. For HRV-C, there were four cases (3.8%) of intraspecies recombination events and seven cases (6.7%) of interspecies recombination events. Recombination events were significantly more frequently observed in the ARINET samples (18 cases) than in the SLRI samples (1 case; P< 0.0001). The recombination breakpoints were located in nucleotides (nt) 472–554, which comprise stem-loop 5 in the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES), based on the HRV-B 35 sequence (accession no. FJ445187). Our findings regarding genomic recombination in circulating HRV-A and -C strains suggest that recombination might play a role in HRV fitness and could be a possible determinant of disease severity caused by various HRV infections in patients with ARI.
Collapse
|