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Shao Y, Lv H, Zhou W, Zhou B, Jiang Q, Qian J. A case report of refractory amebic colitis and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37195. [PMID: 38335414 PMCID: PMC10860968 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Amebic colitis has been less prevalent in recent times in China, and the similarity of its symptoms to those of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) results in the difficulty of early identification and diagnosis. PATIENT CONCERNS A 31-year-old male who exhibited intermittent diarrhea and hematochezia was highly suspected as IBD initially. Despite the partial relief of symptoms following the administration of mesalamine, the endoscopic ulcers remained largely unchanged. DIAGNOSES Two years after the onset of mesalamine therapy, amebic cysts were detected in stool microscopy and trophozoites were found on the surface of cecal ulcers. The patient was then diagnosed with amebic colitis. INTERVENTIONS After 2 rounds of standardized metronidazole treatment, amebic colitis remained refractory until diloxanide was administered. OUTCOMES The patient remained asymptomatic, and the mucosa of colon was normal during the annual follow-up. LESSONS Individuals newly diagnosed with IBD should undergo essential screening for amebiasis. And the use of steroids should be taken with caution, especially in cases where the effect of mesalamine is limited. For symptomatic intestinal amebiasis, even after the administration of tissue amebicides, the continued use of luminal amebicides is necessary to prevent recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology
| | | | - Baotong Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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Abstract
The amoeba parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human amebiasis, an enteropathic disease affecting millions of people worldwide. This ancient protozoan is an elementary example of how parasites evolve with humans, e.g. taking advantage of multiple mechanisms to evade immune responses, interacting with microbiota for nutritional and protective needs, utilizing host resources for growth, division, and encystation. These skills of E. histolytica perpetuate the species and incidence of infection. However, in 10% of infected cases, the parasite turns into a pathogen; the host-parasite equilibrium is then disorganized, and the simple lifecycle based on two cell forms, trophozoites and cysts, becomes unbalanced. Trophozoites acquire a virulent phenotype which, when non-controlled, leads to intestinal invasion with the onset of amoebiasis symptoms. Virulent E. histolytica must cross mucus, epithelium, connective tissue and possibly blood. This highly mobile parasite faces various stresses and a powerful host immune response, with oxidative stress being a challenge for its survival. New emerging research avenues and omics technologies target gene regulation to determine human or parasitic factors activated upon infection, their role in virulence activation, and in pathogenesis; this research bears in mind that E. histolytica is a resident of the complex intestinal ecosystem. The goal is to eradicate amoebiasis from the planet, but the parasitic life of E. histolytica is ancient and complex and will likely continue to evolve with humans. Advances in these topics are summarized here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Guillén
- Cell Biology and Infection Department, Institut Pasteur and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS-ERM9195, Paris, France
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Yanagawa Y, Singh U. Diversity and Plasticity of Virulent Characteristics of Entamoeba histolytica. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050255. [PMID: 37235303 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of clinical syndromes of amebiasis, caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica, stems from the intricate interplay between the host immune system, the virulence of the invading parasite, and the surrounding environment. Although there is still a relative paucity of information about the precise relationship between virulence factors and the pathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica, by accumulating data from clinical and basic research, researchers have identified essential pathogenic factors that play a critical role in the pathogenesis of amebiasis, providing important insights into disease development through animal models. Moreover, the parasite's genetic variability has been associated with differences in virulence and disease outcomes, making it important to fully understand the epidemiology and pathogenesis of amebiasis. Deciphering the true mechanism of disease progression in humans caused by this parasite is made more difficult through its ability to demonstrate both genomic and pathological plasticity. The objective of this article is to underscore the heterogeneous nature of disease states and the malleable virulence characteristics in experimental models, while also identifying persistent scientific issues that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Yanagawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Upinder Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Saito-Nakano Y, Makiuchi T, Tochikura M, Gilchrist CA, Petri WA, Nozaki T. ArfX2 GTPase Regulates Trafficking From the Trans-Golgi to Lysosomes and Is Necessary for Liver Abscess Formation in the Protozoan Parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:794152. [PMID: 34976870 PMCID: PMC8719317 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.794152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery and liver abscess in humans. The parasitic lifestyle and the virulence of the protist require elaborate biological processes, including vesicular traffic and stress management against a variety of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced by the host immune response. Although the mechanisms for intracellular traffic of representative virulence factors have been investigated at molecular levels, it remains poorly understood whether and how intracellular traffic is involved in the defense against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Here, we demonstrate that EhArfX2, one of the Arf family of GTPases known to be involved in the regulation of vesicular traffic, was identified by comparative transcriptomic analysis of two isogenic strains: an animal-passaged highly virulent HM-1:IMSS Cl6 and in vitro maintained attenuated avirulent strain. EhArfX2 was identified as one of the most highly upregulated genes in the highly virulent strain. EhArfX2 was localized to small vesicle-like structures and largely colocalized with the marker for the trans-Golgi network SNARE, EhYkt6, but neither with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident chaperon, EhBip, nor the cis-Golgi SNARE, EhSed5, and Golgi-luminal galactosyl transferase, EhGalT. Expression of the dominant-active mutant form of EhArfX2 caused an increase in the number of lysosomes, while expression of the dominant-negative mutant led to a defect in lysosome formation and cysteine protease transport to lysosomes. Expression of the dominant-negative mutant in the virulent E. histolytica strain caused a reduction of the size of liver abscesses in a hamster model. This defect in liver abscess formation was likely at least partially attributed to reduced resistance to nitrosative, but not oxidative stress in vitro. These results showed that the EhArfX2-mediated traffic is necessary for the nitrosative stress response and virulence in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Makiuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mami Tochikura
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Carol A Gilchrist
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - William A Petri
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Chadha A, Chadee K. The NF-κB Pathway: Modulation by Entamoeba histolytica and Other Protozoan Parasites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:748404. [PMID: 34595137 PMCID: PMC8476871 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.748404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites have led to worldwide devastation because of their ability to cause infectious diseases. They have evolved as successful pathogens in part because of their remarkable and sophisticated ways to evade innate host defenses. This holds true for both intracellular and extracellular parasites that deploy multiple strategies to circumvent innate host defenses for their survival. The different strategies protozoan parasites use include hijacking the host cellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. In particular, the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway seems to be an attractive target for different pathogens owing to their central role in regulating prompt innate immune responses in host defense. NF-κB is a ubiquitous transcription factor that plays an indispensable role not only in regulating immediate immune responses against invading pathogens but is also a critical regulator of cell proliferation and survival. The major immunomodulatory components include parasite surface and secreted proteins/enzymes and stimulation of host cells intracellular pathways and inflammatory caspases that directly or indirectly interfere with the NF-κB pathway to thwart immune responses that are directed for containment and/or elimination of the pathogen. To showcase how protozoan parasites exploits the NF-κB signaling pathway, this review highlights recent advances from Entamoeba histolytica and other protozoan parasites in contact with host cells that induce outside-in and inside-out signaling to modulate NF-κB in disease pathogenesis and survival in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attinder Chadha
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Chadha A, Moreau F, Wang S, Dufour A, Chadee K. Entamoeba histolytica activation of caspase-1 degrades cullin that attenuates NF-κB dependent signaling from macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009936. [PMID: 34499701 PMCID: PMC8454965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While Entamoeba histolytica (Eh)-induced pro-inflammatory responses are critical in disease pathogenesis, the downstream signaling pathways that subsequently dampens inflammation and the immune response remains unclear. Eh in contact with macrophages suppresses NF-κB signaling while favoring NLRP3-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine production by an unknown mechanism. Cullin-1 and cullin-5 (cullin-1/5) assembled into a multi-subunit RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex are substrates for neddylation that regulates the ubiquitination pathway important in NF-κB activity and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. In this study, we showed that upon live Eh contact with human macrophages, cullin-1/4A/4B/5 but not cullin-2/3, were degraded within 10 minutes. Similar degradation of cullin-1/5 were observed from colonic epithelial cells and proximal colonic loops tissues of mice inoculated with live Eh. Degradation of cullin-1/5 was dependent on Eh-induced activation of caspase-1 via the NLRP3 inflammasome. Unlike cullin-4B, the degradation of cullin-4A was partially dependent on caspase-1 and was inhibited with a pan caspase inhibitor. Cullin-1/5 degradation was dependent on Eh cysteine proteinases EhCP-A1 and EhCP-A4, but not EhCP-A5, based on pharmacological inhibition of the cysteine proteinases and EhCP-A5 deficient parasites. siRNA silencing of cullin-1/5 decreased the phosphorylation of pIκ-Bα in response to Eh and LPS stimulation and downregulated NF-κB-dependent TNF-α mRNA expression and TNF-α and MCP-1 pro-inflammatory cytokine production. These results unravel a unique outside-in strategy employed by Eh to attenuate NF-κB-dependent pro-inflammatory responses via NLRP3 activation of caspase-1 that degraded cullin-1/5 from macrophages. The protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) is the etiologic agent for the disease amebiasis. It is a potent pathogen that deploys an arsenal of virulence factors to trigger and subvert host immune defenses. One of the hallmark features of the disease is amebic colitis and in extreme cases, it can lead to abscesses of the liver and brain. For unknown reasons, the parasite breaches colonic mucosal barriers and invade underlying tissues. The host immune system plays a decisive role in determining the outcome of the disease. At the molecular level, the interaction of Eh with macrophage is a turning point in shaping pro-inflammatory responses. Understanding host-pathogen intricacies at the molecular level is key in determining the complexity of the disease. In the context of amebiasis, the underlying molecular events that occur at the Eh-macrophage intercellular junction are partly unravelled. Here we sought to interrogate the mechanisms by which NF-κB signaling is aborted following Eh-macrophage contact and found two regulatory scaffold proteins, cullin-1 and -5 (cullin-1/5) of the multiple E3 ligase complex, are degraded leading to dampening of NF-κB signaling. During Eh-macrophage contact, cullin-1/4A/4B/5 were rapidly degraded whereas cullin-2/3 were not. The degradation of cullin-1/5 was highly dependent on Eh-induced caspase-1 activation via the NLRP3 inflammasome. In contrast, the degradation of cullin-4A but not cullin-4B, was partially dependent on caspase-1 and was inhibited with a cell-permeable pan caspase inhibitor. Intriguingly, we found that Eh virulence factor EhCP-A1 and EhCP-A4, but not EhCP-A5, played an important role in mediating the degradation of these proteins. Silencing cullin-1/5 decreased the phosphorylation of Iκ-Bα in response to Eh and LPS stimulation that markedly downregulated NF-κB-dependent TNF-α mRNA expression and TNF-α and MCP-1 pro-inflammatory cytokine production. This study unravelled a novel role for Eh-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation of caspase-1 that intersected with the NF-κB pathway leading to the degradation of the novel substrates cullin-1/5 that regulates NF-κB-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attinder Chadha
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - France Moreau
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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7
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Sellau J, Groneberg M, Hoenow S, Lotter H. The underlying cellular immune pathology of Entamoeba histolytica-induced hepatic amoebiasis. J Hepatol 2021; 75:481-482. [PMID: 34120776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sellau
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marie Groneberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Hoenow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannelore Lotter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
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8
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Gao WW, Ma YT, Ma YY, Li RL, Li J, Zheng FG, Zheng WB, Liu Q, Zhu XQ. First report of Eimeria and Entamoeba infection in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Shanxi Province, northern China. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2031-2035. [PMID: 33884491 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal protozoa Eimeria and Entamoeba can infect many animal species including alpacas. However, data on the prevalence and pathogenicity of species of the two genera Eimeria and Entamoeba in alpacas in China is scarce. The current study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of Eimeria and Entamoeba in alpacas in two cities (Taiyuan and Xinzhou) in Shanxi Province, northern China, using PCR-based approaches. Eimeria spp. were only found in Taiyuan city, and the overall prevalence was 1.64%. All samples collected from male alpacas were PCR-negative for Eimeria. Four Eimeria-positive samples were tested positive as Eimeria lamae. The molecular prevalence of Entamoeba in alpacas was 18.03% (66/366), including 16.39% (50/305) in alpacas from Taiyuan city and 26.23% (16/61) from Xinzhou city, respectively. The Entamoeba prevalence in male alpacas (25.00%) was significantly higher than that in female alpacas (15.69%). Entamoeba bovis was the predominant species, and no Entamoeba histolytica infection was detected. Nine unique SSU rRNA gene sequences of Entamoeba were obtained which formed a new cluster. The results showed that sex and location might be the risk factors associated with prevalence of Eimeria spp., and sex might be the risk factor associated with prevalence of Entamoeba spp.. This is the first report of Entamoeba in alpacas worldwide. These findings expand our understanding of the prevalence and genetic diversity of Eimeria and Entamoeba in alpacas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wei Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Ting Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Run-Li Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Guo Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650201, People's Republic of China.
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Sellau J, Puengel T, Hoenow S, Groneberg M, Tacke F, Lotter H. Monocyte dysregulation: consequences for hepatic infections. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:493-506. [PMID: 33829283 PMCID: PMC8025899 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver disorders due to infections are a substantial health concern in underdeveloped and industrialized countries. This includes not only hepatotropic viruses (e.g., hepatitis B, hepatitis C) but also bacterial and parasitic infections such as amebiasis, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, or echinococcosis. Recent studies of the immune mechanisms underlying liver disease show that monocytes play an essential role in determining patient outcomes. Monocytes are derived from the mononuclear phagocyte lineage in the bone marrow and are present in nearly all tissues of the body; these cells function as part of the early innate immune response that reacts to challenge by external pathogens. Due to their special ability to develop into tissue macrophages and dendritic cells and to change from an inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory phenotype, monocytes play a pivotal role in infectious and non-infectious liver diseases: they can maintain inflammation and support resolution of inflammation. Therefore, tight regulation of monocyte recruitment and termination of monocyte-driven immune responses in the liver is prerequisite to appropriate healing of organ damage. In this review, we discuss monocyte-dependent immune mechanisms underlying hepatic infectious disorders. Better understanding of these immune mechanisms may lead to development of new interventions to treat acute liver disease and prevent progression to organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sellau
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Puengel
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hoenow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie Groneberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannelore Lotter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
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Li J, Cui Z, Li X, Zhang L. Review of zoonotic amebiasis: Epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:174-181. [PMID: 33676155 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amebiasis is a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which mainly shows symptoms of acute diarrhea, dysentery, amebic colitis, and amebic liver abscesses. As the fourth leading parasitic cause of human mortality, E. histolytica mainly infect children in developing countries, transmitted by food and water contamination. In the majority of infected individuals, Entamoeba sp. asymptomatically colonizes the large intestine and self-limiting, while in others, the parasite breaches the mucosal epithelial barrier to cause amebic colitis and can disseminate to soft organs to cause abscesses. Metronidazole (MTZ) is the recommended and most widely used drug for treating the invasive amebiasis. No amebiasis vaccine has been approved for human clinical trials to date, but many recent vaccine development studies hold promise. For the prevention and control of amebiasis, improvement of water purification systems and hygiene practices could decrease disease incidence. In this review, we focus on the epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of the zoonotic amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhaohui Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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11
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Unveiling the role of EVs in anaerobic parasitic protozoa. Mol Immunol 2021; 133:34-43. [PMID: 33621941 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The anaerobic or microaerophilic protozoan parasites such as the enteric human pathogens Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Blastocystis hominis and urogenital tract parasites Trichomonas vaginalis are able to survival in an environment with oxygen deprivation. Despite living in hostile environments these pathogens adopted different strategies to survive within the hosts. Among them, the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has become an active endeavor in the study of pathogenesis for these parasites. EVs are heterogenous, membrane-limited structures that have played important roles in cellular communication, transferring information through cargo and modulating the immune system of the host. In this review, we described several aspects of the recently characterized EVs of the anaerobic protozoa, including their role in adhesion, modulation of the immune response and omics analysis to understand the potential of these EVs in the pathogenesis of these diseases caused by anaerobic parasites.
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12
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Weisbrod TC, Jeon AB, Childress A, Pouder DB, Castellanos-Gell J, Stacy NI, Walden HDS, Garner MM, Yanong RPE, Ossiboff RJ. Gastrointestinal entamoebiasis in captive anurans in North America. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 143:109-118. [PMID: 33570044 DOI: 10.3354/dao03560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Infections with Entamoeba spp. are recognized as a cause of clinical disease in many species including humans and reptiles; however, cases in amphibians are under-reported. Investigation of a mortality event among a captive population of Cranwell's horned frogs Ceratophrys cranwelli at a production facility in Florida, USA, revealed that deaths were due to the newly described Entamoeba species CT1. Infection caused severe necroulcerative gastroenterocolitis with a predilection for the colon. To date, this Entamoeba species has only been described in invasive cane toads Rhinella marina in Australia. Retrospective screening of archived anuran cases from a zoological pathology service identified 8 cases from captive populations that had histological evidence of gastrointestinal entamoebiasis. Molecular characterization was positive in 3 cases. Two cases, 1 in a Puerto Rican crested toad Peltophryne lemur and 1 in an Amazon milk frog Trachycephalus resinifictrix, showed 100% homology to E. ranarum and 1 case in a White's tree frog Litoria caerulea showed 100% homology to Entamoeba sp. CT1. This is the first report of novel Entamoeba sp. CT1 being associated with clinical disease in anurans within North America and also the first report of this Entamoeba species causing disease within managed collections as far back as 2003.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana C Weisbrod
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Saito-Nakano Y, Wahyuni R, Nakada-Tsukui K, Tomii K, Nozaki T. Rab7D small GTPase is involved in phago-, trogocytosis and cytoskeletal reorganization in the enteric protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. Cell Microbiol 2020; 23:e13267. [PMID: 32975360 PMCID: PMC7757265 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rab small GTPases regulate membrane traffic between distinct cellular compartments of all eukaryotes in a tempo‐spatially specific fashion. Rab small GTPases are also involved in the regulation of cytoskeleton and signalling. Membrane traffic and cytoskeletal regulation play pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica, which is a protozoan parasite responsible for human amebiasis. E. histolytica is unique in that its genome encodes over 100 Rab proteins, containing multiple isotypes of conserved members (e.g., Rab7) and Entamoeba‐specific subgroups (e.g., RabA, B, and X). Among them, E. histolytica Rab7 is the most diversified group consisting of nine isotypes. While it was previously demonstrated that EhRab7A and EhRab7B are involved in lysosome and phagosome biogenesis, the individual roles of other Rab7 members and their coordination remain elusive. In this study, we characterised the third member of Rab7, Rab7D, to better understand the significance of the multiplicity of Rab7 isotypes in E. histolytica. Overexpression of EhRab7D caused reduction in phagocytosis of erythrocytes, trogocytosis (meaning nibbling or chewing of a portion) of live mammalian cells, and phagosome acidification and maturation. Conversely, transcriptional gene silencing of EhRab7D gene caused opposite phenotypes in phago/trogocytosis and phagosome maturation. Furthermore, EhRab7D gene silencing caused reduction in the attachment to and the motility on the collagen‐coated surface. Image analysis showed that EhRab7D was occasionally associated with lysosomes and prephagosomal vacuoles, but not with mature phagosomes and trogosomes. Finally, in silico prediction of structural organisation of EhRab7 isotypes identified unique amino acid changes on the effector binding surface of EhRab7D. Taken together, our data suggest that EhRab7D plays coordinated counteracting roles: a inhibitory role in phago/trogocytosis and lyso/phago/trogosome biogenesis, and an stimulatory role in adherence and motility, presumably via interaction with unique effectors. Finally, we propose the model in which three EhRab7 isotypes are sequentially involved in phago/trogocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ratna Wahyuni
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Health, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tomii
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC) and Real World Big-Data Computation Open Innovation Laboratory (RWBC-OIL), National Institute of Advance Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Differential Pathogenic Gene Expression of E. histolytica in Patients with Different Clinical Forms of Amoebiasis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101556. [PMID: 33050280 PMCID: PMC7650713 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiological agent of human amoebiasis is the protozoan parasite E. histolytica; the disease is still an endemic infection in some countries and the outcome of infection in the host infection can range from asymptomatic intestinal infection to intestinal or liver invasive forms of the disease. The invasive character of this parasite is multifactorial and mainly due to the differential expression of multiple pathogenic genes. The aim of the present work was to measure the differential expression of some genes in different specimens of patients with amoebic liver abscess (ALA) and specimens of genital amoebiasis (AG) by RT-qPCR. Results show that the expression of genes is different in both types of samples. Almost all studied genes were over expressed in both sets of patients; however, superoxide dismutase (Ehsod), serine threonine isoleucine rich protein (Ehstirp), peroxiredoxin (Ehprd) and heat shock protein 70 and 90 (Ehhsp-70, EHhsp-90) were higher in AG biopsies tissue. Furthermore, cysteine proteinases 5 and 2 (Ehcp5, Ehcp2), lectin (Ehgal/galnaclectin) and calreticulin (Ehcrt) genes directly associate with pathogenic mechanisms of E. histolytica had similar over expression in both AG and ALA samples. In summary the results obtained show that trophozoites can regulate the expression of their genes depending on stimuli or environmental conditions, in order to regulate their pathogenicity and ensure their survival in the host.
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15
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Torres-Bañaga R, Mares-Alejandre RE, Terán-Ramírez C, Estrada-González AL, Muñoz-Muñoz PLA, Meléndez-López SG, Rivero IA, Ramos-Ibarra MA. Functional Display of an Amoebic Chitinase in Escherichia coli Expressing the Catalytic Domain of EhCHT1 on the Bacterial Cell Surface. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:1255-1269. [PMID: 32715415 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poor solubility is the main drawback of the direct industrial exploitation of chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer after cellulose. Chemical methods are conventional to solubilize chitin from natural sources. Enzymatic hydrolysis of soluble chitinous substrates is a promising approach to obtain value-added by-products, such as N-acetylglucosamine units or low molecular weight chito-oligomers. Protein display on the bacterial membrane remains attractive to produce active enzymes anchored to a biological surface. The Lpp-OmpA system, a gene fusion of the Lpp signal sequence with the OmpA transmembrane region, represents the traditional system for targeting enzymes to the E. coli surface. EhCHT1, the amoebic chitinase, exhibits an efficient endochitinolytic activity and significant biochemical features, such as stability over a wide range of pH values. Using an extended Lpp-OmpA system as a protein carrier, we engineered E. coli to express the catalytic domain of EhCHT1 on the surface and assess the endochitinase activity as a trait. Engineered bacteria showed a consistent hydrolytic rate over a typical substrate, suggesting that the displayed enzyme has operational stability. This study supports the potential of biomembrane-associated biocatalysts as a reliable technology for the hydrolysis of soluble chitinous substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Torres-Bañaga
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología y Biociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, 22390, Tijuana, BCN, Mexico
| | - Rosa E Mares-Alejandre
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología y Biociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, 22390, Tijuana, BCN, Mexico
| | - Celina Terán-Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología y Biociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, 22390, Tijuana, BCN, Mexico
| | - Ana L Estrada-González
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología y Biociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, 22390, Tijuana, BCN, Mexico
| | - Patricia L A Muñoz-Muñoz
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología y Biociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, 22390, Tijuana, BCN, Mexico
| | - Samuel G Meléndez-López
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología y Biociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, 22390, Tijuana, BCN, Mexico
| | - Ignacio A Rivero
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Boulevard Industrial S/N, 22510, Tijuana, BCN, Mexico
| | - Marco A Ramos-Ibarra
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología y Biociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, 22390, Tijuana, BCN, Mexico.
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16
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Rivory P, Brown G, Shilton C, Shine R, Šlapeta J. Apparent lack of spill-over of parasites from an invasive anuran: PCR detects Entamoeba in cane toads ( Rhinella marina) but not in sympatric Australian native frogs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 12:207-213. [PMID: 32685367 PMCID: PMC7355385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The recent detection of a novel amoebozoan parasite (Entamoeba sp. CT1) killing invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in tropical Australia raises concerns of potential spill-over into native anuran populations. Considering the vulnerability of anuran communities globally, Entamoeba sp. CT1 may pose a serious threat to anuran biodiversity. Through PCR-based detection and molecular identification, we investigated the prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in the faeces and colon tissue of cane toads (Rhinella marina) and eleven native Australian frog species from a single locality in the Northern Territory. No Entamoeba DNA was detected in samples of native frog faeces (N = 57) or colons (N = 17). Entamoeba DNA was detected in 24% of 45 cane toads (95%CI 14.08–38.82). Both E. ranarum and Entamoeba sp. CT1 were present in cane toads. The failure of faecal samples to indicate Entamoeba spp. in infected cane toads may be due to cysts in faeces being shed intermittently, degraded before analysis, or impervious to lysis prior to DNA isolation. Our results suggest that native frogs do not carry the pathogen in an area where 20–30% of cane toads are infected with Entamoeba sp. CT1. We demonstrate the importance of recognising PCR inhibition prior to molecular diagnostics, and the apparent inadequacy of faecal samples for the detection of Entamoeba spp. in anurans. Entamoeba spp. were detected in cane toads, but not in faeces or colons of native frogs. PCR inhibition of anuran faecal samples. Additional purification, the presence of inhibition was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Rivory
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Gregory Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Cathy Shilton
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory, Northern Territory Government, GPO Box 3000, Darwin, Northern Territory, 0801, Australia
| | - Richard Shine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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17
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Abstract
Calcium signaling plays a key role in many essential processes in almost all eukaryotic systems. It is believed that it may also be an important signaling system of the protist parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Motility, adhesion, cytolysis, and phagocytosis/trogocytosis are important steps in invasion and pathogenesis of E. histolytica, and Ca2+ signaling is thought to be associated with these processes leading to tissue invasion. There are a large number of Ca2+-binding proteins (CaBPs) in E. histolytica, and a number of these proteins appear to be associated with different steps in pathogenesis. The genome encodes 27 EF-hand–containing CaBPs in addition to a number of other Ca2+-binding domain/motif-containing proteins, which suggest intricate calcium signaling network in this parasite. Unlike other eukaryotes, a typical calmodulin-like protein has not been seen in E. histolytica. Though none of the CaBPs display sequence similarity with a typical calmodulin, extensive structural similarity has been seen in spite of lack of significant functional overlap with that of typical calmodulins. One of the unique features observed in E. histolytica is the identification of CaBPs (EhCaBP1, EhCaBP3) that have the ability to directly bind actin and modulate actin dynamics. Direct interaction of CaBPs with actin has not been seen in any other system. Pseudopod formation and phagocytosis are some of the processes that require actin dynamics, and some of the amoebic CaBPs (EhC2Pk, EhCaBP1, EhCaBP3, EhCaBP5) participate in this process. None of these E. histolytica CaBPs have any homolog in organisms other than different species of Entamoeba, suggesting a novel Ca2+ signaling pathway that has evolved in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrigya Babuta
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudha Bhattacharya
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Bhattacharya
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Sonepat, Haryana, India
- * E-mail:
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18
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Aguilar-Rojas A, Castellanos-Castro S, Matondo M, Gianetto QG, Varet H, Sismeiro O, Legendre R, Fernandes J, Hardy D, Coppée JY, Olivo-Marin JC, Guillen N. Insights into amebiasis using a human 3D-intestinal model. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13203. [PMID: 32175652 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis, an infectious disease targeting the intestine and the liver in humans. Two types of intestinal infection are caused by this parasite: silent infection, which occurs in the majority of cases, and invasive disease, which affects 10% of infected persons. To understand the intestinal pathogenic process, several in vitro models, such as cell cultures, human tissue explants or human intestine xenografts in mice, have been employed. Nevertheless, our knowledge on the early steps of amebic intestinal infection and the molecules involved during human-parasite interaction is scarce, in part due to limitations in the experimental settings. In the present work, we took advantage of tissue engineering approaches to build a three-dimensional (3D)-intestinal model that is able to replicate the general characteristics of the human colon. This system consists of an epithelial layer that develops tight and adherens junctions, a mucus layer and a lamina propria-like compartment made up of collagen containing macrophages and fibroblast. By means of microscopy imaging, omics assays and the evaluation of immune responses, we show a very dynamic interaction between E. histolytica and the 3D-intestinal model. Our data highlight the importance of several virulence markers occurring in patients or in experimental models, but they also demonstrate the involvement of under described molecules and regulatory factors in the amoebic invasive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Aguilar-Rojas
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, Paris, France.,Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Medicina Reproductiva, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Silvia Castellanos-Castro
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, Paris, France.,Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie (MSBio), Centrede Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France
| | - Quentin Giai Gianetto
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie (MSBio), Centrede Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Transcriptome et EpiGenome, Biomics, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Transcriptome et EpiGenome, Biomics, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Département de Biologie Computationnelle (USR3756 IP CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Odile Sismeiro
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Transcriptome et EpiGenome, Biomics, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Transcriptome et EpiGenome, Biomics, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Département de Biologie Computationnelle (USR3756 IP CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Julien Fernandes
- Institut Pasteur, UTechSPBI, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France
| | - David Hardy
- Institut Pasteur, Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Coppée
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Transcriptome et EpiGenome, Biomics, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France
| | | | - Nancy Guillen
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
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19
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Enteroparasitosis in patients attended by the health public service: epidemiology and spatial distribution. SCIENTIA MEDICA 2020. [DOI: 10.15448/1980-6108.2020.1.34764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS: This research aims to determine the epidemiology and the spatial distribution of intestinal parasitosis in the city of Teresina.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out based on the data of parasitological fecal exams performed in the Laboratory Raul Bacelar between January, 2014 and July, 2017. In addition to the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis and polyparasitism, we verified the association of these diseases with gender, zone and period of the year by means of the chi-squared test, whereas the relation with age was analyzed by the Mann-Kendall tests and multiple comparisons of age classes. The spatial distribution was performed using the QGIS georeferencing software.RESULTS: The prevalence of enteroparasitosis in Teresina is 17,8% with Ascaris lumbricoides being the most common species, due to the precarious sanitary conditions of the city. The prevalence of individuals with polyparasitism is 3,13%, in which an association between the species Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar was found. There was no relation between intestinal parasitosis with gender, but we verified that individuals in rural areas are more susceptible to these diseases. The species Ascaris lumbricoides and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar occur more frequently in the first and second semester, respectively. We observed that there is an apparent tendency to increase cases of E. histolytica/dispar and reduction of cases of Giardia sp. according to aging. Mapping intestinal parasitosis showed us that there is a prevalence between one and 20% in most of Teresina's neighborhoods, and Ascariasis embodies at least 40% of cases of enteroparasitosis in these neighborhoods.CONCLUSIONS: Investments in basic sanitation and new epidemiological investigations must be carried out to control intestinal parasitosis in Teresina, emphasizing that children and the elderly should be considered priority groups in these programs.
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20
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Sun S, Yu X, Sun F, Tang Y, Zhao J, Zeng T. Dynamically characterizing individual clinical change by the steady state of disease-associated pathway. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:697. [PMID: 31874621 PMCID: PMC6929545 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Along with the development of precision medicine, individual heterogeneity is attracting more and more attentions in clinical research and application. Although the biomolecular reaction seems to be some various when different individuals suffer a same disease (e.g. virus infection), the final pathogen outcomes of individuals always can be mainly described by two categories in clinics, i.e. symptomatic and asymptomatic. Thus, it is still a great challenge to characterize the individual specific intrinsic regulatory convergence during dynamic gene regulation and expression. Except for individual heterogeneity, the sampling time also increase the expression diversity, so that, the capture of similar steady biological state is a key to characterize individual dynamic biological processes. Results Assuming the similar biological functions (e.g. pathways) should be suitable to detect consistent functions rather than chaotic genes, we design and implement a new computational framework (ABP: Attractor analysis of Boolean network of Pathway). ABP aims to identify the dynamic phenotype associated pathways in a state-transition manner, using the network attractor to model and quantify the steady pathway states characterizing the final steady biological sate of individuals (e.g. normal or disease). By analyzing multiple temporal gene expression datasets of virus infections, ABP has shown its effectiveness on identifying key pathways associated with phenotype change; inferring the consensus functional cascade among key pathways; and grouping pathway activity states corresponding to disease states. Conclusions Collectively, ABP can detect key pathways and infer their consensus functional cascade during dynamical process (e.g. virus infection), and can also categorize individuals with disease state well, which is helpful for disease classification and prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyan Sun
- School of Mathematics and Statistics Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Xiangtian Yu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy Science, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Fengnan Sun
- Medical Laboratory, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264001, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy Science, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy Science, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy Science, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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21
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Entamoeba histolytica Interaction with Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Increases Parasite Virulence and Inflammation in Amebiasis. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00279-19. [PMID: 31527129 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00279-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest frequent association of enteropathogenic bacteria with Entamoeba histolytica during symptomatic infection. In this study, we sought to determine if the interaction with enteropathogenic (EPEC) or nonpathogenic Escherichia coli (strain DH5α) could modify the virulence of E. histolytica to cause disease in animal models of amebiasis. In vitro studies showed a 2-fold increase in CaCo2 monolayer destruction when E. histolytica interacted with EPEC but not with E. coli DH5α for 2.5 h. This was associated with increased E. histolytica proteolytic activity as revealed by zymogram analysis and degradation of the E. histolytica CP-A1/5 (EhCP-A1/5) peptide substrate Z-Arg-Arg-pNC and EhCP4 substrate Z-Val-Val-Arg-AMC. Additionally, E. histolytica-EPEC interaction increased EhCP-A1, -A2, -A4, and -A5, Hgl, Apa, and Cox-1 mRNA expression. Despite the marked upregulation of E. histolytica virulence factors, nonsignificant macroscopic differences in amebic liver abscess development were observed at early stages in hamsters inoculated with either E. histolytica-EPEC or E. histolytica-E. coli DH5α. Histopathology of livers of E. histolytica-EPEC-inoculated animals revealed foci of acute inflammation 3 h postinoculation that progressively increased, producing large inflammatory reactions, ischemia, and necrosis with high expression of il-1β, ifn-γ, and tnf-α proinflammatory cytokine genes compared with that in livers of E. histolytica-E. coli DH5α-inoculated animals. In closed colonic loops from mice, intense inflammation was observed with E. histolytica-EPEC manifested by downregulation of Math1 mRNA with a corresponding increase in the expression of Muc2 mucin and proinflammatory cytokine genes il-6, il-12, and mcp-1 These results demonstrate that E. histolytica/EPEC interaction enhanced the expression and production of key molecules associated with E. histolytica virulence, critical in pathogenesis and progression of disease.
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22
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Shilton CM, Šlapeta J, Shine R, Brown GP. Pathology Associated With an Outbreak of Entamoebiasis in Wild Cane Toads ( Rhinella marina) in Tropical Australia. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:921-931. [PMID: 31526112 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819868729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Infection due to Entamoeba spp. is known to cause serious disease in primates (Entamoeba histolytica) and snakes (Entamoeba invadens), but there are no detailed descriptions of the pathology associated with Entamoeba spp. infection in amphibians. In 2014, an outbreak of entamoebiasis associated with a novel species of Entamoeba induced clinical illness and poor body condition in free-ranging cane toads in Australia's Northern Territory. Here, we describe the gross pathology, histology, and clinical pathology linked to the outbreak. The study compared 25 toads with invasive entamoebiasis, defined as histologically visible amoebas within tissue, and 12 toads without invasive entamoebiasis. Grossly, affected toads had mild to marked congestion of colonic serosal vasculature, with variable thickening of the intestinal wall and serosanguineous to hemorrhagic colonic content. Histologically, invasive entamoebiasis manifested primarily as moderate to severe, variably hyperplastic to ulcerative colitis. The small intestine was affected in 10 of 25 toads, and 5 of 25 toads also had gastric lesions. Amoebas consistent in morphology with Entamoeba sp. were commonly intermingled with mucosal epithelium, frequently along the basement membrane, with deeper invasion into the superficial lamina propria in only 5 toads. Toads with invasive entamoebiasis had neutrophilia, monocytosis, and lymphopenia, and thus elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios, suggestive of an inflammatory and/or stress leukogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Shilton
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory, Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Resources, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Shine
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory P Brown
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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23
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Naiyer S, Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharya S. Advances in Entamoeba histolytica Biology Through Transcriptomic Analysis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1921. [PMID: 31481949 PMCID: PMC6710346 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of transcriptome-level studies in Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis, have investigated gene expression patterns to help understand the pathology and biology of the organism. They have compared virulent and avirulent strains in lab culture and after tissue invasion, cells grown under different stress conditions, response to anti-amoebic drug treatments, and gene expression changes during the process of encystation. These studies have revealed interesting molecules/pathways that will help increase our mechanistic understanding of differentially expressed genes during growth perturbations and tissue invasion. Some of the important insights obtained from transcriptome studies include the observations that regulation of carbohydrate metabolism may be an important determinant for tissue invasion, while the novel up-regulated genes during encystation include phospholipase D, and meiotic genes, suggesting the possibility of meiosis during the process. Classification of genes according to expression levels showed that amongst the highly transcribed genes in cultured E. histolytica trophozoites were some virulence factors, raising the question of the role of these factors in normal parasite growth. Promoter motifs associated with differential gene expression and regulation were identified. Some of these motifs associated with high gene expression were located downstream of start codon, and were required for efficient transcription. The listing of E. histolytica genes according to transcript expression levels will help us determine the scale of post-transcriptional regulation, and the possible roles of predicted promoter motifs. The small RNA transcriptome is a valuable resource for detailed structural and functional analysis of these molecules and their regulatory roles. These studies provide new drug targets and enhance our understanding of gene regulation in E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Naiyer
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Bhattacharya
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudha Bhattacharya
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Guillén N. The interaction betweenEntamoeba histolyticaand enterobacteria shed light on an ancient antibacterial response. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13039. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Guillén
- Institut Pasteur Paris France
- INSBCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS‐ERL9195 Paris France
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25
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Abstract
We detected a disease syndrome in free-ranging Australian cane toads involving atypical behavior and emaciation that is associated with a previously undescribed Entamoeba sp. that infiltrates the colonic lining, causing it to slough. The organism may become seasonally pathogenic when toads are under hydric and nutritional stress.
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Espinosa A, Paz-Y-Miño-C G. Discrimination Experiments in Entamoeba and Evidence from Other Protists Suggest Pathogenic Amebas Cooperate with Kin to Colonize Hosts and Deter Rivals. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 66:354-368. [PMID: 30055104 PMCID: PMC6349510 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is one of the least understood protists in terms of taxa, clone, and kin discrimination/recognition ability. However, the capacity to tell apart same or self (clone/kin) from different or nonself (nonclone/nonkin) has long been demonstrated in pathogenic eukaryotes like Trypanosoma and Plasmodium, free-living social amebas (Dictyostelium, Polysphondylium), budding yeast (Saccharomyces), and in numerous bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes). Kin discrimination/recognition is explained under inclusive fitness theory; that is, the reproductive advantage that genetically closely related organisms (kin) can gain by cooperating preferably with one another (rather than with distantly related or unrelated individuals), minimizing antagonism and competition with kin, and excluding genetic strangers (or cheaters = noncooperators that benefit from others' investments in altruistic cooperation). In this review, we rely on the outcomes of in vitro pairwise discrimination/recognition encounters between seven Entamoeba lineages to discuss the biological significance of taxa, clone, and kin discrimination/recognition in a range of generalist and specialist species (close or distantly related phylogenetically). We then focus our discussion on the importance of these laboratory observations for E. histolytica's life cycle, host infestation, and implications of these features of the amebas' natural history for human health (including mitigation of amebiasis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelina Espinosa
- Department of Biology, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island
| | - Guillermo Paz-Y-Miño-C
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island
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Shahi P, Moreau F, Chadee K. Entamoeba histolytica Cyclooxygenase-Like Protein Regulates Cysteine Protease Expression and Virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 8:447. [PMID: 30687644 PMCID: PMC6333869 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) causes amebiasis associated with severe diarrhea and/or liver abscess. Eh pathogenesis is multifactorial requiring both parasite virulent molecules and host-induced innate immune responses. Eh-induced host pro-inflammatory responses plays a critical role in disease pathogenesis by causing damage to tissues allowing parasites access to systemic sites. Eh cyclooxygenase (EhCox) derived prostaglandin E2 stimulates the chemokine IL-8 from mucosal epithelial cells that recruits neutrophils to the site of infection to exacerbate disease. At present, it is not known how EhCox is regulated or whether it affects the expression of other proteins in Eh. In this study, we found that gene silencing of EhCox (EhCoxgs) markedly increased endogenous cysteine protease (CP) protein expression and virulence without altering CP gene transcripts. Live virulent Eh pretreated with arachidonic acid substrate to enhance PGE2 production or aspirin to inhibit EhCox enzyme activity or addition of exogenous PGE2 to Eh had no effect on EhCP activity. Increased CP enzyme activity in EhCoxgs was stable and significantly enhanced erythrophagocytosis, cytopathic effects on colonic epithelial cells and elicited pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice colonic loops. Acute infection with EhCoxgs in colonic loops increased inflammation associated with high levels of myeloperoxidase activity. This study has identified EhCox protein as one of the important endogenous regulators of cysteine protease activity. Alterations of CP activity in response to Cox gene silencing may be a negative feedback mechanism in Eh to limit proteolytic activity during colonization that can inadvertently trigger inflammation in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Hernández‐Cuevas NA, Jhingan GD, Petropolis D, Vargas M, Guillen N. Acetylation is the most abundant actin modification in
Entamoeba histolytica
and modifications of actin's amino‐terminal domain change cytoskeleton activities. Cell Microbiol 2018; 21:e12983. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Debora Petropolis
- Institut Pasteur Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme Paris France
- INSERM Unit 786 Paris France
| | - Miguel Vargas
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados CINVESTAV Mexico City Mexico
| | - Nancy Guillen
- Institut Pasteur Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme Paris France
- INSERM Unit 786 Paris France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ERL9195 Paris France
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Is the genetic variability of Cathepsin B important in the pathogenesis of Blastocystis spp.? Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3935-3943. [PMID: 30298236 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The potential role of Blastocystis as a pathogen is controversial because it is found in both symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers. Since Cathepsin B has been identified as a main virulence factor that contributes to the pathogenesis of this parasite, the purpose of this study was to analyze the genetic polymorphisms of cathepsin B from Blastocystis from patients with irritable bowel syndrome and from asymptomatic carriers. DNA from fecal samples of both groups, which were previously genotyped by 18S sequencing, was used to amplify a fragment of the cathepsin B gene. Phylogenetic reconstructions were performed and some genetic population indexes were obtained. Amplicons of 27 samples (15 cases, 10 controls, and two commercial ATCC strains) were obtained and analyzed. Phylogenetic reconstructions using nucleotides or inferred amino acid sequences did not separate between cases or controls or among subtypes. Regarding the values of genetic variability, we found that the haplotype and nucleotide diversity indexes of cathepsin B from cases and controls were similar to the values of 18S from controls. By contrast, 18S from cases showed low variability, suggesting that the genetic variability of cathepsin B was not related to the symptomatology of Blastocystis carriers. However, since no polymorphisms related to cases or controls were found, it is logical to assume that the potential damage caused by Blastocystis in situ may be due to unclear mechanisms of Cathepsin B regulation and expression that should be studied in future studies.
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Gastelum-Martínez A, León-Sicairos C, Plata-Guzmán L, Soto-Castro L, León-Sicairos N, de la Garza M. Iron-modulated virulence factors of Entamoeba histolytica. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1329-1341. [PMID: 30238768 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a human parasite that causes amoebiasis, a disease that affects the colon and liver and is prevalent worldwide. This protozoan requires a high concentration of iron to survive and reproduce. Iron modulates the expression of parasite virulence factors, including hemoglobinases, hemoglobin-binding proteins and cysteine proteases, as well as proteins related to the amoebic cytoskeleton. This review summarizes the virulence factors that are affected by iron, resulting in upregulation or downregulation of E. histolytica genes. This review also discusses the functionality of iron in the mechanisms of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Gastelum-Martínez
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortiz (Cd. Universitaria) Culiacán 80030, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Claudia León-Sicairos
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortiz (Cd. Universitaria) Culiacán 80030, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Laura Plata-Guzmán
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortiz (Cd. Universitaria) Culiacán 80030, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Liliana Soto-Castro
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortiz (Cd. Universitaria) Culiacán 80030, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Nidia León-Sicairos
- CIASaP Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Cedros y Sauces Frac. Fresnos. Culiacán 80246, Sinaloa, México; Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa. Boulevard Constitución S/N, Col. Jorge Almada, Culiacán 80200, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco 07360, CdMx, Mexico
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Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the protozoan parasite that causes human amoebiasis. It is one of the leading parasitic disease burdens in tropical regions and developing countries, with spread to developed countries through migrants from and travellers to endemic regions.Understanding E. histolytica's invasion mechanisms requires an understanding of how it interacts with external cell components and how it engulfs and kills cells (phagocytosis). Recent research suggests that optimal phagocytosis requires signalling events from the cell surface to the nucleus via the cytoplasm, and the induction of several factors that are transported to the plasma membrane. Current research in other protozoans suggests the presence of proteins with nuclear localization signals, nuclear export signals and Ran proteins; however, there is limited literature on their functionality and their functional similarity to higher eukaryotes.Based on learnings from the development of antivirals, nuclear transport elements in E. histolytica may present viable, specific, therapeutic targets.In this review, we aim to summarize our limited knowledge of the eukaryotic nuclear transport mechanisms that are conserved and may function in E. histolytica.
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Nakada-Tsukui K, Sekizuka T, Sato-Ebine E, Escueta-de Cadiz A, Ji DD, Tomii K, Kuroda M, Nozaki T. AIG1 affects in vitro and in vivo virulence in clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006882. [PMID: 29554130 PMCID: PMC5884625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The disease state of amebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica, varies from asymptomatic to severe manifestations that include dysentery and extraintestinal abscesses. The virulence factors of the pathogen, and host defense mechanisms, contribute to the outcomes of infection; however, the underlying genetic factors, which affect clinical outcomes, remain to be fully elucidated. To identify these genetic factors in E. histolytica, we used Illumina next-generation sequencing to conduct a comparative genomic analysis of two clinical isolates obtained from diarrheal and asymptomatic patients (strains KU50 and KU27, respectively). By mapping KU50 and KU27 reads to the genome of a reference HM-1:IMSS strain, we identified two genes (EHI_089440 and EHI_176590) that were absent in strain KU27. In KU27, a single AIG1 (avrRpt2-induced gene 1) family gene (EHI_176590) was found to be deleted, from a tandem array of three AIG1 genes, by homologous recombination between the two flanking genes. Overexpression of the EHI_176590 gene, in strain HM-1:IMSS cl6, resulted in increased formation of cell-surface protrusions and enhanced adhesion to human erythrocytes. The EHI_176590 gene was detected by PCR in 56% of stool samples from symptomatic patients infected with E. histolytica, but only in 15% of stool samples from asymptomatic individuals. This suggests that the presence of the EHI_176590 gene is correlated with the outcomes of infection. Taken together, these data strongly indicate that the AIG1 family protein plays a pivotal role in E. histolytica virulence via regulation of host cell adhesion. Our in-vivo experiments, using a hamster liver abscess model, showed that overexpression or gene silencing of EHI_176590 reduced and increased liver abscess formation, respectively. This suggests that the AIG1 genes may have contrasting roles in virulence depending on the genetic background of the parasite and host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Sato-Ebine
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Dar-der Ji
- Center for Research and Diagnostics, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kentaro Tomii
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC) and Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
The protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the microbial agent of amoebiasis - an infection that is endemic worldwide and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. As the disease develops, virulent E. histolytica deplete the mucus layer, interact with the intestinal epithelium, and then degrade the colonic mucosa and disrupt the extracellular matrix (ECM). Our research demonstrated that virulent parasites with an invasive phenotype display rapid, highly specific changes in their transcriptome (notably for essential factors involved in carbohydrate metabolism and the processing of glycosylated residues). Moreover, combined activation of parasite and host lytic enzymes leads to the destruction of the intestinal parenchyma. Together, these enzymes degrade the mucus layer and the ECM, and trigger the inflammatory response essential to the development of amoebiasis.
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34
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St-Pierre J, Moreau F, Cornick S, Quach J, Begum S, Aracely Fernandez L, Gorman H, Chadee K. The macrophage cytoskeleton acts as a contact sensor upon interaction with Entamoeba histolytica to trigger IL-1β secretion. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006592. [PMID: 28837696 PMCID: PMC5587335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) is the causative agent of amebiasis, one of the major causes of dysentery-related morbidity worldwide. Recent studies have underlined the importance of the intercellular junction between Eh and host cells as a determinant in the pathogenesis of amebiasis. Despite the fact that direct contact and ligation between Eh surface Gal-lectin and EhCP-A5 with macrophage α5β1 integrin are absolute requirements for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β release, many other undefined molecular events and downstream signaling occur at the interface of Eh and macrophage. In this study, we investigated the molecular events at the intercellular junction that lead to recognition of Eh through modulation of the macrophage cytoskeleton. Upon Eh contact with macrophages key cytoskeletal-associated proteins were rapidly post-translationally modified only with live Eh but not with soluble Eh proteins or fragments. Eh ligation with macrophages rapidly activated caspase-6 dependent cleavage of the cytoskeletal proteins talin, Pyk2 and paxillin and caused robust release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β. Macrophage cytoskeletal cleavages were dependent on Eh cysteine proteinases EhCP-A1 and EhCP-A4 but not EhCP-A5 based on pharmacological blockade of Eh enzyme inhibitors and EhCP-A5 deficient parasites. These results unravel a model where the intercellular junction between macrophages and Eh form an area of highly interacting proteins that implicate the macrophage cytoskeleton as a sensor for Eh contact that leads downstream to subsequent inflammatory immune responses. The protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica can establish an enteric infection in human hosts that leads to symptoms ranging from diarrhea to abscesses in the liver and the brain. Host susceptibility to amebic infection is in part determined by the quality and potency of the host immune response that occurs once the parasite overcomes the mucus bilayers and colonic epithelial barriers, and invades underlying tissues. At the cellular level, one of the key events that shape the inflammatory response occurs during direct parasite interaction with host macrophages via surface proteins. The ensuing cascades of intracellular signaling events have only partly been uncovered. Interestingly, only direct interaction between live parasites and macrophages, as opposed to soluble factors or dead parasites, is a prerequisite to the generation of a prompt raging pro-inflammatory response. We have sought to further elucidate the mechanisms by which macrophages distinguish live parasites and found that the macrophage cell skeleton undergoes rapid significant alteration upon Eh contact. Furthermore, we uncovered a previously unknown role for two Eh enzymes in triggering macrophage pro-inflammatory responses. Through this work, we gain a better understanding of the molecular interactions that occur at the macrophage-ameba interface that regulate host inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle St-Pierre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - France Moreau
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Steve Cornick
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeanie Quach
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sharmin Begum
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luz Aracely Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hayley Gorman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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35
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Weber C, Koutero M, Dillies MA, Varet H, Lopez-Camarillo C, Coppée JY, Hon CC, Guillén N. Extensive transcriptome analysis correlates the plasticity of Entamoeba histolytica pathogenesis to rapid phenotype changes depending on the environment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35852. [PMID: 27767091 PMCID: PMC5073345 DOI: 10.1038/srep35852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amoebiasis is a human infectious disease due to the amoeba parasite Entamoeba histolytica. The disease appears in only 20% of the infections. Diversity in phenotypes may occur within the same infectious strain in the gut; for instance, parasites can be commensal (in the intestinal lumen) or pathogenic (inside the tissue). The degree of pathogenesis of clinical isolates varies greatly. These findings raise the hypothesis that genetic derivation may account for amoebic diverse phenotypes. The main goal of this study was to analyse gene expression changes of a single virulent amoebic strain in different environmental contexts where it exhibit different degrees of virulence, namely isolated from humans and maintained through animal liver passages, in contact with the human colon and short or prolonged in vitro culture. The study reveals major transcriptome changes in virulent parasites upon contact with human colon explants, including genes related to sugar metabolism, cytoskeleton rearrangement, stress responses and DNA repair. Furthermore, in long-term cultured parasites, drastic changes in gene expression for proteins with functions for proteasome and tRNA activities were found. Globally we conclude that rapid changes in gene expression rather than genetic derivation can sustain the invasive phenotype of a single virulent isolate of E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Weber
- Institut Pasteur, Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, F-75015 Paris, France.,Inserm, U786, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Mikael Koutero
- Institut Pasteur, Transcriptome and EpiGenome, BioMics, Center for Innovation and Technological Research, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Agnes Dillies
- Institut Pasteur, Transcriptome and EpiGenome, BioMics, Center for Innovation and Technological Research, F-75015, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - Centre de Bioinformatique, Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative (C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS) - F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- Institut Pasteur, Transcriptome and EpiGenome, BioMics, Center for Innovation and Technological Research, F-75015, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - Centre de Bioinformatique, Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative (C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS) - F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Cesar Lopez-Camarillo
- Universidad Autonoma de la Ciudad de Mexico, Genomics Sciences Program, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jean Yves Coppée
- Institut Pasteur, Transcriptome and EpiGenome, BioMics, Center for Innovation and Technological Research, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Chung-Chau Hon
- Institut Pasteur, Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, F-75015 Paris, France.,Inserm, U786, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Nancy Guillén
- Institut Pasteur, Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, F-75015 Paris, France.,Inserm, U786, F-75015 Paris, France
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Ghenghesh KS, Ghanghish K, BenDarif ET, Shembesh K, Franka E. Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium spp. in Libya: 2000-2015. Libyan J Med 2016; 11:32088. [PMID: 27363524 PMCID: PMC4929352 DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v11.32088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The intestinal protozoa Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium spp. are the causative agents of giardiasis, amebiasis, and cryptosporidiosis, respectively. Adequate knowledge of the geographical distribution of parasites and the demographic variables that influence their prevalence is important for effective control of infection in at-risk populations. Methods The data were obtained by an English language literature search of Medline and PubMed for papers using the search terms ‘intestinal parasites and Libya, G. lamblia and Libya, E. histolytica and Libya and Cryptosporidium and Libya’ for the period 2000–2015. Results The data obtained for the period 2000–2015 showed prevalence rates of 0.8–36.6% (mean 19.9%) for E. histolytica/dispar, 1.2–18.2% (mean 4.6%) for G. lamblia and 0.9–13% (mean 3.4%) for Cryptosporidium spp. among individuals in Libya with gastroenteritis (GE). On the other hand, prevalence rates of 0.8–16.3% (mean 8.3%), 1.8–28.8% (mean 4.8%), and 1.0–2.5% (mean=2.4), respectively, were observed for individuals without GE. The mean prevalence rate of E. histolytica/dispar was significantly higher among individuals with GE compared with those without GE (p<0.0000001, OR=2.74). No significant difference in prevalence rate of the three organisms was found according to gender, but most of infections were observed in children aged 10 years or younger. Conclusion The reviewed data suggest that E. histolytica, G. lamblia, and Cryptosporidium spp. may play a minor role in GE in Libya. The observed high prevalence rates of E. histolytica/dispar reported from Libya could be due mainly to the non-pathogenic E. dispar and E. moshkovskii. However, more studies are needed in the future using E. histolytica-specific enzyme immunoassays and/or molecular methods to confirm this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khaled Ghanghish
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | | | | | - Ezzadin Franka
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
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Magnetic resonance imaging of pathogenic protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Invest Radiol 2016; 50:709-18. [PMID: 26135016 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to establish a noninvasive tracking of the pathogenic parasite Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) after superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) labeling by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on a single-cell level in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model for amebic liver abscess (ALA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Local institutional review committee on animal care approved all animal experiments. Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites were labeled with SPIO nanoparticles (SPIO-Eh). The uptake of SPIO by Eh was optimized using flow cytometry and visualized by bright field, fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. The viability of SPIO-Eh was assessed in vitro by determination of growth and ingestion rate of red blood cells. Migration of SPIO-Eh was proven by in vitro MRI in a preclinical 7 T MRI system using continually repeated MRI scans. In vivo distribution of SPIO-Eh within the mouse liver was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively by serial respiration-triggered T2*-weighted MRI, T2-weighted MRI, and R2* MR relaxometry up to 5 days after injection and correlated with immunohistology of the liver sections after removal. RESULTS Entamoeba histolytica can be efficiently labeled with SPIO without influence on parasite growth rate or phagocytic capacity. In vitro dynamic MRI allowed real-time migration monitoring and determination of velocity of single SPIO-Eh. In vivo SPIO-Eh showed signal decrease in T2*-weighted and increase of R2* in ALA formations. Motility of SPIO-Eh was necessary to induce ALA formations. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates the feasibility of an efficient magnetic labeling and a noninvasive in vitro and in vivo MR tracking of the pathogenic protozoan Eh in a mouse model for ALA, thus representing in future a noninvasive imaging tool to study parasite, as well as on host-specific pathomechanisms.
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Hernandez-Flores A, Almaraz-Barrera MDJ, Lozano-Amado D, Correa-Basurto J, Rojo-Dominguez A, Luna-Rivera E, Schnoor M, Guillen N, Hernandez-Rivas R, Vargas M. A new nucleocytoplasmic RhoGAP protein contributes to control the pathogenicity ofEntamoeba histolyticaby regulating EhRacC and EhRacD activity. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1653-1672. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Hernandez-Flores
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine; Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the I.P.N; Mexico City, D.F. Mexico
| | - Ma de Jesus Almaraz-Barrera
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine; Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the I.P.N; Mexico City, D.F. Mexico
| | - Daniela Lozano-Amado
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine; Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the I.P.N; Mexico City, D.F. Mexico
| | - Jose Correa-Basurto
- High School of Medicine of the I.P.N; Molecular Modeling Laboratory and Drug Design; Mexico City, D.F. Mexico
| | - Arturo Rojo-Dominguez
- Cuajimalpa Unit., Department of Natural Sciences; Metropolitan Autonomous University; Mexico City, D.F. Mexico
| | - Eva Luna-Rivera
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine; Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the I.P.N; Mexico City, D.F. Mexico
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine; Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the I.P.N; Mexico City, D.F. Mexico
| | - Nancy Guillen
- Institut Pasteur; Department of Cell Biology and Infection; Paris France
| | - Rosaura Hernandez-Rivas
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine; Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the I.P.N; Mexico City, D.F. Mexico
| | - Miguel Vargas
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine; Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the I.P.N; Mexico City, D.F. Mexico
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Zhou CX, Elsheikha HM, Zhou DH, Liu Q, Zhu XQ, Suo X. Dual Identification and Analysis of Differentially Expressed Transcripts of Porcine PK-15 Cells and Toxoplasma gondii during in vitro Infection. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:721. [PMID: 27242740 PMCID: PMC4865485 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is responsible for causing toxoplasmosis, one of the most prevalent zoonotic parasitoses worldwide. The mechanisms that mediate T. gondii infection of pigs (the most common source of human infection) and renal tissues are still unknown. To identify the critical alterations that take place in the transcriptome of both porcine kidney (PK-15) cells and T. gondii following infection, infected cell samples were collected at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 h post infection and RNA-Seq data were acquired using Illumina Deep Sequencing. Differential Expression of Genes (DEGs) analysis was performed to study the concomitant gene-specific temporal patterns of induction of mRNA expression of PK-15 cells and T. gondii. High sequence coverage enabled us to thoroughly characterize T. gondii transcriptome and identify the activated molecular pathways in host cells. More than 6G clean bases/sample, including >40 million clean reads were obtained. These were aligned to the reference genome of T. gondii and wild boar (Sus scrofa). DEGs involved in metabolic activities of T. gondii showed time-dependent down-regulation. However, DEGs involved in immune or disease related pathways of PK-15 cells peaked at 6 h PI, and were highly enriched as evidenced by KEGG analysis. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed that TGME49_120110 (PCNA), TGME49_049180 (DHFR-TS), TGME49_055320, and TGME49_002300 (ITPase) are the four hub genes with most interactions with T. gondii at the onset of infection. These results reveal altered profiles of gene expressed by PK-15 cells and T. gondii during infection and provide the groundwork for future virulence studies to uncover the mechanisms of T. gondii interaction with porcine renal tissue by functional analysis of these DEGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xue Zhou
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham Loughborough, UK
| | - Dong-Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Lanzhou, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Lanzhou, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou, China
| | - Xun Suo
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
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Espinosa A, Paz-Y-Miño-C G, Hackey M, Rutherford S. Entamoeba Clone-Recognition Experiments: Morphometrics, Aggregative Behavior, and Cell-Signaling Characterization. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 63:384-93. [PMID: 26990199 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies on clone- and kin-discrimination in protists have proliferated during the past decade. We report clone-recognition experiments in seven Entamoeba lineages (E. invadens IP-1, E. invadens VK-1:NS, E. terrapinae, E. moshkovskii Laredo, E. moshkovskii Snake, E. histolytica HM-1:IMSS and E. dispar). First, we characterized morphometrically each clone (length, width, and cell-surface area) and documented how they differed statistically from one another (as per single-variable or canonical-discriminant analyses). Second, we demonstrated that amebas themselves could discriminate self (clone) from different (themselves vs. other clones). In mix-cell-line cultures between closely-related (E. invadens IP-1 vs. E. invadens VK-1:NS) or distant-phylogenetic clones (E. terrapinae vs. E. moshkovskii Laredo), amebas consistently aggregated with same-clone members. Third, we identified six putative cell-signals secreted by the amebas (RasGap/Ankyrin, coronin-WD40, actin, protein kinases, heat shock 70, and ubiquitin) and which known functions in Entamoeba spp. included: cell proliferation, cell adhesion, cell movement, and stress-induced encystation. To our knowledge, this is the first multi-clone characterization of Entamoeba spp. morphometrics, aggregative behavior, and cell-signaling secretion in the context of clone-recognition. Protists allow us to study cell-cell recognition from ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Modern protistan lineages can be central to studies about the origins and evolution of multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelina Espinosa
- Department of Biology, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island, USA.,New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Guillermo Paz-Y-Miño-C
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Meagan Hackey
- Department of Biology, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Scott Rutherford
- Department of Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island, USA
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Hanadate Y, Saito-Nakano Y, Nakada-Tsukui K, Nozaki T. Endoplasmic reticulum-resident Rab8A GTPase is involved in phagocytosis in the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1358-73. [PMID: 26807810 PMCID: PMC5071775 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is indispensable for the pathogenesis of the intestinal protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Here, we showed that in E. histolytica Rab8A, which is generally involved in trafficking from the trans‐Golgi network to the plasma membrane in other organisms but was previously identified in phagosomes of the amoeba in the proteomic analysis, primarily resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and participates in phagocytosis. We demonstrated that down‐regulation of EhRab8A by small antisense RNA‐mediated transcriptional gene silencing remarkably reduced adherence and phagocytosis of erythrocytes, bacteria and carboxylated latex beads. Surface biotinylation followed by SDS‐PAGE analysis revealed that the surface expression of several proteins presumably involved in target recognition was reduced in the EhRab8A gene‐silenced strain. Further, overexpression of wild‐type EhRab8A augmented phagocytosis, whereas expression of the dominant‐negative form of EhRab8A resulted in reduced phagocytosis. These results indicated that EhRab8A regulates transport of surface receptor(s) for the prey from the ER to the plasma membrane. To our knowledge, this is the first report that the ER‐resident Rab GTPase is involved in phagocytosis through the regulation of trafficking of a surface receptor, supporting a premise of direct involvement of the ER in phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hanadate
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan. .,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
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Campos-Rodríguez R, Gutiérrez-Meza M, Jarillo-Luna RA, Drago-Serrano ME, Abarca-Rojano E, Ventura-Juárez J, Cárdenas-Jaramillo LM, Pacheco-Yepez J. A review of the proposed role of neutrophils in rodent amebic liver abscess models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:6. [PMID: 26880421 PMCID: PMC4754534 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2016006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Host invasion by Entamoeba histolytica, the pathogenic agent of amebiasis, can lead to the development of amebic liver abscess (ALA). Due to the difficulty of exploring host and amebic factors involved in the pathogenesis of ALA in humans, most studies have been conducted with animal models (e.g., mice, gerbils, and hamsters). Histopathological findings reveal that the chronic phase of ALA in humans corresponds to lytic or liquefactive necrosis, whereas in rodent models there is granulomatous inflammation. However, the use of animal models has provided important information on molecules and mechanisms of the host/parasite interaction. Hence, the present review discusses the possible role of neutrophils in the effector immune response in ALA in rodents. Properly activated neutrophils are probably successful in eliminating amebas through oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms, including neutrophil degranulation, the generation of free radicals (O2−, H2O2, HOCl) and peroxynitrite, the activation of NADPH-oxidase and myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzymes, and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). On the other hand, if amebas are not eliminated in the early stages of infection, they trigger a prolonged and exaggerated inflammatory response that apparently causes ALAs. Genetic differences in animals and humans are likely to be key to a successful host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Campos-Rodríguez
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Manuel Gutiérrez-Meza
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito Federal, México - Coordinación de Ciencias Morfológicas, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Rosa Adriana Jarillo-Luna
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito Federal, México - Coordinación de Ciencias Morfológicas, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito Federal, México
| | - María Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Unidad Xochimilco, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Edgar Abarca-Rojano
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Javier Ventura-Juárez
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Luz María Cárdenas-Jaramillo
- Coordinación de Ciencias Morfológicas, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Judith Pacheco-Yepez
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito Federal, México
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Petropolis DB, Faust DM, Tolle M, Rivière L, Valentin T, Neuveut C, Hernandez-Cuevas N, Dufour A, Olivo-Marin JC, Guillen N. Human Liver Infection in a Dish: Easy-To-Build 3D Liver Models for Studying Microbial Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148667. [PMID: 26863526 PMCID: PMC4749187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human liver infection is a major cause of death worldwide, but fundamental studies on infectious diseases affecting humans have been hampered by the lack of robust experimental models that accurately reproduce pathogen-host interactions in an environment relevant for the human disease. In the case of liver infection, one consequence of this absence of relevant models is a lack of understanding of how pathogens cross the sinusoidal endothelial barrier and parenchyma. To fill that gap we elaborated human 3D liver in vitro models, composed of human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) and Huh-7 hepatoma cells as hepatocyte model, layered in a structure mimicking the hepatic sinusoid, which enable studies of key features of early steps of hepatic infection. Built with established cell lines and scaffold, these models provide a reproducible and easy-to-build cell culture approach of reduced complexity compared to animal models, while preserving higher physiological relevance compared to standard 2D systems. For proof-of-principle we challenged the models with two hepatotropic pathogens: the parasitic amoeba Entamoeba histolytica and hepatitis B virus (HBV). We constructed four distinct setups dedicated to investigating specific aspects of hepatic invasion: 1) pathogen 3D migration towards hepatocytes, 2) hepatocyte barrier crossing, 3) LSEC and subsequent hepatocyte crossing, and 4) quantification of human hepatic virus replication (HBV). Our methods comprise automated quantification of E. histolytica migration and hepatic cells layer crossing in the 3D liver models. Moreover, replication of HBV virus occurs in our virus infection 3D liver model, indicating that routine in vitro assays using HBV or others viruses can be performed in this easy-to-build but more physiological hepatic environment. These results illustrate that our new 3D liver infection models are simple but effective, enabling new investigations on infectious disease mechanisms. The better understanding of these mechanisms in a human-relevant environment could aid the discovery of drugs against pathogenic liver infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora B. Petropolis
- Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, Inserm U786, BCI, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Quantitative Image Analysis, BCI, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniela M. Faust
- Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, Inserm U786, BCI, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Tolle
- Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, Inserm U786, BCI, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Lise Rivière
- Hepaciviruses and Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Tanguy Valentin
- Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, Inserm U786, BCI, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Christine Neuveut
- Hepaciviruses and Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Alexandre Dufour
- Quantitative Image Analysis, BCI, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Nancy Guillen
- Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, Inserm U786, BCI, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Quantitative Image Analysis, BCI, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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The knockdown of each component of the cysteine proteinase-adhesin complex of Entamoeba histolytica (EhCPADH) affects the expression of the other complex element as well as the in vitro and in vivo virulence. Parasitology 2015; 143:50-9. [PMID: 26521708 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201500147x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the protozoan parasite causative of human amoebiasis, disease responsible for 40 000-100 000 deaths annually. The cysteine proteinase-adhesin complex of this parasite (EhCPADH) is a heterodimeric protein formed by a cysteine protease (EhCP112) and an adhesin (EhADH) that plays an important role in the cytopathic mechanism of this parasite. The coding genes for EhCP112 and EhADH are adjacent in the E. histolytica genome, suggesting that their expression may be co-regulated, but this hypothesis has not yet been confirmed. Here, we performed the knockdown of EhCP112 and EhADH using gene-specific short-hairpin RNAs (shRNA), and the effect of these knockdowns on the expression of both complex components as well as on the in vitro and in vivo virulence was analysed. Results showed that the knockdown of one of the EhCPADH components produced a simultaneous downregulation of the other protein. Accordingly, a concomitant reduction in the overall expression of the complex was observed. The downregulation of each component also produced a significant decrease in the in vitro and in vivo virulence of trophozoites. These results demonstrated that the expression of EhCP112 and EhADH is co-regulated and confirmed that the EhCPADH complex plays an important role in E. histolytica virulence.
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Ethanol and isopropanol in concentrations present in hand sanitizers sharply reduce excystation of Giardia and Entamoeba and eliminate oral infectivity of Giardia cysts in gerbils. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:6749-54. [PMID: 26282413 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01290-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric protozoan parasites, which are spread by the fecal-oral route, are important causes of diarrhea (Giardia duodenalis) and amebic dysentery (Entamoeba histolytica). Cyst walls of Giardia and Entamoeba have a single layer composed of fibrils of β-1,3-linked GalNAc and β-1,4-linked GlcNAc (chitin), respectively. The goal here was to determine whether hand sanitizers that contain ethanol or isopropanol as the active microbicide might reduce transmission of these parasites. We found that treatment with these alcohols with or without drying in a rotary evaporator (to model rapid evaporation of sanitizers on hands) kills 85 to 100% of cysts of G. duodenalis and 90 to 100% of cysts of Entamoeba invadens (a nonpathogenic model for E. histolytica), as shown by nuclear labeling with propidium iodide and failure to excyst in vitro. Alcohols with or without drying collapsed the cyst walls of Giardia but did not collapse the cyst walls of Entamoeba. To validate the in vitro results, we showed that treatment with alcohols eliminated oral infection of gerbils by 1,000 G. duodenalis cysts, while a commercial hand sanitizer (Purell) killed E. invadens cysts that were directly applied to the hands. These results suggest that expanded use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers might reduce the transmission of Giardia and Entamoeba.
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Silvestre A, Plaze A, Berthon P, Thibeaux R, Guillen N, Labruyère E. In Entamoeba histolytica, a BspA family protein is required for chemotaxis toward tumour necrosis factor. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2015; 2:235-246. [PMID: 28357299 PMCID: PMC5349171 DOI: 10.15698/mic2015.07.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entamoeba histolytica cell migration is essential for the development of human amoebiasis (an infectious disease characterized by tissue invasion and destruction). The tissue inflammation associated with tumour necrosis factor (TNF) secretion by host cells is a well-documented feature of amoebiasis. Tumour necrosis factor is a chemoattractant for E. histolytica, and the parasite may have a TNF receptor at its cell surface. METHODS confocal microscopy, RNA Sequencing, bioinformatics, RNA antisense techniques and histological analysis of human colon explants were used to characterize the interplay between TNF and E. histolytica. RESULTS an antibody against human TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) stained the E. histolytica trophozoite surface and (on immunoblots) binds to a 150-kDa protein. Proteome screening with the TNFR1 sequence revealed a BspA family protein in E. histolytica that carries a TNFR signature domain and six leucine-rich repeats (named here as "cell surface protein", CSP, in view of its cellular location). Cell surface protein shares structural homologies with Toll-Like receptors, colocalizes with TNF and is internalized in TNF-containing vesicles. Reduction of cellular CSP levels abolished chemotaxis toward TNF and blocked parasite invasion of human colon. CONCLUSIONS there is a clear link between TNF chemotaxis, CSP and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Silvestre
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, F-75015 Paris, France
- INSERM U786, F-75015 Paris, France
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 Tours, France
| | - Aurélie Plaze
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, F-75015 Paris, France
- INSERM U786, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Patricia Berthon
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 Tours, France
| | - Roman Thibeaux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, F-75015 Paris, France
- INSERM U786, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Nancy Guillen
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, F-75015 Paris, France
- INSERM U786, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Labruyère
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, F-75015 Paris, France
- INSERM U786, F-75015 Paris, France
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Barratt JLN, Cao M, Stark DJ, Ellis JT. The Transcriptome Sequence of Dientamoeba fragilis Offers New Biological Insights on its Metabolism, Kinome, Degradome and Potential Mechanisms of Pathogenicity. Protist 2015; 166:389-408. [PMID: 26188431 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dientamoeba fragilis is a human bowel parasite with a worldwide distribution. Dientamoeba was once described as a rare and harmless commensal though recent reports suggest it is common and potentially pathogenic. Molecular data on Dientamoeba is scarce which limits our understanding of this parasite. To address this, sequencing of the Dientamoeba transcriptome was performed. Messenger RNA was extracted from cultured Dientamoeba trophozoites originating from clinical stool specimens, and sequenced using Roche GS FLX and Illumina HiSeq technologies. In total 6,595 Dientamoeba transcripts were identified. These sequences were analysed using the BLAST2GO software suite and via BLAST comparisons to sequences available from TrichDB, GenBank, MEROPS and kinase.com. Several novel KEGG pathway maps were generated and gene ontology analysis was also performed. These results are thoroughly discussed guided by knowledge available for other related protozoa. Attention is paid to the novel biological insights afforded by this data including peptidases and kinases of Dientamoeba, as well as its metabolism, novel chemotherapeutics and possible mechanisms of pathogenicity. Currently, this work represents the largest contribution to our understanding of Dientamoeba molecular biology and also represents a major contribution to our understanding of the trichomonads generally, many of which are important pathogens of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L N Barratt
- University of Technology Sydney, iThree Institute, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia; University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Maisie Cao
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Damien J Stark
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia; Division of Microbiology, Sydpath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - John T Ellis
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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Nash AA, Dalziel RG, Fitzgerald JR. Mechanisms of Cell and Tissue Damage. MIMS' PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7158287 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397188-3.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many infections are associated with damage inflicted either directly or indirectly by invading pathogens. Although some infections do not result in host damage, it is often a natural consequence of the activities of virulence factors produced by the pathogens in order to facilitate survival, and proliferation in the host or onward transmission to another host. The damage often manifests itself as the symptoms of disease which can be useful for diagnosis and for informing appropriate treatments. A wide array of different types of toxins which cause damage to the host are produced by different bacterial pathogens. Here we provide examples of well-characterised toxins and describe their mechanisms of action, and potential function with regard to pathogenesis. In addition we describe indirect damage to the host in the form of inflammation or immunopathology, typically the result of the host's own immune response. Finally, we discuss diarrhoea as a special case and list some of the major pathogens and the toxins associated with this devastating disease.
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Yang Y, Xiong J, Zhou Z, Huo F, Miao W, Ran C, Liu Y, Zhang J, Feng J, Wang M, Wang M, Wang L, Yao B. The genome of the myxosporean Thelohanellus kitauei shows adaptations to nutrient acquisition within its fish host. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:3182-98. [PMID: 25381665 PMCID: PMC4986447 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of Myxozoa, a parasitic metazoan taxon, have considerable detrimental effects on fish hosts and also have been associated with human food-borne illness. Little is known about their biology and metabolism. Analysis of the genome of Thelohanellus kitauei and comparative analysis with genomes of its two free-living cnidarian relatives revealed that T. kitauei has adapted to parasitism, as indicated by the streamlined metabolic repertoire and the tendency toward anabolism rather than catabolism. Thelohanellus kitauei mainly secretes proteases and protease inhibitors for nutrient digestion (parasite invasion), and depends on endocytosis (mainly low-density lipoprotein receptors-mediated type) and secondary carriers for nutrient absorption. Absence of both classic and complementary anaerobic pathways and gluconeogenesis, the lack of de novo synthesis and reduced activity in hydrolysis of fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides indicated that T. kitauei in this vertebrate host-parasite system has adapted to inhabit a physiological environment extremely rich in both oxygen and nutrients (especially glucose), which is consistent with its preferred parasitic site, that is, the host gut submucosa. Taking advantage of the genomic and transcriptomic information, 23 potential nutrition-related T. kitauei-specific chemotherapeutic targets were identified. This first genome sequence of a myxozoan will facilitate development of potential therapeutics for efficient control of myxozoan parasites and ultimately prevent myxozoan-induced fish-borne illnesses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengmin Huo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Miao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ran
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinmei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wang
- Tianjin Biochip Corporation, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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