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Gao C, Bezemer TM, de Vries FT, van Bodegom PM. Trade-offs in soil microbial functions and soil health in agroecosystems. Trends Ecol Evol 2024:S0169-5347(24)00138-1. [PMID: 38910081 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2024.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Soil microbial communities play pivotal roles in maintaining soil health in agroecosystems. However, how the delivery of multiple microbial functions in agroecosystems is maintained remains poorly understood. This may put us at risk of incurring unexpected trade-offs between soil functions. We elucidate how interactions between soil microbes can lead to trade-offs in the functioning of agricultural soils. Interactions within soil microbial communities can result in not only positive but also neutral and negative relationships among soil functions. Altering soil conditions through soil health-improving agricultural management can alleviate these functional trade-offs by promoting the diversity and interrelationships of soil microbes, which can help to achieve more productive and sustainable agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Gao
- Environmental Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Thiemo Martijn Bezemer
- Institute of Biology, Above-Belowground Interactions Group, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Franciska T de Vries
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Bodegom
- Environmental Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Nazareth TDM, Soriano Pérez E, Luz C, Meca G, Quiles JM. Comprehensive Review of Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin A Dynamics: Emergence, Toxicological Impact, and Advanced Control Strategies. Foods 2024; 13:1920. [PMID: 38928866 PMCID: PMC11203094 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi exhibit remarkable adaptability to diverse substrates and can synthesize a plethora of secondary metabolites. These metabolites, produced in response to environmental stimuli, not only confer selective advantages but also encompass potentially deleterious mycotoxins. Mycotoxins, exemplified by those originating from Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species, represent challenging hazards to both human and animal health, thus warranting stringent regulatory control. Despite regulatory frameworks, mycotoxin contamination remains a pressing global challenge, particularly within cereal-based matrices and their derived by-products, integral components of animal diets. Strategies aimed at mitigating mycotoxin contamination encompass multifaceted approaches, including biological control modalities, detoxification procedures, and innovative interventions like essential oils. However, hurdles persist, underscoring the imperative for innovative interventions. This review elucidated the prevalence, health ramifications, regulatory paradigms, and evolving preventive strategies about two prominent mycotoxins, aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. Furthermore, it explored the emergence of new fungal species, and biocontrol methods using lactic acid bacteria and essential mustard oil, emphasizing their efficacy in mitigating fungal spoilage and mycotoxin production. Through an integrative examination of these facets, this review endeavored to furnish a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted challenges posed by mycotoxin contamination and the emergent strategies poised to ameliorate its impact on food and feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago de Melo Nazareth
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (E.S.P.); (C.L.); (G.M.); (J.M.Q.)
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3
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Wang Y, Wang J, Wang W. Identification of mycoparasitism-related genes in Trichoderma harzianum T4 that are active against Colletotrichum musae. Arch Microbiol 2023; 206:29. [PMID: 38117327 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum is a well-known biological control agent (BCA) that shows great potential in controlling many pathogenic fungi. To screen for genes associated with mycoparasitism, we sequenced and analyzed the transcriptome of T. harzianum T4 grown in dual culture with Colletotrichum musae. We analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of Trichoderma harzianum T4 in three different culture periods: before contact (BC), during contact (C) and after contact (AC). A total of 1453 genes were significantly differentially expressed compared to when T. harzianum T4 was cultured alone. During the three periods of double culture of T. harzianum T4 with C. musae, 74, 516, and 548 genes were up-regulated, respectively, and 11, 315, and 216 genes were down-regulated, respectively. The DEGs were screened using GO and KEGG enrichment analyses combined with differential expression multiples. Six gene categories related to mycoparasitism were screened: (a) pathogen recognition and signal transduction, (b) hydrolases, (c) ribosomal proteins and secreted proteins, (d) multidrug-resistant proteins and transporters, (e) heat shock proteins and detoxification, and (f) oxidative stress and antibiotics-related genes. The expression levels of 24 up-regulated genes during T. harzianum T4's antagonistic interaction with C. musae were detected via real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). This study provided information on the transcriptional expression of T. harzianum T4 against C. musae. These results may help us to further understand the mechanism of mycoparasitism, which can provide a potential molecular target for improving the biological control capacity of T. harzianum T4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road No. 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road No. 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road No. 130, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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4
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Waheed A, Haxim Y, Islam W, Ahmad M, Muhammad M, Alqahtani FM, Hashem M, Salih H, Zhang D. Climate change reshaping plant-fungal interaction. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117282. [PMID: 37783329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases pose a severe threat to modern agriculture, necessitating effective and lasting control solutions. Environmental factors significantly shape plant ecology. Human-induced greenhouse gas emissions have led to global temperature rise, impacting various aspects, including carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, temperature, ozone (O3), and ultraviolet-B, all of which influence plant diseases. Altered pathogen ranges can accelerate disease transmission. This review explores environmental effects on plant diseases, with climate change affecting fungal biogeography, disease incidence, and severity, as well as agricultural production. Moreover, we have discussed how climate change influences pathogen development, host-fungal interactions, the emergence of new races of fungi, and the dissemination of emerging fungal diseases across the globe. The discussion about environment-mediated impact on pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), and RNA interference (RNAi) is also part of this review. In conclusion, the review underscores the critical importance of understanding how climate change is reshaping plant-fungal interactions. It highlights the need for continuous research efforts to elucidate the mechanisms driving these changes and their ecological consequences. As the global climate continues to evolve, it is imperative to develop innovative strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of fungal pathogens on plant health and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China
| | - Yakoopjan Haxim
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China
| | - Waqar Islam
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | | | - Murad Muhammad
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Fatmah M Alqahtani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haron Salih
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China.
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5
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Ma Y, Li Y, Yang S, Li Y, Zhu Z. Biocontrol Potential of Trichoderma asperellum Strain 576 against Exserohilum turcicum in Zea mays. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:936. [PMID: 37755043 PMCID: PMC10532967 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize is a crucial cereal crop in China, serving both as a staple food and an essential industrial resource. Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) is a disease of corn caused by a fungus, Exserohilum turcicum (sexual stage Setosphaeria turcica). This study aimed to assess the biocontrol potential of various Trichoderma strains against Exserohilum turcicum 101 in Jilin, China. Through dual culture tests, the Trichoderma strains were categorized into four groups based on their antagonistic abilities. Eleven Trichoderma strains exhibited strong antagonistic behavior, with comparable or faster growth rates than E. turcicum 101. Microscopic observations confirmed that T. asperellum 576 hyphae effectively encircled E. turcicum 101 hyphae, reinforcing their antagonistic behavior. The production of non-volatile and volatile substances by the Trichoderma strains was evaluated, with T. asperellum 576 showing the highest potency in producing non-volatile and volatile substances, leading to an impressive 80.81% and 65.86% inhibition of E. turcicum 101 growth. Remarkably, co-culture suspensions of T. asperellum 576 + E. turcicum 101 and T. atroviride 393 + E. turcicum 101 exhibited strong antifungal activity. Furthermore, the activities of chitinase, β-1.3-glucanase, and cellulase were evaluated using the 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. T. asperellum 576 + E. turcicum 101 displayed stronger cell wall degradation enzyme activity compared to T. atroviride 393 + E. turcicum 101, with values of 8.34 U/mL, 3.42 U/mL, and 7.75 U/mL, respectively. In greenhouse conditions, the application of a 107 spores/mL conidia suspension of T. asperellum 576 significantly enhanced maize seed germination and plant growth while effectively suppressing E. turcicum 101 infection. Maize seedlings inoculated/treated with both E. turcicum 101 and T. asperellum 576 demonstrated substantial improvements compared to those inoculated solely with E. turcicum 101. The T. asperellum 576 treatment involved a 107 spores/mL conidia suspension applied through a combination of foliar spray and soil drench. These findings highlight T. asperellum 576 as a promising biocontrol candidate against northern leaf blight in maize. Its antagonistic behavior, production of inhibitory compounds, and promotion of plant growth all contribute to its potential as an effective biocontrol agent for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhaoxiang Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (Y.L.)
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Serrano R, González-Menéndez V, Tormo JR, Genilloud O. Development and Validation of a HTS Platform for the Discovery of New Antifungal Agents against Four Relevant Fungal Phytopathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:883. [PMID: 37754991 PMCID: PMC10532314 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal phytopathogens are the major agents responsible for causing severe damage to and losses in agricultural crops worldwide. Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, Fusarium proliferatum, and Magnaporthe grisea are included in the top ten fungal phytopathogens that impose important plant diseases on a broad range of crops. Microbial natural products can be an attractive alternative for the biological control of phytopathogens. The objective of this work was to develop and validate a High-throughput Screening (HTS) platform to evaluate the antifungal potential of chemicals and natural products against these four important plant pathogens. Several experiments were performed to establish the optimal assay conditions that provide the best reproducibility and robustness. For this purpose, we have evaluated two media formulations (SDB and RPMI-1640), several inoculum concentrations (1 × 106, 5 × 105 and 5 × 106 conidia/mL), the germination curves for each strain, each strain's tolerance to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and the Dose Response Curves (DRC) of the antifungal control (Amphotericin B). The assays were performed in 96-well plate format, where absorbance at 620 nm was measured before and after incubation to evaluate growth inhibition, and fluorescence intensity at 570 nm excitation and 615 nm emission was monitored after resazurin addition for cell viability evaluation. Quality control parameters (RZ' Factors and Signal to Background (S/B) ratios) were determined for each assay batch. The assay conditions were finally validated by titrating 40 known relevant antifungal agents and testing 2400 microbial natural product extracts from the MEDINA Library through both HTS agar-based and HTS microdilution-based set-ups on the four phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Serrano
- Fundación MEDINA, Av. Conocimiento 34, Health Sciences Technology Park, 18016 Granada, Spain; (J.R.T.); (O.G.)
| | - Víctor González-Menéndez
- Fundación MEDINA, Av. Conocimiento 34, Health Sciences Technology Park, 18016 Granada, Spain; (J.R.T.); (O.G.)
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7
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Dela Cruz TEE, Behr JH, Geistlinger J, Grosch R, Witzel K. Monitoring of an Applied Beneficial Trichoderma Strain in Root-Associated Soil of Field-Grown Maize by MALDI-TOF MS. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1655. [PMID: 37512828 PMCID: PMC10384135 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere or surrounding soil following their application is a prerequisite for the effective interaction with the plant or indigenous microbial communities in the respective habitats. The goal of the study was to analyze the establishment and persistence of the applied beneficial Trichoderma harzianum (OMG16) strain in the maize root-associated soil depending on agricultural practice (soil management practice, N-fertilizer intensity) in a field experiment. A rapid identification of the inoculated strain OMG16 is essential for its monitoring. We used a culture-based approach coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis for the rapid identification of the inoculated Trichoderma strain as part of the beneficial microbe consortium (BMc). We isolated 428 fungal isolates from eight treatments of the field experiment. Forty eight percent of the isolated fungi equivalent to 205 fungal isolates were identified as Trichoderma, of which 87% (=179 isolates) were obtained from the fields inoculated with BMc. Gene sequence analysis showed a high similarity of the MALDI-TOF MS-identified Trichoderma, with that of the inoculated Trichoderma harzianum OMG16 confirming the re-isolation of the added beneficial fungus. This study highlighted the use of MALDI-TOF MS analysis as a quick, cost-effective detection and efficient monitoring tool for microbial-based bioinoculants in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Edison E Dela Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas (UST), España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
| | - Jan Helge Behr
- Department of Plant-Microbes Systems, Leibniz Institute of Vegetables and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Groβbeeren, Germany
| | - Joerg Geistlinger
- Department of Agriculture, Landscape Development and Ecotrophology, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences (AUAS), Strenzfelder Allee 28, 06406 Bernburg, Germany
| | - Rita Grosch
- Department of Plant-Microbes Systems, Leibniz Institute of Vegetables and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Groβbeeren, Germany
| | - Katja Witzel
- Department of Plant-Microbes Systems, Leibniz Institute of Vegetables and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Groβbeeren, Germany
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Luo N, Li Z, Ling J, Zhao J, Li Y, Yang Y, Mao Z, Xie B, Li H, Jiao Y. Establishment of a CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Efficient Knockout System of Trichoderma hamatum T21 and Pigment Synthesis PKS Gene Knockout. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050595. [PMID: 37233306 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma hamatum is a filamentous fungus that serves as a biological control agent for multiple phytopathogens and as an important resource promising for fungicides. However, the lack of adequate knockout technologies has hindered gene function and biocontrol mechanism research of this species. This study obtained a genome assembly of T. hamatum T21, with a 41.4 Mb genome sequence comprising 8170 genes. Based on genomic information, we established a CRISPR/Cas9 system with dual sgRNAs targets and dual screening markers. CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid and donor DNA recombinant plasmid were constructed for disruption of the Thpyr4 and Thpks1 genes. The result indicates the consistency between phenotypic characterization and molecular identification of the knockout strains. The knockout efficiencies of Thpyr4 and Thpks1 were 100% and 89.1%, respectively. Moreover, sequencing revealed fragment deletions between dual sgRNA target sites or GFP gene insertions presented in knockout strains. The situations were caused by different DNA repair mechanisms, nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), and homologous recombination (HR). Overall, we have successfully constructed an efficient and convenient CRISPR/Cas9 system in T. hamatum for the first time, which has important scientific significance and application value for studies on functional genomics of Trichoderma and other filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Luo
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zeyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jian Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huixia Li
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Chóez-Guaranda I, Espinoza-Lozano F, Reyes-Araujo D, Romero C, Manzano P, Galarza L, Sosa D. Chemical Characterization of Trichoderma spp. Extracts with Antifungal Activity against Cocoa Pathogens. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073208. [PMID: 37049971 PMCID: PMC10095870 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecuador is one of the major cocoa producers worldwide, but its productivity has lately been affected by diseases. Endophytic biocontrol agents have been used to minimize pathogenic effects; however, compounds produced by endophytes are minimally understood. This work presents the chemical characterization of the Trichoderma species extracts that proved inhibition against cocoa pathogens. Solid-liquid extraction was performed as a partitioning method using medium with the fungal mycelia of Trichoderma reesei (C2A), Trichoderma sp. (C3A), Trichoderma harzianum (C4A), and Trichoderma spirale (C10) in ethyl acetate individually. The extract of T. spirale (C10) exhibited the growth inhibition (32.97-47.02%) of Moniliophthora perniciosa at 10 µg/mL, while a slight stimulation of Moniliophthora roreri was shown by the extracts of T. reesei (C2A) and T. harzianum (C4A) at higher concentrations. The inhibitory activity could be related to alkaloids, lactones, quinones, flavonoids, triterpenes, and sterols, as indicated by chemical screening and antifungal compounds, such as widdrol, β-caryophyllene, tyrosol, butyl isobutyrate, sorbic acid, palmitic acid, palmitelaidic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid, which were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the extracts, particularly T. spirale (C10), have the potential as biocontrol agents against witches' broom disease; however, further studies are needed to confirm their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Chóez-Guaranda
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
| | - Fernando Espinoza-Lozano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
| | - Dennys Reyes-Araujo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolquí P.O. Box 171-5-231B, Ecuador
| | - Christian Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Manzano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
| | - Luis Galarza
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
| | - Daynet Sosa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
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Mushtaq S, Bareen FE, Tayyeb A, Nazir A. Autochthonous strains of Trichoderma isolated from tannery solid waste improve phytoextraction potential of heavy metals by sunflower. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2023; 25:1435-1454. [PMID: 36591641 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2161995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This research work was aimed at isolating and demonstrating the significant potential of autochthonous fungi for phytoextraction of hazardous metals in metal polluted soil using Helianthus annuus. Four multi-metal resistant strains of Trichoderma were selected from a total of 21 strains isolated from tannery polluted soil and tannery solid waste. Autochthonous Trichoderma strains were used singly and in the form of consortium (TC). Sunflower was grown in pots for 90 days having eight different amendments of tannery polluted soil with and without Trichoderma inoculation. Growth and biochemical attributes of the plants were observed along with metal content extract by different plant parts. The results revealed that TC enhanced shoot length, shoot dry weight, and metal uptake as compared to single specie inoculation. Similarly, BCF (72.8-118.23%) and TF were significantly pronounced in shoots of H. annuus grown with TC at 40% amended soil. The biochemical analysis of the plants showed that Trichoderma strains boosted the enzymatic (catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) antioxidants in the plants. The use of indigenous fungi with metal accumulating plants like sunflower can help to alleviate metal contamination from industrial sites and can make the soil cultivable for energy crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Mushtaq
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Firdaus E Bareen
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asima Tayyeb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Nazir
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Testing the Biocontrol Ability of a Trichoderma-Streptomycetes Consortium against Pyrrhoderma noxium (Corner) L.W. Zhou and Y.C. Dai in Soil. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010067. [PMID: 36675888 PMCID: PMC9864159 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Brown root rot pathogen Pyrrhoderma noxium (Corner) L.W. Zhou and Y.C. Dai is known to infect a large number of culturally and economically important plant species across the world. Although chemical control measures have been effective in managing this pathogen, their adverse effects on the ecosystem have limited their use. The use of biological control agents (BCAs) thus is generally accepted as an environmentally friendly way of managing various pathogens. Testing various consortia of the BCAs with different antagonistic mechanisms may even provide better disease protection than the use of a single BCA against aggressive plant pathogens such as the P. noxium. In the presented study, the wood decay experiment and the pot trial confirmed that the consortium of Trichoderma strains (#5029 and 5001) and streptomycetes (#USC-6914 and #USC-595-B) used was effective in protecting wood decay and plant disease caused by P. noxium. Among the treatments, complete elimination of the pathogen was observed when the BCAs were applied as a consortium. In addition, the BCAs used in this study promoted the plant growth. Therefore, Trichoderma and streptomycetes consortium could be used as a potential biocontrol measure to manage P. noxium infections in the field over the application of hazardous chemical control measures.
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Abdelaziz AM, Kalaba MH, Hashem AH, Sharaf MH, Attia MS. Biostimulation of tomato growth and biocontrol of Fusarium wilt disease using certain endophytic fungi. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2022; 63:34. [PMID: 36484866 PMCID: PMC9733755 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-022-00364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L.) suffers from numerous fungal pathogens that cause damage to yeild production qualitatively and quantitatively. One of the most destructive disease of tomato is Fusarium wilt that caused by soil borne fungus called F. oxysporum. METHODS In this study, the anti-Fusarium capabilities of the foliar application of fungal endophytes extracts have been investigated on tomato under Fusarium challenges. Antifungal assay, inhibition of conidial germination, disease severity, photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes, secondary metabolites, oxidative stress, peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidases (PPO) isozymes were tested for potential resistance of tomato growing under Fusarium infection. RESULTS Ethyl acetate extracts of A. flavus MZ045563, A. fumigatus MZ045562 and A. nidulans MZ045561 exhibited antifungal activity toward F. oxysporum where inhibition zone diameters were 15, 12 and 20 mm, respectively. Moreover, extracts of all fungal isolates at concentration 7.5 mg/mL reduced conidia germination from 94.4 to 100%. Fusarium infection caused a destructive effects on tomato plant, high severity desiese index 84.37%, reduction in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and soluble protein. However, contents of proline, total phenol, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and antioxidant enzymes activity were increased in tomato plants grown under Fusarium wilt. Treatment of healthy or infected tomato plants by ethyl acetate fungal extracts showed improvements in morphological traits, photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes, total phenol and antioxidant enzymes activity. Besides, the harmful impacts of Fusarium wilt disease on tomato plants have also been reduced by lowering MDA and H2O2 levels. Also, treated tomato plants showed different responses in number and density of POD and PPO isozymes. CONCLUSION It could be suggested that application of ethyl acetate extracts of tested fungal endophytes especially combination of A. flavus, A. nidulans and A. fumigatus could be commercially used as safe biostimulation of tomato plants as well as biofungicide against tomato Fusarium wilt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer M Abdelaziz
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed H Kalaba
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Amr H Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Sharaf
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Attia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
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Panchalingam H, Powell D, Adra C, Foster K, Tomlin R, Quigley BL, Nyari S, Hayes RA, Shapcott A, Kurtböke Dİ. Assessing the Various Antagonistic Mechanisms of Trichoderma Strains against the Brown Root Rot Pathogen Pyrrhoderma noxium Infecting Heritage Fig Trees. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101105. [PMID: 36294670 PMCID: PMC9605450 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of phytopathogenic fungi exist causing various plant diseases, which can lead to devastating economic, environmental, and social impacts on a global scale. One such fungus is Pyrrhoderma noxium, causing brown root rot disease in over 200 plant species of a variety of life forms mostly in the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. The aim of this study was to discover the antagonistic abilities of two Trichoderma strains (#5001 and #5029) found to be closely related to Trichoderma reesei against P. noxium. The mycoparasitic mechanism of these Trichoderma strains against P. noxium involved coiling around the hyphae of the pathogen and producing appressorium like structures. Furthermore, a gene expression study identified an induced expression of the biological control activity associated genes in Trichoderma strains during the interaction with the pathogen. In addition, volatile and diffusible antifungal compounds produced by the Trichoderma strains were also effective in inhibiting the growth of the pathogen. The ability to produce Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophores and the volatile compounds related to plant growth promotion were also identified as added benefits to the performance of these Trichoderma strains as biological control agents. Overall, these results show promise for the possibility of using the Trichoderma strains as potential biological control agents to protect P. noxium infected trees as well as preventing new infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrchun Panchalingam
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Daniel Powell
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Cherrihan Adra
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Keith Foster
- Brisbane City Council, Program, Planning and Integration, Brisbane Square, Level 10, 266 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Russell Tomlin
- Brisbane City Council, Program, Planning and Integration, Brisbane Square, Level 10, 266 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Bonnie L. Quigley
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Sharon Nyari
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - R. Andrew Hayes
- Forest Industries Research Centre, The University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Alison Shapcott
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - D. İpek Kurtböke
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Castillo NET, Acosta YA, Parra-Arroyo L, Martínez-Prado MA, Rivas-Galindo VM, Iqbal HMN, Bonaccorso AD, Melchor-Martínez EM, Parra-Saldívar R. Towards an Eco-Friendly Coffee Rust Control: Compilation of Natural Alternatives from a Nutritional and Antifungal Perspective. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11202745. [PMID: 36297767 PMCID: PMC9609732 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hemileia vastatrix (HV) is the pathogen responsible for the coffee leaf rust (CLR) disease that has spread globally. CLR causes losses of up to a billion dollars annually and affects all types of crops regardless of their production regime (organic or inorganic). Additionally, smallholders produce approximately 80% of coffee in developing countries. The condition causes losses of up to a billion dollars annually. It affects all types of crops regardless of their production regime (organic or inorganic). Approximately 80% of coffee is produced by smallholders in developing countries. Until the 90s, shaded-production systems and native varieties were encouraged; however, the rapid spread of CLR has forced farmers to migrate towards inorganic schemes, mainly due to a lack of knowledge about natural alternatives to pesticides that can be implemented to control HV. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to compile the currently existing options, emphasizing two key factors that guarantee efficient rust control: selective fungicidal activity against HV and the nutrition of coffee crops. Thus, by comprehending how these natural compounds (such as plant, bacteria, fungi, animals, or algae metabolites) impact coffee rust proliferation. Furthermore, since a various range of biochar effects contributes to the control of foliar fungal pathogens through modification of root exudates, soil properties, and nutrient availability, which influence the growth of antagonist microorganisms, we present a review of the pathogen-suppressive effects of biochar, and new control strategies suitable for organic schemes can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yovanina Aguilera Acosta
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Tecnologico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote, Durango 34080, Mexico
| | - Lizeth Parra-Arroyo
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - María Adriana Martínez-Prado
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Tecnologico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote, Durango 34080, Mexico
| | - Verónica M. Rivas-Galindo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey 66455, Mexico
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | | | - Elda M. Melchor-Martínez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
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Liu Y, He P, He P, Munir S, Ahmed A, Wu Y, Yang Y, Lu J, Wang J, Yang J, Pan X, Tian Y, He Y. Potential biocontrol efficiency of Trichoderma species against oomycete pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:974024. [PMID: 36147847 PMCID: PMC9487998 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.974024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant health is of utmost importance for optimal agricultural production and sustainability. Unfortunately, biotic and abiotic factors put a major constraint on crop safety and productivity. Plant diseases caused by oomycetes inflict serious damage to various crops. Moreover, the injudicious use of chemical pesticides poses threats related to pesticide resistance development in pathogens and environmental pollution. Biocontrol offers an effective solution for disease control; however, research on biocontrol of oomycete-related diseases is scarce. Thus, this study undertakes the screening of biocontrol resources for the effective management of oomycete-related plant diseases. In this regard, 86 isolates of Trichoderma spp. were assessed against Phytophthora nicotianae, P. capsici, Pythium vexans, P. ultimum, and P. dissotocum through dual culture assay. Furthermore, the antagonistic effect of selected isolates was studied against tobacco black shank disease and damping-off of cucumber seedlings in the greenhouse. The relative control effect of the three antagonistic Trichoderma strains AR-4, Tv-1, and ST4-1 on tobacco black shank was more than 60%, which was not significantly different from 6.88 gl−1 fluopicolide–propamocarb. Whereas, the relative control effect of Trichoderma AR-4 and ST4-1 on damping-off of cucumber seedlings was 80.33% and 82.67%, respectively, which were significantly higher than Trichoderma Tv-1 (35.49%) and fluopicolide–propamocarb (47.82%). According to the morphological and molecular characterization, the fungal strains AR-4, Tv-1, and ST4-1 were identified as Trichoderma koningiopsis, T. asperellum, and T. gamsii, respectively. In conclusion, the strains exhibited a strong antagonistic effect against oomycete pathogens and can be integrated into disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Pengbo He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Pengfei He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shahzad Munir
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ayesha Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Junping Lu
- Hongta Tobacco (Group) Co. Ltd., Yuxi, China
| | | | - Jizhou Yang
- Hongta Tobacco (Group) Co. Ltd., Yuxi, China
| | - Xinlong Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yangyang Tian
- Hongta Tobacco (Group) Co. Ltd., Yuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Yangyang Tian
| | - Yueqiu He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Yueqiu He
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Mirgorodskaya AB, Kushnazarova RA, Sharonova NL, Rakhmaeva AM, Tyryshkina AA, Kuznetsov DM, Nikitin EN, Zakharova LY. New piperidinium surfactants with a benzyl fragment in the head group: aggregation properties and the possibility of using to control plant pathogens. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Zhao Y, Chen X, Cheng J, Xie J, Lin Y, Jiang D, Fu Y, Chen T. Application of Trichoderma Hz36 and Hk37 as Biocontrol Agents against Clubroot Caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080777. [PMID: 35893144 PMCID: PMC9331738 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Clubroot, a soil-infective disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a serious disease affecting cruciferous plants around the world. There is no effective control measure to completely remove this pathogen from fields after infection. Here, we screened and identified two strains (Hz36, Trichoderma guizhouense; Hk37, Trichoderma koningiopsis) of Trichoderma from the gall of clubroot in rapeseed fields with biocontrol potential for clubroot. The fermentation broth of Hz36 could significantly inhibit the germination of resting spores of P. brassicae, and promote the seed germination and root growth of rapeseed. The biocontrol efficiency of Hz36 strain on clubroot for rapeseed and Arabidopsis thaliana was 44.29% and 52.18%, respectively. The qPCR results revealed that strain Hz36 treatment could significantly reduce the content of P. brassicae in root cells, and paraffin section analysis revealed that it could delay the development of P. brassicae. Strain Hk37 showed similar effects to strain Hz36, whose biocontrol efficiency of clubroot could reach 57.30% in rapeseed and 68.01% in A. thaliana. These results indicate that strains Hz36 and Hk37 have the potential for the biocontrol of clubroot.
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Singh G, Tiwari A, Choudhir G, Kumar A, Kumar S, Hariprasad P, Sharma S. Deciphering the role of Trichoderma sp. bioactives in combating the wilt causing cell wall degrading enzyme polygalacturonase produced by Fusarium oxysporum: An in-silico approach. Microb Pathog 2022; 168:105610. [PMID: 35662673 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall degrading enzymes polygalacturonase (PG) secreted by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FOL) is testified to trigger Fusarium crown and root rot disease in tomato crops; instigated due to the degradation of the pectin. Trichoderma sp. is documented as a potential biocontrol agent playing a pivotal role in plant health and disease management. An in-silico approach employing homology modelling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and MMPBSA was employed to assess the prospective role of bioactives produced by Trichoderma sp. in combating the PG2 enzyme. The studies revealed that amongst the wide range of bioactives screened, Trichodermamide B produced by T. harzianum and Viridin, Virone, and Trichosetin produced by T. virens emerged as the potential inhibitors of the PG2. Docking results revealed that the complexes possessed most stable energy for Trichodermamide B (-8.1 kcal/mol) followed by Viridin (-7.7 kcal/mol), Virone (-7.1 kcal/mol), and Trichosetin (-7 kcal/mol), respectively. Interaction studies of FOL with T. virens and T. harzianum reported an inhibition of 83.33% and 75.87%, respectively. The structural rigidity and stability of the docked complex was confirmed through MD simulations evaluated across multiple descriptors from the simulation trajectories. Further, MMPBSA analysis validated the results that binding of the enzyme to the screened ligands was spontaneous. The study unravels new insights on the versatile potential of Trichoderma sp. Bioactives as a prospective agent for the inhibition of cell-wall degrading enzymes secreted by phytopathogens. The proposed study can be implemented for design of bioformulations that serve the role of biopesticide, promising a sustainable alternate to chemical-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Singh
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Abhay Tiwari
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Gourav Choudhir
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada and Laboratory of Immunity, Shantou University Medical College Shantou, PR China
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Shaheed Mangal Pandey Government Girls PG College, Madhavpuram, Meerut, India
| | - P Hariprasad
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Satyawati Sharma
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.
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Adnan M, Islam W, Gang L, Chen HYH. Advanced research tools for fungal diversity and its impact on forest ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:45044-45062. [PMID: 35460003 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are dominant ecological participants in the forest ecosystems, which play a major role in recycling organic matter and channeling nutrients across trophic levels. Fungal populations are shaped by plant communities and environmental parameters, and in turn, fungal communities also impact the forest ecosystem through intrinsic participation of different fungal guilds. Mycorrhizal fungi result in conservation and stability of forest ecosystem, while pathogenic fungi can bring change in forest ecosystem, by replacing the dominant plant species with new or exotic plant species. Saprotrophic fungi, being ecological regulators in the forest ecosystem, convert dead tree logs into reusable constituents and complete the ecological cycles of nitrogen and carbon. However, fungal communities have not been studied in-depth with respect to functional, spatiotemporal, or environmental parameters. Previously, fungal diversity and its role in shaping the forest ecosystem were studied by traditional and laborious cultural methods, which were unable to achieve real-time results and draw a conclusive picture of fungal communities. This review highlights the latest advances in biological methods such as next-generation sequencing and meta'omics for observing fungal diversity in the forest ecosystem, the role of different fungal groups in shaping forest ecosystem, forest productivity, and nutrient cycling at global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Waqar Islam
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liu Gang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Han Y H Chen
- Faculty of Forestry and the Forest Environment, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada.
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Fifani B, Steels S, Helmus C, Delacuvellerie A, Deracinois B, Phalip V, Delvigne F, Jacques P. Coculture of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus velezensis Based on Metabolic Cross-Feeding Modulates Lipopeptide Production. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10051059. [PMID: 35630500 PMCID: PMC9148127 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocultures have been widely explored for their use in deciphering microbial interaction and its impact on the metabolisms of the interacting microorganisms. In this work, we investigate, in different liquid coculture conditions, the compatibility of two microorganisms with the potential for the biocontrol of plant diseases: the fungus Trichoderma harzianum IHEM5437 and the bacterium Bacillus velezensis GA1 (a strong antifungal lipopeptide producing strain). While the Bacillus overgrew the Trichoderma in a rich medium due to its antifungal lipopeptide production, a drastically different trend was observed in a medium in which a nitrogen nutritional dependency was imposed. Indeed, in this minimum medium containing nitrate as the sole nitrogen source, cooperation between the bacterium and the fungus was established. This is reflected by the growth of both species as well as the inhibition of the expression of Bacillus genes encoding lipopeptide synthetases. Interestingly, the growth of the bacterium in the minimum medium was enabled by the amendment of the culture by the fungal supernatant, which, in this case, ensures a high production yield of lipopeptides. These results highlight, for the first time, that Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus velezensis are able, in specific environmental conditions, to adapt their metabolisms in order to grow together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Fifani
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro No 1158, University Lille, INRAE, University Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d’Opale, TERRA—Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (B.F.); (S.S.); (C.H.); (F.D.)
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro No 1158, University Lille, INRAE, University Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV—Charles Viollette Institute, 59000 Lille, France; (B.D.); (V.P.)
| | - Sebastien Steels
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro No 1158, University Lille, INRAE, University Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d’Opale, TERRA—Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (B.F.); (S.S.); (C.H.); (F.D.)
| | - Catherine Helmus
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro No 1158, University Lille, INRAE, University Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d’Opale, TERRA—Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (B.F.); (S.S.); (C.H.); (F.D.)
| | | | - Barbara Deracinois
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro No 1158, University Lille, INRAE, University Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV—Charles Viollette Institute, 59000 Lille, France; (B.D.); (V.P.)
| | - Vincent Phalip
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro No 1158, University Lille, INRAE, University Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV—Charles Viollette Institute, 59000 Lille, France; (B.D.); (V.P.)
| | - Frank Delvigne
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro No 1158, University Lille, INRAE, University Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d’Opale, TERRA—Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (B.F.); (S.S.); (C.H.); (F.D.)
| | - Philippe Jacques
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro No 1158, University Lille, INRAE, University Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d’Opale, TERRA—Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (B.F.); (S.S.); (C.H.); (F.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Cruz-Magalhães V, Nieto-Jacobo MF, Rostás M, Echaide-Aquino JF, Naranjo UE, Stewart A, Loguercio LL, Mendoza-Mendoza A. Histidine kinase two-component response regulators Ssk1, Skn7 and Rim15 differentially control growth, developmental and volatile organic compounds emissions as stress responses in Trichoderma atroviride. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100139. [PMID: 35909598 PMCID: PMC9325911 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ssk1 may function as a hub-like RR in T. atroviride, as growth, and differentiation (conidiation). Skn7 has a significant role in the production of volatile organic compounds. Ssk1 and Rim15 have a role in mycoparasitism and both are negative regulators of volatile organic compounds. Rim15 seems to be a negative regulator of either the accumulation or biosynthesis of terpenes.
The Skn7, Ssk1 and Rim15 proteins are response regulators involved in osmotic, oxidative and nutritional stress in fungi. In order to verify the involvement of these genes in Trichoderma atroviride IMI206040’s growth, conidiation, direct antagonism against plant pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with fungistatic effect, and interaction with plants (growth promotion), single mutants were generated, and the phenotypic patterns were analysed in comparison to the wild-type (wt) strain. The mutants were submitted to osmotic, oxidative, membrane and cell wall stress conditions in vitro. The Δskn7 and Δrim15 mutants did not show either significant differences at morphological level, or marked decreases in mycelial growth and conidiation in relation to wt, whereas Δssk1 had altered phenotypes in most conditions tested. The plant-growth promotion of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings induced by VOCs was not quantitatively modified by any of the mutants in relation to the wt strain, although possible differences in secondary root hairs was noticed for Δrim15. The fungistatic activity was significantly altered for Δssk1 and Δrim15. Overall, the Δssk1 strain showed remarkable morphological differences, with decrease in mycelial growth and conidiation, being also affected in the antagonistic capacity against plant pathogens. The impacts demonstrated by the deletion of ssk1 suggest this gene has a relevant participation in the signalling response to different stresses in T. atroviride and in the interactive metabolism with phytopathogens and plants. On the other hand, unlike other fungal models, Skn7 did not appear to have a critical participation in the above-mentioned processes; Rim15 seemed to confirm its involvement in modulating cellular responses to nutritional status, although with a possible cross-talk with other cellular processes. Our results suggest that Ssk1 likely plays a key regulatory role, not only in basic metabolisms of T. atroviride, but also in biocontrol-related characteristics.
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22
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Asad SA. Mechanisms of action and biocontrol potential of Trichoderma against fungal plant diseases - A review. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2021.100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Major Biological Control Strategies for Plant Pathogens. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020273. [PMID: 35215215 PMCID: PMC8879208 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Food security has become a major concern worldwide in recent years due to ever increasing population. Providing food for the growing billions without disturbing environmental balance is incessantly required in the current scenario. In view of this, sustainable modes of agricultural practices offer better promise and hence are gaining prominence recently. Moreover, these methods have taken precedence currently over chemical-based methods of pest restriction and pathogen control. Adoption of Biological Control is one such crucial technique that is currently in the forefront. Over a period of time, various biocontrol strategies have been experimented with and some have exhibited great success and promise. This review highlights the different methods of plant-pathogen control, types of plant pathogens, their modus operandi and various biocontrol approaches employing a range of microorganisms and their byproducts. The study lays emphasis on the use of upcoming methodologies like microbiome management and engineering, phage cocktails, genetically modified biocontrol agents and microbial volatilome as available strategies to sustainable agricultural practices. More importantly, a critical analysis of the various methods enumerated in the paper indicates the need to amalgamate these techniques in order to improve the degree of biocontrol offered by them.
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Yassin MT, Mostafa AAF, Al-Askar AA. In vitro antagonistic activity of Trichoderma spp. against fungal pathogens causing black point disease of wheat. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2022.2029327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Taha Yassin
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Fadiji AE, Babalola OO, Santoyo G, Perazzolli M. The Potential Role of Microbial Biostimulants in the Amelioration of Climate Change-Associated Abiotic Stresses on Crops. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:829099. [PMID: 35095828 PMCID: PMC8795815 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.829099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Crop plants are more often exposed to abiotic stresses in the current age of fast-evolving climate change. This includes exposure to extreme and unpredictable changes in climatic conditions, phytosanitary hazards, and cultivation conditions, which results in drastic losses in worldwide agricultural productions. Plants coexist with microbial symbionts, some of which play key roles in the ecosystem and plant processes. The application of microbial biostimulants, which take advantage of symbiotic relationships, is a long-term strategy for improving plant productivity and performance, even in the face of climate change-associated stresses. Beneficial filamentous fungi, yeasts, and bacteria are examples of microbial biostimulants, which can boost the growth, yield, nutrition and stress tolerance in plants. This paper highlights recent information about the role of microbial biostimulants and their potential application in mitigating the abiotic stresses occurring on crop plants due to climate change. A critical evaluation for their efficient use under diverse climatic conditions is also made. Currently, accessible products generally improve cultural conditions, but their action mechanisms are mostly unknown, and their benefits are frequently inconsistent. Thus, further studies that could lead to the more precisely targeted products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayomide Emmanuel Fadiji
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Gustavo Santoyo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Michele Perazzolli
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
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26
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Dautt-Castro M, Jijón-Moreno S, Gómez-Hernández N, del Carmen González-López M, Hernández-Hernández EJ, Rosendo-Vargas MM, Rebolledo-Prudencio OG, Casas-Flores S. New Insights on the Duality of Trichoderma as a Phytopathogen Killer and a Plant Protector Based on an Integrated Multi-omics Perspective. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Oliveira-Mendonça LS, Mendes ÉA, Castro JO, Silva MM, Santos AG, Kaneto CM, Dias SO, Allaman IB, Vannier-Santos MA, Silva JF, Augusto DG, Anjos DOD, Santos NAS, Lima KP, Horta MF, Albuquerque GR, Costa MGC, Silva-Jardim I, Santos JLD. Trichoderma stromaticum spores induce autophagy and downregulate inflammatory mediators in human peripheral blood-derived macrophages. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100145. [PMID: 35909603 PMCID: PMC9325901 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T. stromaticum biocontrol agent induces autophagy, up-regulating autophagy-related genes T. stromaticum modulates expression of micro RNAs that control imune response T. stromaticum dow-nregulates expression of TLR2, TLR4, CLEC7A, NLRP3, IL-10, IL1β and IL18 T. stromaticum modulates ROS production
Trichoderma spp. are usually considered safe and normally used as biocontrol and biofertilization. Safety for human health is evaluated by several tests that detect various effects such as allergenicity, toxicity, infectivity, and pathogenicity. However, they do not evaluate the effects of the agent upon the immune system. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between T. stromaticum spores and mammalian cells to assess the immunomodulatory potential of the spores of this fungus. First, mouse macrophage cell line J774 and human macrophages were exposed to fungal spores and analyzed for structural features, through scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Then, various analysis were performed in human macrophages as to their effect in some functional and molecular aspects of the immune system through immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry and gene expression assays. We demonstrated that T. stromaticum spores induces autophagy and autophagy-related genes (ATGs) and downmodulate inflammatory mediators, including ROS, NLRP3, the cytokines IL-1β, IL-18, IL-12 and IL-10, as well as TLR2, TLR4, miR-146b and miR-155, which may lead to an augmented susceptibility to pathogens. Our study shows the extension of damages the biofungicide Tricovab® can cause in the innate immune response. Further studies are necessary to elucidate other innate and adaptive immune responses and, consequently, the safety of this fungus when in contact with humans.
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Tayyab M, Islam W, Noman A, Pang Z, Li S, Lin S, Wenxiong L, Hua Z. Sugarcane cultivars manipulate rhizosphere bacterial communities' structure and composition of agriculturally important keystone taxa. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:32. [PMID: 35070622 PMCID: PMC8724486 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Different sugarcane cultivars are grown to produce renewable energy and sugar in China. However, we have a limited awareness of the interactive influence of varying sugarcane cultivars on rhizosphere bacterial structure and diversity. Assessing cultivar choice impact on soil bacterial communities is vital since bacterial taxa are frequently impacted by planting performance. Employing high-throughput Illumina sequencing, we examined bacterial communities' assemblage in the rhizosphere of six Chinese sugarcane cultivars (Regan14-62, Guitang 08-120, Haizhe 22, Guitang 08-1180, Taitang 22 and Liucheng 05-136). Our results indicated that different sugarcane cultivars have no significant influence on the Shannon index; however, their impact on richness was substantial. There was a difference in the bacterial community structure that is also associated with a change in the community composition, as determined by the DESeq2 results, suggesting that "Haizhe 22 (HZ22)" had a completely different beta diversity as compared to other five cultivars by enriching abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Saccharibacteria and Bacteroidetes and reducing the quantity of Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, and Planctomycetes, respectively. The HZ22 rhizosphere significantly enriched six genera (e.g., Devosia, Mizugakiibacter, Mycobacterium, Nakamurella, Rhizomicrobium, and Virgibacillus) relative to other varieties, suggesting an important role in plant disease tolerance and growth development, including soil nutrient cycling and bioremediation. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) and correlation analysis revealed that cultivars, soil organic matter, pH and soil moisture were central factors influencing bacterial composition. These findings may help in selection of plant cultivars capable of supporting highly abundant specific beneficial microbial groups, improving plant disease resistance, growth stimulation, and soil bioremediation capabilities, further leading to improvements in breeding strategies. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03091-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tayyab
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Waqar Islam
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Govt. College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ziqin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Shiyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Sheng Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Lin Wenxiong
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Zhang Hua
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
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29
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Olivares-Yañez C, Sánchez E, Pérez-Lara G, Seguel A, Camejo PY, Larrondo LF, Vidal EA, Canessa P. A comprehensive transcription factor and DNA-binding motif resource for the construction of gene regulatory networks in Botrytis cinerea and Trichoderma atroviride. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:6212-6228. [PMID: 34900134 PMCID: PMC8637145 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea and Trichoderma atroviride are two relevant fungi in agricultural systems. To gain insights into these organisms' transcriptional gene regulatory networks (GRNs), we generated a manually curated transcription factor (TF) dataset for each of them, followed by a GRN inference utilizing available sequence motifs describing DNA-binding specificity and global gene expression data. As a proof of concept of the usefulness of this resource to pinpoint key transcriptional regulators, we employed publicly available transcriptomics data and a newly generated dual RNA-seq dataset to build context-specific Botrytis and Trichoderma GRNs under two different biological paradigms: exposure to continuous light and Botrytis-Trichoderma confrontation assays. Network analysis of fungal responses to constant light revealed striking differences in the transcriptional landscape of both fungi. On the other hand, we found that the confrontation of both microorganisms elicited a distinct set of differentially expressed genes with changes in T. atroviride exceeding those in B. cinerea. Using our regulatory network data, we were able to determine, in both fungi, central TFs involved in this interaction response, including TFs controlling a large set of extracellular peptidases in the biocontrol agent T. atroviride. In summary, our work provides a comprehensive catalog of transcription factors and regulatory interactions for both organisms. This catalog can now serve as a basis for generating novel hypotheses on transcriptional regulatory circuits in different experimental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Olivares-Yañez
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 330, Santiago, Chile
| | - Evelyn Sánchez
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Genomica y Bioinformatica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriel Pérez-Lara
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 330, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Seguel
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genetica Molecular y Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Y Camejo
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis F Larrondo
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genetica Molecular y Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elena A Vidal
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Genomica y Bioinformatica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Biotecnologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulo Canessa
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 330, Santiago, Chile
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30
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Malik MS, Haider S, Rehman A, Rehman SU, Jamil M, Naz I, Anees M. Biological control of fungal pathogens of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) by chitinolytic bacterial strains. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 62:48-62. [PMID: 34893989 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The need to increase food production and to reduce the pollution caused by synthetic chemicals has led to a search for biocontrol agents against plant pathogens. In the present study, a total of 37 chitinolytic bacteria were isolated from the rhizospheric soil of tomatoes using a chitin agar medium. In vitro bacterial isolates, that is, TD9, TD11, TD15, and TD24 showed strong antagonistic and enzymatic activities against Rhizoctonia (8%-55%), Fusarium (31%-48%), Colletotrichum (24%-49%), and Aspergillus on a dual culture plate and enzyme assay. Furthermore, these putative antagonistic bacterial isolates were identified as Pantoea agglomerans (TD9), Bacillus subtilis (TD11), Bacillus cereus (TD15 and TD24) using 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Additionally, in culture filtrate in vivo assay, the isolates TD11 and TD15 inhibited the growth of Rhizoctonia solani about 40% and Fusarium oxysporum about 80%. However, in the pot trials, these two bacterial isolates (TD11 and TD15) considerably suppressed the disease rate in tomatoes caused by Fusarium and Rhizoctonia fungal species. Moreover, it was concluded that B. subtilis (TD11) was found to be the most promising putative biocontrol agent, inhibiting the fungal diseases of tomatoes by 50% and showing versatile antagonistic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saqib Malik
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Shabeer Haider
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Jamil
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Iffat Naz
- Department of Biology, Scientific Unit, Deanship of Educational Services, Qassim University, Buraidah, Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)
| | - Muhammad Anees
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
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31
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Reverchon F, Contreras-Ramos SM, Eskalen A, Guerrero-Analco JA, Quiñones-Aguilar EE, Rios-Velasco C, Velázquez-Fernández JB. Microbial Biocontrol Strategies for Ambrosia Beetles and Their Associated Phytopathogenic Fungi. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.737977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambrosia beetles and their symbiotic fungi are causing severe damage in natural and agro-ecosystems worldwide, threatening the productivity of several important tree crops such as avocado. Strategies aiming at mitigating their impact include the application of broad-spectrum agrochemicals and the incineration of diseased trees, but the increasing demand for environment-friendly strategies call for exploring biological control for the management of ambrosia beetles and their phytopathogenic fungal symbionts. The aim of this review is to examine the existing knowledge on biocontrol approaches using beneficial microorganisms and microbial natural products with entomopathogenic and antifungal activity against ambrosia beetles and fungi. We show that biocontrol has been mainly focused on the insect, using entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) such as Beauveria spp. or Metarhizium spp. However, recent studies have been integrating EPF with mycoparasitic fungi such as Trichoderma spp. to simultaneously challenge the vector and its fungal symbionts. Novel approaches also include the use of microbial natural products as insect lures or antifungal agents. Contrastingly, the potential of bacteria, including actinobacteria (actinomycetes), as biocontrol agents of ambrosia fungi has been little investigated. We thus suggest that future research should further examine the antifungal activity of bacterial strains, with an emphasis on harsh environments. We also suggest pursuing the isolation of more effective microbial strains with dual biocontrol effect, i.e., exhibiting fungicidal/insecticidal activities. Moreover, additional efforts should aim at determining the best application methods of biocontrol agents in the field to ensure that the positive effects detected in vitro are sustained. Finally, we propose the integration of microbiome studies in pest and disease management strategies as they could provide us with tools to steer the beneficial host plant microbiome and to manipulate the beetle microbiome in order to reduce insect fitness.
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Barrera VA, Iannone L, Romero AI, Chaverri P. Expanding the Trichoderma harzianum species complex: Three new species from Argentine natural and cultivated ecosystems. Mycologia 2021; 113:1136-1155. [PMID: 34473608 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1947641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A study was performed on a collection of 84 isolates from decaying plant tissues and soils in Argentina previously identified as Trichoderma harzianum. Based on multiple phenotypic characters and multilocus phylogenetic analyses, 10 species were distinguished, three of which are described as new species: T. austroindianum, T. hortense, and T. syagri. Among the remaining seven identified species, the following five can be added to the Argentine mycobiota: T. afarasin, T. afroharzianum, T. endophyticum, T. guizhouense, and T. neotropicale. Trichoderma afroharzianum and T. endophyticum were the most frequent species found in the samples. In addition, a collection of isolates previously identified as T. harzianum with antagonistic abilities were reidentified as T. afroharzianum, thus highlighting the importance of correct identification of biocontrol species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana A Barrera
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola, N. Repetto y De los Reseros, CC25 (1712), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leopoldo Iannone
- Instituto de Micología y Botánica-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INMIBO-CONICET), Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Int. Güiraldes 2620, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Andrea Irene Romero
- Instituto de Micología y Botánica-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INMIBO-CONICET), Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Int. Güiraldes 2620, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Priscila Chaverri
- Escuela de Biología and Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica.,Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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Di Lelio I, Coppola M, Comite E, Molisso D, Lorito M, Woo SL, Pennacchio F, Rao R, Digilio MC. Temperature Differentially Influences the Capacity of Trichoderma Species to Induce Plant Defense Responses in Tomato Against Insect Pests. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:678830. [PMID: 34177994 PMCID: PMC8221184 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.678830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Species of the ecological opportunistic, avirulent fungus, Trichoderma are widely used in agriculture for their ability to protect crops from the attack of pathogenic fungi and for plant growth promotion activity. Recently, it has been shown that they may also have complementary properties that enhance plant defense barriers against insects. However, the use of these fungi is somewhat undermined by their variable level of biocontrol activity, which is influenced by environmental conditions. Understanding the source of this variability is essential for its profitable and wide use in plant protection. Here, we focus on the impact of temperature on Trichoderma afroharzianum T22, Trichoderma atroviride P1, and the defense response induced in tomato by insects. The in vitro development of these two strains was differentially influenced by temperature, and the observed pattern was consistent with temperature-dependent levels of resistance induced by them in tomato plants against the aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, and the noctuid moth, Spodoptera littoralis. Tomato plants treated with T. afroharzianum T22 exhibited enhanced resistance toward both insect pests at 25°C, while T. atroviride P1 proved to be more effective at 20°C. The comparison of plant transcriptomic profiles generated by the two Trichoderma species allowed the identification of specific defense genes involved in the observed response, and a selected group was used to assess, by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), the differential gene expression in Trichoderma-treated tomato plants subjected to the two temperature regimens that significantly affected fungal biological performance. These results will help pave the way toward a rational selection of the most suitable Trichoderma isolates for field applications, in order to best face the challenges imposed by local environmental conditions and by extreme climatic shifts due to global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Di Lelio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariangela Coppola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ernesto Comite
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Donata Molisso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sheridan Lois Woo
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Digilio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Cadamuro RD, da Silveira Bastos IMA, Silva IT, da Cruz ACC, Robl D, Sandjo LP, Alves S, Lorenzo JM, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Treichel H, Steindel M, Fongaro G. Bioactive Compounds from Mangrove Endophytic Fungus and Their Uses for Microorganism Control. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:455. [PMID: 34200444 PMCID: PMC8228968 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangroves are ecosystems with unique characteristics due to the high salinity and amount of organic matter that house a rich biodiversity. Fungi have aroused much interest as they are an important natural source for the discovery of new bioactive compounds, with potential biotechnological and pharmacological interest. This review aims to highlight endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove plant species and the isolated bioactive compounds and their bioactivity against protozoa, bacteria and pathogenic viruses. Knowledge about this type of ecosystem is of great relevance for its preservation and as a source of new molecules for the control of pathogens that may be of importance for human, animal and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Dorighello Cadamuro
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (I.M.A.d.S.B.); (I.T.S.); (A.C.C.d.C.); (D.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Isabela Maria Agustini da Silveira Bastos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (I.M.A.d.S.B.); (I.T.S.); (A.C.C.d.C.); (D.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Izabella Thais Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (I.M.A.d.S.B.); (I.T.S.); (A.C.C.d.C.); (D.R.); (M.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Ariadne Cristiane Cabral da Cruz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (I.M.A.d.S.B.); (I.T.S.); (A.C.C.d.C.); (D.R.); (M.S.)
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Diogo Robl
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (I.M.A.d.S.B.); (I.T.S.); (A.C.C.d.C.); (D.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Louis Pergaud Sandjo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil;
| | - Sergio Alves
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó 89802-112, SC, Brazil;
| | - Jose M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avd. Galicia n° 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
- Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | | | - Helen Treichel
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocess, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim 99700-000, RS, Brazil;
| | - Mário Steindel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (I.M.A.d.S.B.); (I.T.S.); (A.C.C.d.C.); (D.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (I.M.A.d.S.B.); (I.T.S.); (A.C.C.d.C.); (D.R.); (M.S.)
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Molecular Tools for the Yeast Papiliotrema terrestris LS28 and Identification of Yap1 as a Transcription Factor Involved in Biocontrol Activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02910-20. [PMID: 33452020 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02910-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal attacks on stored fruit and vegetables are responsible for losses of products. There is an active research field to develop alternative strategies for postharvest disease management, and the use of biocontrol agents represents a promising approach. Understanding the molecular bases of the biocontrol activity of these agents is crucial to potentiate their effectiveness. The yeast Papiliotrema terrestris is a biocontrol agent against postharvest pathogens. Phenotypic studies suggest that it exerts its antagonistic activity through competition for nutrients and space, which relies on its resistance to oxidative and other cellular stresses. In this study, we developed tools for genetic manipulation in P. terrestris to perform targeted gene replacement and functional complementation of the transcription factors Yap1 and Rim101. In vitro phenotypic analyses revealed a conserved role of Yap1 and Rim101 in broad resistance to oxidative stress and alkaline pH sensing, respectively. In vivo analyses revealed that P. terrestris yap1Δ and rim101Δ mutants display decreased ability to colonize wounded fruit compared to that of the parental wild-type (WT) strain; the yap1Δ mutant also displays reduced biocontrol activity against the postharvest pathogens Penicillium expansum and Monilinia fructigena, indicating an important role for resistance to oxidative stress in timely wound colonization and biocontrol activity of P. terrestris In conclusion, the availability of molecular tools developed in the present study provides a foundation to elucidate the genetic mechanisms underlying biocontrol activity of P. terrestris, with the goal of enhancing this activity for the practical use of P. terrestris in pest management programs based on biological and integrated control.IMPORTANCE The use of fungicides represents the most effective and widely used strategy for controlling postharvest diseases. However, their extensive use has raised several concerns, such as the emergence of plant pathogens' resistance as well as the health risks associated with the persistence of chemical residues in fruit, in vegetables, and in the environment. These factors have brought attention to alternative methods for controlling postharvest diseases, such as the utilization of biocontrol agents. In the present study, we developed genetic resources to investigate at the molecular level the mechanisms involved in the biocontrol activity of Papiliotrema terrestris, a basidiomycete yeast that is an effective biocontrol agent against widespread fungal pathogens, including Penicillium expansum, the etiological agent of blue mold disease of pome fruits. A deeper understanding of how postharvest biocontrol agents operate is the basic requirement to promote the utilization of biological (and integrated) control for the reduction of chemical fungicides.
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Chance or Necessity-The Fungi Co-Occurring with Formica polyctena Ants. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030204. [PMID: 33670956 PMCID: PMC7997191 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary There are about 13,800 species of ants living around the world, but only some of them have been extensively studied in the context of their non−antagonistic relationships with fungi. The best−known example is the symbiosis between leaf−cutting ants and fungi serving them as food. Others include the relationship between ants living in carton nests in the trees’ canopy with fungi increasing the durability of the nest. Do ants utilize fungi in the northern hemisphere and cooler climatic zone? This question is still open. Our goal was to study the less−obvious interactions between ants and common fungi in temperate climates. In our study, we characterized the mycobiota of the surroundings of Formica polyctena ants. We identified nearly 600 strains and investigated their taxonomic affinity. The most abundant fungi in F. polyctena nests are strains belonging to Penicillium—a genus well−known as an antibiotic producer. Other common and widespread fungi related to Penicillium, such as the toxin−producing Aspergillus species, were isolated very rarely. Additionally, the high diversity and high frequency of Penicillium colonies isolated from ants in this study suggest that certain representatives of this genus may be adapted to survive in ant nests, or that they are preferentially sustained by the insects. Abstract Studies on carton nesting ants and domatia−dwelling ants have shown that ant–fungi interactions may be much more common and widespread than previously thought. Until now, studies focused predominantly on parasitic and mutualistic fungi–ant interactions occurring mostly in the tropics, neglecting less−obvious interactions involving the fungi common in ants’ surroundings in temperate climates. In our study, we characterized the mycobiota of the surroundings of Formica polyctena ants by identifying nearly 600 fungal colonies that were isolated externally from the bodies of F. polyctena workers. The ants were collected from mounds found in northern and central Poland. Isolated fungi were assigned to 20 genera via molecular identification (ITS rDNA barcoding). Among these, Penicillium strains were the most frequent, belonging to eight different taxonomic sections. Other common and widespread members of Eurotiales, such as Aspergillus spp., were isolated very rarely. In our study, we managed to characterize the genera of fungi commonly present on F. polyctena workers. Our results suggest that Penicillium, Trichoderma, Mucor, Schwanniomyces and Entomortierella are commonly present in F. polyctena surroundings. Additionally, the high diversity and high frequency of Penicillium colonies isolated from ants in this study suggest that representatives of this genus may be adapted to survive in ant nests environment better than the other fungal groups, or that they are preferentially sustained by the insects in nests.
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Seed coating as a delivery system for the endophyte Trichoderma koningiopsis Th003 in rice (Oryza sativa). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1889-1904. [PMID: 33559719 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Seed coating is a technique to cover seeds with external agents to upgrade their performance, handling, and plant establishment. Plant beneficial microbes (PBMs), such as plant growth-promoting bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, and other fungi (e.g., Trichoderma spp.), decrease agrochemical inputs, enhance tolerance to biotic-abiotic stresses, and increase essential plant nutrition. The demand for pre-treated seeds as delivery systems for biological agents is advancing. Here, a seed coating formulation containing Trichoderma koningiopsis is presented. The physicochemical and biological characterization of the seed coating prototypes included drying protector screening, the effect of the inoculum concentration on survival, the assessment of microbial release profiles in soil extract, and plant tissue colonization capability under semi-controlled conditions. Gelatine and pectin, two of the tested drying protectors, maintained fungus germination after 60 days at 18 °C with significantly higher values of up to 38% compared with the control. The initial concentration of 106 colony-forming units (CFU) per seed undergoes a positive effect on survival over time. Regarding plant tissue colonization, the fungus establishes endophytically in rice. In conclusion, seed coating is a promising alternative for the formulation of beneficial microbial agents such as Trichoderma sp., maintaining cell survival and further promoting the establishment in rice systems.Key points• Enhancing drying survival of T. koningiopsis formulates• Seed coating formulation approach for T. koningiopsis in rice• Colonization capacity of formulated T. koningiopsis in rice tissue.
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Luo Y, Feng L, Yang G, Mu J. The role of Ulva fasciata in the evolution of the microbial community and antibiotic resistance genes in maricultural sediments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 163:111940. [PMID: 33360612 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study explored changes in the microbial community and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in maricultural clam sediment after 3-month co-culture with different densities (0, 5 and 12 g L-1) of seaweed Ulva fasciata (U. fasciata). The maximum removal rates of NO3--N, PO43--P, and inhibition of Vibrio culturability occurred at presence of 12 g L-1U. fasciata. A significant decrease by 14.0% of the total ARGs was found in control sediment without U. fasciata after separation from the original niches, while the total ARGs further increased by 5.58%and 4.65% at presence of 5 and 12 g L-1 of U. fasciata in compared with control sediment, respectively, strongly related with Chloroflexi, Spirochaetes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes hosts. In addition, U. fasciata favored the decline of absolute gene numbers of some tetracycline resistance genes (tetPB, tetW, otrA, tetT, tetO) and class 1 integron-integrase gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Luo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Feng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangfeng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Mu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya City, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China
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Generation of Trichoderma harzianum with pyr4 auxotrophic marker by using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1085. [PMID: 33441796 PMCID: PMC7806921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum is a filamentous fungus used as a biological control agent for agricultural pests. Genes of this microorganism have been studied, and their applications are patented for use in biofungicides and plant breeding strategies. Gene editing technologies would be of great importance for genetic characterization of this species, but have not yet been reported. This work describes mutants obtained with an auxotrophic marker in this species using the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/ Cas (CRISPR-associated) system. For this, sequences for a guide RNA and Cas9 overexpression were inserted via biolistics, and the sequencing approach confirmed deletions and insertions at the pyr4 gene. Phenotypic characterization demonstrated a reduction in the growth of mutants in the absence of uridine, as well as resistance to 5-fluorotic acid. In addition, the gene disruption did not reduce mycoparasitc activity against phytopathogens. Thus, target disruption of the pyr4 gene in T. harzianum using the CRISPR/Cas9 system was demonstrated, and it was also shown that endogenous expression of the system did not interfere with the biological control activity of pathogens. This work is the first report of CRISPR Cas9-based editing in this biocontrol species, and the mutants expressing Cas9 have potential for the generation of useful technologies in agricultural biotechnology.
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Burovinskaya M, Maslienko L, Yurchenko E. Micromycetes antagonistic potential in vitro against Alternaria sp., a pathogenic strain associated with grapes. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20213404011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi from the genus Alternaria Nees are new harmful grapes mycopathogens; they are a part of the necrotic leaf spot pathocomplex. The disease intensive development leads to more than 50% necrotisation of the leaf surface, leaving no leaf on the plant by the end of the growing season. An alternative to chemical protection against the disease is the use of biocontrol agents. For this purpose, the screening of fungal antagonist strains from the collection of the laboratory of the biological method of the Federal scientific center «V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil crops» (FSBSI «FSC «ARRIOC») was carried out in relation to the causative agent of necrotic leaf spot of grapes Alternaria sp. by the dual cultures method on two nutrient media – potato-sucrose agar and Rudakov’s agar. Of the 27 fungal strains that were screened for the antagonistic activity to 425-3 Alternaria sp. 17 strains showed the activity. Of these, 12 strains competed for feeding area and exhibited hyperparasitism. Strains A-1 and I-3 Basidiomycota, Tr-1 Trichothecium sp. and all strains of Trichoderma sp. showed the greatest antagonistic activity on both media.
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Andrade-Hoyos P, Silva-Rojas HV, Romero-Arenas O. Endophytic Trichoderma Species Isolated from Persea americana and Cinnamomum verum Roots Reduce Symptoms Caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in Avocado. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091220. [PMID: 32957543 PMCID: PMC7569818 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Avocado root rot caused by the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi is a severe disease that affects avocado production in Mexico and worldwide. The use of biological control agents such as Trichoderma species isolated from places where the disease is always present, represents an efficient alternative to reduce losses. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the biocontrol ability of 10 endophytic Trichoderma spp. strains against P. cinnamomi tested both in vitro and in the greenhouse. The endophytic Trichoderma spp. were recovered from Persea americana and Cinnamomum verum roots, isolated and purified on potato–dextrose–agar medium. Ten strains were identified by phylogenetic reconstruction of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA sequences as T.asperellum (T-AS1, T-AS2, T-AS6, and T-AS7), T. harzianum (T-H3, T-H4, and T-H5), T. hamatum (T-A12), T. koningiopsis (T-K8 and T-K11), and P. cinnamomi (CPO-PCU). In vitro dual-culture assay, the percentage of inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) between Trichoderma spp. and P. cinnamomi strains was measured according to the Bell’s scale. PIRG results indicated that T-AS2 reached the highest value of 78.32%, and T-H5 reached the lowest value of 38.66%. In the greenhouse, the infection was evaluated according to the percentage of disease incidence. Plants with the lowest incidence of dead by avocado root rot were those whose seedlings were inoculated with T-AS2 and T-AS7, resulting in only 5% death by root rot caused by P. cinnamomi. The disease incidence of seedlings with wilt symptoms and death decreased more than 50% in the presence of Trichoderma spp. Relying on the results, we conclude that T. asperellum and T. harzianum contribute to the biocontrol of soil-borne pathogenic oomycete P. cinnamomi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Andrade-Hoyos
- Manejo Sostenible de Agroecosistemas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio VAL 1, Km 1,7 Carretera a San Baltazar Tetela, San Pedro Zacachimalpa, Puebla 72960, Mexico;
| | - Hilda Victoria Silva-Rojas
- Producción de Semillas, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Km. 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Estado de México 56230, Mexico;
| | - Omar Romero-Arenas
- Centro de Agroecología, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio VAL 1, Km 1,7 Carretera a San Baltazar Tetela, San Pedro Zacachimalpa, Puebla 72960, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-222-229-5500 (ext. 1317)
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Liu J, Sun Z, Zou Y, Li W, He F, Huang X, Lin C, Cai Q, Wisniewski M, Wu X. Pre- and postharvest measures used to control decay and mycotoxigenic fungi in potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) during storage. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:415-428. [PMID: 32924541 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1818688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), a worldwide, staple food crop, is susceptible to postharvest rots caused by a variety of fungal pathogens, including Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp., Phytophthora infestans, Helminthosporium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, and Colletotrichum coccodes. Rots resulting from infections by these pathogens cause a significant reduction in potato quality and marketable yield. Importantly, some of these decay fungi also produce mycotoxins that represent a potential risk to human health. In the present review, an overview and discussion are provided on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of decay fungi, especially Fusarium spp., that include recent data derived from genomic and phylogenetic analyses. The biosynthesis and functional role of fungitoxic metabolites such as trichothecene mycotoxins and fusaric acid, produced in rotted potatoes are also reviewed. Advances in pre- and postharvest measures for rot management, especially eco-friendly methods including physical control, biological control, the use of natural compounds, and other agricultural management practices are also reviewed. Lastly, novel approaches to control potato dry rot such as the use of mycoviruses and CRISPR technology are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- Yantai Lvyun Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yuping Zou
- Yantai Lvyun Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wenhua Li
- Yantai Lvyun Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Fangyun He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoya Huang
- Yantai Lvyun Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chenglin Lin
- Yantai Lvyun Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qingnian Cai
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Xuehong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Role of Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum as Plant-Growth Promoter in Horticulture. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10071004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to determine the capacity of Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum to promote pepper and tomato seedling growth compared to that of T. saturnisporum, a species recently characterised as a biostimulant. Consequently, in vitro seed germination and seedling growth tests were performed under commercial plant nursery conditions. Additionally, the effects of different doses and a mixture of both species on seedling growth under plant nursery and subsequently under greenhouse conditions were determined. Furthermore, mass production of spores was determined in different substrates, and their siderophore and indole acetic acid production and phosphate (P) solubilisation capacity were also determined. Direct application of Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum to seeds in vitro neither increases the percentage of pepper and tomato seed germination nor improves their vigour index. However, substrate irrigation using different doses under commercial plant nursery conditions increases the quality of tomato and pepper seedlings. Tomato roots increased by 66.66% at doses of 106 spores per plant. Applying T. aggressivum f. europaeum or T. saturnisporum under plant nursery conditions added value to seedlings because their growth-promoting effect is maintained under greenhouse conditions up to three months after transplantation. The combined application of the two species had no beneficial effect in relation to that of the control. The present study demonstrates the biostimulant capacity of T. aggressivum f. europaeum in pepper and tomato plants under commercial plant nursery and greenhouse conditions.
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Agirman B, Erten H. Biocontrol ability and action mechanisms of Aureobasidium pullulans GE17 and Meyerozyma guilliermondii KL3 against Penicillium digitatum DSM2750 and Penicillium expansum DSM62841 causing postharvest diseases. Yeast 2020; 37:437-448. [PMID: 32452099 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epiphytic yeasts were isolated from different cultivars of apples and lemons and identified by a combination of PCR-RFLP of 5.8S rRNA region and sequencing of D1/D2 domain of the 26S rRNA gene. Among 69 isolates, Aureobasidium pullulans GE17 and Meyerozyma guilliermondii KL3 strains showed the greatest antagonistic activity against two significant apple and lemon postharvest pathogens, Penicillium expansum DSM62841 (blue mold) and Penicillium digitatum DSM2750 (green mold), after preliminary screening. Yeasts were applied as single and mixed cultures with two different cell concentrations of 106 and 108 cells/ml in the present study. It was determined that antagonistic activity of two yeast strains studied emerged with a combination of several mechanisms of action including competition for space and nutrients, production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), secretion of extracellular lytic enzymes and inhibition of fungal spore germination. The highest inhibition of mycelial growth on P. expansum DSM62841 and P. digitatum DSM2750 (83.4% and 74.7%, respectively) was achieved by utilization of single culture of A. pullulans GE17. Otherwise, the application of mixed culture at the ratio of 108 cells/ml inhibited spore germination of both pathogens from 86% to 95%. Results of this study suggest that an increase in yeast cell concentrations positively affected their biocontrol activity against blue and green molds. According to the results, employing single culture of M. guilliermondii KL3 did not exhibit effective antagonistic activity against blue and green molds. However, utilization of A. pullulans GE17 alone and mixed culture showed succesfull controlling against both P. expansum DSM62841 and P. digitatum DSM2750.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Agirman
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Erten
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Facing Climate Change: Application of Microbial Biostimulants to Mitigate Stress in Horticultural Crops. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10060794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the current scenario of rapidly evolving climate change, crop plants are more frequently subjected to stresses of both abiotic and biotic origin, including exposure to unpredictable and extreme climatic events, changes in plant physiology, growing season and phytosanitary hazard, and increased losses up to 30% and 50% in global agricultural productions. Plants coevolved with microbial symbionts, which are involved in major functions both at the ecosystem and plant level. The use of microbial biostimulants, by exploiting this symbiotic interaction, represents a sustainable strategy to increase plant performances and productivity, even under stresses due to climate changes. Microbial biostimulants include beneficial fungi, yeasts and eubacteria sharing the ability to improve plant nutrition, growth, productivity and stress tolerance. This work reports the current knowledge on microbial biostimulants and provides a critical review on their possible use to mitigate the biotic and abiotic stresses caused by climate changes. Currently, available products often provide a general amelioration of cultural conditions, but their action mechanisms are largely undetermined and their effects often unreliable. Future research may lead to more specifically targeted products, based on the characterization of plant-microbe and microbial community interactions.
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Gabriel-Ortega J, Pereira-Murillo E, Ayón-Villao F, Castro-Piguave C, Delvalle-García I, Castillo JA. Development of an ecological strategy for the control of downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) in cucumber cultivation (Cucumis sativus L.). BIONATURA 2020. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2020.05.02.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Downy mildew is a severe disease of cucumber worldwide. The oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis cause it and once it is established in a region, the infection spreads rapidly, causing significant loss of yield and fruit quality. The objective of the research was to develop an ecological strategy for the control of downy mildew in cucumber. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized experimental design with an alternation of chemical and biological fungicides. The treatments were: T1: systemic fungicide (Ridomil Gold, 2.5 g/l) alternating with a contact fungicide (Bravo 2.5 ml/l), T2: CustomBio 5 (Bacillus-based fungicide, 3ml/l), T3: control (water), T4: Trichoderma sp. (3 ml/l), T5: systemic fungicide (Ridomil Gold 2.5g/l) alternating with CustomBio 5 (3 ml/l), and T6: systemic fungicide (Ridomil Gold 2.5g/l) alternating with Trichoderma sp. (3 ml/l). The following variables were evaluated: stem thickness, plant height, number and weight of fruits, yield, the area under the relative progress curve (AUDPCr), and economic analysis of each treatment. The results showed that the best treatments were T1 and T6, with an AUDPCr of 11.89% and 12.10%, respectively. Treatments T6 and T1 showed the best yield, as well. The profitability analysis showed that all the alternatives were profitable with a Benefit/Cost>1 ratio. However, the treatments T6 and T1 were the most useful. We recommend this control strategy to reduce the use of chemical fungicides and, at the same time, obtain an efficient control of the disease, which guarantees a significant yield of high-quality fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Gabriel-Ortega
- Ph.D., Professor, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, State University of Southern Manabí. Via Noboa s/n, Los Angeles Campus. Jipijapa, Manabi,
| | | | - Fernando Ayón-Villao
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, State University of Southern Manabí. Via Noboa s/n, Los Angeles Campus. Jipijapa, Manabi, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Castro-Piguave
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, State University of Southern Manabí. Via Noboa s/n, Los Angeles Campus. Jipijapa, Manabi, Ecuador
| | | | - José A. Castillo
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuqui, Ecuador
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Ferreira FV, Herrmann-Andrade AM, Calabrese CD, Bello F, Vázquez D, Musumeci MA. Effectiveness of Trichoderma strains isolated from the rhizosphere of citrus tree to control Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Penicillium digitatum A21 resistant to pyrimethanil in post-harvest oranges (Citrus sinensis L. (Osbeck)). J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:712-727. [PMID: 32249987 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Penicillium digitatum, Alternaria alternata and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides are pathogens responsible for large decays and production losses of citrus. They are commonly controlled by fungicides, whose excessive applications have led to the emergence of resistant P. digitatum strains. Alternative approaches are imperative for sustainable and environmental harmless citrus production, being biological control a promising strategy. The objective was to evaluate the potential of Trichoderma strains native from the rhizosphere of citrus trees to control these pathogens. METHODS AND RESULTS Seven strains were isolated and identified as Trichoderma harzianum, T. guizhouense, T. atroviride and T. koningiopsis through morphological and molecular analyses. Five of them showed effective antagonist performance in vitro against the pathogens. The strain T. harzianum IC-30 was the best biological control agent in vivo, obtaining a reduction of rot percentage around 80% after 3 weeks of infection of oranges with P. digitatum A21 (resistant to pyrimethanil). This strain also showed the highest chitinase and glucanase activities. CONCLUSIONS Trichoderma harzianum IC-30 is an optimal antagonist for the control of green mould spreading and other pathogens in post-harvest citrus fruits. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The strain combined with supplementary practices could lead to sustainable management of citrus fungal diseases, dispensing with synthetic fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- F V Ferreira
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Entre Ríos, CONICET, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - A M Herrmann-Andrade
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - C D Calabrese
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - F Bello
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concordia, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - D Vázquez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concordia, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - M A Musumeci
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Entre Ríos, CONICET, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
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Chemical Composition of an Aphid Antifeedant Extract from an Endophytic Fungus, Trichoderma sp. EFI671. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030420. [PMID: 32192023 PMCID: PMC7143094 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Botanical and fungal biopesticides, including endophytes, are in high demand given the current restrictive legislations on the use of chemical pesticides. As part of an ongoing search for new biopesticides, a series of fungal endophytes have been isolated from selected medicinal plants including Lauraceae species. In the current study, an extract from the endophytic fungus Trichoderma sp. EFI 671, isolated from the stem parts of the medicinal plant Laurus sp., was screened for bioactivity against plant pathogens (Fusarium graminearum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea), insect pests (Spodoptera littoralis, Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum padi) and plant parasites (Meloidogyne javanica), with positive results against M. persicae. The chemical study of the neutral fraction of the active hexane extract resulted in the isolation of a triglyceride mixture (m1), eburicol (2), β-sitostenone (3), ergosterol (4) and ergosterol peroxide (5). The free fatty acids present in the acid fraction of the extract and in m1 (oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic) showed strong dose-dependent antifeedant effects against M. persicae. Liquid (potato dextrose broth, PDB and Sabouraud Broth, SDB) and solid (corn, sorghum, pearl millet and rice) growth media were tested in order to optimize the yield and bioactivity of the fungal extracts. Pearl millet and corn gave the highest extract yields. All the extracts from these solid media had strong effects against M. persicae, with sorghum being the most active. Corn media increased the methyl linoleate content of the extract, pearl millet media increased the oleic acid and sorghum media increased the oleic and linoleic acids compared to rice. The antifeedant effects of these extracts correlated with their content in methyl linoleate and linoleic acid. The phytotoxic effects of these extracts against ryegrass, Lolium perenne, and lettuce, Lactuca sativa, varied with culture media, with sorghum being non- toxic.
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Wang YF, Hou XY, Deng JJ, Yao ZH, Lyu MM, Zhang RS. AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 1 Acts as a Positive Regulator in the Response of Poplar to Trichoderma asperellum Inoculation in Overexpressing Plants. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020272. [PMID: 32092896 PMCID: PMC7076496 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous Trichoderma strains have been reported to be optimal biofertilizers and biocontrol agents with low production costs and environmentally friendly properties. Trichoderma spp. promote the growth and immunity of plants by multiple means. Interfering with the hormonal homeostasis in plants is the most critical strategy. However, the mechanisms underlying plants' responses to Trichoderma remain to be further elucidated. Auxin is the most important phytohormone that regulates almost every aspect of a plant's life, especially the trade-off between growth and defense. The AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) family proteins are key players in auxin signaling. We studied the responses and functions of the PdPapARF1 gene in a hybrid poplar during its interaction with beneficial T. asperellum strains using transformed poplar plants with PdPapARF1 overexpression (on transcription level in this study). We report that PdPapARF1 is a positive regulator for promoting poplar growth and defense responses, as does T. asperellum inoculation. PdPapARF1 also turned out to be a positive stimulator of adventitious root formation. Particularly, the overexpression of PdPapARF1 induced a 32.3% increase in the height of 40-day-old poplar plants and a 258% increase in the amount of adventitious root of 3-week-old subcultured plant clones. Overexpressed PdPapARF1 exerted its beneficial functions through modulating the hormone levels of indole acetic acid (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) in plants and activating their signaling pathways, creating similar results as inoculated with T. asperellum. Particularly, in the overexpressing poplar plants, the IAA level increased by approximately twice of the wild-type plants; and the signaling pathways of IAA, JA, and SA were drastically activated than the wild-type plants under pathogen attacks. Our report presents the potential of ARFs as the crucial and positive responders in plants to Trichoderma inducing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Feng Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; (Y.-F.W.); (X.-Y.H.); (J.-J.D.)
- Photosynthesis Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xue-Yue Hou
- College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; (Y.-F.W.); (X.-Y.H.); (J.-J.D.)
| | - Jun-Jie Deng
- College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; (Y.-F.W.); (X.-Y.H.); (J.-J.D.)
| | - Zhi-Hong Yao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; (Y.-F.W.); (X.-Y.H.); (J.-J.D.)
| | - Man-Man Lyu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; (Y.-F.W.); (X.-Y.H.); (J.-J.D.)
| | - Rong-Shu Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; (Y.-F.W.); (X.-Y.H.); (J.-J.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0451-8219-0610
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Bernal L, Dussán J. Synergistic effect of Lysinibacillus sphaericus and glyphosate on temephos-resistant larvae of Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:68. [PMID: 32051012 PMCID: PMC7017551 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3928-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyphosate-based herbicides are one of the most commonly used compounds to control perennial weeds around the world. This compound is very persistent in the environment and tends to filter into aquatic ecosystems, affecting non-target species such as mosquito larvae. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are vectors of multiple arboviruses such as dengue and Zika. Glyphosate can be degraded into non-harmful environmental compounds by Lysinibacillus sphaericus, a spore forming bacterium which can also kill Ae. aegypti larvae. In this study, we assessed the effect of glyphosate concentrations, typically used in Colombia, on the entomopathogenic activity of L. sphaericus against Ae. aegypti larvae. METHODS Bioassays and toxicity curves were performed to compare the larval mortality between different treatments with and without bacteria and glyphosate (Roundup 747®). Larvae were exposed to both bacteria and glyphosate by adding the compound on chloride-free water. Comparisons were made using both probit regression and ANOVA analysis. RESULTS ANOVA showed a significant difference in larval mortality when adding glyphosate and L. sphaericus at the same time. Thus, a positive synergic effect on larval mortality was found when L. sphaericus and glyphosate were mixed. According to probit analysis, median lethal dose (LD50) for bacterial mixture was of 106.23 UFC/ml and for glyphosate was 2.34 g/l. CONCLUSIONS A positive synergic effect on the mortality of larval Ae. aegypti when exposed to L. sphaericus mixture and glyphosate was found. Molecular studies focusing on the toxin production of L. sphaericus are required to understand more about this synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bernal
- Microbiological Research Center (CIMIC), Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18 A-12, Bogotá, 111711 Colombia
| | - Jenny Dussán
- Microbiological Research Center (CIMIC), Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18 A-12, Bogotá, 111711 Colombia
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