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Kang W, Wang M, Yi X, Wang J, Zhang X, Wu Z, Wang Y, Sun H, Gottschalk M, Zheng H, Xu J. Investigation of genomic and pathogenicity characteristics of Streptococcus suis ST1 human strains from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GX) between 2005 and 2020 in China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2339946. [PMID: 38578304 PMCID: PMC11034456 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2339946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a significant and emerging zoonotic pathogen. ST1 and ST7 strains are the primary agents responsible for S. suis human infections in China, including the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GX). To enhance our understanding of S. suis ST1 population characteristics, we conducted an investigation into the phylogenetic structure, genomic features, and virulence levels of 73 S. suis ST1 human strains from GX between 2005 and 2020. The ST1 GX strains were categorized into three lineages in phylogenetic analysis. Sub-lineage 3-1a exhibited a closer phylogenetic relationship with the ST7 epidemic strain SC84. The strains from lineage 3 predominantly harboured 89K-like pathogenicity islands (PAIs) which were categorized into four clades based on sequence alignment. The acquirement of 89K-like PAIs increased the antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity of corresponding transconjugants. We observed significant diversity in virulence levels among the 37 representative ST1 GX strains, that were classified as follows: epidemic (E)/highly virulent (HV) (32.4%, 12/37), virulent plus (V+) (29.7%, 11/37), virulent (V) (18.9%, 7/37), and lowly virulent (LV) (18.9%, 7/37) strains based on survival curves and mortality rates at different time points in C57BL/6 mice following infection. The E/HV strains were characterized by the overproduction of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in serum and promptly established infection at the early phase of infection. Our research offers novel insights into the population structure, evolution, genomic features, and pathogenicity of ST1 strains. Our data also indicates the importance of establishing a scheme for characterizing and subtyping the virulence levels of S. suis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Kang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingliu Wang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueli Yi
- Key Laboratory of Research on Clinical Molecular Diagnosis for High Incidence Diseases in Western Guangxi, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Youjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiyan Zhang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- WOAH Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Sun
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Han Zheng
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Natonal key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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2
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Scherrer S, Biggel M, Schneeberger M, Cernela N, Rademacher F, Schmitt S, Stephan R. Genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus suis from diseased Swiss pigs collected between 2019 - 2022. Vet Microbiol 2024; 293:110084. [PMID: 38608374 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important pathogen causing severe disease in pigs and humans, giving rise to economic losses in the pig production industry. Out of 65 S. suis isolates collected from diseased pigs in Switzerland between 2019 and 2022, 57 isolates were thoroughly examined by phenotypic and whole genome sequence (WGS) based characterization. The isolates' genomes were sequenced allowing for a comprehensive analysis of their distribution in terms of serovar, sequence type (ST), clonal complex (CC), and classical virulence markers. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes were screened, and phenotypic susceptibility to eight classes of antimicrobial agents was examined. Serovar 6, devoid of any resistance genes, was found to be most prevalent, followed by serovars 1, 3, 1/2, and 9. Thirty STs were identified, with ST1104 being the most prevalent. Serovar 2 and serovar 1/2 were associated with CC1, potentially containing the most virulent variants. Based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses, fifteen isolates belonged to one of seven putative transmission clusters each consisting of two or three isolates. High phenotypic AMR rates were detected for tetracyclines (80%) and macrolides (35%) and associated with the resistance genes tet(O) and erm(B), respectively. In contrast, susceptibility to β-lactam antibiotics and phenicols was high. Determination of phenotypic AMR profiling, including the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the tested antimicrobial agents, sets a baseline for future studies. The study provides valuable insights into the genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of Swiss S. suis isolates, facilitating the identification of emerging clones relevant to public health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Scherrer
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Biggel
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Schneeberger
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Cernela
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fenja Rademacher
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Jeffery A, Gilbert M, Corsaut L, Gaudreau A, Obradovic MR, Cloutier S, Frenette MC, Surprenant C, Lacouture S, Arnal JL, Gottschalk M, Segura M. Immune response induced by a Streptococcus suis multi-serotype autogenous vaccine used in sows to protect post-weaned piglets. Vet Res 2024; 55:57. [PMID: 38715138 PMCID: PMC11076212 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a bacterial pathogen that causes important economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Since there are no current commercial vaccines, the use of autogenous vaccines applied to gilts/sows to enhance transfer of passive immunity is an attractive alternative to protect weaned piglets. However, there is no universal standardization in the production of autogenous vaccines and the vaccine formulation may be highly different among licenced manufacturing laboratories. In the present study, an autogenous vaccine that included S. suis serotypes 2, 1/2, 5, 7 and 14 was prepared by a licensed laboratory and administrated to gilts using a three-dose program prior to farrowing. The antibody response in gilts as well as the passive transfer of antibodies to piglets was then evaluated. In divergence with previously published data with an autogenous vaccine produced by a different company, the increased response seen in gilts was sufficient to improve maternal antibody transfer to piglets up to 5 weeks of age. However, piglets would still remain susceptible to S. suis disease which often appears during the second part of the nursery period. Vaccination did not affect the shedding of S. suis (as well as that of the specific S. suis serotypes included in the vaccine) by either gilts or piglets. Although all antibiotic treatments were absent during the trial, the clinical protective effect of the vaccination program with the autogenous vaccine could not be evaluated, since limited S. suis cases were present during the trial, confirming the need for a complete evaluation of the clinical protection that must include laboratory confirmation of the aetiological agent involved in the presence of S. suis-associated clinical signs. Further studies to evaluate the usefulness of gilt/sow vaccination with autogenous vaccines to protect nursery piglets should be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Jeffery
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, and Research Group On Infectious Diseases in Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Mélina Gilbert
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, and Research Group On Infectious Diseases in Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Lorelei Corsaut
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, and Research Group On Infectious Diseases in Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Annie Gaudreau
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, and Research Group On Infectious Diseases in Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Milan R Obradovic
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, and Research Group On Infectious Diseases in Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Sonia Lacouture
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, and Research Group On Infectious Diseases in Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Jose Luis Arnal
- Exopol, Veterinary Diagnostic and Autogenous Vaccine Laboratory, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, and Research Group On Infectious Diseases in Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Mariela Segura
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, and Research Group On Infectious Diseases in Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
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Xia Y, Wang Z, Hu Y, Zhao P, Li J, Zhang L, Fang R, Zhao J. Isolation, Identification, Genomic Diversity, and Antimicrobial Resistance Analysis of Streptococcus suis in Hubei Province of China from 2021 to 2023. Microorganisms 2024; 12:917. [PMID: 38792744 PMCID: PMC11124115 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a zoonotic pathogen capable of causing severe diseases in humans and pigs, including meningitis, sepsis, polyserositis, arthritis, and endocarditis. This study aimed to investigate the biological characteristics of 19 strains of S. suis isolated from diseased pigs in Hubei Province between 2021 and 2023. Through bioinformatics analysis, we investigated the serotype, MLST, pan-genome characteristics, SNP, AMR, and ICE of the 19 S. suis isolates. Among the 19 S. suis strains, ten serotypes were identified, and serotype 9 was the most prevalent (21.05%). Ten new alleles and nine new sequence types (STs) were discovered, with ST28 and ST243 emerging as the predominant STs. The results of the pan-genomic analysis of S. suis indicate that there are 943 core genes, 2259 shell genes, and 5663 cloud genes. Through SNP evolutionary analysis, we identified a strong genetic similarity between SS31 and the reference genome P1/7. The analysis of antibiotic resistance genes revealed widespread presence of erm(B) and tet(O) genes among 19 strains of S. suis. This association may be linked to the high resistance of S. suis to lincosamides, macrolides, and tetracyclines. Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) and integrative and mobilizable elements (IMEs) were identified in 16 strains, with a carriage rate of 84.21%, and resistance genes were identified within the ICE/IME elements of 8 strains. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that all strains showed sensitivity to vancomycin and lincomycin but resistance to tilmicosin, tiamulin, amoxicillin, and doxycycline. This study contributes to our understanding of the genomic diversity of S. suis in Hubei Province of China, providing essential data for the comprehensive prevention and control of S. suis infections in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.X.); (Y.H.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (L.Z.); (R.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.X.); (Y.H.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (L.Z.); (R.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.X.); (Y.H.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (L.Z.); (R.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.X.); (Y.H.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (L.Z.); (R.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.X.); (Y.H.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (L.Z.); (R.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.X.); (Y.H.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (L.Z.); (R.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.X.); (Y.H.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (L.Z.); (R.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Kobayashi K, Kubota H, Tohya M, Ushikubo M, Yamamoto M, Ariyoshi T, Uchitani Y, Mitobe M, Okuno R, Nakagawa I, Sekizaki T, Suzuki J, Sadamasu K. Characterization of pig tonsils as niches for the generation of Streptococcus suis diversity. Vet Res 2024; 55:17. [PMID: 38321502 PMCID: PMC10848530 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01270-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a gram-positive bacterium that causes meningitis, septicemia, endocarditis, and other disorders in pigs and humans. We obtained 42 and 50 S. suis isolates from lesions of porcine endocarditis and palatine tonsils, respectively, of clinically healthy pigs in Japan; we then determined their sequence types (STs) by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), cps genotypes, serotypes, and presence of classical major virulence-associated marker genes (mrp, epf, and sly). The 42 isolates from endocarditis lesions were assigned to a limited number of STs and clonal complexes (CCs). On the other hand, the 50 isolates from tonsils were diverse in these traits and seemingly in the degree of virulence, suggesting that tonsils can accommodate a variety of S. suis isolates. The goeBURST full algorithm using tonsil isolates obtained in this study and those retrieved from the database showed that major CCs as well as many other clusters were composed of isolates originating from different countries, and some of the STs were very similar to each other despite the difference in country of origin. These findings indicate that S. suis with not only different but also similar mutations in the genome have survived in tonsils independently across different geographical locations. Therefore, unlike the lesions of endocarditis, the tonsils of pigs seemingly accommodate various S. suis lineages. The present study suggests that S. suis acquired its diversity by natural mutations during colonization and persistence in the tonsils of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Hyakunincho 3-24-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Kubota
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Hyakunincho 3-24-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Mari Tohya
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Microbiome Research, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Megumi Ushikubo
- Shibaura Meat Sanitary Inspection Station, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Konan 2-7-19, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0075, Japan
| | - Miki Yamamoto
- Shibaura Meat Sanitary Inspection Station, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Konan 2-7-19, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0075, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Ariyoshi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Hyakunincho 3-24-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yumi Uchitani
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Hyakunincho 3-24-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Morika Mitobe
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Hyakunincho 3-24-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Rumi Okuno
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Hyakunincho 3-24-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sekizaki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jun Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Hyakunincho 3-24-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Kenji Sadamasu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Hyakunincho 3-24-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
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Uruén C, Fernandez A, Arnal JL, Del Pozo M, Amoribieta MC, de Blas I, Jurado P, Calvo JH, Gottschalk M, González-Vázquez LD, Arenas M, Marín CM, Arenas J. Genomic and phenotypic analysis of invasive Streptococcus suis isolated in Spain reveals genetic diversification and associated virulence traits. Vet Res 2024; 55:11. [PMID: 38268053 PMCID: PMC10807230 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen that causes a major health problem in the pig production industry worldwide. Spain is one of the largest pig producers in the world. This work aimed to investigate the genetic and phenotypic features of invasive S. suis isolates recovered in Spain. A panel of 156 clinical isolates recovered from 13 Autonomous Communities, representing the major pig producers, were analysed. MLST and serotyping analysis revealed that most isolates (61.6%) were assigned to ST1 (26.3%), ST123 (18.6%), ST29 (9.6%), and ST3 (7.1%). Interestingly, 34 new STs were identified, indicating the emergence of novel genetic lineages. Serotypes 9 (27.6%) and 1 (21.8%) prevailed, followed by serotypes 7 (12.8%) and 2 (12.2%). Analysis of 13 virulence-associated genes showed significant associations between ST, serotype, virulence patterns, and clinical features, evidencing particular virulence traits associated with genetic clusters. The pangenome was generated, and the core genome was distributed in 7 Bayesian groups where each group included a variable set of over- and under-represented genes of different categories. The study provides comprehensive data and knowledge to improve the design of new vaccines, antimicrobial treatments, and bacterial typing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Uruén
- Unit of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute Agrofood of Aragón-IA2, University of Zaragoza-Center of Research and Technology of Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Fernandez
- Exopol. Veterinary Diagnostic and Autogenous Vaccine Laboratory, San Mateo de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Luis Arnal
- Exopol. Veterinary Diagnostic and Autogenous Vaccine Laboratory, San Mateo de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - Ignacio de Blas
- Institute Agrofood of Aragón-IA2, University of Zaragoza-Center of Research and Technology of Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Jurado
- Unit of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute Agrofood of Aragón-IA2, University of Zaragoza-Center of Research and Technology of Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jorge Hugo Calvo
- Department of Animal Science, Center of Research and Technology of Aragón CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
- ARAID, Saragossa, Spain
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | | | - Miguel Arenas
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- CINBIO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Clara M Marín
- Institute Agrofood of Aragón-IA2, University of Zaragoza-Center of Research and Technology of Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Animal Science, Center of Research and Technology of Aragón CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Arenas
- Unit of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Institute Agrofood of Aragón-IA2, University of Zaragoza-Center of Research and Technology of Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.
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Bornemann NN, Mayer L, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M, Baums CG, Strutzberg-Minder K. Invasive Bacterial Infections of the Musculoskeletal and Central Nervous System during Pig Rearing: Detection Frequencies of Different Pathogens and Specific Streptococcus suis Genotypes. Vet Sci 2024; 11:17. [PMID: 38250923 PMCID: PMC10820919 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Locomotor and central nervous system disorders occur during pig rearing, but there is no systematic recording of the different causative agents in Germany. Joint and meningeal swabs, kidneys, lungs, and eight different lymph nodes per pig were cultured, and isolated pathogens were identified using polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). The cps and pathotype of Streptococcus suis (S. suis) isolates were determined using multiplex-PCR. S. suis was the most important pathogen in the infected joints (70.8%) and meningeal swabs (85.4%) and was most frequently detected in both sites in suckling and weaning piglets. To elucidate the possible portal of entry of S. suis, eight different lymph nodes from 201 pigs were examined in a prospective study. S. suis was detected in all examined lymph nodes (n = 1569), including the mesenteric lymph nodes (15.8%; n = 121/765), with cps 9 (37.2%; n = 147) and cps 2 (24.3%; n = 96) being the most dominating cps types. In piglets with a systemic S. suis infection, different lymph nodes are frequently infected with the invasive S. suis strain, which does not help clarify the portal of entry for S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonie Mayer
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany (C.G.B.)
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany (C.G.B.)
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8
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Lee CY, Zakaria Z, Selvarajah GT, Mustaffa-Kamal F, Voon KGL, Fong MWC, Ooi PT. Screening of Streptococcus suis in swine workers of selected states in Peninsular Malaysia. Vet World 2024; 17:1-7. [PMID: 38406356 PMCID: PMC10884579 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen that is highly associated with contact between live pigs and raw pig material. In view of the recent reports of human infections in Malaysia, epidemiological data on the status of S. suis in the human population, especially among people working closely with pigs and/or raw pork, should be provided. The aim of this study was to detect S. suis among individuals working in the swine industry in several major pig production areas in Peninsular Malaysia. Materials and Methods Demographic information, exposure determinants, and oral swabs were collected from swine personnel, including farmers, butchers, and veterinarians. Oral swabs were subjected to bacterial isolation and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for S. suis detection. Results The study included 40 participants working in the swine industry, with a predominant representation of males (62.5%) and Malaysian Chinese individuals (60.0%) who consumed pork (92.5%). Notably, none of the participants reported consuming raw or partially cooked pork. In spite of their occupational exposure risk, none of the oral swabs showed positive results for S. suis infection. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report and detection study of S. suis using oral swabs obtained from swine personnel in Peninsular Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Yien Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zunita Zakaria
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gayathri Thevi Selvarajah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- UPM - MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farina Mustaffa-Kamal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kenny Gah Leong Voon
- Division of Biomedical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Michelle Wai Cheng Fong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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9
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Rosa MN, Vezina B, Marogna G, Canu A, Molotzu MR, Tola S. Streptococcus ruminantium-associated sheep mastitis outbreak detected in Italy is distinct from bovine isolates. Vet Res 2023; 54:118. [PMID: 38087338 PMCID: PMC10717183 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus ruminantium is the causative agent of several bovine and ovine diseases, however reports are uncommon and application of whole genome sequencing to identify is rare. We report for the first time, a severe ovine mastitis outbreak caused by S. ruminantium in Italy, 2022. S. ruminantium was isolated from 12 adult lactating ewes with diffuse nodules in the mammary parenchyma and predominantly serous and clotted milk. All outbreak isolates, along with five additional historical Italian isolates (between 2011 and 2017), were genomically characterised and then analysed in the context of all publicly available S. ruminantium genomes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed to determine the MICs of 16 antibiotics. The results showed that all isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested except kanamycin. Single Nucleotide Variant analysis confirmed this as a clonal outbreak across 10 sheep (≤ 15 SNVs), while the two others were colonised by more distantly related clones (≤ 53 pairwise SNVs), indicating the presence of multiple infecting lineages. The five historical S. ruminantium isolates were comprised of genetically-distant singletons (between 1259 and 5430 pairwise SNVs to 2022 outbreak isolates). Ovine isolates were found to be genetically distinct to bovine isolates, forming monophyletic groups. Bovine isolates were similarly made up of singleton clones in all but two isolates. Taken together, our genomic analysis using all globally available genomes is consistent with general opportunistic pathogenesis of S. ruminantium. We encourage future genomic surveillance efforts to facilitate outbreak detection, as well as improve our understanding of this poorly-understood, multi-host, zoonotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nives Rosa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ben Vezina
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Gavino Marogna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonella Canu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Monica Rosaria Molotzu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sebastiana Tola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", 07100, Sassari, Italy.
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10
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Sedano SA, Cantalejo MGCT, Lapitan CGAR, de Guzman AMES, Consignado JT, Tandang NA, Estacio MAC, Kerdsin A, Silva BBI. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Streptococcus suis in smallhold swine farms in the Philippines. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21178. [PMID: 38040767 PMCID: PMC10692119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the presence and characteristics of locally circulating strains of Streptococcus suis, the most important streptococcal pathogen in swine. Oral swab samples were collected from pigs from 664 representative smallhold farms across nine provinces in the Philippines. Isolates were identified and characterized using PCR assays. The study revealed an isolation rate of 15.8% (105/664, 95% CI: 13.0-18.6) among the sampled farms. Two hundred sixty-nine (269) S. suis isolates were recovered from 119 unique samples. Serotype 31 was the most prevalent (50/269, 95% CI: 13.9-23.2) among the other serotypes identified: 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 21, 27, 28, and 29. The detection of the three 'classical' S. suis virulence-associated genes showed that 90.7% (244/269, 95% CI: 87.2-94.2) were mrp-/epf-/sly-. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis further revealed 70 novel sequence types (STs). Notably, several local isolates belonging to these novel STs formed clonal complexes (CC) with S. suis strains recovered from Spain and USA, which are major pork-exporting countries to the Philippines. This study functionally marks the national baseline knowledge of S. suis in Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Sedano
- Veterinary Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
| | - Mary Grace Concepcion T Cantalejo
- Veterinary Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Christine Grace Angela R Lapitan
- Veterinary Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- Ecosystem Services and Environmental Policy Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Angelo Miguel Elijah S de Guzman
- Veterinary Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- Department of Agrarian Reform, Elliptical Road, Diliman, 1107, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jennielyn T Consignado
- Veterinary Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Nancy A Tandang
- Institute of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Maria Amelita C Estacio
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, 47000, Thailand
| | - Benji Brayan Ilagan Silva
- Veterinary Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
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11
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Bonillo-Lopez L, Obregon-Gutierrez P, Huerta E, Correa-Fiz F, Sibila M, Aragon V. Intensive antibiotic treatment of sows with parenteral crystalline ceftiofur and tulathromycin alters the composition of the nasal microbiota of their offspring. Vet Res 2023; 54:112. [PMID: 38001497 PMCID: PMC10675909 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The nasal microbiota plays an important role in animal health and the use of antibiotics is a major factor that influences its composition. Here, we studied the consequences of an intensive antibiotic treatment, applied to sows and/or their offspring, on the piglets' nasal microbiota. Four pregnant sows were treated with crystalline ceftiofur and tulathromycin (CTsows) while two other sows received only crystalline ceftiofur (Csows). Sow treatments were performed at D-4 (four days pre-farrowing), D3, D10 and D17 for ceftiofur and D-3, D4 and D11 for tulathromycin. Half of the piglets born to CTsows were treated at D1 with ceftiofur. Nasal swabs were taken from piglets at 22-24 days of age and bacterial load and nasal microbiota composition were defined by 16 s rRNA gene qPCR and amplicon sequencing. Antibiotic treatment of sows reduced their nasal bacterial load, as well as in their offspring, indicating a reduced bacterial transmission from the dams. In addition, nasal microbiota composition of the piglets exhibited signs of dysbiosis, showing unusual taxa. The addition of tulathromycin to the ceftiofur treatment seemed to enhance the deleterious effect on the microbiota diversity by diminishing some bacteria commonly found in the piglets' nasal cavity, such as Glaesserella, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Staphylococcus and several members of the Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae families. On the other hand, the additional treatment of piglets with ceftiofur resulted in no further effect beyond the treatment of the sows. Altogether, these results suggest that intensive antibiotic treatments of sows, especially the double antibiotic treatment, disrupt the nasal microbiota of their offspring and highlight the importance of sow-to-piglet microbiota transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bonillo-Lopez
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de La Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, BellaterraBarcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Obregon-Gutierrez
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de La Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, BellaterraBarcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Huerta
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de La Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, BellaterraBarcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de La Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, BellaterraBarcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de La Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, BellaterraBarcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Virginia Aragon
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de La Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, BellaterraBarcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Okuhama-Yoshida E, Nakayama M, Hattori M, Takamatsu D, Okura M. Improvement of the mismatch amplification mutation assay-PCR for discrimination between Streptococcus suis serotypes 2 and 1/2. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 214:106828. [PMID: 37783232 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
A mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA)-PCR, which detects a single-nucleotide polymorphism contributed to serological difference between Streptococcus suis serotypes 2 and 1/2, is used to discriminate between these serotypes. The present study reports unusual serotype 1/2 isolates untypable by the MAMA-PCR and improvement of the MAMA-PCR for typing such isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Okuhama-Yoshida
- Miyazaki Prefectural Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 3151-1 Shimonaka, Sadoharacho, Miyazaki 880-0212, Japan
| | - Mizuki Nakayama
- Miyazaki Prefectural Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 3151-1 Shimonaka, Sadoharacho, Miyazaki 880-0212, Japan
| | - Miki Hattori
- Fukuoka Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 4-14-5 hakozakifutou, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-0051, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Division of Infectious Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagito, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagito, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okura
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 702 Chuzan, Kagoshima 891-0105, Japan.
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13
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Hess J, Kreitlow A, Rohn K, Hennig-Pauka I, Abdulmawjood A. Rapid Diagnostic of Streptococcus suis in Necropsy Samples of Pigs by thrA-Based Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2447. [PMID: 37894105 PMCID: PMC10608932 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus (S.) suis presents a serious threat to the pig industry as well as food safety and public health. Although several LAMP assays have been developed for the identification of S. suis, no universal assay is so far available for the field-suitable examination of clinical pig specimens. Based on the thrA housekeeping gene, a new loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed and validated for the detection of S. suis in the brain and joints of pigs. For this LAMP assay, two different methods for the extraction of DNA from brain and joint swabs were compared. Using the LPTV boiling method, the detection limit of LAMP was 1.08 CFU/reaction, while the detection limit was 53.8 CFU/reaction using a commercial DNA extraction kit. The detection limits of thrA-LAMP in combination with the LPTV boiling method were 104-105 CFU/swab in the presence of brain tissue and 103-104 CFU/swab in the presence of joint tissue. The diagnostic quality criteria of LAMP were determined by the examination of 49 brain swabs and 34 joint swabs obtained during routine diagnostic necropsies. Applying the LPTV boiling method to brain swabs, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of thrA-LAMP were 88.0, 95.8, 95.7, and 88.5% using cultural investigation as a reference method, and 76.7, 100, 100, and 73.1% using real-time PCR as a reference method. Based on these results, the thrA-LAMP assay combined with the LPTV boiling method is suitable for rapid detection of S. suis from brain swabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Hess
- Field Station for Epidemiology (Bakum), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 49456 Bakum, Germany;
| | - Antonia Kreitlow
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology (Bakum), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 49456 Bakum, Germany;
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
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14
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Neila-Ibáñez C, Napp S, Pailler-García L, Franco-Martínez L, Cerón JJ, Aragon V, Casal J. Risk factors associated with Streptococcus suis cases on pig farms in Spain. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e3056. [PMID: 37269537 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus suis can cause meningitis, polyarthritis and acute death in piglets. However, the risk factors associated with S. suis infection remain incompletely understood. Therefore, a longitudinal study was carried out, in which six batches from two Spanish pig farms with S. suis problems were repeatedly examined to determine possible risk factors. METHODS A prospective case-control study was conducted, and potential risk factors were evaluated using mixed-effects logistic regression models. The explanatory variables included: (a) concomitant pathogens; (b) biomarkers associated with stress, inflammation and oxidative status; (c) farm environmental factors; and (d) parity and S. suis presence in sows. Three models were built to study the effect of these variables, including two to assess the risk factors involved in the subsequent development of disease. RESULTS Risk factors for S. suis-associated disease included porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus co-infection at weaning (odds ratio [OR] = 6.69), sow parity (OR = 0.71), haptoglobin level before weaning (OR = 1.01), relative humidity (OR = 1.11) and temperature (OR = 0.13). LIMITATIONS Laboratory diagnosis was done at the batch level, with individual diagnosis based on clinical signs only. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the multifactorial nature of S. suis-associated disease, with both environmental factors and factors related to the host involved in disease development. Controlling these factors may, therefore, help prevent the appearance of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Neila-Ibáñez
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sebastián Napp
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lola Pailler-García
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Spain
| | - Virginia Aragon
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Casal
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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15
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Hatrongjit R, Boueroy P, Jenjaroenpun P, Wongsurawat T, Meekhanon N, Chopjitt P, Zheng H, Fittipaldi N, Chareonsudjai S, Segura M, Gottschalk M, Kerdsin A. Genomic characterization and virulence of Streptococcus suis serotype 4 clonal complex 94 recovered from human and swine samples. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288840. [PMID: 37498866 PMCID: PMC10374156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen that causes invasive infections in humans and pigs. Herein, we performed genomic analysis of seven S. suis serotype 4 strains belonging to clonal complex (CC) 94 that were recovered from a human patient or from diseased and clinically healthy pigs. Genomic exploration and comparisons, as well as in vitro cytotoxicity tests, indicated that S. suis CC94 serotype 4 strains are potentially virulent. Genomic analysis revealed that all seven strains clustered within minimum core genome group 3 (MCG-3) and had a high number of virulence-associated genes similar to those of virulent serotype 2 strains. Cytotoxicity assays showed that both the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line and HeLa cells rapidly lost viability following incubation for 4 h with the strains at a concentration of 106 bacterial cells. The human serotype 4 strain (ID36054) decreased cell viability profoundly and similarly to the control serotype 2 strain P1/7. In addition, strain ST1689 (ID34572), isolated from a clinically healthy pig, presented similar behaviour in an adenocarcinoma cell line and HeLa cells. The antimicrobial resistance genes tet(O) and ermB that confer resistance to tetracyclines, macrolides, and lincosamides were commonly found in the strains. However, aminoglycoside and streptothricin resistance genes were found only in certain strains in this study. Our results indicate that S. suis CC94 serotype 4 strains are potentially pathogenic and virulent and should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujirat Hatrongjit
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of General Sciences, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Parichart Boueroy
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpun
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Department of Research and Development, Division of Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thidathip Wongsurawat
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Department of Research and Development, Division of Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattakan Meekhanon
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peechanika Chopjitt
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Han Zheng
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sorujsiri Chareonsudjai
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Mariela Segura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
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Establishment and Application of an Indirect ELISA for the Detection of Antibodies to Porcine Streptococcus suis Based on a Recombinant GMD Protein. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040719. [PMID: 36830506 PMCID: PMC9952749 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
S. suis is an important zoonotic pathogen from sick and recessive carrier pigs that poses a serious threat to animal husbandry production and public health. It usually causes horizontal transmission among pigs. The morbidity and mortality of this disease are very high. Human infection is caused through direct or indirect contact with sick pigs. The two large-scale outbreaks in China were due to the outbreak of S. suis on pig farms, which spread to human infection; thus, detecting S. suis in pig herds is crucial. At present, the commercial S. suis ELISA type 2 kits on the market can only detect single serotypes, high probabilities of interaction reactions, and biosafety risks when using inactivated S. suis as an antigen. Phosphate-3-glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (GAPDH), muramidase-released protein (MRP), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) are important S. suis type 2, S. suis type 7, and S. suis type 9 protective antigens. This study purified the GMD protein (B-cell-dominant epitopes of GAPDH, MRP, and DLDH antigens) and used a diverse combination of dominant epitopes of the multiple different antigens as coated antigens, improving the sensitivity and safety of the indirect ELISA experiments. An indirect ELISA method (GMD-ELISA) was developed for detecting S. suis antibodies. The antigen-antibody response was optimized using checkerboard titration. The results of testing using ELISA for Salmonella enterica (S. enterica), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), and Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) were all negative, indicating that this method had strong specificity. The results were still positive when the dilution ratio of S. suis-positive serum reached 1:6, 400, thus indicating that the method had high sensitivity. The results of the reproducibility assay for indirect ELISA showed that the intra-assay coefficient of variation and the inter-assay coefficient of variation were less than 10%, indicating that the method had good repeatability. We investigated the seroprevalence of S. suis in 167 serum samples collected in East China, and 33.5% of the samples were positive for antibodies against S. suis, indicating that the prevalence of S. suis is high in pig farms in Eastern China. The novel GMD-ELISA is a convenient, sensitive, and specific diagnostic method that provides technical support for rapid diagnosis and epidemiological investigation.
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Nedbalcova K, Kucharovicova I, Zouharova M, Matiaskova K, Kralova N, Brychta M, Simek B, Pecha T, Plodkova H, Matiasovic J. Resistance of Streptococcus suis Isolates from the Czech Republic during 2018–2022. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091214. [PMID: 36139993 PMCID: PMC9495191 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A determination of susceptibility/resistance to antimicrobials via serotype was carried out in 506 field isolates of Streptococcus suis, originating from pig farms in the Czech Republic in the period 2018–2022. A very high level of susceptibility of S. suis isolates was found to amoxicillin, in combination with clavulanic acid and sulfamethoxazole potentiated with trimethoprim. None of the tested isolates were resistant to these antimicrobial substances. Only two isolates were found to be intermediately resistant to enrofloxacin in 2020. With regard to ceftiofur, one isolate was intermediately resistant in 2020 and 2022, and two isolates were intermediately resistant in 2018 and 2021. A low level of resistance was detected to ampicillin (0.6% in 2021) and to florfenicol (1.15% in 2019; 1.3% in 2022). With regard to penicillin, a medium level of resistance was detected in 2018 (10.6%), but a low level of resistance was found in the following years (7.0% in 2019; 3.1% in 2020; 3.3% in 2021; 3.9% in 2022). On the contrary, a high or very high level of resistance was found to tetracycline (66.0% in 2018; 65.1% in 2019; 44.35% in 2020; 46.4% in 2021; 54.0% in 2022). Using molecular and serological methods, serotype 7 (16.4%) was determined to be predominant among S. suis isolates, followed by serotypes 1/2, 2, 9, 4, 3, 1, 29, 16, and 31 (10.7%; 8.5%; 5.7%; 5.5%; 4.5%; 4.3%; 3.6%; 3.4%; 3.4%, respectively). Other serotypes were identified among the investigated strains either rarely (up to 10 cases) or not at all. A relatively high percentage of isolates were detected as non-typeable (79 isolates; 15.6%). Dependence of resistance upon serotype assignment could not be proven in all but serotype 31, wherein all isolates (n = 17) were resistant or intermediately resistant to clindamycin, tilmycosin, tulathromycin, and tetracycline. The resistance to clindamycin and tetracycline may be related to the high consumption of these antibiotics on pig farms at present or in previous years. Macrolides (tilmicosin and tulathromycin) and tiamulin are not suitable for the treatment of streptococcal infections, but are used on pig farms to treat respiratory infections caused by gram-negative bacteria, so they were included in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Nedbalcova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Monika Zouharova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Natalie Kralova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Brychta
- State Veterinary Institute, Rantirovska 93, 586 05 Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - Bronislav Simek
- State Veterinary Institute, Rantirovska 93, 586 05 Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Pecha
- State Veterinary Institute, Rantirovska 93, 586 05 Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Plodkova
- State Veterinary Institute, Rantirovska 93, 586 05 Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Matiasovic
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Morimoto M, Kato A, Nogami K, Akaike Y, Furusawa T, Kojima H, Sasakawa C. The Swine Erysipelas Vaccine SER-ME Effectively Protects Pigs against Challenge with the Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae M203/I257 SpaA-Type Variant. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080382. [PMID: 35893775 PMCID: PMC9332197 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Swine erysipelas caused by the Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae occurred frequently among pigs in Japan mostly by the serovar 1a variant featured by two amino acids in the surface protective antigen A protein. To determine if current vaccines are effective against the variant infection in pigs, one inactivated vaccine, SER-ME containing serovar 2a as the immunogen, was representatively evaluated. All vaccinated pigs survived without any apparent clinical signs after lethal challenge with the Fujisawa reference strain or the variant. This indicates that the serovar 2a immunogen of SER-ME vaccine effectively protects pigs against the E. rhusiopathiae variant and was not related to the emergences of the variant. Abstract Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes swine erysipelas (SE). Sporadic SE outbreaks in Japan are mostly caused by the E. rhusiopathiae serovar 1a variant featured by methionine (M) and isoleucine (I) at amino acid positions 203 and 257 of the surface protective antigen (Spa) A protein (M203/I257 SpaA-type). To determine if current vaccines are effective against infection with this variant in pigs, one representative inactivated vaccine, SER-ME (containing E. rhusiopathiae serovar 2a), was evaluated. All vaccinated pigs survived without any apparent clinical signs after lethal challenge with the Fujisawa reference strain or the variant. This indicates that the SER-ME vaccine effectively protects pigs against the infection of E. rhusiopathiae M203/I257 SpaA-type variant. Current vaccines in Japan, including SER-ME, suggest that outbreaks in Japan are unlikely caused by vaccine failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Morimoto
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
- Biomedical Science Association, 2-20-8-3F Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Kotoe Nogami
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Akaike
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Furusawa
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroe Kojima
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sasakawa
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8673, Chiba, Japan
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Savcheniuk MO, Tarasov OA, Zakharova OM, Korniienko LY, Zotsenko VM, Tsarenko TM. Detection of Streptococcus suis using the optimized real-time polymerase chain reaction protocol. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.15421/022221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents the results of studies on the detection of Streptococcus suis by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Isolation and species identification of the studied isolates of streptococci was carried out according to morphological, cultural, biochemical and biological properties by conventional methods. The study of cultural characteristics of growth was carried out using conventional bacteriological methods on the brain heart infusion broth (BHI) and BHI agar with the addition of 5% sheep blood (blood BHI agar). To confirm biochemical properties as a confirmatory method, API 20 STREP test kit (bioMerieux, France) was used. In addition, to differentiate S. suis from the non-pathogenic species of streptococci, the hemolysis test was used. As a result of the studies, it was found that the use of the real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) method makes it possible to detect S. suis in an amount of 1 x 104 genome copies in the sample. All described validation parameters for the qualitative detection of S. suis DNA by real-time PCR meet international requirements, which guarantees accurate and reliable results. In Ukraine only a diagnostic test kit for convential PCR has been developed for the detection of swine streptococcosis. This approach is more time consuming and complex in comparison with the real-time PCR approach. We recommend that diagnostic laboratories implement this method in their practice. This will increase the number of effective diagnostic tools available to veterinarians on pig farms when they order laboratory tests. The high analytical sensitivity limit of a test is an essential parameter when screening is the focus, and obtaining false negative results causes a risk of the development of infection process among pig populations within infected herds. Our study showed that microbiological diagnostic methods to determine morphological and cultural properties can identify S. suis at the genus level. Determination of biochemical properties using the API 20 STREP test kit can be used to identify S. suis 1 and 2 serotypes. The conventional method and real-time PCR have 100% specificity and can be used to identify S. suis of different serotypes. Real-time PCR is a 2 to 4 times more sensitive limit than conventional PCR depending on the serotype being studied, and can be used to more accurately identify streptococcal DNA. It was found that the use of the real-time PCR method makes it possible to detect S. suis in an amount of 1 x 104 copies of the genome in the sample. Additionally, it was found that all the studied validation parameters of the qualitative method for determining S. suis DNA by real-time PCR meet international requirements, which guarantees accurate and reliable results.
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Tarini N, Susilawathi N, Sudewi A, Soejitno A, Fatmawati N, Mayura I, Lestari A, Suputra G, Subrata I, Astiti C, Besung I, Mahardika G. A large cluster of human infections of Streptococcus suis in Bali, Indonesia. One Health 2022; 14:100394. [PMID: 35686153 PMCID: PMC9171533 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of PCV2 Reveals That PCV2e Is an Emerging Genotype in Southern China: A Preliminary Study. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040724. [PMID: 35458454 PMCID: PMC9026887 DOI: 10.3390/v14040724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), has ravaged the pig industry, causing huge economic loss. At present, PCV2b and PCV2d are highly prevalent genotypes worldwide, while in China, in addition to PCV2b and PCV2d, a newly emerged PCV2e genotype detected in the Fujian province has attracted attention, indicating that PCV2 genotypes in China are more abundant. A preliminary study was conducted to better understand the genetic diversity and prevalence of PCV2 genotypes in southern China. We collected 79 random lung samples from pigs with respiratory signs, from 2018 to 2021. We found a PCV2-positivity rate of 29.1%, and frequent co-infections of PCV2 with PCV3, Streptococcus suis (S. suis), and other porcine pathogens. All PCV2-positive samples were sequenced and subjected to whole-genome analysis. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the PCV2 ORF2 gene and complete genomes, found that PCV2 strains identified in this study belonged to genotypes PCV2a (1), PCV2b (6), PCV2d (10), and PCV2e (6). Importantly, PCV2e was identified for the first time in some provinces, including Guangdong and Jiangxi. Additionally, we found two positively selected sites in the ORF2 region, located on the previously reported antigenic epitopes. Moreover, codon 63, one of the positively selected sites, has different types of amino acids in different genotypes. In conclusion, this study shows that PCV2e is an emerging genotype circulating in southern China, which warrants urgent, specific surveillance to aid the development of prevention and control strategies in China.
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22
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First Report of Streptococcus ruminantium in Wildlife: Phenotypic Differences with a Spanish Domestic Ruminant Isolate. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres13010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus ruminantium is a recent reclassification of the former Streptococcus suis serovar 33. Although knowledge about S. suis is extensive, information on S. ruminantium host range and pathogenic potential is still scarce. This bacterium has been isolated from lesions in domestic ruminants, but there are no reports in wild animals. Here, we provide information on lesions associated with S. ruminantium in Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) and domestic sheep from NE Spain, as well as phenotypic biopatterns and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of the isolates. Overall, lesions caused by S. ruminantium were similar to those caused by S. suis, excluding polyserositis. Heterogeneity of the phenotypic profiles was observed within the S. ruminantium strains by VITEK-2, resulting in only two tests common to all S. ruminantium isolates and different from S. suis: Alpha-Galactosidase and Methyl-B-D-Glucopyranoside, both positive for S. suis and negative for S. ruminantium strains. Isolates from Pyrenean chamois were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, except danofloxacin, whereas the domestic sheep isolate was resistant to tetracycline. In conclusion, S. ruminantium can cause infection and be associated with pathology in both wild and domestic ruminants. Due to its phenotypic diversity, a specific PCR is optimal for identification in routine diagnosis.
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Liang P, Wang M, Gottschalk M, Vela AI, Estrada AA, Wang J, Du P, Luo M, Zheng H, Wu Z. Genomic and pathogenic investigations of Streptococcus suis serotype 7 population derived from a human patient and pigs. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1960-1974. [PMID: 34635002 PMCID: PMC8525962 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1988725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is one of the important emerging zoonotic pathogens. Serotype 2 is most prevalent in patients worldwide. In the present study, we first isolated one S. suis serotype 7 strain GX69 from the blood culture of a patient with septicemia complicated with pneumonia in China. In order to deepen the understanding of S. suis serotype 7 population characteristics, we investigated the phylogenetic structure, genomic features, and virulence of S. suis serotype 7 population, including 35 strains and 79 genomes. Significant diversities were revealed in S. suis serotype 7 population, which were clustered into 22 sequence types (STs), five minimum core genome (MCG) groups, and six lineages. Lineages 1, 3a, and 6 were mainly constituted by genomes from Asia. Genomes of Lineages 2, 3b, and 5a were mainly from Northern America. Most of genomes from Europe (41/48) were clustered into Lineage 5b. In addition to strain GX69, 13 of 21 S. suis serotype 7 representative strains were classified as virulent strains using the C57BL/6 mouse model. Virulence-associated genes preferentially present in highly pathogenic S. suis serotype 2 strains were not suitable as virulence indicators for S. suis serotype 7 strains. Integrative mobilizable elements were widespread and may play a critical role in disseminating antibiotic resistance genes of S. suis serotype 7 strains. Our study confirmed S. suis serotype 7 is a non-negligible pathotype and deepened the understanding of the population structure of S. suis serotype 7, which provided valuable information for the improved surveillance of this serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pujun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliu Wang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Ana I. Vela
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria and Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - April A. Estrada
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jianping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Luo
- Yulin Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Yulin, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Aradanas M, Poljak Z, Fittipaldi N, Ricker N, Farzan A. Serotypes, Virulence-Associated Factors, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Streptococcus suis Isolates Recovered From Sick and Healthy Pigs Determined by Whole-Genome Sequencing. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:742345. [PMID: 34796225 PMCID: PMC8593187 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.742345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is ubiquitous in swine, and yet, only a small percentage of pigs become clinically ill. The objective of this study was to describe the distribution of serotypes, virulence-associated factor (VAF), and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in S. suis isolates recovered from systemic (blood, meninges, spleen, and lymph node) and non-systemic (tonsil, nasal cavities, ileum, and rectum) sites of sick and healthy pigs using whole-genome sequencing. In total, 273 S. suis isolates recovered from 112 pigs (47 isolates from systemic and 136 from non-systemic sites of 65 sick pigs; 90 isolates from non-systemic sites of 47 healthy pigs) on 17 Ontario farms were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Using in silico typing, 21 serotypes were identified with serotypes 9 (13.9%) and 2 (8.4%) as the most frequent serotypes, whereas 53 (19.4%) isolates remained untypable. The relative frequency of VAF genes in isolates from systemic (Kruskal–Wallis, p < 0.001) and non-systemic (Kruskal–Wallis, p < 0.001) sites in sick pigs was higher compared with isolates from non-systemic sites in healthy pigs. Although many VAF genes were abundant in all isolates, three genes, including dltA [Fisher's test (FT), p < 0.001], luxS (FT, p = 0.01), and troA (FT, p = 0.02), were more prevalent in isolates recovered from systemic sites compared with non-systemic sites of pigs. Among the isolates, 98% had at least one AMR gene, and 79% had genes associated with at least four drug classes. The most frequently detected AMR genes were tetO conferring resistance to tetracycline and ermB conferring resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin. The wide distribution of VAFs genes in S. suis isolates in this study suggests that other host and environmental factors may contribute to S. suis disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maverick Aradanas
- Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Nicole Ricker
- Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Abdolvahab Farzan
- Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Whole-Genome Sequencing Evaluation of MALDI-TOF MS as a Species Identification Tool for Streptococcus suis. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e0129721. [PMID: 34469186 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01297-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important bacterial pathogen in pigs that may also cause zoonotic disease in humans. The aim of the study was to evaluate matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) identification of S. suis case isolates from diseased pigs and tonsil isolates from healthy pigs and wild boar using sequence analysis methods. Isolates (n = 348) that had been classified as S. suis by MALDI-TOF MS were whole-genome sequenced and investigated using analyses of (i) the 16S rRNA gene, (ii) the recN gene, and (iii) whole-genome average nucleotide identity (ANI). Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that 82.8% (288 out of 348) of the isolates were S. suis, while recN gene analysis indicated that 75.6% (263 out of 348) were S. suis. ANI analysis classified 44.3% (154 out of 348) as S. suis. In total, 44% (153 out of 348) of the investigated isolates were classified as S. suis by all of the species identification methods employed. The mean MALDI-TOF MS score was significantly higher for the S. suis case isolates than for the tonsil isolates; however, the difference is of limited practical use. The results show that species confirmation beyond MALDI-TOF MS is needed for S. suis isolates. Since the resolution of 16S rRNA gene analysis is too low for Streptococcus spp., ANI analysis with a slightly lowered cutoff of 94% may be used instead of, or in addition to, recN gene analysis. Supplementation of the MALDI-TOF MS reference library with mass spectra from S. orisratti, S. parasuis, S. ruminantium, and additional S. suis serotypes should be considered in order to produce more accurate classifications.
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Streptococcus suis Isolates-Serotypes and Susceptibility to Antimicrobials in Terms of Their Use on Selected Repopulated Czech Pig Farms. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101314. [PMID: 34684263 PMCID: PMC8539382 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis represents a primary health problem (such as meningitis, septicemia and arthritis in piglets and fatteners) in the swine industry worldwide and also an emerging zoonotic pathogen. In the Czech Republic, many pig farms repopulated their herds over the past decades to reduce morbidity and minimize treatment. The study analysed serotypes, sequence types and antimicrobial susceptibility in 39 S. suis isolates obtained from organs of diseased pigs from selected 16 repopulated farms with a history of S. suis-associated diseases and routine antimicrobial treatment with tulathromycin and/or amoxicillin. The analysis revealed diversity of collected isolates with regular occurrence of more than three serotypes per farm. The serotypes identified were 1/2 and 7, each in six isolates, followed by serotype 2 and 3 found in five isolates each, other serotypes were less frequent. Seven isolates were not typable by multiplex PCR and we also found sequence type of unknown type in thirteen isolates. The majority of S. suis isolates were resistant to clindamycin (n = 31), tetracycline (n = 29) and tilmicosin and tulathromycin (n = 28). On the other hand, with the exception of two isolates that were intermediately susceptible to penicillin and ampicillin, all isolates were susceptible to all three tested subgroups of beta-lactam antibiotics.
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Zhu Y, Dong W, Ma J, Zhang Y, Zhong X, Pan Z, Liu G, Wu Z, Yao H. Comparative genetic analyses provide clues about capsule switching in Streptococcus suis 2 strains with different virulence levels and genetic backgrounds. Microbiol Res 2021; 250:126814. [PMID: 34256310 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a major bacterial pathogen in the swine industry and an emerging zoonotic agent. S. suis produces an important extracellular component, capsular polysaccharide (CPS), based on which dozens of serotypes have been identified. Through virulence genotyping, we revealed the relatedness between subpopulations of S. suis serotype 2 (SS2), S. suis serotype 3 (SS3) and S. suis serotype 7 (SS7) strains despite their serotype differences. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to characterize the whole S. suis population and revealed capsule switching between S. suis strains. Importantly, capsule switching occurred in the SS2, SS3 and SS7 strains belonging to CC28 and CC29, which are phylogenetically distinct from the main CC1 SS2 lineage. To further explore capsule switching in S. suis, comparative genomic analyses were performed using available complete S. suis genomes. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that the SS2 strains could be divided into two clades (1 and 2), and those classified into clade 2 colocalized with SS3 and SS7 strains, in accordance with the above virulence genotyping and MLST analyses. Clade 2 SS2 strains presented high genetic similarity to SS3 and SS7 and shared common competence and defensive elements with them but were significantly different from Clade 1 SS2 strains. Notably, although the cps loci shared by Clade 1 and 2 SS2 strains were almost identical, a specific region of the cps locus of strain NSUI002 (Clade 2 SS2) could be found in the SS3 cps locus but not in the Clade 1 SS2 strain. These data indicated that the SS2 strains in CC28 and CC29 might have acquired the cps locus through capsule switching, which could explain the distinct genetic lineages within the SS2 population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinchu Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenyang Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG) & Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiale Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zihao Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guangjin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Wang J, Yi X, Liang P, Tao Y, Wang Y, Jin D, Luo B, Yang J, Zheng H. Investigation of the Genomic and Pathogenic Features of the Potentially Zoonotic Streptococcus parasuis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070834. [PMID: 34357984 PMCID: PMC8308872 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, Streptococcus suis reference strains of serotype 20, 22, and 26 were reclassified as Streptococcus parasuis. The public health significance of S. parasuis is underestimated due to the lack of clinical isolates. In the present study, we first reported two sporadic S. parasuis infections in humans, after using full-length 16S rRNA and housekeeping genes' phylogeny and ANI values of genome sequence comparisons to determine the species of their isolates BS26 and BS27. Compared to highly pathogenic S. suis strain P1/7, S. parasuis strains BS26 and BS27 possessed a delayed capacity to initiate lethal infection, which may attribute to the later production of higher level of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Differed to S. suis strain P1/7, S. parasuis strains did not induce significant inflammatory response in the brain of mice. Histopathological changes in liver and lungs were widely present in mice infected with S. parasuis strains. Our data indicated that the pathogenic mechanism of S. parasuis may be different from that of S. suis. Three lineages in the core-genome phylogenetic tree and ten types of cps gene cluster were found in 13 S. parasuis genomes, indicating high heterogeneity of this species. The similarity of CPS structure and antibiotic-resistant genes relative to S. suis indicated the evolutionary affinity between the two species. Our data suggested S. parasuis is a potential zoonotic pathogen and poses severe threat to health of susceptible people. Further study on the epidemiology and public health significance of S. parasuis is urgently necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xueli Yi
- The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Clinical College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Youjiang 533000, China; (X.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Pujun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yuanmeihui Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Dong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Bin Luo
- The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Clinical College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Youjiang 533000, China; (X.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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Blanco-Fuertes M, Correa-Fiz F, Fraile L, Sibila M, Aragon V. Altered Nasal Microbiota Composition Associated with Development of Polyserositis by Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Pathogens 2021; 10:603. [PMID: 34069250 PMCID: PMC8156107 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrinous polyserositis in swine farming is a common pathological finding in nursery animals. The differential diagnosis of this finding should include Glaesserella parasuis (aetiological agent of Glässer's disease) and Mycoplasma hyorhinis, among others. These microorganisms are early colonizers of the upper respiratory tract of piglets. The composition of the nasal microbiota at weaning was shown to constitute a predisposing factor for the development of Glässer's disease. Here, we unravel the role of the nasal microbiota in the subsequent systemic infection by M. hyorhinis, and the similarities and differences with Glässer's disease. Nasal samples from farms with recurrent problems with polyserositis associated with M. hyorhinis (MH) or Glässer's disease (GD) were included in this study, together with healthy control farms (HC). Nasal swabs were taken from piglets in MH farms at weaning, before the onset of the clinical outbreaks, and were submitted to 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (V3-V4 region). These sequences were analyzed together with sequences from similar samples previously obtained in GD and HC farms. Animals from farms with disease (MH and GD) had a nasal microbiota with lower diversity than those from the HC farms. However, the composition of the nasal microbiota of the piglets from these disease farms was different, suggesting that divergent microbiota imbalances may predispose the animals to the two systemic infections. We also found variants of the pathogens that were associated with the farms with the corresponding disease, highlighting the importance of studying the microbiome at strain-level resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Blanco-Fuertes
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.B.-F.); (M.S.); (V.A.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.B.-F.); (M.S.); (V.A.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agraria (ETSEA), Universidad de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.B.-F.); (M.S.); (V.A.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Virginia Aragon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.B.-F.); (M.S.); (V.A.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Chaiden C, Jaresitthikunchai J, Kerdsin A, Meekhanon N, Roytrakul S, Nuanualsuwan S. Streptococcus suis serotyping by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249682. [PMID: 33945547 PMCID: PMC8096114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis, particularly S. suis serotype 2 (SS2), is an important zoonotic pathogen causing meningitis in humans worldwide. Although the proper classification of the causative and pathogenic serotype is salutary for the clinical diagnosis, cross-reactions leading to the indistinguishability of serotypes by the current serotyping methods are significant limitations. In the present study, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis of extracted peptides was developed to improve the classification of serotype of S. suis. The peptide mass fingerprint (PMFs) database of S. suis was generated from the whole-cell peptides of 32 reference strains of S. suis isolates obtained from pigs. Thirty-two human S. suis isolates from clinical cases in Thailand were used to validate this alternative serotyping method in direct comparison to the multiplex (m)PCR approach. All reference strains, representing 32 serotypes of S. suis, exhibited their individual PMFs patterns, thus allowing differentiation from one another. Highly pathogenic SS2 and SS14 were clearly differentiated from the otherwise serologically closely related SS1/2 and SS1, respectively. The developed MALDI-TOF-MS serotyping method correctly classified the serotype in 68.8% (22/32) of the same serotype isolates generated from the PMFs database; while the validity for the clinical human isolates was 62.5% (20/32). The agreement between the MALDI-TOF-MS and mPCR serotyping was moderate with a Kappa score of 0.522, considering that mPCR could correctly serotype up to 75%. The present study demonstrated that PMFs from the developed MALDI-TOF-MS-based method could successfully discriminate the previously indistinguishable highly pathogenic SS2 and SS14 from SS1/2 and SS1, respectively. Moreover, this serotyping method distinguished pathogenic SS6, and so is an alternative approach of choice to rapidly and reliably serotype clinically pathogenic S. suis isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadaporn Chaiden
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Janthima Jaresitthikunchai
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology for Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Nattakan Meekhanon
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology for Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Suphachai Nuanualsuwan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Food Risk Hub, Research Unit of Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Denich L, Farzan A, Friendship R, Arndt E, Ricker N, Gottschalk M, Poljak Z. Study of the relationship between untypable and typable isolates of Streptococcus suis recovered from clinically ill and healthy nursery pigs. Vet Microbiol 2021; 257:109064. [PMID: 33892450 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis naturally colonizes the upper respiratory tract of pigs and can lead to severe disease conditions. Although there are several serotypes associated with disease, untypable isolates have also been observed. The objective of this study was to investigate the relatedness of untypable S. suis isolates detected in clinical cases and healthy pigs in Ontario, Canada, and their relation to typing serotypes. One hundred fifty-six isolates obtained from 33 cases and 26 farm-and-pen-matched control pigs were sequenced using Illumina HiSeq sequencing. Protein sequences of the capsular polysaccharide genes (cps) were identified and analyzed using a maximum likelihood tree. Among the 27 untypable isolates, 3 were from systemic sites of cases and 13 and 11 were from upper respiratory sites of cases and controls, respectively. One hundred fifty-six isolates were grouped into 17 distinct groups based on the cps gene tree. Isolates from these 17 distinct individual cps groups were distributed among a minimum of one farm and maximum of eight farms. Untypable isolates were detected in 12 of those groups and each cps group had untypable isolates present amongst multiple farms. Interestingly, the three systemic untypable isolates not only coexisted with other serotypes found in the same location of the same pigs but were also found among different cps groups. These isolates are of interest and warrant further investigation. Overall, a wide diversity of S. suis among untypable isolates was observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leann Denich
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Abdolvahab Farzan
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Robert Friendship
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Emily Arndt
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nicole Ricker
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Montréal, Quebec, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Correa-Fiz F, Neila-Ibáñez C, López-Soria S, Napp S, Martinez B, Sobrevia L, Tibble S, Aragon V, Migura-Garcia L. Feed additives for the control of post-weaning Streptococcus suis disease and the effect on the faecal and nasal microbiota. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20354. [PMID: 33230191 PMCID: PMC7683732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicated feed is a common strategy to control the occurrence of Streptococcus suis disease in swine production, but feed additives may constitute an alternative to metaphylaxis. In a farm with post-weaning S. suis disease, the following additives were tested: lysozyme (Lys), medium chain fatty acids plus lysozyme (FA + Lys), FA plus a natural anti-inflammatory (FA + antiinf) and amoxicillin (Amox). During the course of the study, FA + antiinf and Amox groups showed lower prevalence of clinical signs compatible with S. suis disease than the rest of the groups. Piglets from the FA + antiinf group showed high diversity and richness in their nasal and faecal microbiota. Diet supplements did not have major effects on the faecal microbiota, where the genus Mitsuokella was the only differentially present in the FA + Lys group. In the nasal microbiota, piglets from FA + antiinf presented higher differential abundance of a sequence variant from Ruminococcaceae and lower abundance of an unclassified genus from Weeksellaceae. In general, we detected more significant changes in the nasal than in the feacal microbiota, and found that parity of the dams affected the microbiota composition of their offspring, with piglets born to gilts exhibiting lower richness and diversity. Our results suggest that additives could be useful to control post-weaning disease when removing antimicrobials in farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Correa-Fiz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Neila-Ibáñez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio López-Soria
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Napp
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Laia Sobrevia
- ASN SL, Calle de Murcia, PL Fraga, 22520, Huesca, Spain
| | - Simon Tibble
- ASN SL, Calle de Murcia, PL Fraga, 22520, Huesca, Spain
| | - Virginia Aragon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Migura-Garcia
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. .,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Tan MF, Tan J, Zeng YB, Li HQ, Yang Q, Zhou R. Antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes of Streptococcus suis isolated from clinically healthy pigs from 2017 to 2019 in Jiangxi Province, China. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:797-806. [PMID: 32881196 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles and genotypes of Streptococcus suis from Jiangxi Province, China. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 314 nasal swab samples were collected from clinically healthy pigs, with a positive isolation rate of S. suis of 34·08%. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that more than 80% of the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, penicillin, minocycline and chloramphenicol. A high frequency of resistance to clindamycin, tetracycline, clarithromycin and erythromycin was observed. All of the isolates were resistant to three or more categories of antimicrobials. The erm(B) and tet(O) served as the most frequent genotypes that contributed to lincosamide, macrolide and tetracycline resistances. A part of macrolide-resistant genotypes could not exhibit specific phenotypes. Finally, integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) were identified in 28·97% of the isolates. CONCLUSIONS The multidrug resistance of S. suis has widely emerged in Jiangxi Province. The most prevalent resistance genes and genotypes were similar to those in other regions or countries. The presence of ICEs is increasing the risk of horizontal transfer of AMR genes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The findings could provide guidance for the rational use of antimicrobial drugs and be helpful for monitoring the AMR information of S. suis in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-F Tan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - J Tan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Y-B Zeng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - H-Q Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Q Yang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - R Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science & Technology of China), Wuhan, China
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Field Study on the Immunological Response and Protective Effect of a Licensed Autogenous Vaccine to Control Streptococcus suis Infections in Post-Weaned Piglets. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030384. [PMID: 32674276 PMCID: PMC7565864 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is one of the most important bacterial pathogens in weaned piglets and responsible for serious economic losses to the swine industry. Currently, mostly autogenous vaccines composed of killed bacteria (bacterins) are available. However, immunological and protective data from field studies are missing. We report for the first time a comparative field study on the immunological response induced by an autogenous vaccine applied to either piglets or sows in a farm with recurrent S. suis problems. (I) Piglets from non-vaccinated sows received an autogenous bacterin during the first week and at three weeks of age. (II) Sows received the vaccine at five and three weeks pre-farrowing and piglets were non-vaccinated. Levels, isotype profile and opsonophagocytosis capacity of the serum antibodies induced by vaccination were evaluated. Vaccination of piglets failed to induce an active immune response. Vaccination of sows induced a significant increase in anti-S. suis antibodies, mainly composed of IgG1. However, isotype switching was modulated by the S. suis serotype included in the vaccine formulation. Despite this antibody increase in vaccinated sows, transfer of maternal immunity to piglets was not different from the control group (i.e., piglets from non-vaccinated sows). Notably, levels of maternal antibodies in piglets were already very high with marked opsonophagocytosis capacity at one week of age, independently of the vaccination program. However, their levels decreased by three weeks of age, indicating possible absence of antibodies in the post-weaning high-risk period. These observations correlated with lack of clinical protection in the farm. Overall, a piglet or a sow vaccination program herein mostly failed to induce lasting protection in nursery piglets. An improvement of vaccine formulation or an optimized program may be required.
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Scherrer S, Rosato G, Spoerry Serrano N, Stevens MJA, Rademacher F, Schrenzel J, Gottschalk M, Stephan R, Peterhans S. Population structure, genetic diversity and pathotypes of Streptococcus suis isolated during the last 13 years from diseased pigs in Switzerland. Vet Res 2020; 51:85. [PMID: 32641158 PMCID: PMC7346511 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus (S.) suis is a globally important swine pathogen, which comprises certain zoonotic serotypes. In this study, a detailed characterization of 88 porcine S. suis isolates was performed by analyzing capsular (cps) types, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and investigation of the minimum core genome (MCG). In order to focus on the virulence potential of presumable invasive disease-associated S. suis isolates, virulence-associated gene profiles were assessed followed by screening a chosen subset of S. suis strains with a molecular pathotyping tool. Results showed a high genetic variability within this strain collection. In total, seventeen cps types were identified with a predominance of cps type 9 (15.9%) and 6 (14.8%). MLST revealed 48 sequence types (STs) including 41 novel ones. The population structure of S. suis was heterogenous and isolates belonged to eight different clonal complexes (CCs) including CC28 (9.1%), CC1109 (8%), CC13/149 (6.8%), CC1237 (5.7%), CC1 (3.4%), CC17 (3.4%), CC87 (2.3%), and CC1112 (1.1%), whereas a significant portion of isolates (60.2%) could not be assigned to any described CCs. Virulence-associated markers, namely extracellular protein factor (epf), muramidase-released protein (mrp), and suilysin (sly), showed a link with STs rather than with cps types. With this study an expanded knowledge about the population structure and the genetic diversity of S. suis could be achieved, which helps to contribute to an optimal public health surveillance system by promoting a focus on strains with an increased virulence and zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Scherrer
- Department of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Giuliana Rosato
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Spoerry Serrano
- Department of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc J A Stevens
- Department of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fenja Rademacher
- Department of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses des animaux de production (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Roger Stephan
- Department of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Peterhans
- Department of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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A Case-Control Study to Investigate the Serotypes of S. suis Isolates by Multiplex PCR in Nursery Pigs in Ontario, Canada. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010044. [PMID: 31948073 PMCID: PMC7168631 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis naturally inhabits the tonsils and nasal cavities of pigs. Some strains can cause systemic infection, leading to a wide range of diseases. A case-control study was conducted to (i) examine serotypes isolated from systemic sites (blood/meninges/spleen) in cases, (ii) determine whether serotypes in systemic sites were found in upper respiratory sites (tonsil/nasal cavity) of the same cases, and (iii) determine the serotypes in upper respiratory sites of case and farm and pen- matched controls. In total, 606 samples from 128 pigs were cultured for S. suis. The isolates were examined for presence of gdh and recN genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and were identified as S. suis if both genes were present. The S. suis isolates were then serotyped using a two step-multiplex PCR. Serotypes 9 (n = 9), (2,1/2) (n = 7) and untypable isolates (n = 7) were most commonly found in systemic sites. Detection of serotypes 9 (p = 0.03) in upper respiratory sites were positively associated with their detection in systemic sites of cases, while a trend was seen with serotype (2,1/2) (p = 0.07). Last, no association between serotypes recovered from upper respiratory sites of cases and controls could be detected. Untypable isolates were detected in high frequency, which warrants further investigation. This study confirms that a variety of serotypes can be found in commercial swine production and shows a difference in serotypes recovered from systemic sites in pigs with clinical signs of S. suis infections.
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Besung INK, Suarjana IGK, Agustina KK, Winaya IBO, Soeharsono H, Suwiti NK, Mahardika GN. Isolation and identification of Streptococcus suis from sick pigs in Bali, Indonesia. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:795. [PMID: 31806042 PMCID: PMC6896353 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4826-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a causative agent for various syndromes in pigs. It can be transmitted to humans with typical symptoms of meningitis and death. Although human infections have been confirmed at Bali Referral Hospital, Indonesia, since 2014, the bacteria have not been isolated from pigs. Here, we provide confirmation of the presence of the bacteria in sick pigs in the province. Results Streptococcus suis was confirmed in 8 of 30 cases. The final confirmation was made using PCR and sequencing of the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and recombination/repair protein (recN) gene fragments. Upon PCR serotyping, two were confirmed to be serotype 2 or 1/2. Prominent histopathological lesions of confirmed cases were meningitis, endocarditis, pericarditis, bronchopneumonia, enteritis and glomerulonephritis. The dominant inflammatory cells were neutrophils and macrophages. Further research is needed to understand the risk factors for human infection. Community awareness on the risk of contracting S. suis and vaccine development are needed to prevent human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nengah Kerta Besung
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University of Bali, Jl. Sudirman, Denpasar, 80225, Indonesia.
| | - I Gusti Ketut Suarjana
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University of Bali, Jl. Sudirman, Denpasar, 80225, Indonesia
| | - Kadek Karang Agustina
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University of Bali, Jl. Sudirman, Denpasar, 80225, Indonesia
| | - Ida Bagus Oka Winaya
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University of Bali, Jl. Sudirman, Denpasar, 80225, Indonesia
| | - Hamong Soeharsono
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University of Bali, Jl. Sudirman, Denpasar, 80225, Indonesia
| | - Ni Ketut Suwiti
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University of Bali, Jl. Sudirman, Denpasar, 80225, Indonesia
| | - Gusti Ngurah Mahardika
- The Animal Biomedical and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Udayana University of Bali, Jl. Sesetan-Markisa #6, Denpasar, 80226, Indonesia
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Susilawathi NM, Tarini NMA, Fatmawati NND, Mayura PIB, Suryapraba AAA, Subrata M, Sudewi AAR, Mahardika GN. Streptococcus suis-Associated Meningitis, Bali, Indonesia, 2014-2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:2235-2242. [PMID: 31742523 PMCID: PMC6874276 DOI: 10.3201/eid2512.181709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an emerging agent of zoonotic bacterial meningitis in Asia. We describe the epidemiology of S. suis cases and clinical signs and microbiological findings in persons with meningitis in Bali, Indonesia, using patient data and bacterial cultures of cerebrospinal fluid collected during 2014-2017. We conducted microbiological assays using the fully automatic VITEK 2 COMPACT system. We amplified and sequenced gene fragments of glutamate dehydrogenase and recombination/repair protein and conducted PCR serotyping to confirm some serotypes. Of 71 cases, 44 were confirmed as S. suis; 29 isolates were serotype 2. The average patient age was 48.1 years, and 89% of patients were male. Seventy-seven percent of patients with confirmed cases recovered without complications; 11% recovered with septic shock, 7% with deafness, and 2% with deafness and arthritis. The case-fatality rate was 11%. Awareness of S. suis infection risk must be increased in health promotion activities in Bali.
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Bojarska A, Janas K, Pejsak Z, Otulak-Kozieł K, Garbaczewska G, Hryniewicz W, Sadowy E. Diversity of serotypes and new cps loci variants among Streptococcus suis isolates from pigs in Poland and Belarus. Vet Microbiol 2019; 240:108534. [PMID: 31902504 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis plays an important role in infections in pigs but information about the epidemiology of this pathogen in Poland and Belarus remains scarce. Ninety-six isolates from brain and lungs were studied by PCR-based serotyping, analysis of virulence-associated determinants and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Selected six isolates were further analyzed by genomic sequencing and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Serotype 2 was most prevalent, followed by serotypes 3, 4, 8 and 7. All isolates carried fbpS; 30, 74 and 79 isolates were positive for epf, mrp and sao, respectively. MLST revealed that while widely distributed clonal complexes, such as 1, 16, 25 and 28 circulate in both countries, a significant part of the population is composed of novel singletons. Six isolates, all positive for the capsule in TEM, harbored cps loci differing to a various degree from these previously described, including one with a novel cps locus (putative NCL21). In conclusion, our study provides first molecular data on S. suis from pigs in the Central/Eastern Europe and contributes to a better characterization of diversity of loci responsible for capsule production in this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bojarska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Janas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Pejsak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł
- Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-766, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Garbaczewska
- Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-766, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Waleria Hryniewicz
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sadowy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
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Okura M, Maruyama F, Ota A, Tanaka T, Matoba Y, Osawa A, Sadaat SM, Osaki M, Toyoda A, Ogura Y, Hayashi T, Takamatsu D. Genotypic diversity of Streptococcus suis and the S. suis-like bacterium Streptococcus ruminantium in ruminants. Vet Res 2019; 50:94. [PMID: 31727180 PMCID: PMC6854688 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Streptococcus suis has attracted public attention as a major swine and human pathogen, this bacterium has also been isolated from other animals, including ruminants. However, recent taxonomic studies revealed the existence of other species that were previously identified as S. suis, and some of these isolates were reclassified as the novel species Streptococcus ruminantium. In Japan, biochemically identified S. suis is frequently isolated from diseased ruminants; however, such isolates have not yet been identified accurately, and their aetiological importance in ruminants is unclear. Therefore, to understand the importance of S. suis and S. suis-like bacteria in ruminants, we reclassified S. suis isolates from ruminants according to the updated classification and investigated their genetic diversity. Although both S. suis and S. ruminantium were isolated from healthy and diseased ruminants, most of the isolates from diseased animals were S. ruminantium, implying that S. ruminantium is more likely to be associated with ruminant disease than S. suis. However, the ruminant S. suis and S. ruminantium isolates from diseased animals were classified into diverse genotypes rather than belonging to certain clonal groups. Genome sequence analysis of 20 S. ruminantium isolates provided information about the antibiotic resistance, potential virulence, and serological diversity of this species. We further developed an S. ruminantium-specific PCR assay to aid in the identification of this bacterium. The information obtained and the method established in this study will contribute to the accurate diagnosis of ruminant streptococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Okura
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Atsushi Ota
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tanaka
- Nairiku Meat Inspection Center, Yamagata Prefectural Government, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yohei Matoba
- Murayama Public Health Center, Yamagata Prefectural Government, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Aya Osawa
- Matsumoto Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Nagano Prefectural Government, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Sayed Mushtaq Sadaat
- Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock, Animal Health Directorate, Central Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Makoto Osaki
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan.,Advanced Genomics Center, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Ogura
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Du F, Lv X, Duan D, Wang L, Huang J. Characterization of a Linezolid- and Vancomycin-Resistant Streptococcus suis Isolate That Harbors optrA and vanG Operons. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2026. [PMID: 31551963 PMCID: PMC6746840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Linezolid and vancomycin are among the last-resort antimicrobial agents in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacterial infections. Linezolid- and vancomycin-resistant (LVR) Gram-positive bacteria may pose severe threats to public health. In this study, three optrA- and vanG-positive Streptococcus suis strains were isolated from two farms of different cities. There were only 1 and 343 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding region (cSNPs) of HCB4 and YSJ7 to YSJ17, respectively. Mobilome analysis revealed the presence of vanG, erm(B), tet(O/W/32/O), and aadE-apt-sat4-aphA3 cluster on an integrative and conjugative element, ICESsuYSJ17, and erm(B), aphA3, aac(6')-aph(2″), catpC194, and optrA on a prophage, ΦSsuYSJ17-3. ICESsuYSJ17 exhibited a mosaic structure and belongs to a highly prevalent and transferable ICESa2603 family of Streptococcus species. ΦSsuYSJ17-3 shared conserved backbone to a transferable prophage Φm46.1. A novel composite transposon, IS1216E-araC-optrA-hp-catpC194-IS1216E, which can be circulated as translocatable unit (TU) by IS1216E, was integrated on ΦSsuYSJ17-3. Vancomycin resistance phenotype and vanG transcription assays revealed that the vanG operon was inducible. The LVR strain YSJ17 exhibited moderate virulence in a zebrafish infection model. To our knowledge, this is the first report of LVR isolate, which is mediated by acquired resistance genes optrA and vanG operons in Gram-positive bacteria. Since S. suis has been recognized as an antimicrobial resistance reservoir in the spread of resistance genes to major streptococcal pathogens, the potential risks of disseminating of optrA and vanG from S. suis to other Streptococcus spp. are worrisome and routine surveillance should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanshu Du
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Lv
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Duan Duan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liping Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhu Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Serotype and Genotype (Multilocus Sequence Type) of Streptococcus suis Isolates from the United States Serve as Predictors of Pathotype. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.00377-19. [PMID: 31243086 PMCID: PMC6711919 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00377-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a significant cause of mortality in piglets and growing pigs worldwide. The species contains pathogenic and commensal strains, with pathogenic strains causing meningitis, arthritis, endocarditis, polyserositis, and septicemia. Serotyping and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) are primary methods to differentiate strains, but the information is limited for strains found in the United States. Streptococcus suis is a significant cause of mortality in piglets and growing pigs worldwide. The species contains pathogenic and commensal strains, with pathogenic strains causing meningitis, arthritis, endocarditis, polyserositis, and septicemia. Serotyping and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) are primary methods to differentiate strains, but the information is limited for strains found in the United States. The objective of this study was to characterize the diversity of 208 S. suis isolates collected between 2014 and 2017 across North America (mainly the United States) by serotyping and MLST and to investigate associations between subtype and pathotype classifications (pathogenic, possibly opportunistic, and commensal), based on clinical information and site of isolation. Twenty serotypes were identified, and the predominant serotypes were 1/2 and 7. Fifty-eight sequence types (STs) were identified, and the predominant ST was ST28. Associations among serotypes, STs, and pathotypes were investigated using odds ratio and clustering analyses. Evaluation of serotype and ST with pathotype identified a majority of isolates of serotypes 1, 1/2, 2, 7, 14, and 23 and ST1, ST13, ST25, ST28, ST29, ST94, ST108, ST117, ST225, ST373, ST961, and ST977 as associated with the pathogenic pathotype. Serotypes 21 and 31, ST750, and ST821 were associated with the commensal pathotype, which is composed of isolates from farms with no known history of S. suis-associated disease. Our study demonstrates the use of serotyping and MLST to differentiate pathogenic from commensal isolates and establish links between pathotype and subtype, thus increasing the knowledge about S. suis strains circulating in the United States.
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Tarini NMA, Setiabudy M, Susilawathi NM, Fatmawati NND, Mayura IPB, Darwinata EA, Sudiariani NKA. Misidentification of S. suis as a Zoonotic Agent. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:2309-2312. [PMID: 31592279 PMCID: PMC6765075 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen. This bacterium commonly causes meningitis in human and is often associated with hearing and vestibular dysfunction. S. suis tends to be misidentified, leading to under-diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION A previously healthy 50-year-old man was admitted to one of the district hospitals in Bali Province, Indonesia, due to meningitis. He had a history of consuming homemade raw pork product two days before the onset of illness. Streptococcus mitis was identified from the cerebrospinal fluid culture by using VITEX 2 COMPACT (Biomeriuex) with a 99% probability score. This patient had clinical symptoms and risk factor identical to S. suis infection. Therefore, we performed confirmation tests for the cerebrospinal fluid by PCR (using primer specific for gdh and recN) and sequencing of those PCR products. Both of the confirmation tests showed a positive result for S. suis. CONCLUSION There are few reports of S. suis infections in Indonesia, but we believe that the cases in Indonesia, especially Bali, are not uncommon. The under-reported cases are perhaps due to the difficulties in differentiating S. suis from other Streptococcus species by culture method, particularly Streptococcus mitis. Therefore, confirmation by PCR is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Made Adi Tarini
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Marta Setiabudy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - NM Susilawathi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - NND Fatmawati
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - IPB Mayura
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - EA Darwinata
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - NKA Sudiariani
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
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Pathotyping the Zoonotic Pathogen Streptococcus suis: Novel Genetic Markers To Differentiate Invasive Disease-Associated Isolates from Non-Disease-Associated Isolates from England and Wales. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.01712-18. [PMID: 30944194 PMCID: PMC6595460 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01712-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is one of the most important zoonotic bacterial pathogens of pigs, causing significant economic losses to the global swine industry. S. suis is also a very successful colonizer of mucosal surfaces, and commensal strains can be found in almost all pig populations worldwide, making detection of the S. suis species in asymptomatic carrier herds of little practical value in predicting the likelihood of future clinical relevance. The value of future molecular tools for surveillance and preventative health management lies in the detection of strains that genetically have increased potential to cause disease in presently healthy animals. Here we describe the use of genome-wide association studies to identify genetic markers associated with the observed clinical phenotypes (i) invasive disease and (ii) asymptomatic carriage on the palatine tonsils of pigs on UK farms. Subsequently, we designed a multiplex PCR to target three genetic markers that differentiated 115 S. suis isolates into disease-associated and non-disease-associated groups, that performed with a sensitivity of 0.91, a specificity of 0.79, a negative predictive value of 0.91, and a positive predictive value of 0.79 in comparison to observed clinical phenotypes. We describe evaluation of our pathotyping tool, using an out-of-sample collection of 50 previously uncharacterized S. suis isolates, in comparison to existing methods used to characterize and subtype S. suis isolates. In doing so, we show our pathotyping approach to be a competitive method to characterize S. suis isolates recovered from pigs on UK farms and one that can easily be updated to incorporate global strain collections.
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Fernández-Aguilar X, Gottschalk M, Aragon V, Càmara J, Ardanuy C, Velarde R, Galofré-Milà N, Castillo-Contreras R, López-Olvera JR, Mentaberre G, Colom-Cadena A, Lavín S, Cabezón O. Urban Wild Boars and Risk for Zoonotic Streptococcus suis, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1083-1086. [PMID: 29774831 PMCID: PMC6004849 DOI: 10.3201/eid2406.171271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban wild boars (Sus scrofa) from Barcelona, Spain, harbor great diversity of Streptococcus suis strains, including strains with the cps2 gene and with the same molecular profile as local human cases. The increasing trend of potential effective contacts for S. suis transmission is of public health concern.
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Hlebowicz M, Jakubowski P, Smiatacz T. Streptococcus suis Meningitis: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation and Treatment. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:557-562. [PMID: 30855223 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis, a prevalent porcine pathogen, may sporadically cause infections in humans, and has recently emerged as a cause of zoonoses in some professionals. The aim of this article was to review available data on epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, diagnostics, and management of the most common form of S. suis infection, purulent meningitis. Literature data show that S. suis is an important etiological factor of purulent meningitis, especially in subjects being occupationally exposed to contact with pigs and/or pork meat. Owing to growing incidence of S. suis meningitis, a history of such exposure should be verified in each patient presenting with typical meningeal symptoms. Whenever S. suis was confirmed as the etiological factor of purulent meningitis, therapeutic protocol should be adjusted appropriately, to avoid patient's exposure to potentially ototoxic antimicrobial agents and corticosteroids. Considering the biphasic character of S. suis meningitis and its frequently atypical outcome, all individuals with this condition should be optimally supervised by a multidisciplinary team, including an ENT specialist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hlebowicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł Jakubowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Smiatacz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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47
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Meekhanon N, Kaewmongkol S, Jirawattanapong P, Kaminsonsakul T, Kongsoi S, Chumsing S, Okura M, Ueno Y, Sekizaki T, Takamatsu D. High rate misidentification of biochemically determined Streptococcus isolates from swine clinical specimens. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:567-572. [PMID: 30814435 PMCID: PMC6483909 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 22 bacterial isolates from swine necropsy specimens, which were biochemically identified as Streptococcus suis and other Streptococcus species, were re-examined using species-specific PCR for authentic S. suis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for the verification of the former judge. Identification of S. suis on the basis of biochemical characteristics showed high false-positive (70.6%) and false-negative (60%) rates. The authentic S. suis showed various capsular polysaccharide synthesis gene types, including type 2 that often isolated from human cases. Five of 22 isolates did not even belong to the genus Streptococcus. These results suggested that the misidentification of the causative pathogen in routine veterinary diagnosis could be a substantial obstacle for the control of emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattakan Meekhanon
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sarawan Kaewmongkol
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pichai Jirawattanapong
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicines, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Tanyanant Kaminsonsakul
- Kamphaengsaen Veterinary Diagnostic Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Kongsoi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Suksan Chumsing
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Masatoshi Okura
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ueno
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sekizaki
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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48
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Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Ma J, Dong W, Zhong X, Pan Z, Yao H. ICESsuHN105, a Novel Multiple Antibiotic Resistant ICE in Streptococcus suis Serotype 5 Strain HN105. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:274. [PMID: 30863372 PMCID: PMC6399138 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcussuis serotype 5, an emerging zoonosis bacterial pathogen, has been isolated from infections in both pigs and humans. In this study, we sequenced the first complete genome of a virulent, multidrug-resistant SS5 strain HN105. The strain HN105 displayed enhanced pathogenicity in zebrafish and BABL/c mouse infection models. Comparative genome analysis identified a novel 80K integrative conjugative element (ICE), ICESsuHN105, as required for the multidrug resistance phenotype. Six corresponding antibiotic resistance genes in this ICE were identified, namely tet (O), tet (M), erm (two copies), aph, and spc. Phylogenetic analysis classified the element as a homolog of the ICESa2603 family, containing the typical family backbone and insertion DNA. DNA hybrids mediated by natural transformation between HN105 and ZY05719 verified the antibiotic resistant genes of ICESsuHN105 that could be transferred successfully, while they were dispersedly inserted with a single gene in different genomic locations of ZY05719(HN105) transformants. To further identify the horizontal transfer of ICESsuHN105 as a whole mobile genetic element, a circular intermediate form of ICESsuHN105 was detected by PCR. However, the effective conjugation using serotype 2 S. suis as recipients was not observed in current assays in vitro. Further studies confirmed the presence of the complete lantibiotic locus encoded in ICESsuHN105 that effectively inhibits the growth of other streptococci. In summary, this study demonstrated the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in ICE that are able to transfer between different clinical isolates and adapt to a broader range of Streptococcus serotype or species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinchu Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiale Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenyang Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zihao Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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49
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Huang J, Liu X, Chen H, Chen L, Gao X, Pan Z, Wang J, Lu C, Yao H, Wang L, Wu Z. Identification of six novel capsular polysaccharide loci (
NCL
) from
Streptococcus suis
multidrug resistant non‐typeable strains and the pathogenic characteristic of strains carrying new
NCL
s. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:995-1003. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Xi Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture Nanjing China
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis Nanjing China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture Nanjing China
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis Nanjing China
| | - Li Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Xueping Gao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture Nanjing China
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis Nanjing China
| | - Zihao Pan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture Nanjing China
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis Nanjing China
| | - Jian Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Animal Disease Control Center Shanghai China
| | - Chengping Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture Nanjing China
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis Nanjing China
| | - Huochun Yao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture Nanjing China
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis Nanjing China
| | - Liping Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture Nanjing China
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis Nanjing China
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50
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Prüfer TL, Rohde J, Verspohl J, Rohde M, de Greeff A, Willenborg J, Valentin-Weigand P. Molecular typing of Streptococcus suis strains isolated from diseased and healthy pigs between 1996-2016. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210801. [PMID: 30653570 PMCID: PMC6336254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an economically important pathogen of pigs as well as a zoonotic cause of human disease. Serotyping is used for further characterization of isolates; some serotypes seem to be more virulent and more widely spread than others. This study characterizes a collection of German field isolates of Streptococcus suis from pigs dating from 1996 to 2016 with respect to capsular genes (cps) specific for individual serotypes and pathotype by multiplex PCR and relates results to the clinical background of these isolates. The most prominent finding was the reduction in prevalence of serotype-2/serotype-1/2 among invasive isolates during this sampling period, which might be attributed to widely implemented autogenous vaccination programs in swine against serotype 2 in Germany. In diseased pigs (systemically ill; respiratory disease) isolates of serotype-1/serotype-14, serotype-2/serotype-1/2, serotype 3 to 5 and 7 to 9 were most frequent while in carrier isolates a greater variety of cps types was found. Serotype-1/serotype-14 seemed to be preferentially located in joints, serotype 4 and serotype 3 in the central nervous system, respectively. The virulence associated extracellular protein factor was almost exclusively associated with invasive serotype-1/serotype-14 and serotype-2/serotype-1/2 isolates. In contrast, lung isolates of serotype-2/serotype-1/2 mainly harbored the gene for muramidase-released protein. Serotype 4 and serotype 9 isolates from clinically diseased pigs most frequently carried the muramidase-released protein gene and the suilysin gene. When examined by transmission electron microscopy all but one of the isolates which were non-typable by molecular and serological methods showed various amounts of capsular material indicating potentially new serotypes among these isolates. Given the variety of cps types/serotypes detected in pigs, not only veterinarians but also medical doctors should consider other serotypes than just serotype 2 when investigating potential human cases of Streptococcus suis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Louise Prüfer
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Judith Rohde
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jutta Verspohl
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Willenborg
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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