1
|
Lyu Z, Chen J, Lyu J, Guo P, Liu J, Liu J, Zhang W. Spraying double-stranded RNA targets UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase in the control of Nilaparvata lugens. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132455. [PMID: 38795878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The rice pest Nilaparvata lugens (the brown planthopper, BPH) has developed different levels of resistance to at least 11 chemical pesticides. RNAi technology has contributed to the development of environmentally friendly RNA biopesticides designed to reduce chemical use. Consequently, more precise targets need to be identified and characterized, and efficient dsRNA delivery methods are necessary for effective field pest control. In this study, a low off-target risk dsNlUAP fragment (166 bp) was designed in silico to minimize the potential adverse effects on non-target organisms. Knockdown of NlUAP via microinjection significantly decreased the content of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and chitin, causing chitinous structural disorder and abnormal phenotypes in wing and body wall, reduced fertility, and resulted in pest mortality up to 100 %. Furthermore, dsNlUAP was loaded with ROPE@C, a chitosan-modified nanomaterial for spray application, which significantly downregulated the expression of NlUAP, led to 48.9 % pest mortality, and was confirmed to have no adverse effects on Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, an important natural enemy of BPH. These findings will contribute to the development of safer biopesticides for the control of N. lugens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen YH, Cheng WH. Hexosamine biosynthesis and related pathways, protein N-glycosylation and O-GlcNAcylation: their interconnection and role in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1349064. [PMID: 38510444 PMCID: PMC10951099 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1349064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), a fundamental amino sugar moiety, is essential for protein glycosylation, glycolipid, GPI-anchor protein, and cell wall components. Uridine diphosphate-GlcNAc (UDP-GlcNAc), an active form of GlcNAc, is synthesized through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP). Although HBP is highly conserved across organisms, the enzymes involved perform subtly distinct functions among microbes, mammals, and plants. A complete block of HBP normally causes lethality in any life form, reflecting the pivotal role of HBP in the normal growth and development of organisms. Although HBP is mainly composed of four biochemical reactions, HBP is exquisitely regulated to maintain the homeostasis of UDP-GlcNAc content. As HBP utilizes substrates including fructose-6-P, glutamine, acetyl-CoA, and UTP, endogenous nutrient/energy metabolites may be integrated to better suit internal growth and development, and external environmental stimuli. Although the genes encoding HBP enzymes are well characterized in microbes and mammals, they were less understood in higher plants in the past. As the HBP-related genes/enzymes have largely been characterized in higher plants in recent years, in this review we update the latest advances in the functions of the HBP-related genes in higher plants. In addition, HBP's salvage pathway and GlcNAc-mediated two major co- or post-translational modifications, N-glycosylation and O-GlcNAcylation, are also included in this review. Further knowledge on the function of HBP and its product conjugates, and the mechanisms underlying their response to deleterious environments might provide an alternative strategy for agricultural biofortification in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wan-Hsing Cheng
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dong W, Flaven-Pouchon J, Gao YH, Song CY, El Wakil A, Zhang JZ, Moussian B. Chitinase 6 is required for procuticle thickening and organ shape in Drosophila wing. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:268-278. [PMID: 36114809 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The polysaccharide chitin is a major scaffolding molecule in the insect cuticle. In order to be functional, both chitin amounts and chitin organization have been shown to be important parameters. Despite great advances in the past decade, the molecular mechanisms of chitin synthesis and organization are not fully understood. Here, we have characterized the function of the Chitinase 6 (Cht6) in the formation of the wing, which is a simple flat cuticle organ, in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Reduction of Cht6 function by RNA interference during wing development does not affect chitin organization, but entails a thinner cuticle suggesting reduced chitin amounts. This phenotype is opposed to the one reported recently to be caused by reduction of Cht10 expression. Probably as a consequence, cuticle permeability to xenobiotics is enhanced in Cht6-less wings. We also observed massive deformation of these wings. In addition, the shape of the abdomen is markedly changed upon abdominal suppression of Cht6. Finally, we found that suppression of Cht6 transcript levels influences the expression of genes coding for enzymes of the chitin biosynthesis pathway. This finding indicates that wing epidermal cells respond to activity changes of Cht6 probably trying to adjust chitin amounts. Together, in a working model, we propose that Cht6-introduced modifications of chitin are needed for chitin synthesis to proceed correctly. Cuticle thickness, according to our hypothesis, is in turn required for correct organ or body part shape. The molecular mechanisms of this processes shall be characterized in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | | | - Ying-Hao Gao
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chen-Yang Song
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Abeer El Wakil
- Faculty of Education, Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Jian-Zhen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Das J, Kumar R, Shah V, Sharma AK. Functional characterization of chitin synthesis pathway genes, HaAGM and HaUAP, reveal their crucial roles in ecdysis and survival of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:105273. [PMID: 36464378 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The chitin metabolic pathway is one of the most lucrative targets for designing pest management regimes. Inhibition of the chitin synthesis pathway causes detrimental effects on the normal growth and development of insects. Phospho-N-acetylglucosamine mutase (AGM) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP) are two key chitin biosynthesis enzymes in insects including Helicoverpa armigera, a pest of global significance. In the present study, we have identified, cloned and recombinantly expressed AGM and UAP from H. armigera (HaAGM and HaUAP). Biochemical characterization of recombinant HaAGM and HaUAP exhibited high affinities for their natural substrates N-acetyl glucosamine-6-phosphate (Km 38.72 ± 2.41) and N-acetyl glucosamine-1-phosphate (Km 3.66 ± 0.13), respectively. In the coupled enzyme-catalytic assay, HaAGM and HaUAP yielded the end-products, inorganic pyrophosphate and UDP-GlcNAc, confirming their active participation in the chitin synthesis pathway of H. armigera. Gene expression profiling revealed that HaAGM and HaUAP genes were expressed in all developmental stages and key tissues. These genes also showed substantial responses towards the moulting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone and chitin biosynthesis inhibitor, novaluron. Remarkably, the RNAi-mediated knockdown of either HaAGM or HaUAP led to severe developmental deformities and significant mortality ranging from 65.61 to 72.54%. Overall findings suggest that HaAGM and HaUAP play crucial roles in the ecdysis and survival of H. armigera. Further, these genes could serve as potential targets for designing pest management strategies for H. armigera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joy Das
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India; ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India; ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vivek Shah
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang LH, Mu LL, Jin L, Anjum AA, Li GQ. Silencing uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase gene impairs larval development in Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3894-3902. [PMID: 34523212 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) diphosphorylase (UAP) catalyzes the formation of UDP-GlcNAc, the precursor for the production of chitin in ectodermally derived epidermal cells and midgut, for GlcNAcylation of proteins and for generation of glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol anchors in all tissues in Drosophila melanogaster. RESULTS Here, we identified a putative HvUAP gene in Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. Knockdown of HvUAP at the second-, third- and fourth-instar stages impaired larval development. Most resultant HvUAP hypomorphs showed arrested development at the third-, fourth-instar larval or prepupal stages, and became paralyzed, depending on the age when treated. Some HvUAP-silenced larvae had weak and soft scoli. A portion of HvUAP-depleted beetles formed misshapen pupae. No HvUAP RNA interference pupae successfully emerged as adults. Dissection and microscopic observation revealed that knockdown of HvUAP affected gut growth and food ingestion, reduced cuticle thickness, and negatively affected the formation of newly generated cuticle layers during ecdysis. Furthermore, HvUAP deficiency inhibited development of the tracheal respiratory system and thinned tracheal taenidia. CONCLUSION The phenotypical defects in HvUAP hypomorphs suggest that HvUAP is involved in the production of chitin. Moreover, our findings will enable the development of a double-stranded RNA-based pesticide to control H. vigintioctopunctata. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hong Jiang
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Li Mu
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ahmad A Anjum
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Molecular Characterization of UDP- N-Acetylglucosamine Pyrophosphorylase and Its Role in the Growth and Development of the White-Backed Planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081340. [PMID: 35893078 PMCID: PMC9332809 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP) is a key enzyme in the chitin biosynthesis pathway of insects. Here, we described the gene SfUAP in the white-backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) with an open reading frame of 1470 bp. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) suggested that SfUAP exhibits a different developmental expression pattern and a higher expression after molting. The highest expression of SfUAP was observed in the integument tissues of adults, whereas head tissues showed negligible expression. RNAi-based gene silencing decreased the mRNA transcript levels in S. furcifera nymphs injected with double-stranded RNA of SfUAP. Finally, SfUAP silencing led to 84% mortality and malformed phenotypes in nymphs. Thus, our results can help better understand the role of SfUAP in S. furcifera.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen YH, Shen HL, Chou SJ, Sato Y, Cheng WH. Interference of Arabidopsis N-Acetylglucosamine-1-P Uridylyltransferase Expression Impairs Protein N-Glycosylation and Induces ABA-Mediated Salt Sensitivity During Seed Germination and Early Seedling Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:903272. [PMID: 35747876 PMCID: PMC9210984 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.903272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is the fundamental amino sugar moiety that is essential for protein glycosylation. UDP-GlcNAc, an active form of GlcNAc, is synthesized through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). Arabidopsis N-acetylglucosamine-1-P uridylyltransferases (GlcNAc1pUTs), encoded by GlcNA.UTs, catalyze the last step in the HBP pathway, but their biochemical and molecular functions are less clear. In this study, the GlcNA.UT1 expression was knocked down by the double-stranded RNA interference (dsRNAi) in the glcna.ut2 null mutant background. The RNAi transgenic plants, which are referred to as iU1, displayed the reduced UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, altered protein N-glycosylation and induced an unfolded protein response under salt-stressed conditions. Moreover, the iU1 transgenic plants displayed sterility and salt hypersensitivity, including delay of both seed germination and early seedling establishment, which is associated with the induction of ABA biosynthesis and signaling. These salt hypersensitive phenotypes can be rescued by exogenous fluridone, an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, and by introducing an ABA-deficient mutant allele nced3 into iU1 transgenic plants. Transcriptomic analyses further supported the upregulated genes that were involved in ABA biosynthesis and signaling networks, and response to salt stress in iU1 plants. Collectively, these data indicated that GlcNAc1pUTs are essential for UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, protein N-glycosylation, fertility, and the response of plants to salt stress through ABA signaling pathways during seed germination and early seedling development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Huei Chen
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Ling Shen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jen Chou
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yasushi Sato
- Biology and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Wan-Hsing Cheng
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cotsworth S, Jackson CJ, Hallson G, Fitzpatrick KA, Syrzycka M, Coulthard AB, Bejsovec A, Marchetti M, Pimpinelli S, Wang SJH, Camfield RG, Verheyen EM, Sinclair DA, Honda BM, Hilliker AJ. Characterization of Gfat1 (zeppelin) and Gfat2, Essential Paralogous Genes Which Encode the Enzymes That Catalyze the Rate-Limiting Step in the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030448. [PMID: 35159258 PMCID: PMC8834284 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The zeppelin (zep) locus is known for its essential role in the development of the embryonic cuticle of Drosophila melanogaster. We show here that zep encodes Gfat1 (Glutamine: Fructose-6-Phosphate Aminotransferase 1; CG12449), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP). This conserved pathway diverts 2%–5% of cellular glucose from glycolysis and is a nexus of sugar (fructose-6-phosphate), amino acid (glutamine), fatty acid [acetyl-coenzymeA (CoA)], and nucleotide/energy (UDP) metabolism. We also describe the isolation and characterization of lethal mutants in the euchromatic paralog, Gfat2 (CG1345), and demonstrate that ubiquitous expression of Gfat1+ or Gfat2+ transgenes can rescue lethal mutations in either gene. Gfat1 and Gfat2 show differences in mRNA and protein expression during embryogenesis and in essential tissue-specific requirements for Gfat1 and Gfat2, suggesting a degree of functional evolutionary divergence. An evolutionary, cytogenetic analysis of the two genes in six Drosophila species revealed Gfat2 to be located within euchromatin in all six species. Gfat1 localizes to heterochromatin in three melanogaster-group species, and to euchromatin in the more distantly related species. We have also found that the pattern of flanking-gene microsynteny is highly conserved for Gfat1 and somewhat less conserved for Gfat2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Cotsworth
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (MBB), Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (S.C.); (C.J.J.); (G.H.); (K.A.F.); (M.S.); (S.J.H.W.); (E.M.V.); (D.A.S.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Catherine J. Jackson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (MBB), Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (S.C.); (C.J.J.); (G.H.); (K.A.F.); (M.S.); (S.J.H.W.); (E.M.V.); (D.A.S.); (B.M.H.)
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute for Surgical Research, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
- The Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Graham Hallson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (MBB), Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (S.C.); (C.J.J.); (G.H.); (K.A.F.); (M.S.); (S.J.H.W.); (E.M.V.); (D.A.S.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Kathleen A. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (MBB), Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (S.C.); (C.J.J.); (G.H.); (K.A.F.); (M.S.); (S.J.H.W.); (E.M.V.); (D.A.S.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Monika Syrzycka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (MBB), Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (S.C.); (C.J.J.); (G.H.); (K.A.F.); (M.S.); (S.J.H.W.); (E.M.V.); (D.A.S.); (B.M.H.)
- Allergan Canada, 500-85 Enterprise Blvd, Markham, ON L6G 0B5, Canada
| | | | - Amy Bejsovec
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
| | - Marcella Marchetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Sergio Pimpinelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Simon J. H. Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (MBB), Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (S.C.); (C.J.J.); (G.H.); (K.A.F.); (M.S.); (S.J.H.W.); (E.M.V.); (D.A.S.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Robert G. Camfield
- BC Genome Science Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada;
| | - Esther M. Verheyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (MBB), Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (S.C.); (C.J.J.); (G.H.); (K.A.F.); (M.S.); (S.J.H.W.); (E.M.V.); (D.A.S.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Donald A. Sinclair
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (MBB), Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (S.C.); (C.J.J.); (G.H.); (K.A.F.); (M.S.); (S.J.H.W.); (E.M.V.); (D.A.S.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Barry M. Honda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (MBB), Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (S.C.); (C.J.J.); (G.H.); (K.A.F.); (M.S.); (S.J.H.W.); (E.M.V.); (D.A.S.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Arthur J. Hilliker
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Miller S, Shippy TD, Tamayo B, Hosmani PS, Flores-Gonzalez M, Mueller LA, Hunter WB, Brown SJ, D’Elia T, Saha S. Annotation of chitin biosynthesis genes in Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid. GIGABYTE 2021; 2021:gigabyte23. [PMID: 36824327 PMCID: PMC9631950 DOI: 10.46471/gigabyte.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The polysaccharide chitin is critical for the formation of many insect structures, including the exoskeleton, and is required for normal development. Here we report the annotation of three genes from the chitin synthesis pathway in the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), the vector of Huanglongbing (citrus greening disease). Most insects have two chitin synthase (CHS) genes but, like other hemipterans, D. citri has only one. In contrast, D. citri is unusual among insects in having two UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP) genes. One of the D. citri UAP genes is broadly expressed, while the other is expressed predominantly in males. Our work helps pave the way for potential utilization of these genes as pest control targets to reduce the spread of Huanglongbing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Miller
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Allen County Community College, Burlingame, KS 66413, USA
| | - Teresa D. Shippy
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Blessy Tamayo
- Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, FL 34981, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wayne B. Hunter
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Susan J. Brown
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Tom D’Elia
- Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, FL 34981, USA
| | - Surya Saha
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu S, Zhong H, Wang Q, Liu C, Li T, Peng Z, Li Y, Zhang H, Liao J, Huang Y, Wang Z. Global Analysis of UDP Glucose Pyrophosphorylase (UDPGP) Gene Family in Plants: Conserved Evolution Involved in Cell Death. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:681719. [PMID: 34177996 PMCID: PMC8222925 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.681719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase (UDPGP) family genes have been reported to play essential roles in cell death or individual survival. However, a systematic analysis on UDPGP gene family has not been performed yet. In this study, a total of 454 UDPGP proteins from 76 different species were analyzed. The analyses of the phylogenetic tree and orthogroups divided UDPGPs into three clades, including UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP), UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP, containing UGP-A and UGP-B), and UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (USP). The evolutionary history of the UDPGPs indicated that the members of UAP, USP, and UGP-B were relatively conserved while varied in UGP-A. Homologous sequences of UGP-B and USP were found only in plants. The expression profile of UDPGP genes in Oryza sativa was mainly motivated under jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), cadmium, and cold treatments, indicating that UDPGPs may play an important role in plant development and environment endurance. The key amino acids regulating the activity of UDPGPs were analyzed, and almost all of them were located in the NB-loop, SB-loop, or conserved motifs. Analysis of the natural variants of UDPGPs in rice revealed that only a few missense mutants existed in coding sequences (CDSs), and most of the resulting variations were located in the non-motif sites, indicating the conserved structure and function of UDPGPs in the evolution. Furthermore, alternative splicing may play a key role in regulating the activity of UDPGPs. The spatial structure prediction, enzymatic analysis, and transgenic verification of UAP isoforms illustrated that the loss of N- and C-terminal sequences did not affect the overall 3D structures, but the N- and C-terminal sequences are important for UAP genes to maintain their enzymatic activity. These results revealed a conserved UDPGP gene family and provided valuable information for further deep functional investigation of the UDPGP gene family in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Hua Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Responding to Climate Change, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Caixiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Li
- Youth League Committee, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhaohua Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Yangsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Responding to Climate Change, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianglin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Responding to Climate Change, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yingjin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Responding to Climate Change, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhaohai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Responding to Climate Change, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen X, Raimi OG, Ferenbach AT, van Aalten DM. A missense mutation in a patient with developmental delay affects the activity and structure of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway enzyme AGX1. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:110-122. [PMID: 33098688 PMCID: PMC7839538 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification catalysed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). Missense mutations in OGT have been associated with developmental disorders, OGT-linked congenital disorder of glycosylation (OGT-CDG), which are characterized by intellectual disability. OGT relies on the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) for provision of its UDP-GlcNAc donor. We considered whether mutations in UDP-N-acetylhexosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP1), which catalyses the final step in the HBP, would phenocopy OGT-CDG mutations. A de novo mutation in UAP1 (NM_001324114:c.G685A:p.A229T) was reported in a patient with intellectual disability. We show that this mutation is pathogenic and decreases the stability and activity of the UAP1 isoform AGX1 in vitro. X-ray crystallography reveals a structural shift proximal to the mutation, leading to a conformational change of the N-terminal domain. These data suggest that the UAP1A229T missense mutation could be a contributory factor to the patient phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiping Chen
- Division of Gene Regulation and ExpressionSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Olawale G. Raimi
- Division of Gene Regulation and ExpressionSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Andrew T. Ferenbach
- Division of Gene Regulation and ExpressionSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Daan M.F. van Aalten
- Division of Gene Regulation and ExpressionSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Z, Wang Q, Wei L, Shi Y, Li T, Hu K, Liu S, Zhong H, Liao J, Li Y, Zhang H, Huang Y. UDP- N-Acetylglucosamine Pyrophosphorylase 2 (UAP2) and 1 (UAP1) Perform Synergetic Functions for Leaf Survival in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:685102. [PMID: 34249055 PMCID: PMC8264299 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.685102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Functional inactivation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1 (UAP1) induces defense response-related lesion-mimic spots and subsequent early senescence in every newly grown leaf of the rice mutant uap1 after a short period's normal growth. However, the molecular mechanism of these leaves sustaining the short period's survival is still unknown. Phenotypic and molecular studies show that defense response-related lesion-mimic spots and early leaf senescence appear on the normally grown uap1 leaf and aggravate with the growth time. Bioinformatic analysis reveals that UAP proteins are evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes, and there exists UAP2 protein except UAP1 protein in many higher organisms, including rice. Rice UAP2 and UAP1 proteins present high sequence identities and very similar predicted 3D structures. Transcriptional expression profile of the UAP2 gene decreases with the appearance and aggravating of leaf spots and early senescence of uap1, implying the role of the UAP2 gene in maintaining the initial normal growth of uap1 leaves. Enzymatic experiments verified that the UAP2 protein performs highly similar UAP enzymatic activity with the UAP1 protein, catalyzing the biosynthesis of UDP-GlcNAc. And these two UAP proteins are found to have the same subcellular localization in the cytoplasm, where they most presumably perform their functions. Overexpression of the UAP2 gene in uap1 plants succeeds to rescue their leaf mutant phenotype to normal, providing direct evidence for the similar function of the UAP2 gene as the UAP1 gene. The UAP2 gene is mainly expressed in the young leaf stage for functions, while the UAP1 gene is highly expressed during the whole leaf developmental stages. Based on these findings, it is suggested that UAP2 and UAP1 play key roles in rice leaf survival during its development in a synergetic manner, protecting the leaf from early senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Responding to Climate Change, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhaohai Wang
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Responding to Climate Change, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lingxia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Responding to Climate Change, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Responding to Climate Change, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Li
- Youth League Committee, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - KeKe Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Hua Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianglin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Responding to Climate Change, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yangsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Yangsheng Li
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Nanchang, China
- Hongyu Zhang
| | - Yingjin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Responding to Climate Change, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Yingjin Huang
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Identifying Key Genetic Regions for Cell Sheet Morphogenesis on Chromosome 2L Using a Drosophila Deficiency Screen in Dorsal Closure. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:4249-4269. [PMID: 32978263 PMCID: PMC7642946 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell sheet morphogenesis is essential for metazoan development and homeostasis of animal form - it contributes to developmental milestones including gastrulation, neural tube closure, heart and palate formation and to tissue maintenance during wound healing. Dorsal closure, a well-characterized stage in Drosophila embryogenesis and a model for cell sheet morphogenesis, is a remarkably robust process during which coordination of conserved gene expression patterns and signaling cascades regulate the cellular shape changes and movements. New 'dorsal closure genes' continue to be discovered due to advances in imaging and genetics. Here, we extend our previous study of the right arm of the 2nd chromosome to the left arm of the 2nd chromosome using the Bloomington deficiency kit's set of large deletions, which collectively remove 98.9% of the genes on the left arm of chromosome two (2L) to identify 'dorsal closure deficiencies'. We successfully screened 87.2% of the genes and identified diverse dorsal closure defects in embryos homozygous for 49 deficiencies, 27 of which delete no known dorsal closure gene. These homozygous deficiencies cause defects in cell shape, canthus formation and tissue dynamics. Within these deficiencies, we have identified pimples, odd-skipped, paired, and sloppy-paired 1 as dorsal closure genes on 2L that affect lateral epidermal cells. We will continue to identify novel 'dorsal closure genes' with further analysis. These forward genetic screens are expected to identify new processes and pathways that contribute to closure and links between pathways and structures already known to coordinate various aspects of closure.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang YH, Ding ZY, Cheng YJ, Chien CT, Huang ML. An Efficient Screen for Cell-Intrinsic Factors Identifies the Chaperonin CCT and Multiple Conserved Mechanisms as Mediating Dendrite Morphogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:577315. [PMID: 33100975 PMCID: PMC7546278 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.577315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic morphology is inextricably linked to neuronal function. Systematic large-scale screens combined with genetic mapping have uncovered several mechanisms underlying dendrite morphogenesis. However, a comprehensive overview of participating molecular mechanisms is still lacking. Here, we conducted an efficient clonal screen using a collection of mapped P-element insertions that were previously shown to cause lethality and eye defects in Drosophila melanogaster. Of 280 mutants, 52 exhibited dendritic defects. Further database analyses, complementation tests, and RNA interference validations verified 40 P-element insertion genes as being responsible for the dendritic defects. Twenty-eight mutants presented severe arbor reduction, and the remainder displayed other abnormalities. The intrinsic regulators encoded by the identified genes participate in multiple conserved mechanisms and pathways, including the protein folding machinery and the chaperonin-containing TCP-1 (CCT) complex that facilitates tubulin folding. Mutant neurons in which expression of CCT4 or CCT5 was depleted exhibited severely retarded dendrite growth. We show that CCT localizes in dendrites and is required for dendritic microtubule organization and tubulin stability, suggesting that CCT-mediated tubulin folding occurs locally within dendrites. Our study also reveals novel mechanisms underlying dendrite morphogenesis. For example, we show that Drosophila Nogo signaling is required for dendrite development and that Mummy and Wech also regulate dendrite morphogenesis, potentially via Dpp- and integrin-independent pathways. Our methodology represents an efficient strategy for identifying intrinsic dendrite regulators, and provides insights into the plethora of molecular mechanisms underlying dendrite morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhao-Ying Ding
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Min-Lang Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen P, Visokay S, Abrams JM. Drosophila GFAT1 and GFAT2 enzymes encode obligate developmental functions. Fly (Austin) 2020; 14:3-9. [PMID: 32615907 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2020.1784674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) enzymes catalyse the first committed step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) using glutamine and fructose-6-phosphate to form glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P). Numerous species (e.g. mouse, rat, zebrafish, chicken) including humans and Drosophila encode two broadly expressed copies of this enzyme but whether these perform redundant, partially overlapping or distinct functions is not known. To address this question, we produced single gene null mutations in the fly counterparts of gfat1 and gfat2. Deletions for either enzyme were fully lethal and homozygotes lacking either GFAT1 or GFAT2 died at or prior to the first instar larval stage. Therefore, when genetically eliminated, neither isoform was able to compensate for the other. Importantly, dietary supplementation with D-glucosamine-6-phosphate rescued GFAT2 deficiency and restored viability to gfat2-/- mutants. In contrast, glucosamine-6-phosphate did not rescue gfat1-/- animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Visokay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John M Abrams
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Moulton MJ, Humphreys GB, Kim A, Letsou A. O-GlcNAcylation Dampens Dpp/BMP Signaling to Ensure Proper Drosophila Embryonic Development. Dev Cell 2020; 53:330-343.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
17
|
Palaka BK, Velmurugan Ilavarasi A, Sapam TD, Kotapati KV, Nallala VS, Khan MB, Ampasala DR. Molecular cloning, gene expression analysis, and in silico characterization of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase from Bombyx mori. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:880-899. [PMID: 31397000 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to explore the molecular and structural features of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase of Bombyx mori (BmUAP), an essential enzyme for chitin synthesis in insects. The BmUAP cDNA sequence was cloned and expression profiles were monitored during the molting and feeding stages of silkworm larvae. The effect of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) on BmUAP expression, and on silkworm molting was studied, which revealed that 20E regulates its expression. Multiple sequence alignment of various pyrophosphorylases revealed that the residues N223, G290, N327, and K407 of human UAP (PDB ID: 1JV1) were found to be highly conserved in BmUAP and all other eukaryotic UAPs considered for the study. Phylogenetic analysis inferred that the UAPs possess discrete variations in primary structure among different insect Orders while sharing good identity between species of the Order. The structure of BmUAP was predicted and its interactions with uridine triphosphate, N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate, and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine were analyzed. Virtual screening with a library of natural compounds resulted in five potential hits with good binding affinities. On further analysis, these five hits were found to be mimicking substrate and product, in inducing conformational changes in the active site. This work provides crucial information on molecular interactions and structural dynamics of insect UAPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhagath Kumar Palaka
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Tuleshwori Devi Sapam
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Kasi Viswanath Kotapati
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Venkata Satyanarayana Nallala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Mohd Babu Khan
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Dinakara Rao Ampasala
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Harðardóttir HM, Male R, Nilsen F, Eichner C, Dondrup M, Dalvin S. Chitin synthesis and degradation in Lepeophtheirus salmonis: Molecular characterization and gene expression profile during synthesis of a new exoskeleton. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 227:123-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
19
|
Liu X, Zhang J, Zhu KY. Chitin in Arthropods: Biosynthesis, Modification, and Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:169-207. [PMID: 31102247 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is a structural constituent of extracellular matrices including the cuticle of the exoskeleton and the peritrophic matrix (PM) of the midgut in arthropods. Chitin chains are synthesized through multiple biochemical reactions, organized in several hierarchical levels and associated with various proteins that give their unique physicochemical characteristics of the cuticle and PM. Because, arthropod growth and morphogenesis are dependent on the capability of remodeling chitin-containing structures, chitin biosynthesis and degradation are highly regulated, allowing ecdysis and regeneration of the cuticle and PM. Over the past 20 years, much progress has been made in understanding the physiological functions of chitinous matrices. In this chapter, we mainly discussed the biochemical processes of chitin biosynthesis, modification and degradation, and various enzymes involved in these processes. We also discussed cuticular proteins and PM proteins, which largely determine the physicochemical properties of the cuticle and PM. Although rapid advances in genomics, proteomics, RNA interference, and other technologies have considerably facilitated our research in chitin biosynthesis, modification, and metabolism in recent years, many aspects of these processes are still partially understood. Further research is needed in understanding how the structural organization of chitin synthase in plasma membrane accommodate chitin biosynthesis, transport of chitin chain across the plasma membrane, and release of the chitin chain from the enzyme. Other research is also needed in elucidating the roles of chitin deacetylases in chitin organization and the mechanism controlling the formation of different types of chitin in arthropods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China.
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Chitin is a linear polysaccharide of the amino sugar N-acetyl glucosamine. It is present in the extracellular matrix of a variety of invertebrates including sponges, molluscs, nematodes and arthropods and fungi. Generally, it is an important component of protective or supportive extracellular matrices that cover the tissue that produces it or the whole body of the organism. Chitin fibres associate with each other adopting one of three possible crystalline organisations, i.e. α-, β- or γ-chitin. Usually, chitin fibre bundles interact with chitin-binding proteins forming higher order structures. Chitin laminae, which are two-dimensional sheets of α-chitin crystals with antiparallel running chitin fibres in association with β-folded proteins, are primary constituents of the arthropod cuticle and the fibrous extracellular matrix in sponges. A tri-dimensional composite material of proteins coacervates and β-chitin constitute hard biomaterials such as the squid beak. The molecular composition of γ-chitin-based structures that contribute to the physical barrier found in insect cocoons is less well studied. In principle, chitin is a versatile extracellular polysaccharide that in association with proteins defines the mechanical properties of tissues and organisms.
Collapse
|
21
|
Negreiros E, Herszterg S, Kang KH, Câmara A, Dias WB, Carneiro K, Bier E, Todeschini AR, Araujo H. N-linked glycosylation restricts the function of Short gastrulation to bind and shuttle BMPs. Development 2018; 145:dev.167338. [PMID: 30355725 DOI: 10.1242/dev.167338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of N-linked glycosylation are increasingly reported in the literature. However, the targets that are responsible for the associated developmental and physiological defects are largely unknown. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) act as highly dynamic complexes to regulate several functions during development. The range and strength of BMP activity depend on interactions with glycosylated protein complexes in the extracellular milieu. Here, we investigate the role of glycosylation for the function of the conserved extracellular BMP antagonist Short gastrulation (Sog). We identify conserved N-glycosylated sites and describe the effect of mutating these residues on BMP pathway activity in Drosophila Functional analysis reveals that loss of individual Sog glycosylation sites enhances BMP antagonism and/or increases the spatial range of Sog effects in the tissue. Mechanistically, we provide evidence that N-terminal and stem glycosylation controls extracellular Sog levels and distribution. The identification of similar residues in vertebrate Chordin proteins suggests that N-glycosylation may be an evolutionarily conserved process that adds complexity to the regulation of BMP activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Negreiros
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902
| | - Sophie Herszterg
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902
| | - Kyung-Hwa Kang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, CA 92093-0349, USA
| | - Amanda Câmara
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902
| | - Wagner B Dias
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902
| | - Katia Carneiro
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902
| | - Ethan Bier
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, CA 92093-0349, USA
| | - Adriane Regina Todeschini
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902
| | - Helena Araujo
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902 .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Brasil (INCT-ENEM)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Scheys F, Van Damme EJM, De Schutter K, Staes A, Gevaert K, Smagghe G. Evolutionarily conserved and species-specific glycoproteins in the N-glycoproteomes of diverse insect species. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 100:22-29. [PMID: 29906502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is one of the most abundant and conserved protein modifications in eukaryotes. The attachment of N-glycans to proteins can modulate their properties and influences numerous important biological processes, such as protein folding and cellular attachment. Recently, it has been shown that protein N-glycosylation plays a vital role in insect development and survival, which makes the glycans an interesting target for pest control. Despite the importance of protein N-glycosylation in insects, knowledge about insect N-glycoproteomes is scarce. To fill this gap, the N-glycosites were identified in proteins from three major pest insects, spanning different insect orders and diverging in post-embryonic development, feeding mechanism and evolutionary ancestry: Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera), Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera) and Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera). The N-glyco-FASP method for isolation of N-glycopeptides was optimized to study the insect N-glycosites and allowed the identification of 889 N-glycosylation sites in T. castaneum, 941 in D. melanogaster and 1338 in A. pisum. Although a large set of the corresponding glycoproteins is shared among the three insects, species- and order-specific glycoproteins were also identified. The functionality of the insect glycoproteins together with the conservation of the N-glycosites throughout evolution is discussed. This information can help in the elaboration of novel pest insect control strategies based on interference in insect glycosylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freja Scheys
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof De Schutter
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Staes
- VIB-UGent Center for Biotechnology, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Biotechnology, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Regulation of Carbohydrate Energy Metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2018; 207:1231-1253. [PMID: 29203701 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.199885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate metabolism is essential for cellular energy balance as well as for the biosynthesis of new cellular building blocks. As animal nutrient intake displays temporal fluctuations and each cell type within the animal possesses specific metabolic needs, elaborate regulatory systems are needed to coordinate carbohydrate metabolism in time and space. Carbohydrate metabolism is regulated locally through gene regulatory networks and signaling pathways, which receive inputs from nutrient sensors as well as other pathways, such as developmental signals. Superimposed on cell-intrinsic control, hormonal signaling mediates intertissue information to maintain organismal homeostasis. Misregulation of carbohydrate metabolism is causative for many human diseases, such as diabetes and cancer. Recent work in Drosophila melanogaster has uncovered new regulators of carbohydrate metabolism and introduced novel physiological roles for previously known pathways. Moreover, genetically tractable Drosophila models to study carbohydrate metabolism-related human diseases have provided new insight into the mechanisms of pathogenesis. Due to the high degree of conservation of relevant regulatory pathways, as well as vast possibilities for the analysis of gene-nutrient interactions and tissue-specific gene function, Drosophila is emerging as an important model system for research on carbohydrate metabolism.
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu XJ, Sun YW, Li DQ, Li S, Ma EB, Zhang JZ. Identification of LmUAP1 as a 20-hydroxyecdysone response gene in the chitin biosynthesis pathway from the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:211-221. [PMID: 27696733 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In Locusta migratoria, we found that two chitin biosynthesis genes, UDP N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase gene LmUAP1 and chitin synthase gene LmCHS1, are expressed mainly in the integument and are responsible for cuticle formation. However, whether these genes are regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) is still largely unclear. Here, we showed the developmental expression pattern of LmUAP1, LmCHS1 and the corresponding 20E titer during the last instar nymph stage of locust. RNA interference (RNAi) directed toward a common region of the two isoforms of LmEcR (LmEcRcom) reduced the expression level of LmUAP1, while there was no difference in the expression of LmCHS1. Meantime, injection of 20E in vivo induced the expression of LmUAP1 but not LmCHS1. Further, we found injection-based RNAi of LmEcRcom resulted in 100% mortality. The locusts failed to molt with no apolysis, and maintained in the nymph stage until death. In conclusion, our preliminary results indicated that LmUAP1 in the chitin biosynthesis pathway is a 20E late-response gene and LmEcR plays an essential role in locust growth and development, which could be a good potential target for RNAi-based pest control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jian Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ya-Wen Sun
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Da-Qi Li
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - En-Bo Ma
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jian-Zhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tempesta C, Hijazi A, Moussian B, Roch F. Boudin trafficking reveals the dynamic internalisation of specific septate junction components in Drosophila. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185897. [PMID: 28977027 PMCID: PMC5627947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of paracellular barriers in invertebrate epithelia depends on the integrity of specific cell adhesion structures known as septate junctions (SJ). Multiple studies in Drosophila have revealed that these junctions have a stereotyped architecture resulting from the association in the lateral membrane of a large number of components. However, little is known about the dynamic organisation adopted by these multi-protein complexes in living tissues. We have used live imaging techniques to show that the Ly6 protein Boudin is a component of these adhesion junctions and can diffuse systemically to associate with the SJ of distant cells. We also observe that this protein and the claudin Kune-kune are endocytosed in epidermal cells during embryogenesis. Our data reveal that the SJ contain a set of components exhibiting a high membrane turnover, a feature that could contribute in a tissue-specific manner to the morphogenetic plasticity of these adhesion structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Tempesta
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Assia Hijazi
- Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences I and V—Doctorate School of Science and Technology-PRASE, Campus Rafic Hariri, Hadath-Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bernard Moussian
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Section Animal Genetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fernando Roch
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Manavalan MA, Jayasinghe VR, Grewal R, Bhat KM. The glycosylation pathway is required for the secretion of Slit and for the maintenance of the Slit receptor Robo on axons. Sci Signal 2017; 10:eaam5841. [PMID: 28634210 PMCID: PMC5846327 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aam5841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Slit proteins act as repulsive axon guidance cues by activating receptors of the Roundabout (Robo) family. During early neurogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster, Slit prevents the growth cones of longitudinal tract neurons from inappropriately crossing the midline, thus restricting these cells to trajectories parallel to the midline. Slit is expressed in midline glial cells, and Robo is present in longitudinal axon tracts and growth cones. We showed that the enzyme Mummy (Mmy) controlled Slit-Robo signaling through mechanisms that affected both the ligand and the receptor. Mmy was required for the glycosylation of Slit, which was essential for Slit secretion. Mmy was also required for maintaining the abundance and spatial distribution of Robo through an indirect mechanism that was independent of Slit secretion. Moreover, secretion of Slit was required to maintain the fasciculation and position of longitudinal axon tracts, thus maintaining the hardwiring of the nervous system. Thus, Mmy is required for Slit secretion and for maintaining Robo abundance and distribution in the developing nervous system in Drosophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Manavalan
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Vatsala Ruvini Jayasinghe
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Rickinder Grewal
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Krishna Moorthi Bhat
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fruttero LL, Moyetta NR, Krug MS, Broll V, Grahl MVC, Real-Guerra R, Stanisçuaski F, Carlini CR. Jaburetox affects gene expression and enzyme activities in Rhodnius prolixus, a Chagas' disease vector. Acta Trop 2017; 168:54-63. [PMID: 28108369 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Jaburetox, a recombinant peptide of ∼11kDa derived from one of the Canavalia ensiformis (Jack Bean) urease isoforms, is toxic and lethal to insects belonging to different orders when administered orally or via injection. Previous findings indicated that Jaburetox acts on insects in a complex fashion, inhibiting diuresis and the transmembrane potential of Malpighian tubules, interfering with muscle contractility and affecting the immune system. In vitro, Jaburetox forms ionic channels and alters permeability of artificial lipid membranes. Moreover, recent data suggested that the central nervous system (CNS) is a target organ for ureases and Jaburetox. In this work, we employed biochemical, molecular and cellular approaches to explore the mode of action of Jaburetox using Rhodnius prolixus, one of the main Chagas' disease vectors, as experimental model. In vitro incubations with fluorescently labeled Jaburetox indicated a high affinity of the peptide for the CNS but not for salivary glands (SG). The in vitro treatment of CNS or SG homogenates with Jaburetox partially inhibited the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), thus disrupting nitrinergic signaling. This inhibitory effect was also observed in vivo (by feeding) for CNS but not for SG, implying differential modulation of NOS in these organs. The inhibition of NOS activity did not correlate to a decrease in expression of its mRNA, as assessed by qPCR. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP), a key enzyme in chitin synthesis and glycosylation pathways and a known target of Jaburetox in insect CNS, was also affected in SG, with activation of the enzyme seen after both in vivo or in vitro treatments with the peptide. Unexpectedly, incubation of Jaburetox with a recombinant R. prolixus UAP had no effect on its activity, implying that the enzyme's modulation by the peptide requires the participation of other factor(s) present in CNS or SG homogenates. Feeding Jaburetox to R. prolixus decreased the mRNA levels of UAP and chitin synthase, indicating a complex regulation exerted by the peptide on these enzymes. No changes were observed upon Jaburetox treatment in vivo and in vitro on the activity of the enzyme acid phosphatase, a possible link between UAP and NOS. Here we have demonstrated for the first time that the Jaburetox induces changes in gene expression and that SG are another target for the toxic action of the peptide. Taken together, these findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of Jaburetox as well as to the knowledge on basic aspects of the biochemistry and neurophysiology of insects, and might help in the development of optimized strategies for insect control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo L Fruttero
- Brain Institute (Instituto do Cérebro-INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, prédio 63, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Natalia R Moyetta
- Brain Institute (Instituto do Cérebro-INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, prédio 63, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Monique Siebra Krug
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Valquiria Broll
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Matheus V Coste Grahl
- Brain Institute (Instituto do Cérebro-INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, prédio 63, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Real-Guerra
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Stanisçuaski
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Celia R Carlini
- Brain Institute (Instituto do Cérebro-INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, prédio 63, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43431, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
du Rand EE, Human H, Smit S, Beukes M, Apostolides Z, Nicolson SW, Pirk CWW. Proteomic and metabolomic analysis reveals rapid and extensive nicotine detoxification ability in honey bee larvae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 82:41-51. [PMID: 28161469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite potential links between pesticides and bee declines, toxicology information on honey bee larvae (Apis mellifera) is scarce and detoxification mechanisms in this development stage are virtually unknown. Larvae are exposed to natural and synthetic toxins present in pollen and nectar through consumption of brood food. Due to the characteristic intensive brood care displayed by honey bees, which includes progressive feeding throughout larval development, it is generally assumed that larvae rely on adults to detoxify for them and exhibit a diminished detoxification ability. We found the opposite. We examined the proteomic and metabolomic responses of in vitro reared larvae fed nicotine (an alkaloid found in nectar and pollen) to understand how larvae cope on a metabolic level with dietary toxins. Larvae were able to effectively detoxify nicotine through an inducible detoxification mechanism. A coordinated stress response complemented the detoxification processes, and we detected significant enrichment of proteins functioning in energy and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as in development pathways, suggesting that nicotine may promote larval growth. Further exploration of the metabolic fate of nicotine using targeted mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that, as in adult bees, formation of 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl) butanoic acid, the result of 2'C-oxidation of nicotine, is quantitatively the most significant pathway of nicotine metabolism. We provide conclusive evidence that larvae are capable of effectively catabolising a dietary toxin, suggesting that increased larval sensitivity to specific toxins is not due to diminished detoxification abilities. These findings broaden the current understanding of detoxification biochemistry at different organizational levels in the colony, bringing us closer to understanding the capacity of the colony as a superorganism to tolerate and resist toxic compounds, including pesticides, in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther E du Rand
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.
| | - Hannelie Human
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.
| | - Salome Smit
- Proteomics Unit, Central Analytical Facility, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Mervyn Beukes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.
| | - Zeno Apostolides
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.
| | - Susan W Nicolson
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.
| | - Christian W W Pirk
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shi JF, Fu J, Mu LL, Guo WC, Li GQ. Two Leptinotarsa uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylases are specialized for chitin synthesis in larval epidermal cuticle and midgut peritrophic matrix. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 68:1-12. [PMID: 26592348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine-pyrophosphorylase (UAP) is involved in the biosynthesis of chitin, an essential component of the epidermal cuticle and midgut peritrophic matrix (PM) in insects. In the present paper, two putative LdUAP genes were cloned in Leptinotarsa decemlineata. In vivo bioassay revealed that 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and an ecdysteroid agonist halofenozide activated the expression of the two LdUAPs, whereas a decrease in 20E by RNA interference (RNAi) of an ecdysteroidogenesis gene LdSHD and a 20E signaling gene LdFTZ-F1 repressed the expression. Juvenile hormone (JH), a JH analog pyriproxyfen and an increase in JH by RNAi of an allatostatin gene LdAS-C downregulated LdUAP1 but upregulated LdUAP2, whereas a decrease in JH by silencing of a JH biosynthesis gene LdJHAMT had converse effects. Thus, expression of LdUAPs responded to both 20E and JH. Moreover, knockdown of LdUAP1 reduced chitin contents in whole larvae and integument samples, thinned tracheal taenidia, impaired larval-larval molt, larval-pupal ecdysis and adult emergence. In contrast, silencing of LdUAP2 significantly reduced foliage consumption, decreased chitin content in midgut samples, damaged PM, and retarded larval growth. The resulting larvae had lighter fresh weights, smaller body sizes and depleted fat body. As a result, the development was arrested. Combined knockdown of LdUAP1 and LdUAP2 caused an additive negative effect. Our data suggest that LdUAP1 and LdUAP2 have specialized functions in biosynthesizing chitin in the epidermal cuticle and PM respectively in L. decemlineata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Feng Shi
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jia Fu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Li-Li Mu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wen-Chao Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China.
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yang WJ, Wu YB, Chen L, Xu KK, Xie YF, Wang JJ. Two Chitin Biosynthesis Pathway Genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae): Molecular Characteristics, Expression Patterns, and Roles in Larval-Pupal Transition. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 108:2433-2442. [PMID: 26453732 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (G6PI) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP), two key components in the chitin biosynthesis pathway, are critical for insect growth and metamorphosis. In this study, we identified the genes BdG6PI and BdUAP from the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). The open reading frames (ORFs) of BdG6PI (1,491 bp) and BdUAP (1,677 bp) encoded 496 and 558 amino acid residues, respectively. Multiple sequence alignments showed that BdG6PI and BdUAP had high amino acid sequence identity with other insect homologues. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis indicated that BdG6PI was mainly expressed in the early stages of third-instar larvae and adults, while significantly higher expression of BdUAP was observed in adults. Both transcripts were expressed highly in the Malpighian tubules, but only slightly in the tracheae. The expression of both BdG6PI and BdUAP was significantly up-regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone exposure and down-regulated by starvation. Moreover, injection of double-stranded RNAs of BdG6PI and BdUAP into third-instar larvae significantly reduced the corresponding gene expressions. Additionally, silencing of BdUAP resulted in 65% death and abnormal phenotypes of larvae, while silencing of BdG6PI had a slight effect on insect molting. These findings provide some data on the roles of BdG6PI and BdUAP in B. dorsalis and demonstrate the potential role for BdUAP in larval-pupal transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China. College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550005, P. R. China.
| | - Yi-Bei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Kang-Kang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China. College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550005, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Fei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Effect of the urease-derived peptide Jaburetox on the central nervous system of Triatoma infestans (Insecta: Heteroptera). Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:255-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
32
|
Wang Z, Wang Y, Hong X, Hu D, Liu C, Yang J, Li Y, Huang Y, Feng Y, Gong H, Li Y, Fang G, Tang H, Li Y. Functional inactivation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1 (UAP1) induces early leaf senescence and defence responses in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:973-87. [PMID: 25399020 PMCID: PMC4321554 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaf senescence and defence responses are important biological processes, but the molecular mechanisms involved are not well understood. This study identified a new rice mutant, spotted leaf 29 (spl29). The SPL29 gene was identified by map-based cloning, and SPL29 was confirmed as UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1 (UAP1) by enzymatic analysis. The mutant spl29 lacks UAP activity. The biological phenotypes for which UAP is responsible have not previously been reported in plants. The spl29 mutant displayed early leaf senescence, confirmed by chlorophyll loss and photosystem II decline as physiological indicators, chloroplast degradation as a cellular characteristic, and both upregulation of senescence transcription factors and senescence-associated genes, and downregulation of photosynthesis-related genes, as molecular evidence. Defence responses were induced in the spl29 mutant, shown by enhanced resistance to bacterial blight inoculation and upregulation of defence response genes. Reactive oxygen species, including O2 (-) and H2O2, accumulated in spl29 plants; there was also increased malondialdehyde content. Enhanced superoxide dismutase activity combined with normal catalase activity in spl29 could be responsible for H2O2 accumulation. The plant hormones jasmonic acid and abscisic acid also accumulated in spl29 plants. ROS and plant hormones probably play important roles in early leaf senescence and defence responses in the spl29 mutant. Based on these findings, it is suggested that UAP1 is involved in regulating leaf senescence and defence responses in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Ya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xiao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Daoheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Caixiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yunqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Yuqi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Hanyu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Gen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Huiru Tang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yangsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen YH, Shen HL, Hsu PJ, Hwang SG, Cheng WH. N-acetylglucosamine-1-P uridylyltransferase 1 and 2 are required for gametogenesis and embryo development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1977-93. [PMID: 25231969 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although N-acetylglucosamine-1-P uridylyltransferase (GlcNAc1pUT) that catalyzes the final step of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and is conserved among, organisms, produces UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), an essential sugar moiety involved in protein glycosylation and structural polymers, its biological function in plants remains unknown. In this study, two GlcNA.UT genes were characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana. The single mutants glcna.ut1 and glcna.ut2 revealed no obvious phenotype, but their homozygous double mutant was lethal, reflecting the functional redundancy of these genes in being essential for plant growth. Mutant plants, GlcNA.UT1/glcna.ut1 glcna.ut2/ glcna.ut2, obtained from an F2-segregating population following reciprocal crosses of glcna.ut1 with glcna.ut2, displayed shorter siliques and fewer seed sets combined with impaired pollen viability and unfertilized ovules. Genetic analyses further demonstrated that the progeny of the GlcNA.UT1/glcna.ut1 glcna.ut2/glcna.ut2 mutant plants, but not those of the glcna.ut1/glcna.ut1 GlcNA.UT2/glcna.ut2 mutant plants, suffer from the aberrant transmission of (glcna.ut1 glcna.ut2) gametes. In parallel, cell biology analyses revealed a substantial defect in male gametophytes appearing during the late vacuolated or pollen mitosis I stages and that the female gametophyte is arrested during the uninucleate embryo sac stage in GlcNA.UT1/glcna.ut1 glcna.ut2/glcna.ut2 mutant plants. Nevertheless, although the glcna.ut1/glcna.ut1 GlcNA.UT2/glcna.ut2 mutant plants exhibited a normal transmission of (glcna.ut1 glcna.ut2) gametes and gametophytic development, the development of numerous embryos was arrested during the early globular stage within the embryo sacs. Collectively, despite having overlapping functions, the GlcNA.UT genes play an indispensable role in the unique mediation of gametogenesis and embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Huei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Ling Shen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jung Hsu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - San-Gwang Hwang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Present address: Department of Horticulture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hsing Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Liu X, Li F, Li D, Ma E, Zhang W, Zhu KY, Zhang J. Molecular and functional analysis of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine Pyrophosphorylases from the Migratory Locust, Locusta migratoria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71970. [PMID: 23977188 PMCID: PMC3747057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylases (UAP) function in the formation of extracellular matrix by producing N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues needed for chitin biosynthesis and protein glycosylation. Herein, we report two UAP cDNA's derived from two different genes (LmUAP1 and LmUAP2) in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria. Both the cDNA and their deduced amino acid sequences showed about 70% identities between the two genes. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that LmUAP1 and LmUAP2 derive from a relatively recent gene duplication event. Both LmUAP1 and LmUAP2 were widely expressed in all the major tissues besides chitin-containing tissues. However, the two genes exhibited different developmental expression patterns. High expression of LmUAP1 was detected during early embryogenesis, then decreased greatly, and slowly increased before egg hatch. During nymphal development, the highest expression of LmUAP1 appeared just after molting but declined in each inter-molting period and then increased before molting to the next stage, whereas LmUAP2 was more consistently expressed throughout all these stages. When the early second- and fifth-instar nymphs (1-day-old) were injected with LmUAP1 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), 100% mortality was observed 2 days after the injection. When the middle second- and fifth-instar nymphs (3- to 4-day-old) were injected with LmUAP1 dsRNA, 100% mortality was observed during their next molting process. In contrast, when the insects at the same stages were injected with LmUAP2 dsRNA, these insects were able to develop normally and molt to the next stage successfully. It is presumed that the lethality caused by RNAi of LmUAP1 is due to reduced chitin biosynthesis of the integument and midgut, whereas LmUAP2 is not essential for locust development at least in nymph stage. This study is expected to help better understand different functions of UAP1 and UAP2 in the locust and other insect species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daqi Li
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Enbo Ma
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KYZ); (JZ)
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (KYZ); (JZ)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fang W, Du T, Raimi OG, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Urbaniak MD, Ibrahim AFM, Ferguson MAJ, Jin C, van Aalten DMF. Genetic and structural validation of Aspergillus fumigatus UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase as an antifungal target. Mol Microbiol 2013; 89:479-93. [PMID: 23750903 PMCID: PMC3888555 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The sugar nucleotide UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) is an essential metabolite in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In fungi, it is the precursor for the synthesis of chitin, an essential component of the fungal cell wall. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP) is the final enzyme in eukaryotic UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, converting UTP and N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate (GlcNAc-1P) to UDP-GlcNAc. As such, this enzyme may provide an attractive target against pathogenic fungi. Here, we demonstrate that the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus possesses an active UAP (AfUAP1) that shows selectivity for GlcNAc-1P as the phosphosugar substrate. A conditional mutant, constructed by replacing the native promoter of the A. fumigatus uap1 gene with the Aspergillus nidulans alcA promoter, revealed that uap1 is essential for cell survival and important for cell wall synthesis and morphogenesis. The crystal structure of AfUAP1 was determined and revealed exploitable differences in the active site compared with the human enzyme. Thus AfUAP1 could represent a novel antifungal target and this work will assist the future discovery of small molecule inhibitors against this enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Fang
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Humphreys GB, Jud MC, Monroe KM, Kimball SS, Higley M, Shipley D, Vrablik MC, Bates KL, Letsou A. Mummy, A UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase, modulates DPP signaling in the embryonic epidermis of Drosophila. Dev Biol 2013; 381:434-45. [PMID: 23796903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved JNK/AP-1 (Jun N-terminal kinase/activator protein 1) and BMP (Bone Morphogenetic Protein) signaling cascades are deployed hierarchically to regulate dorsal closure in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In this developmental context, the JNK/AP-1 signaling cascade transcriptionally activates BMP signaling in leading edge epidermal cells. Here we show that the mummy (mmy) gene product, which is required for dorsal closure, functions as a BMP signaling antagonist. Genetic and biochemical tests of Mmy's role as a BMP-antagonist indicate that its function is independent of AP-1, the transcriptional trigger of BMP signal transduction in leading edge cells. pMAD (phosphorylated Mothers Against Dpp) activity data show the mmy gene product to be a new type of epidermal BMP regulator - one which transforms a BMP ligand from a long- to a short-range signal. mmy codes for the single UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase in Drosophila, and its requirement for attenuating epidermal BMP signaling during dorsal closure points to a new role for glycosylation in defining a highly restricted BMP activity field in the fly. These findings add a new dimension to our understanding of mechanisms modulating the BMP signaling gradient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B Humphreys
- Department of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, whose end product is UDP-N acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), lies at the base of cellular glycosylation pathways, including glycosylation of lipids, formation of heparin sulfated proteoglycans, and N- and O-linked glycosylation of proteins. Forward genetic studies in Drosophila have revealed that mutations in genes encoding different enzymes of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway result in reduction of UDP-GlcNAc to different extents, with a consequent disruption of distinct glycosylation pathways and developmental processes. A maternal and zygotic loss-of-function screen has identified mutations in nesthocker (nst), which encodes an enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. Embryos lacking maternal and zygotic nst gene products show defective O-GlcNAcylation of a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-specific adaptor protein, which impairs FGFR-dependent migration of mesodermal and tracheal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin S Ghabrial
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mariappa D, Sauert K, Mariño K, Turnock D, Webster R, van Aalten DMF, Ferguson MAJ, Müller HAJ. Protein O-GlcNAcylation is required for fibroblast growth factor signaling in Drosophila. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra89. [PMID: 22375049 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2002335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is essential for growth factor signaling through N-glycosylation of ligands and receptors and the biosynthesis of proteoglycans as co-receptors. Here, we show that protein O-GlcNAcylation is crucial for fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in Drosophila. We found that nesthocker (nst) encodes a phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase and that nst mutant embryos exhibited low amounts of intracellular uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), which disrupted protein O-GlcNAcylation. Nst was required for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling downstream of FGF but not MAPK signaling activated by epidermal growth factor. nst was dispensable for the function of the FGF ligands and the FGF receptor's extracellular domain but was essential in the signal-receiving cells downstream of the FGF receptor. We identified the adaptor protein Downstream of FGF receptor (Dof), which interacts with the FGF receptor, as the relevant target for O-GlcNAcylation in the FGF pathway, suggesting that protein O-GlcNAcylation of the activated receptor complex is essential for FGF signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mariappa
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Laplante C, Paul SM, Beitel GJ, Nilson LA. Echinoid regulates tracheal morphology and fusion cell fate in Drosophila. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:2509-19. [PMID: 20730906 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of the Drosophila embryonic trachea involves a stereotyped pattern of epithelial tube branching and fusion. Here, we report unexpected phenotypes resulting from maternal and zygotic (M/Z) loss of the homophilic cell adhesion molecule Echinoid (Ed), as well as the subcellular localization of Ed in the trachea. ed(M/Z) embryos have convoluted trachea reminiscent of septate junction (SJ) and luminal matrix mutants. However, Ed does not localize to SJs, and ed(M/Z) embryos have intact SJs and show normal luminal accumulation of the matrix-modifying protein Vermiform. Surprisingly, tracheal length is not increased in ed(M/Z) mutants, but a previously undescribed combination of reduced intersegmental spacing and deep epidermal grooves produces a convoluted tracheal phenotype. In addition, ed(M/Z) mutants have unique fusion defects involving supernumerary fusion cells, ectopic fusion events and atypical branch breaks. Tracheal-specific expression of Ed rescues these fusion defects, indicating that Ed acts in trachea to control fusion cell fate.
Collapse
|
40
|
Arakane Y, Baguinon MC, Jasrapuria S, Chaudhari S, Doyungan A, Kramer KJ, Muthukrishnan S, Beeman RW. Both UDP N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylases of Tribolium castaneum are critical for molting, survival and fecundity. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 41:42-50. [PMID: 20920581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A bioinformatics search of the genome of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, resulted in the identification of two genes encoding proteins closely related to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylases (UAPs), which provide the activated precursor, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, for the synthesis of chitin, glycoproteins and glycosylphosphoinositide (GPI) anchors of some membrane proteins as well as for the modification of other substrates. This is in contrast to other arthropods whose genomes have been completely sequenced, all of which have only a single copy of this gene. The two T. castaneum UAP genes, TcUAP1 and TcUAP2, share both nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities of about 60%. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the two genes differ in their developmental and tissue-specific patterns of expression. RNA interference (RNAi) indicated roles for TcUAP1 and TcUAP2 at the molt and intermolt stages, respectively: RNAi for TcUAP1 resulted in specific arrest at the larval-larval, larval-pupal or pupal-adult molts, depending on time of injection of double-stranded RNAs, whereas RNAi for TcUAP2 prevented larval growth or resulted in pupal paralysis. Analysis of elytral cuticle indicated loss of structural integrity and chitin staining after RNAi for TcUAP1, but not after RNAi for TcUAP2. Loss of peritrophic matrix (PM)-associated chitin was also observed following RNAi for TcUAP1, but not after RNAi for TcUAP2. Down-regulation of transcripts for either TcUAP gene at the mature adult stage resulted in cessation of oviposition in females, as well as fat body depletion and eventual death in both sexes. These results demonstrate that both TcUAP genes are critical for beetle development and survival, but that only TcUAP1 is clearly associated with synthesis of cuticular or PM chitin. However, both of these genes appear to have additional critical role(s) unrelated to chitin synthesis, presumably in the glycosylation of proteins and/or secondary metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Arakane
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Norum M, Tång E, Chavoshi T, Schwarz H, Linke D, Uv A, Moussian B. Trafficking through COPII stabilises cell polarity and drives secretion during Drosophila epidermal differentiation. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10802. [PMID: 20520821 PMCID: PMC2875407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The differentiation of an extracellular matrix (ECM) at the apical side of epithelial cells implies massive polarised secretion and membrane trafficking. An epithelial cell is hence engaged in coordinating secretion and cell polarity for a correct and efficient ECM formation. Principal Findings We are studying the molecular mechanisms that Drosophila tracheal and epidermal cells deploy to form their specific apical ECM during differentiation. In this work we demonstrate that the two genetically identified factors haunted and ghost are essential for polarity maintenance, membrane topology as well as for secretion of the tracheal luminal matrix and the cuticle. We show that they code for the Drosophila COPII vesicle-coating components Sec23 and Sec24, respectively, that organise vesicle transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. Conclusion Taken together, epithelial differentiation during Drosophila embryogenesis is a concerted action of ECM formation, plasma membrane remodelling and maintenance of cell polarity that all three rely mainly, if not absolutely, on the canonical secretory pathway from the ER over the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. Our results indicate that COPII vesicles constitute a central hub for these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Norum
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erika Tång
- Institute of Biomedicine, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tina Chavoshi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Heinz Schwarz
- Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Linke
- Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne Uv
- Institute of Biomedicine, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|