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Faria-Teixeira MC, Tordera C, Salvado E Silva F, Vaz-Carneiro A, Iglesias-Linares A. Craniofacial syndromes and class III phenotype: common genotype fingerprints? A scoping review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:1455-1475. [PMID: 38347173 PMCID: PMC11126392 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal Class III (SCIII) is among the most challenging craniofacial dysmorphologies to treat. There is, however, a knowledge gap regarding which syndromes share this clinical phenotype. The aims of this study were to: (i) identify the syndromes affected by the SCIII phenotype; (ii) clarify the involvement of maxillary and/or mandibular structures; (iii) explore shared genetic/molecular mechanisms. A two-step strategy was designed: [Step#1] OMIM, MHDD, HPO, GeneReviews and MedGen databases were explored; [Step#2]: Syndromic conditions indexed in [Step#1] were explored in Medline, Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, WOS and OpenGrey. Eligibility criteria were defined. Individual studies were assessed for risk of bias using the New Ottawa Scale. For quantitative analysis, a meta-analysis was conducted. This scoping review is a hypothesis-generating research. Twenty-two studies met the eligibility criteria. Eight syndromes affected by the SCIII were targeted: Apert syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, achondroplasia, X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLED), tricho-dento-osseous syndrome, cleidocranial dysplasia, Klinefelter and Down syndromes. Despite heterogeneity between studies [p < 0.05], overall effects showed that midface components were affected in Apert and Down Syndromes, lower face in Klinefelter Syndrome and midface and lower face components in XLED. Our review provides new evidence on the craniofacial characteristics of genetically confirmed syndromes exhibiting the SCIII phenotype. Four major regulatory pathways might have a modulatory effect on this phenotype. IMPACT: What does this review add to the existing literature? To date, there is no literature exploring which particular syndromes exhibit mandibular prognathism as a common trait. Through this research, it was possibly to identify the particular syndromes that share the skeletal Class III phenotype (mandibular prognathism) as a common trait highlighting the common genetic and molecular pathways between different syndromes acknowledging their impact in craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Faria-Teixeira
- Complutense University of Madrid, School of Dentistry, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- University of Lisbon, School of Medicine, University Clinic of Stomatology, 1200, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Tordera
- Complutense University of Madrid, School of Dentistry, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Alejandro Iglesias-Linares
- Complutense University of Madrid, School of Dentistry, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- BIOCRAN (Craniofacial Biology) Research Group, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Llambrich S, Tielemans B, Saliën E, Atzori M, Wouters K, Van Bulck V, Platt M, Vanherp L, Gallego Fernandez N, Grau de la Fuente L, Poptani H, Verlinden L, Himmelreich U, Croitor A, Attanasio C, Callaerts-Vegh Z, Gsell W, Martínez-Abadías N, Vande Velde G. Pleiotropic effects of trisomy and pharmacologic modulation on structural, functional, molecular, and genetic systems in a Down syndrome mouse model. eLife 2024; 12:RP89763. [PMID: 38497812 PMCID: PMC10948151 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is characterized by skeletal and brain structural malformations, cognitive impairment, altered hippocampal metabolite concentration and gene expression imbalance. These alterations were usually investigated separately, and the potential rescuing effects of green tea extracts enriched in epigallocatechin-3-gallate (GTE-EGCG) provided disparate results due to different experimental conditions. We overcame these limitations by conducting the first longitudinal controlled experiment evaluating genotype and GTE-EGCG prenatal chronic treatment effects before and after treatment discontinuation. Our findings revealed that the Ts65Dn mouse model reflected the pleiotropic nature of DS, exhibiting brachycephalic skull, ventriculomegaly, neurodevelopmental delay, hyperactivity, and impaired memory robustness with altered hippocampal metabolite concentration and gene expression. GTE-EGCG treatment modulated most systems simultaneously but did not rescue DS phenotypes. On the contrary, the treatment exacerbated trisomic phenotypes including body weight, tibia microarchitecture, neurodevelopment, adult cognition, and metabolite concentration, not supporting the therapeutic use of GTE-EGCG as a prenatal chronic treatment. Our results highlight the importance of longitudinal experiments assessing the co-modulation of multiple systems throughout development when characterizing preclinical models in complex disorders and evaluating the pleiotropic effects and general safety of pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Llambrich
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Birger Tielemans
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Ellen Saliën
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Marta Atzori
- Department of Human Genetics, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Kaat Wouters
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | | | - Mark Platt
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Laure Vanherp
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Nuria Gallego Fernandez
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Laura Grau de la Fuente
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Harish Poptani
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Anca Croitor
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | | | | | - Willy Gsell
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Neus Martínez-Abadías
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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Rozen EJ, Ozeroff CD, Allen MA. RUN(X) out of blood: emerging RUNX1 functions beyond hematopoiesis and links to Down syndrome. Hum Genomics 2023; 17:83. [PMID: 37670378 PMCID: PMC10481493 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RUNX1 is a transcription factor and a master regulator for the specification of the hematopoietic lineage during embryogenesis and postnatal megakaryopoiesis. Mutations and rearrangements on RUNX1 are key drivers of hematological malignancies. In humans, this gene is localized to the 'Down syndrome critical region' of chromosome 21, triplication of which is necessary and sufficient for most phenotypes that characterize Trisomy 21. MAIN BODY Individuals with Down syndrome show a higher predisposition to leukemias. Hence, RUNX1 overexpression was initially proposed as a critical player on Down syndrome-associated leukemogenesis. Less is known about the functions of RUNX1 in other tissues and organs, although growing reports show important implications in development or homeostasis of neural tissues, muscle, heart, bone, ovary, or the endothelium, among others. Even less is understood about the consequences on these tissues of RUNX1 gene dosage alterations in the context of Down syndrome. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on RUNX1 activities outside blood/leukemia, while suggesting for the first time their potential relation to specific Trisomy 21 co-occurring conditions. CONCLUSION Our concise review on the emerging RUNX1 roles in different tissues outside the hematopoietic context provides a number of well-funded hypotheses that will open new research avenues toward a better understanding of RUNX1-mediated transcription in health and disease, contributing to novel potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for Down syndrome-associated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban J Rozen
- Crnic Institute Boulder Branch, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, CO, 80303, USA.
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Christopher D Ozeroff
- Crnic Institute Boulder Branch, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, 1945 Colorado Ave., Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Mary Ann Allen
- Crnic Institute Boulder Branch, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, CO, 80303, USA.
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Redhead Y, Gibbins D, Lana-Elola E, Watson-Scales S, Dobson L, Krause M, Liu KJ, Fisher EMC, Green JBA, Tybulewicz VLJ. Craniofacial dysmorphology in Down syndrome is caused by increased dosage of Dyrk1a and at least three other genes. Development 2023; 150:dev201077. [PMID: 37102702 PMCID: PMC10163349 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), occurs in 1 in 800 live births and is the most common human aneuploidy. DS results in multiple phenotypes, including craniofacial dysmorphology, which is characterised by midfacial hypoplasia, brachycephaly and micrognathia. The genetic and developmental causes of this are poorly understood. Using morphometric analysis of the Dp1Tyb mouse model of DS and an associated mouse genetic mapping panel, we demonstrate that four Hsa21-orthologous regions of mouse chromosome 16 contain dosage-sensitive genes that cause the DS craniofacial phenotype, and identify one of these causative genes as Dyrk1a. We show that the earliest and most severe defects in Dp1Tyb skulls are in bones of neural crest (NC) origin, and that mineralisation of the Dp1Tyb skull base synchondroses is aberrant. Furthermore, we show that increased dosage of Dyrk1a results in decreased NC cell proliferation and a decrease in size and cellularity of the NC-derived frontal bone primordia. Thus, DS craniofacial dysmorphology is caused by an increased dosage of Dyrk1a and at least three other genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Redhead
- Centre for Craniofacial Biology and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | | | | | - Lisa Dobson
- Centre for Craniofacial Biology and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Matthias Krause
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Karen J. Liu
- Centre for Craniofacial Biology and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Jeremy B. A. Green
- Centre for Craniofacial Biology and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Should Prenatal Chromosomal Microarray Analysis Be Offered for Pulmonary Atresia? A Single-Center Retrospective Study in China. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030722. [PMID: 36980994 PMCID: PMC10047995 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Objective: To evaluate the application of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) in fetuses with pulmonary atresia (PA) and to explore the risk factors for predicting chromosomal imbalances and adverse perinatal outcomes. (2) Methods: This study investigated 428 cases of PA singleton pregnancies that were tested using CMA and quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) as first-line genetic testing. The PA cases were divided into two groups: an isolated group and a non-isolated group. (3) Results: CMA revealed clinically relevant copy number variations (CNVs) in 9/139 (6.47%) PA fetuses, i.e., pathogenic copy number variations (pCNVs) in 8/139 (5.76%) fetuses and likely pathogenic CNVs in 1/139 (0.72%) fetuses. Stratified analysis showed that the incidence of clinically significant variants was higher in non-isolated PA fetuses than in isolated PA fetuses (12.50%, 6/48 vs. 3.30%, 3/91, p = 0.036). Regression analysis showed that a combination of other structural abnormalities at diagnosis of PA represented the principal risk factor for chromosomal imbalances (OR = 2.672). A combination of other structural abnormalities and a high maternal age increased the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in PA cases, including intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), termination of pregnancy (TOP), and preterm delivery. (4) Conclusions: The value of CMA for locating imbalanced genetic variations in fetuses with PA was highlighted by this study, particularly when combined with additional structural abnormalities.
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Migration deficits of the neural crest caused by CXADR triplication in a human Down syndrome stem cell model. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1018. [PMID: 36470861 PMCID: PMC9722909 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal abnormality in live-born infants and is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. Most individuals with DS display craniofacial dysmorphology, including reduced sizes of the skull, maxilla, and mandible. However, the underlying pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Since the craniofacial skeleton is mainly formed by the neural crest, whether neural crest developmental defects are involved in the craniofacial anomalies of individuals with DS needs to be investigated. Here, we successfully derived DS-specific human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) using a Sendai virus vector. When DS-hiPSCs were induced to differentiate into the neural crest, we found that trisomy 21 (T21) did not influence cell proliferation or apoptosis. However, the migratory ability of differentiated cells was significantly compromised, thus resulting in a substantially lower number of postmigratory cranial neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) in the DS group than in the control group. We further discovered that the migration defects could be partially attributed to the triplication of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor gene (CXADR; an adhesion protein) in the DS group cells, since knockdown of CXADR substantially recovered the cell migratory ability and generation of postmigratory NCSCs in the DS group. Thus, the migratory deficits of neural crest cells may be an underlying cause of craniofacial dysmorphology in individuals with DS, which may suggest potential targets for therapeutic intervention to ameliorate craniofacial or other neural crest-related anomalies in DS.
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Llambrich S, González-Colom R, Wouters J, Roldán J, Salassa S, Wouters K, Van Bulck V, Sharpe J, Callaerts-Vegh Z, Vande Velde G, Martínez-Abadías N. Green Tea Catechins Modulate Skeletal Development with Effects Dependent on Dose, Time, and Structure in a down Syndrome Mouse Model. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194167. [PMID: 36235819 PMCID: PMC9572077 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered skeletal development in Down syndrome (DS) results in a brachycephalic skull, flattened face, shorter mandibular ramus, shorter limbs, and reduced bone mineral density (BMD). Our previous study showed that low doses of green tea extract enriched in epigallocatechin-3-gallate (GTE-EGCG), administered continuously from embryonic day 9 to postnatal day 29, reduced facial dysmorphologies in the Ts65Dn (TS) mouse model of DS, but high doses could exacerbate them. Here, we extended the analyses to other skeletal structures and systematically evaluated the effects of high and low doses of GTE-EGCG treatment over postnatal development in wild-type (WT) and TS mice using in vivo µCT and geometric morphometrics. TS mice developed shorter and wider faces, skulls, and mandibles, together with shorter and narrower humerus and scapula, and reduced BMD dynamically over time. Besides facial morphology, GTE-EGCG did not rescue any other skeletal phenotype in TS treated mice. In WT mice, GTE-EGCG significantly altered the shape of the skull and mandible, reduced the length and width of the long bones, and lowered the BMD. The disparate effects of GTE-EGCG depended on the dose, developmental timepoint, and anatomical structure analyzed, emphasizing the complex nature of DS and the need to further investigate the simultaneous effects of GTE-EGCG supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Llambrich
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rubèn González-Colom
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jens Wouters
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jorge Roldán
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Salassa
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kaat Wouters
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vicky Van Bulck
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - James Sharpe
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- EMBL Barcelona, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: (G.V.V.); (N.M.-A.); Tel.: +32-16330924 (G.V.V.); +34-934034564 (N.M.-A.)
| | - Neus Martínez-Abadías
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (G.V.V.); (N.M.-A.); Tel.: +32-16330924 (G.V.V.); +34-934034564 (N.M.-A.)
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Muñoz-Ortiz J, Charry-Sánchez JD, Bechara-Arango I, Blanco-Becerra M, Talero-Gutiérrez C, Gomez-Suarez M, de-la-Torre A. Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in pediatric and adolescent populations with Down syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. Syst Rev 2022; 11:75. [PMID: 35459223 PMCID: PMC9027460 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-022-01940-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Down syndrome (DS) is a chromosomal anomaly that is characterized by an extra chromosome 21. Ophthalmological manifestations have a high prevalence in patients with DS. PURPOSE To review the scientific evidence and estimate the prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in the pediatric population with DS. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases including MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, and LILACS. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Published observational studies with available and original data were included. Articles were excluded if the study design was a review, letter to the editor, case report, case series, or systematic review and if the subjects had ophthalmological manifestations secondary to other conditions. PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS Pediatric and adolescent population with DS and with ophthalmological evaluation. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS A data collection form was designed in Excel. Five reviewers extracted relevant details about the design and results of each study. The quality of the studies was assessed by applying the tools for systematic reviews of prevalence and incidence from the Joanna Briggs Institute. We calculated the weighted prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations, considering only the studies reporting the measurement of each manifestation. RESULTS Twenty-two articles (from 15 countries, published during 1994-2020) were included in the present systematic review. Ocular manifestations were observed in 85% of the studied pediatric and adolescent populations with DS. The most frequent ones were slanting fissures, oblique fissures, epicanthus, and epiblepharon. CONCLUSION The ocular manifestations in the pediatric and adolescent populations with DS are varied, and some can irreversibly affect visual development. Screening of the pediatric population with DS should be conducted from the first months of age and continued annually. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42019127717.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Muñoz-Ortiz
- Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS), NeuroVitae Center, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Grupo de investigación Escuela Barraquer, Escuela Superior de Oftalmología del Instituto Barraquer de America, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jesús David Charry-Sánchez
- Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS), NeuroVitae Center, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Isabella Bechara-Arango
- Grupo de investigación Escuela Barraquer, Escuela Superior de Oftalmología del Instituto Barraquer de America, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mariana Blanco-Becerra
- Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS), NeuroVitae Center, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claudia Talero-Gutiérrez
- Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS), NeuroVitae Center, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marcela Gomez-Suarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra de-la-Torre
- Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS), NeuroVitae Center, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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García-García MT, Diz-Dios P, Abeleira-Pazos MT, Limeres-Posse J, García-Mato E, Varela-Aneiros I, Outumuro-Rial M, Diniz-Freitas M. Cranial-Vertebral-Maxillary Morphological Integration in Down Syndrome. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040496. [PMID: 35453698 PMCID: PMC9027221 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Morphological integration refers to the tendency of anatomical structures to show correlated variations because they develop in response to shared developmental processes or function in concert with other structures. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between the dimensions of different cranial-cervical-facial structures in patients with Down syndrome (DS). Methodology: The study group consisted of 41 individuals with DS who had undergone cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) at the Dental Radiology Unit of the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain). In the historical archive of this same unit, 41 CBCTs belonging to individuals with no known systemic disorders or severe malformations of the maxillofacial region were selected, forming an age and sex-matched control group. Twenty-nine measurements were performed on each participant’s CBCT images, which were grouped into three blocks: atlantoaxial dimensions, craniovertebral dimensions and cephalometric dimensions. To determine whether there were significant differences between the dimensions obtained in the DS and control groups, we applied multiple analysis of variance and linear discriminant analysis tests. The analysis of the association between blocks (in pairs) was performed with the canonical correlation analysis test. Results: The dimensions evaluated in the three blocks of variables of individuals with DS differ significantly from those of nonsyndromic controls (p < 0.001). The highest discriminative capacity to identify controls and patients with DS was obtained with the cephalometric dimensions (87.5%). With regard to the association between blocks (two-by-two measurements), we found no significant relationship in the DS group. However, we confirmed a statistically significant correlation between all pairs of blocks of variables in the controls, especially between the atlantoaxial and cephalometric dimensions (p < 0.001) and between the craniovertebral and cephalometric dimensions (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results confirm a very poor morphological integration of the cranial-cervical-maxillary complex in individuals with DS. This finding reinforces the proposal that gene overload enhances the channeling process.
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Jamal R, LaCombe J, Patel R, Blackwell M, Thomas JR, Sloan K, Wallace JM, Roper RJ. Increased dosage and treatment time of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) negatively affects skeletal parameters in normal mice and Down syndrome mouse models. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264254. [PMID: 35196359 PMCID: PMC8865638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone abnormalities affect all individuals with Down syndrome (DS) and are linked to abnormal expression of DYRK1A, a gene found in three copies in people with DS and Ts65Dn DS model mice. Previous work in Ts65Dn male mice demonstrated that both genetic normalization of Dyrk1a and treatment with ~9 mg/kg/day Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the main polyphenol found in green tea and putative DYRK1A inhibitor, improved some skeletal deficits. Because EGCG treatment improved mostly trabecular skeletal deficits, we hypothesized that increasing EGCG treatment dosage and length of administration would positively affect both trabecular and cortical bone in Ts65Dn mice. Treatment of individuals with DS with green tea extract (GTE) containing EGCG also showed some weight loss in individuals with DS, and we hypothesized that weights would be affected in Ts65Dn mice after EGCG treatment. Treatment with ~20 mg/kg/day EGCG for seven weeks showed no improvements in male Ts65Dn trabecular bone and only limited improvements in cortical measures. Comparing skeletal analyses after ~20mg/kg/day EGCG treatment with previously published treatments with ~9, 50, and 200 mg/kg/day EGCG showed that increased dosage and treatment time increased cortical structural deficits leading to weaker appendicular bones in male mice. Weight was not affected by treatment in mice, except for those given a high dose of EGCG by oral gavage. These data indicate that high doses of EGCG, similar to those reported in some treatment studies of DS and other disorders, may impair long bone structure and strength. Skeletal phenotypes should be monitored when high doses of EGCG are administered therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raza Jamal
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jonathan LaCombe
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Roshni Patel
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Matthew Blackwell
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jared R. Thomas
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kourtney Sloan
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Randall J. Roper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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11
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Delalande JM, Nagy N, McCann CJ, Natarajan D, Cooper JE, Carreno G, Dora D, Campbell A, Laurent N, Kemos P, Thomas S, Alby C, Attié-Bitach T, Lyonnet S, Logan MP, Goldstein AM, Davey MG, Hofstra RMW, Thapar N, Burns AJ. TALPID3/KIAA0586 Regulates Multiple Aspects of Neuromuscular Patterning During Gastrointestinal Development in Animal Models and Human. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:757646. [PMID: 35002618 PMCID: PMC8733242 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.757646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TALPID3/KIAA0586 is an evolutionary conserved protein, which plays an essential role in protein trafficking. Its role during gastrointestinal (GI) and enteric nervous system (ENS) development has not been studied previously. Here, we analyzed chicken, mouse and human embryonic GI tissues with TALPID3 mutations. The GI tract of TALPID3 chicken embryos was shortened and malformed. Histologically, the gut smooth muscle was mispatterned and enteric neural crest cells were scattered throughout the gut wall. Analysis of the Hedgehog pathway and gut extracellular matrix provided causative reasons for these defects. Interestingly, chicken intra-species grafting experiments and a conditional knockout mouse model showed that ENS formation did not require TALPID3, but was dependent on correct environmental cues. Surprisingly, the lack of TALPID3 in enteric neural crest cells (ENCC) affected smooth muscle and epithelial development in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Analysis of human gut fetal tissues with a KIAA0586 mutation showed strikingly similar findings compared to the animal models demonstrating conservation of TALPID3 and its necessary role in human GI tract development and patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Marie Delalande
- Centre for Immunobiology, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nandor Nagy
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Conor J McCann
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dipa Natarajan
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie E Cooper
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Program, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Carreno
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Program, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Dora
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alison Campbell
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nicole Laurent
- Génétique et Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Dijon, France
| | - Polychronis Kemos
- Centre for Immunobiology, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Thomas
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163 Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Alby
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Tania Attié-Bitach
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163 Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Department of Genetics, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.,Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163 Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Department of Genetics, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.,Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Malcolm P Logan
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Megan G Davey
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M W Hofstra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alan J Burns
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Department of Gastroenterology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Gastrointestinal Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
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12
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Gao FJ, Klinedinst D, Fernandez FX, Cheng B, Savonenko A, Devenney B, Li Y, Wu D, Pomper MG, Reeves RH. Forebrain Shh overexpression improves cognitive function and locomotor hyperactivity in an aneuploid mouse model of Down syndrome and its euploid littermates. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:137. [PMID: 34399854 PMCID: PMC8365939 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the leading genetic cause of intellectual disability and causes early-onset dementia and cerebellar hypoplasia. The prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is elevated in children with DS. The aneuploid DS mouse model "Ts65Dn" shows prominent brain phenotypes, including learning and memory deficits, cerebellar hypoplasia, and locomotor hyperactivity. Previous studies indicate that impaired Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling contributes to neurological phenotypes associated with DS and neurodegenerative diseases. However, because of a lack of working inducible Shh knock-in mice, brain region-specific Shh overexpression and its effects on cognitive function have not been studied in vivo. Here, with Gli1-LacZ reporter mice, we demonstrated that Ts65Dn had reduced levels of Gli1, a sensitive readout of Shh signaling, in both hippocampus and cerebellum at postnatal day 6. Through site-specific transgenesis, we generated an inducible human Shh knock-in mouse, TRE-bi-hShh-Zsgreen1 (TRE-hShh), simultaneously expressing dually-lipidated Shh-Np and Zsgreen1 marker in the presence of transactivator (tTA). Double transgenic mice "Camk2a-tTA;TRE-hShh" and "Pcp2-tTA;TRE-hShh" induced Shh overexpression and activated Shh signaling in a forebrain and cerebellum, respectively, specific manner from the perinatal period. Camk2a-tTA;TRE-hShh normalized locomotor hyperactivity and improved learning and memory in 3-month-old Ts65Dn, mitigated early-onset severe cognitive impairment in 7-month-old Ts65Dn, and enhanced spatial cognition in euploid mice. Camk2a-tTA;TRE-hShh cohort maintained until 600days old showed that chronic overexpression of Shh in forebrain from the perinatal period had no effect on longevity of euploid or Ts65Dn. Pcp2-tTA;TRE-hShh did not affect cognition but mitigated the phenotype of cerebellar hypoplasia in Ts65Dn. Our study provides the first in vivo evidence that Shh overexpression from the perinatal period protects DS brain integrity and enhances learning and memory in normal mice, indicating the broad therapeutic potential of Shh ligand for other neurological conditions. Moreover, the first inducible hShh site-specific knock-in mouse could be widely used for spatiotemporal Shh signaling regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng J Gao
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Genetic Medicine, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Donna Klinedinst
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Fabian-Xosé Fernandez
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 and McKnight Brain Research Institutes, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Bei Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Alena Savonenko
- Department of Pathology and Neurology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Benjamin Devenney
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yicong Li
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Roger H Reeves
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Genetic Medicine, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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13
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Toussaint N, Redhead Y, Vidal-García M, Lo Vercio L, Liu W, Fisher EMC, Hallgrímsson B, Tybulewicz VLJ, Schnabel JA, Green JBA. A landmark-free morphometrics pipeline for high-resolution phenotyping: application to a mouse model of Down syndrome. Development 2021; 148:dev188631. [PMID: 33712441 PMCID: PMC7969589 DOI: 10.1242/dev.188631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Characterising phenotypes often requires quantification of anatomical shape. Quantitative shape comparison (morphometrics) traditionally uses manually located landmarks and is limited by landmark number and operator accuracy. Here, we apply a landmark-free method to characterise the craniofacial skeletal phenotype of the Dp1Tyb mouse model of Down syndrome and a population of the Diversity Outbred (DO) mouse model, comparing it with a landmark-based approach. We identified cranial dysmorphologies in Dp1Tyb mice, especially smaller size and brachycephaly (front-back shortening), homologous to the human phenotype. Shape variation in the DO mice was partly attributable to allometry (size-dependent shape variation) and sexual dimorphism. The landmark-free method performed as well as, or better than, the landmark-based method but was less labour-intensive, required less user training and, uniquely, enabled fine mapping of local differences as planar expansion or shrinkage. Its higher resolution pinpointed reductions in interior mid-snout structures and occipital bones in both the models that were not otherwise apparent. We propose that this landmark-free pipeline could make morphometrics widely accessible beyond its traditional niches in zoology and palaeontology, especially in characterising developmental mutant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Toussaint
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Yushi Redhead
- Centre for Craniofacial Biology & Regeneration, King's College London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Marta Vidal-García
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Lucas Lo Vercio
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M C Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Benedikt Hallgrímsson
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Victor L J Tybulewicz
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Julia A Schnabel
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Jeremy B A Green
- Centre for Craniofacial Biology & Regeneration, King's College London, UK
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14
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Roper RJ, Goodlett CR, Martínez de Lagrán M, Dierssen M. Behavioral Phenotyping for Down Syndrome in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 10:e79. [PMID: 32780566 DOI: 10.1002/cpmo.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent genetic cause of intellectual disability, characterized by alterations in different behavioral symptom domains: neurodevelopment, motor behavior, and cognition. As mouse models have the potential to generate data regarding the neurological basis for the specific behavioral profile of DS, and may indicate pharmacological treatments with the potential to affect their behavioral phenotype, it is important to be able to assess disease-relevant behavioral traits in animal models in order to provide biological plausibility to the potential findings. The field is at a juncture that requires assessments that may effectively translate the findings acquired in mouse models to humans with DS. In this article, behavioral tests are described that are relevant to the domains affected in DS. A neurodevelopmental behavioral screen, the balance beam test, and the Multivariate Concentric Square Field test to assess multiple behavioral phenotypes and locomotion are described, discussing the ways to merge these findings to more fully understand cognitive strengths and weaknesses in this population. New directions for approaches to cognitive assessment in mice and humans are discussed. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preweaning neurodevelopmental battery Basic Protocol 2: Balance beam Basic Protocol 3: Multivariate concentric square field test (MCSF).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Martínez de Lagrán
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Abramyan J. Hedgehog Signaling and Embryonic Craniofacial Disorders. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:E9. [PMID: 31022843 PMCID: PMC6631594 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its initial discovery in a Drosophila mutagenesis screen, the Hedgehog pathway has been revealed to be instrumental in the proper development of the vertebrate face. Vertebrates possess three hedgehog paralogs: Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and Desert hedgehog (Dhh). Of the three, Shh has the broadest range of functions both in the face and elsewhere in the embryo, while Ihh and Dhh play more limited roles. The Hedgehog pathway is instrumental from the period of prechordal plate formation early in the embryo, until the fusion of the lip and secondary palate, which complete the major patterning events of the face. Disruption of Hedgehog signaling results in an array of developmental disorders in the face, ranging from minor alterations in the distance between the eyes to more serious conditions such as severe clefting of the lip and palate. Despite its critical role, Hedgehog signaling seems to be disrupted through a number of mechanisms that may either be direct, as in mutation of a downstream target of the Hedgehog ligand, or indirect, such as mutation in a ciliary protein that is otherwise seemingly unrelated to the Hedgehog pathway. A number of teratogens such as alcohol, statins and steroidal alkaloids also disrupt key aspects of Hedgehog signal transduction, leading to developmental defects that are similar, if not identical, to those of Hedgehog pathway mutations. The aim of this review is to highlight the variety of roles that Hedgehog signaling plays in developmental disorders of the vertebrate face.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Abramyan
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA.
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16
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Schill EM, Wright CM, Jamil A, LaCombe JM, Roper RJ, Heuckeroth RO. Down syndrome mouse models have an abnormal enteric nervous system. JCI Insight 2019; 5:124510. [PMID: 30998504 PMCID: PMC6629165 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome [DS]) have a 130-fold increased incidence of Hirschsprung Disease (HSCR), a developmental defect where the enteric nervous system (ENS) is missing from distal bowel (i.e., distal bowel is aganglionic). Treatment for HSCR is surgical resection of aganglionic bowel, but many children have bowel problems after surgery. Post-surgical problems like enterocolitis and soiling are especially common in children with DS. To determine how trisomy 21 affects ENS development, we evaluated the ENS in two DS mouse models, Ts65Dn and Tc1. These mice are trisomic for many chromosome 21 homologous genes, including Dscam and Dyrk1a, which are hypothesized to contribute to HSCR risk. Ts65Dn and Tc1 mice have normal ENS precursor migration at E12.5 and almost normal myenteric plexus structure as adults. However, Ts65Dn and Tc1 mice have markedly reduced submucosal plexus neuron density throughout the bowel. Surprisingly, the submucosal neuron defect in Ts65Dn mice is not due to excess Dscam or Dyrk1a, since normalizing copy number for these genes does not rescue the defect. These findings suggest the possibility that the high frequency of bowel problems in children with DS and HSCR may occur because of additional unrecognized problems with ENS structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M. Schill
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christina M. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alisha Jamil
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan M. LaCombe
- Department of Biology, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Randall J. Roper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert O. Heuckeroth
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Survey of Human Chromosome 21 Gene Expression Effects on Early Development in Danio rerio. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:2215-2223. [PMID: 29760202 PMCID: PMC6027891 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Trisomy for human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) results in Down syndrome (DS), one of the most genetically complex conditions compatible with human survival. Assessment of the physiological consequences of dosage-driven overexpression of individual Hsa21 genes during early embryogenesis and the resulting contributions to DS pathology in mammals are not tractable in a systematic way. A recent study looked at loss-of-function of a subset of Caenorhabditis elegans orthologs of Hsa21 genes and identified ten candidates with behavioral phenotypes, but the equivalent over-expression experiment has not been done. We turned to zebrafish as a developmental model and, using a number of surrogate phenotypes, we screened Hsa21 genes for effects on early embyrogenesis. We prepared a library of 164 cDNAs of conserved protein coding genes, injected mRNA into early embryos and evaluated up to 5 days post-fertilization (dpf). Twenty-four genes produced a gross morphological phenotype, 11 of which could be reproduced reliably. Seven of these gave a phenotype consistent with down regulation of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway; two showed defects indicative of defective neural crest migration; one resulted consistently in pericardial edema; and one was embryonic lethal. Combinatorial injections of multiple Hsa21 genes revealed both additive and compensatory effects, supporting the notion that complex genetic relationships underlie end phenotypes of trisomy that produce DS. Together, our data suggest that this system is useful in the genetic dissection of dosage-sensitive gene effects on early development and can inform the contribution of both individual loci and their combinatorial effects to phenotypes relevant to the etiopathology of DS.
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18
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Abstract
Down syndrome, caused by trisomy 21, is characterized by a variety of medical conditions including intellectual impairments, cardiovascular defects, blood cell disorders and pre-mature aging phenotypes. Several somatic stem cell populations are dysfunctional in Down syndrome and their deficiencies may contribute to multiple Down syndrome phenotypes. Down syndrome is associated with muscle weakness but skeletal muscle stem cells or satellite cells in Down syndrome have not been investigated. We find that a failure in satellite cell expansion impairs muscle regeneration in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Ts65Dn satellite cells accumulate DNA damage and over express Usp16, a histone de-ubiquitinating enzyme that regulates the DNA damage response. Impairment of satellite cell function, which further declines as Ts65Dn mice age, underscores stem cell deficiencies as an important contributor to Down syndrome pathologies.
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19
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Huo HQ, Qu ZY, Yuan F, Ma L, Yao L, Xu M, Hu Y, Ji J, Bhattacharyya A, Zhang SC, Liu Y. Modeling Down Syndrome with Patient iPSCs Reveals Cellular and Migration Deficits of GABAergic Neurons. Stem Cell Reports 2018. [PMID: 29526735 PMCID: PMC5998838 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain of Down syndrome (DS) patients exhibits fewer interneurons in the cerebral cortex, but its underlying mechanism remains unknown. By morphometric analysis of cortical interneurons generated from DS and euploid induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), we found that DS GABA neurons are smaller and with fewer neuronal processes. The proportion of calretinin over calbindin GABA neurons is reduced, and the neuronal migration capacity is decreased. Such phenotypes were replicated following transplantation of the DS GABAergic progenitors into the mouse medial septum. Gene expression profiling revealed altered cell migratory pathways, and correction of the PAK1 pathway mitigated the cell migration deficit in vitro. These results suggest that impaired migration of DS GABAergic neurons may contribute to the reduced number of interneurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in DS patients. DS iPSC-derived GABA interneurons show cellular deficits DS GABA interneurons exhibit decreased migration in vitro and in vivo RNA-seq reveals that expression of PAK1 is disrupted in the DS interneurons Regulation of PAK1 pathway rescues the defects of migration
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Qin Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhuang-Yin Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Lixiang Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lin Yao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Anita Bhattacharyya
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology and Neuroscience University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Su-Chun Zhang
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology and Neuroscience University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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20
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Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS; OMIM #182290) is a complex genetic disorder characterized by distinctive physical features, developmental delay, cognitive impairment, and a typical behavioral phenotype. SMS is caused by interstitial 17p11.2 deletions, encompassing multiple genes and including the retinoic acid-induced 1 gene (RAI1), or by mutations in RAI1 itself. About 10% of all the SMS patients, in fact, carry an RAI1 mutation responsible for the phenotype. RAI1 (OMIM *607642) is a dosage-sensitive gene expressed in many tissues and highly conserved among species. Over the years, several studies have demonstrated that RAI1 (or its homologs in animal models) acts as a transcriptional factor implicated in embryonic neurodevelopment, neuronal differentiation, cell growth and cell cycle regulation, bone and skeletal development, lipid and glucose metabolisms, behavioral functions, and circadian activity. Patients with RAI1 pathogenic variants show some phenotypic differences when compared to those carrying the typical deletion. They usually have lower incidence of hypotonia and less cognitive impairment than those with 17p11.2 deletions but more frequently show the behavioral characteristics of the syndrome and overeating issues. These differences reflect the primary pathogenetic role of RAI1 without the pathogenetic contribution of the other genes included in the typical 17p11.2 deletion. The better comprehension of physiological roles of RAI1, its molecular co-workers and interactors, and its contribution in determining the typical SMS phenotype will certainly open a new path for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Falco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Sonia Amabile
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Acquaviva
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), Section of Pediatric Clinical Genetics, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
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21
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Starbuck JM, Cole TM, Reeves RH, Richtsmeier JT. The Influence of trisomy 21 on facial form and variability. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:2861-2872. [PMID: 28941128 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Triplication of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21) results in Down syndrome (DS), the most common live-born human aneuploidy. Individuals with DS have a unique facial appearance that can include form changes and altered variability. Using 3D photogrammatic images, 3D coordinate locations of 20 anatomical landmarks, and Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis methods, we quantitatively test the hypothesis that children with DS (n = 55) exhibit facial form and variance differences relative to two different age-matched (4-12 years) control samples of euploid individuals: biological siblings of individuals with DS (n = 55) and euploid individuals without a sibling with DS (n = 55). Approximately 36% of measurements differ significantly between DS and DS-sibling samples, whereas 46% differ significantly between DS and unrelated control samples. Nearly 14% of measurements differ significantly in variance between DS and DS sibling samples, while 18% of measurements differ significantly in variance between DS and unrelated euploid control samples. Of those measures that showed a significant difference in variance, all were relatively increased in the sample of DS individuals. These results indicate that faces of children with DS are quantitatively more similar to their siblings than to unrelated euploid individuals and exhibit consistent, but slightly increased variation with most individuals falling within the range of normal variation established by euploid samples. These observations provide indirect evidence of the strength of the genetic underpinnings of the resemblance between relatives and the resistance of craniofacial development to genetic perturbations caused by trisomy 21, while underscoring the complexity of the genotype-phenotype map.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Starbuck
- Department of Anthropology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Theodore M Cole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Roger H Reeves
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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McElyea SD, Starbuck JM, Tumbleson-Brink DM, Harrington E, Blazek JD, Ghoneima A, Kula K, Roper RJ. Influence of prenatal EGCG treatment and Dyrk1a dosage reduction on craniofacial features associated with Down syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:4856-4869. [PMID: 28172997 PMCID: PMC6049609 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21 (Ts21) affects craniofacial precursors in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). The resultant craniofacial features in all individuals with Ts21 may significantly affect breathing, eating and speaking. Using mouse models of DS, we have traced the origin of DS-associated craniofacial abnormalities to deficiencies in neural crest cell (NCC) craniofacial precursors early in development. Hypothetically, three copies of Dyrk1a (dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)-phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A), a trisomic gene found in most humans with DS and mouse models of DS, may significantly affect craniofacial structure. We hypothesized that we could improve DS-related craniofacial abnormalities in mouse models using a Dyrk1a inhibitor or by normalizing Dyrk1a gene dosage. In vitro and in vivo treatment with Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a Dyrk1a inhibitor, modulated trisomic NCC deficiencies at embryonic time points. Furthermore, prenatal EGCG treatment normalized some craniofacial phenotypes, including cranial vault in adult Ts65Dn mice. Normalization of Dyrk1a copy number in an otherwise trisomic Ts65Dn mice normalized many dimensions of the cranial vault, but did not correct all craniofacial anatomy. These data underscore the complexity of the gene–phenotype relationship in trisomy and suggest that changes in Dyrk1a expression play an important role in morphogenesis and growth of the cranial vault. These results suggest that a temporally specific prenatal therapy may be an effective way to ameliorate some craniofacial anatomical changes associated with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha D McElyea
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John M Starbuck
- Department of Orthodontics and Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, 1121 W. Michigan Street, DS 250B, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Howard Phillips Hall, Room 309F, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Danika M Tumbleson-Brink
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Emily Harrington
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Joshua D Blazek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ahmed Ghoneima
- Department of Orthodontics and Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, 1121 W. Michigan Street, DS 250B, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Katherine Kula
- Department of Orthodontics and Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, 1121 W. Michigan Street, DS 250B, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Randall J Roper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Singh N, Dutka T, Reeves RH, Richtsmeier JT. Chronic up-regulation of sonic hedgehog has little effect on postnatal craniofacial morphology of euploid and trisomic mice. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:114-22. [PMID: 26509735 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Ts65Dn, a mouse model of Down syndrome (DS), brain and craniofacial abnormalities that parallel those in people with DS are linked to an attenuated cellular response to sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling. If a similarly reduced response to SHH occurs in all trisomic cells, then chronic up-regulation of the pathway might have a positive effect on development in trisomic mice, resulting in amelioration of the craniofacial anomalies. RESULTS We crossed Ts65Dn with Ptch1(tm1Mps/+) mice and quantified the craniofacial morphology of Ts65Dn;Ptch(+/-) offspring to assess whether a chronic up-regulation of the SHH pathway rescued DS-related anomalies. Ts65Dn;Ptch1(+/-) mice experience a chronic increase in SHH in SHH-receptive cells due to haploinsufficiency of the pathway suppressor, Ptch1. Chronic up-regulation had minimal effect on craniofacial shape and did not correct facial abnormalities in Ts65Dn;Ptch(+/-) mice. We further compared effects of this chronic up-regulation of SHH with acute pathway stimulation in mice treated on the day of birth with a SHH pathway agonist, SAG. We found that SHH affects facial morphology differently based on chronic vs. acute postnatal pathway up-regulation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings have implications for understanding the function of SHH in craniofacial development and for the potential use of SHH-based agonists to treat DS-related abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Singh
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Tara Dutka
- Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Roger H Reeves
- Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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24
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Giacomini A, Stagni F, Trazzi S, Guidi S, Emili M, Brigham E, Ciani E, Bartesaghi R. Inhibition of APP gamma-secretase restores Sonic Hedgehog signaling and neurogenesis in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:385-396. [PMID: 26254735 PMCID: PMC4768084 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis impairment starting from early developmental stages is a key determinant of intellectual disability in Down syndrome (DS). Previous evidence provided a causal relationship between neurogenesis impairment and malfunctioning of the mitogenic Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway. In particular, excessive levels of AICD (amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain), a cleavage product of the trisomic gene APP (amyloid precursor protein) up-regulate transcription of Ptch1 (Patched1), the Shh receptor that keeps the pathway repressed. Since AICD results from APP cleavage by γ-secretase, the goal of the current study was to establish whether treatment with a γ-secretase inhibitor normalizes AICD levels and restores neurogenesis in trisomic neural precursor cells. We found that treatment with a selective γ-secretase inhibitor (ELND006; ELN) restores proliferation in neurospheres derived from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS. This effect was accompanied by reduction of AICD and Ptch1 levels and was prevented by inhibition of the Shh pathway with cyclopamine. Treatment of Ts65Dn mice with ELN in the postnatal period P3–P15 restored neurogenesis in the SVZ and hippocampus, hippocampal granule cell number and synapse development, indicating a positive impact of treatment on brain development. In addition, in the hippocampus of treated Ts65Dn mice there was a reduction in the expression levels of various genes that are transcriptionally regulated by AICD, including APP, its origin substrate. Inhibitors of γ-secretase are currently envisaged as tools for the cure of Alzheimer's disease because they lower βamyloid levels. Current results provide novel evidence that γ-secretase inhibitors may represent a strategy for the rescue of neurogenesis defects in DS. Derangement of the mitogenic Shh pathway reduces neurogenesis in Down syndrome (DS). APP triplication causes excessive formation of its cleavage products AICD. AICD causes excessive transcription of Ptch1, the repressor of the Shh pathway. ELND006, a gamma secretase inhibitor, reduces AICD levels and Ptch1 expression. Treatment with ELND006 restores neurogenesis in the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giacomini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Stagni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Trazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandra Guidi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Emili
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Ciani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Renata Bartesaghi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Lee EH, Kim SS, Lee S, Baek KH, Seo SR. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Targets Down Syndrome Candidate Region 1 (DSCR1/RCAN1) to control Neuronal Differentiation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21019-21031. [PMID: 26157140 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.639476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is a neurotrophic peptide involved in a wide range of nervous functions, including development, differentiation, and survival, and various aspects of learning and memory. Here we report that PACAP induces the expression of regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1, also known as DSCR1), which is abnormally expressed in the brains of Down syndrome patients. Increased RCAN1 expression is accompanied by activation of the PKA-cAMP response element-binding protein pathways. EMSA and ChIP analyses demonstrate the presence of a functional cAMP response element in the RCAN1 promoter. Moreover, we show that PACAP-dependent neuronal differentiation is significantly disturbed by improper RCAN1 expression. Our data provide the first evidence of RCAN1, a Down syndrome-related gene, as a novel target for control of the neurotrophic function of PACAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hye Lee
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea and
| | - Seon Sook Kim
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea and
| | - Seul Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Hyuck Baek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ryeon Seo
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea and.
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26
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Blazek JD, Malik AM, Tischbein M, Arbones ML, Moore CS, Roper RJ. Abnormal mineralization of the Ts65Dn Down syndrome mouse appendicular skeleton begins during embryonic development in a Dyrk1a-independent manner. Mech Dev 2015; 136:133-42. [PMID: 25556111 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between gene dosage imbalance and phenotypes associated with Trisomy 21, including the etiology of abnormal bone phenotypes linked to Down syndrome (DS), is not well understood. The Ts65Dn mouse model for DS exhibits appendicular skeletal defects during adolescence and adulthood but the developmental and genetic origin of these phenotypes remains unclear. It is hypothesized that the postnatal Ts65Dn skeletal phenotype originates during embryonic development and results from an increased Dyrk1a gene copy number, a gene hypothesized to play a critical role in many DS phenotypes. Ts65Dn embryos exhibit a lower percent bone volume in the E17.5 femur when compared to euploid embryos. Concomitant with gene copy number, qPCR analysis revealed a ~1.5 fold increase in Dyrk1a transcript levels in the Ts65Dn E17.5 embryonic femur as compared to euploid. Returning Dyrk1a copy number to euploid levels in Ts65Dn, Dyrk1a(+/-) embryos did not correct the trisomic skeletal phenotype but did return Dyrk1a gene transcript levels to normal. The size and protein expression patterns of the cartilage template during embryonic bone development appear to be unaffected at E14.5 and E17.5 in trisomic embryos. Taken together, these data suggest that the dosage imbalance of genes other than Dyrk1a is involved in the development of the prenatal bone phenotype in Ts65Dn embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Blazek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis and Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ahmed M Malik
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis and Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Maeve Tischbein
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA
| | - Maria L Arbones
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona IBMB- CSIC, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Clara S Moore
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA
| | - Randall J Roper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis and Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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27
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Dutka T, Hallberg D, Reeves RH. Chronic up-regulation of the SHH pathway normalizes some developmental effects of trisomy in Ts65Dn mice. Mech Dev 2015; 135:68-80. [PMID: 25511459 PMCID: PMC4297701 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Down Syndrome (DS) is a highly complex developmental genetic disorder caused by trisomy for human chromosome 21 (Hsa21). All individuals with DS exhibit some degree of brain structural changes and cognitive impairment; mouse models such as Ts65Dn have been instrumental in understanding the underlying mechanisms. Several phenotypes of DS might arise from a reduced response of trisomic cells to the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) growth factor. If all trisomic cells show a similar reduced response to SHH, then up-regulation of the pathway in trisomic cells might ameliorate multiple DS phenotypes. We crossed Ptch1tm1Mps/+ mice, in which the canonical SHH pathway is expected to be up-regulated in every SHH-responsive cell due to the loss of function of one allele of the pathway suppressor, Ptch1, to the Ts65Dn DS model and assessed the progeny for possible rescue of multiple DS-related phenotypes. Down-regulation of Ptch produced several previously unreported effects on development by itself, complicating interpretation of some phenotypes, and a number of structural or behavioral effects of trisomy were not compensated by SHH signaling. However, a deficit in a nest-building task was partially restored in Ts;Ptch+/- mice, as were the structural anomalies of the cerebellum seen in Ts65Dn mice. These results extend the body of evidence indicating that reduced response to SHH in trisomic cells and tissues contributes to various aspects of the trisomic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Dutka
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dorothy Hallberg
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Roger H Reeves
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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28
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Goffinski A, Stanley MA, Shepherd N, Duvall N, Jenkinson SB, Davis C, Bull MJ, Roper RJ. Obstructive sleep apnea in young infants with Down syndrome evaluated in a Down syndrome specialty clinic. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:324-30. [PMID: 25604659 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Children with Down syndrome (DS) experience congenital and functional medical issues that predispose them to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Research utilizing stringent age criteria among samples of infants with DS and OSA is limited. This study examines clinical correlates of OSA among infants with DS. A retrospective chart review was conducted of infants ≤6 months of age referred to a DS clinic at a tertiary children's hospital over five-years (n = 177). Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression models were utilized to analyze the data. Fifty-nine infants underwent polysomnography, based on clinical concerns. Of these, 95% (56/59) had studies consistent with OSA. Among infants with OSA, 71% were identified as having severe OSA (40/56). The minimum overall prevalence of OSA among the larger group of infants was 31% (56/177). Significant relationships were found between OSA and dysphagia, congenital heart disease (CHD), prematurity, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and other functional and anatomic gastrointestinal (GI) conditions. Results indicate that odds of OSA in this group are higher among infants with GI conditions in comparison to those without. Co-occurring dysphagia and CHD predicted the occurrence of OSA in 36% of cases with an overall predictive accuracy rate of 71%. Obstructive sleep apnea is relatively common in young infants with DS and often severe. Medical factors including GI conditions, dysphagia and CHD may help to identify infants who are at greater risk and may warrant evaluation. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of OSA in infants with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida Goffinski
- Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental Disorders Program, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana
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29
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Liu B, Filippi S, Roy A, Roberts I. Stem and progenitor cell dysfunction in human trisomies. EMBO Rep 2014; 16:44-62. [PMID: 25520324 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201439583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21, the commonest constitutional aneuploidy in humans, causes profound perturbation of stem and progenitor cell growth, which is both cell context dependent and developmental stage specific and mediated by complex genetic mechanisms beyond increased Hsa21 gene dosage. While proliferation of fetal hematopoietic and testicular stem/progenitors is increased and may underlie increased susceptibility to childhood leukemia and testicular cancer, fetal stem/progenitor proliferation in other tissues is markedly impaired leading to the characteristic craniofacial, neurocognitive and cardiac features in individuals with Down syndrome. After birth, trisomy 21-mediated premature aging of stem/progenitor cells may contribute to the progressive multi-system deterioration, including development of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Liu
- Department of Paediatrics and Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Filippi
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anindita Roy
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Irene Roberts
- Department of Paediatrics and Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
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30
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Tahir R, Kennedy A, Elsea SH, Dickinson AJ. Retinoic acid induced-1 (Rai1) regulates craniofacial and brain development in Xenopus. Mech Dev 2014; 133:91-104. [PMID: 24878353 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid induced-1 (RAI1) is an important yet understudied histone code reader that when mutated in humans results in Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), a neurobehavioral disorder accompanied by signature craniofacial abnormalities. Despite previous studies in mouse and human cell models, very little is known about the function of RAI1 during embryonic development. In the present study, we have turned to the model vertebrates Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis to better understand the developmental roles of Rai1. First we demonstrate that the Rai1 protein sequence is conserved in frogs, especially in known functional domains. By in situ hybridization we revealed expression of rai1 in the developing craniofacial tissues and the nervous system. Knockdown of Rai1 using antisense morpholinos resulted in defects in the developing brain and face. In particular, Rai1 morphants display midface hypoplasia and malformed mouth shape analogous to defects in humans with SMS. These craniofacial defects were accompanied with aberrant neural crest migration and reduction in the size of facial cartilage elements. Rai1 morphants also had defects in axon patterns and decreased forebrain ventricle size. Such brain defects correlated with a decrease in the neurotrophic factor, bdnf, and increased forebrain apoptosis. Our results emphasize a critical role of Rai1 for normal neural and craniofacial development, and further the current understanding of potential mechanisms that cause SMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiha Tahir
- Center of the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Allyson Kennedy
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Sarah H Elsea
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS NAB2015, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amanda J Dickinson
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
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31
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Fish JL, Sklar RS, Woronowicz KC, Schneider RA. Multiple developmental mechanisms regulate species-specific jaw size. Development 2014; 141:674-84. [PMID: 24449843 DOI: 10.1242/dev.100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Variation in jaw size during evolution has been crucial for the adaptive radiation of vertebrates, yet variation in jaw size during development is often associated with disease. To test the hypothesis that early developmental events regulating neural crest (NC) progenitors contribute to species-specific differences in size, we investigated mechanisms through which two avian species, duck and quail, achieve their remarkably different jaw size. At early stages, duck exhibit an anterior shift in brain regionalization yielding a shorter, broader, midbrain. We find no significant difference in the total number of pre-migratory NC; however, duck concentrate their pre-migratory NC in the midbrain, which contributes to an increase in size of the post-migratory NC population allocated to the mandibular arch. Subsequent differences in proliferation lead to a progressive increase in size of the duck mandibular arch relative to that of quail. To test the role of pre-migratory NC progenitor number in regulating jaw size, we reduced and augmented NC progenitors. In contrast to previous reports of regeneration by NC precursors, we find that neural fold extirpation results in a loss of NC precursors. Despite this reduction in their numbers, post-migratory NC progenitors compensate, producing a symmetric and normal-sized jaw. Our results suggest that evolutionary modification of multiple aspects of NC cell biology, including NC allocation within the jaw primordia and NC-mediated proliferation, have been important to the evolution of jaw size. Furthermore, our finding of NC post-migratory compensatory mechanisms potentially extends the developmental time frame for treatments of disease or injury associated with NC progenitor loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Fish
- University of California, 513 Parnassus Ave, S-1159 San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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32
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Billingsley CN, Allen JR, Baumann DD, Deitz SL, Blazek JD, Newbauer A, Darrah A, Long BC, Young B, Clement M, Doerge RW, Roper RJ. Non-trisomic homeobox gene expression during craniofacial development in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1866-74. [PMID: 23843306 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Trisomy 21 in humans causes cognitive impairment, craniofacial dysmorphology, and heart defects collectively referred to as Down syndrome. Yet, the pathophysiology of these phenotypes is not well understood. Craniofacial alterations may lead to complications in breathing, eating, and communication. Ts65Dn mice exhibit craniofacial alterations that model Down syndrome including a small mandible. We show that Ts65Dn embryos at 13.5 days gestation (E13.5) have a smaller mandibular precursor but a normal sized tongue as compared to euploid embryos, suggesting a relative instead of actual macroglossia originates during development. Neurological tissues were also altered in E13.5 trisomic embryos. Our array analysis found 155 differentially expressed non-trisomic genes in the trisomic E13.5 mandible, including 20 genes containing a homeobox DNA binding domain. Additionally, Sox9, important in skeletal formation and cell proliferation, was upregulated in Ts65Dn mandible precursors. Our results suggest trisomy causes altered expression of non-trisomic genes in development leading to structural changes associated with DS. Identification of genetic pathways disrupted by trisomy is an important step in proposing rational therapies at relevant time points to ameliorate craniofacial abnormalities in DS and other congenital disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie N Billingsley
- Department of Biology and Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Solzak JP, Liang Y, Zhou FC, Roper RJ. Commonality in Down and fetal alcohol syndromes. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART A, CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY 2013; 97:187-97. [PMID: 23554291 PMCID: PMC4096968 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Down syndrome (DS) and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) are two leading causes of birth defects with phenotypes ranging from craniofacial abnormalities to cognitive impairment. Despite different origins, we report that in addition to sharing many phenotypes, DS and FAS may have common underlying mechanisms of development. METHODS Literature was surveyed for DS and FAS as well as mouse models. Gene expression and apoptosis were compared in embryonic mouse models of DS and FAS by qPCR, immunohistochemical and immunoflurorescence analyses. The craniometry was examined using MicroCT at postnatal day 21. RESULTS A literature survey revealed over 20 comparable craniofacial and structural deficits in both humans with DS and FAS and corresponding mouse models. Similar phenotypes were experimentally found in pre- and postnatal craniofacial and neurological tissues of DS and FAS mice. Dysregulation of two genes, Dyrk1a and Rcan1, key to craniofacial and neurological precursors of DS, was shared in craniofacial precursors of DS and FAS embryos. Increased cleaved caspase 3 expression was also discovered in comparable regions of the craniofacial and brain precursors of DS and FAS embryos. Further mechanistic studies suggested overexpression of trisomic Ttc3 in DS embyros may influence nuclear pAkt localization and cell survival. CONCLUSIONS This first and initial study indicates that DS and FAS share common dysmorphologies in humans and animal models. This work also suggests common mechanisms at cellular and molecular levels that are disrupted by trisomy or alcohol consumption during pregnancy and lead to craniofacial and neurological phenotypes associated with DS or FAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P. Solzak
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yun Liang
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Feng C. Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Randall J. Roper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Starbuck JM, Cole TM, Reeves RH, Richtsmeier JT. Trisomy 21 and facial developmental instability. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 151:49-57. [PMID: 23505010 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The most common live-born human aneuploidy is trisomy 21, which causes Down syndrome (DS). Dosage imbalance of genes on chromosome 21 (Hsa21) affects complex gene-regulatory interactions and alters development to produce a wide range of phenotypes, including characteristic facial dysmorphology. Little is known about how trisomy 21 alters craniofacial morphogenesis to create this characteristic appearance. Proponents of the "amplified developmental instability" hypothesis argue that trisomy 21 causes a generalized genetic imbalance that disrupts evolutionarily conserved developmental pathways by decreasing developmental homeostasis and precision throughout development. Based on this model, we test the hypothesis that DS faces exhibit increased developmental instability relative to euploid individuals. Developmental instability was assessed by a statistical analysis of fluctuating asymmetry. We compared the magnitude and patterns of fluctuating asymmetry among siblings using three-dimensional coordinate locations of 20 anatomic landmarks collected from facial surface reconstructions in four age-matched samples ranging from 4 to 12 years: (1) DS individuals (n = 55); (2) biological siblings of DS individuals (n = 55); 3) and 4) two samples of typically developing individuals (n = 55 for each sample), who are euploid siblings and age-matched to the DS individuals and their euploid siblings (samples 1 and 2). Identification in the DS sample of facial prominences exhibiting increased fluctuating asymmetry during facial morphogenesis provides evidence for increased developmental instability in DS faces. We found the highest developmental instability in facial structures derived from the mandibular prominence and lowest in facial regions derived from the frontal prominence.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Starbuck
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Early-occurring proliferation defects in peripheral tissues of the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome are associated with patched1 over expression. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1648-60. [PMID: 22890555 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic pathology due to the triplication of human chromosome 21. In addition to mental retardation, individuals with DS exhibit a large range of variable traits, including co-occurring congenital malformations. It is now clear that neurogenesis impairment underlies the typically reduced brain size and, hence, mental retardation in individuals with DS. The small body size and the constellation of congenital malformations in children with DS suggest that proliferation defects may involve peripheral tissues, in addition to the brain. The goal of the current study was to establish whether a generalized impairment of cell proliferation is a key feature of the trisomic condition. We used the Ts65Dn mouse, a widely used DS model, and examined proliferation in tissues with different embryological origin by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine immunohistochemistry. We found that 2-day-old (P2) Ts65Dn mice had notably fewer proliferating cells in the heart and liver, and in all proliferating niches of the skin and intestine. A reduced proliferation rate was still present in the intestine at P15. In all tissues, Ts65Dn mice had a similar number of apoptotic cells as euploid mice, indicating no unbalance in cell death. In the skin, liver and intestine of trisomic mice, we found a higher expression of patched1 (Ptch1), a receptor that represses the mitogenic sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway. This suggests that Ptch1-dependent inhibition of Shh signaling may underlie proliferation impairment in trisomic peripheral tissues. In agreement with the widespread reduction in proliferation, neonate trisomic mice had a reduced body weight and this defect was still present at 30 days of age. Our findings show that, in all examined peripheral tissues, Ts65Dn mice exhibit a notable reduction in proliferation rate, suggesting that proliferation impairment may be a generalized defect of trisomic precursor cells.
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Ruparelia A, Pearn ML, Mobley WC. Cognitive and pharmacological insights from the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012; 22:880-6. [PMID: 22658745 PMCID: PMC3434300 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a multi-faceted condition resulting in the most common genetic form of intellectual disability. Mouse models of DS, especially the Ts65Dn model, have been pivotal in furthering our understanding of the genetic, molecular and neurobiological mechanisms that underlie learning and memory impairments in DS. Cognitive and pharmacological insights from the Ts65Dn mouse model have led to remarkable translational progress in the development of therapeutic targets and in the emergence of DS clinical trials. Unravelling the pathogenic role of trisomic genes on human chromosome 21 and the genotype-phenotype relationship still remains a pertinent goal for tackling cognitive deficits in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Ruparelia
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Matthew L Pearn
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive 9125, San Diego, CA 92161-9125, USA
| | - William C Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Ripoll C, Rivals I, Ait Yahya-Graison E, Dauphinot L, Paly E, Mircher C, Ravel A, Grattau Y, Bléhaut H, Mégarbane A, Dembour G, de Fréminville B, Touraine R, Créau N, Potier MC, Delabar JM. Molecular signatures of cardiac defects in Down syndrome lymphoblastoid cell lines suggest altered ciliome and Hedgehog pathways. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41616. [PMID: 22912673 PMCID: PMC3415405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty percent of people with Down syndrome exhibit heart defects, most often an atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) and less frequently a ventricular septal defect (VSD) or atrial septal defect (ASD). Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) were established from lymphocytes of individuals with trisomy 21, the chromosomal abnormality causing Down syndrome. Gene expression profiles generated from DNA microarrays of LCLs from individuals without heart defects (CHD−; n = 22) were compared with those of LCLs from patients with cardiac malformations (CHD+; n = 21). After quantile normalization, principal component analysis revealed that AVSD carriers could be distinguished from a combined group of ASD or VSD (ASD+VSD) carriers. From 9,758 expressed genes, we identified 889 and 1,016 genes differentially expressed between CHD− and AVSD and CHD− and ASD+VSD, respectively, with only 119 genes in common. A specific chromosomal enrichment was found in each group of affected genes. Among the differentially expressed genes, more than 65% are expressed in human or mouse fetal heart tissues (GEO dataset). Additional LCLs from new groups of AVSD and ASD+VSD patients were analyzed by quantitative PCR; observed expression ratios were similar to microarray results. Analysis of GO categories revealed enrichment of genes from pathways regulating clathrin-mediated endocytosis in patients with AVSD and of genes involved in semaphorin-plexin-driven cardiogenesis and the formation of cytoplasmic microtubules in patients with ASD-VSD. A pathway-oriented search revealed enrichment in the ciliome for both groups and a specific enrichment in Hedgehog and Jak-stat pathways among ASD+VSD patients. These genes or related pathways are therefore potentially involved in normal cardiogenesis as well as in cardiac malformations observed in individuals with trisomy 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Ripoll
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC4413 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Rivals
- Equipe de Statistique Appliquée, ESPCI ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Ait Yahya-Graison
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC4413 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Luce Dauphinot
- CRICM, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM UMR975, UPMC Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Paly
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC4413 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Clothilde Mircher
- Institut Médical Jérôme Lejeune et Fondation Jérome Lejeune, Paris, France
| | - Aimé Ravel
- Institut Médical Jérôme Lejeune et Fondation Jérome Lejeune, Paris, France
| | - Yann Grattau
- Institut Médical Jérôme Lejeune et Fondation Jérome Lejeune, Paris, France
| | - Henri Bléhaut
- Institut Médical Jérôme Lejeune et Fondation Jérome Lejeune, Paris, France
| | - André Mégarbane
- Institut Médical Jérôme Lejeune et Fondation Jérome Lejeune, Paris, France
- Unité de Génétique Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Guy Dembour
- Cardiologie pédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Bruxelles, Belgique
| | | | - Renaud Touraine
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Nicole Créau
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC4413 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marie Claude Potier
- CRICM, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM UMR975, UPMC Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean Maurice Delabar
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC4413 CNRS, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Molecular and cellular alterations in Down syndrome: toward the identification of targets for therapeutics. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:171639. [PMID: 22848846 PMCID: PMC3403492 DOI: 10.1155/2012/171639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome is a complex disease that has challenged molecular and cellular research for more than 50 years. Understanding the molecular bases of morphological, cellular, and functional alterations resulting from the presence of an additional complete chromosome 21 would aid in targeting specific genes and pathways for rescuing some phenotypes. Recently, progress has been made by characterization of brain alterations in mouse models of Down syndrome. This review will highlight the main molecular and cellular findings recently described for these models, particularly with respect to their relationship to Down syndrome phenotypes.
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Currier DG, Polk RC, Reeves RH. A Sonic hedgehog (Shh) response deficit in trisomic cells may be a common denominator for multiple features of Down syndrome. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012; 197:223-36. [PMID: 22541295 PMCID: PMC4405118 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-54299-1.00011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hedgehog (HH) family of growth factors is involved in many aspects of growth and development, from the establishment of left-right axes at gastrulation to the patterning and formation of multiple structures in essentially every tissue, to the maintenance and regulation of stem cell populations in adults. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in particular acts as a mitogen, regulating proliferation of target cells, a growth factor that triggers differentiation in target populations, and a morphogen causing cells to respond differently based on their positions along a spatial and temporal concentration gradient. Given its very broad range of effects in development, it is not surprising that many of the structures affected by a disruption in Shh signaling are also affected in Down syndrome (DS). However, recent studies have shown that trisomic cerebellar granule cell precursors have a deficit, compared to their euploid counterparts, in their response to the mitogenic effects of Shh. This deficit substantially contributes to the hypocellular cerebellum in mouse models that parallels the human DS phenotype and can be corrected in early development by a single exposure to a small-molecule agonist of the Shh pathway. Here, we consider how an attenuated Shh response might affect several aspects of development to produce multiple phenotypic outcomes observed in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane G. Currier
- Department of Physiology and The McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Renita C. Polk
- Department of Physiology and The McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Roger H. Reeves
- Department of Physiology and The McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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Garner CC, Wetmore DZ. Synaptic Pathology of Down Syndrome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 970:451-68. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0932-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Starbuck J, Reeves RH, Richtsmeier J. Morphological integration of soft-tissue facial morphology in Down Syndrome and siblings. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 146:560-8. [PMID: 21996933 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), resulting from trisomy of chromosome 21, is the most common live-born human aneuploidy. The phenotypic expression of trisomy 21 produces variable, though characteristic, facial morphology. Although certain facial features have been documented quantitatively and qualitatively as characteristic of DS (e.g., epicanthic folds, macroglossia, and hypertelorism), all of these traits occur in other craniofacial conditions with an underlying genetic cause. We hypothesize that the typical DS face is integrated differently than the face of non-DS siblings, and that the pattern of morphological integration unique to individuals with DS will yield information about underlying developmental associations between facial regions. We statistically compared morphological integration patterns of immature DS faces (N = 53) with those of non-DS siblings (N = 54), aged 6-12 years using 31 distances estimated from 3D coordinate data representing 17 anthropometric landmarks recorded on 3D digital photographic images. Facial features are affected differentially in DS, as evidenced by statistically significant differences in integration both within and between facial regions. Our results suggest a differential affect of trisomy on facial prominences during craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Starbuck
- The Pennsylvania State University-Anthropology, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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42
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Trisomic and allelic differences influence phenotypic variability during development of Down syndrome mice. Genetics 2011; 189:1487-95. [PMID: 21926299 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.131391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with full or partial Trisomy 21 (Ts21) present with clinical features collectively referred to as Down syndrome (DS), although DS phenotypes vary in incidence and severity between individuals. Differing genetic and phenotypic content in individuals with DS as well as mouse models of DS facilitate the understanding of the correlation between specific genes and phenotypes associated with Ts21. The Ts1Rhr mouse model is trisomic for 33 genes (the "Down syndrome critical region" or DSCR) hypothesized to be responsible for many clinical DS features, including craniofacial dysmorphology with a small mandible. Experiments with Ts1Rhr mice showed that the DSCR was not sufficient to cause all DS phenotypes by identifying uncharacteristic craniofacial abnormalities not found in individuals with DS or other DS mouse models. We hypothesized that the origins of the larger, dysmorphic mandible observed in adult Ts1Rhr mice develop from larger embryonic craniofacial precursors. Because of phenotypic variability seen in subsequent studies with Ts1Rhr mice, we also hypothesized that genetic background differences would alter Ts1Rhr developmental phenotypes. Using Ts1Rhr offspring from two genetic backgrounds, we found differences in mandibular precursor volume as well as total embryonic volume and postnatal body size of Ts1Rhr and nontrisomic littermates. Additionally, we observed increased relative expression of Dyrk1a and differential expression of Ets2 on the basis of the genetic background in the Ts1Rhr mandibular precursor. Our results suggest that trisomic gene content and allelic differences in trisomic or nontrisomic genes influence variability in gene expression and developmental phenotypes associated with DS.
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Yang A, Reeves RH. Increased survival following tumorigenesis in Ts65Dn mice that model Down syndrome. Cancer Res 2011; 71:3573-81. [PMID: 21467166 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic results tend to suggest that adults with Down syndrome have a reduced incidence of cancer, but some studies have reached the opposite conclusion. In this study, we offer direct biological evidence in support of the notion that Down syndrome reduces incidence of multiple types of cancer. Previous studies showed that introduction of the Apc(Min) mutation into the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome by interbreeding caused formation of intestinal adenomas at a significantly reduced incidence compared with control (euploid) animals that did not have trisomy. To a large degree, this reduction was determined to reflect an increased dosage of the Ets2 tumor repressor gene due to trisomy. Studies of tumor grafts using Ts65Dn suggested angiogenesis as a mechanism that mediated reduced tumor growth, metastasis, and mortality in individuals with Down syndrome. To confirm and extend these findings, we employed the complex cancer mouse model NPcis, which is heterozygous for the Trp53 and Nf1 genes and through LOH develops lymphomas, sarcomas, or carcinomas with 100% penetrance. In this aggressive model, trisomy did not prevent cancer, but it nevertheless extended host survival relative to euploid littermates. However, protection in this case was not attributable to either Ets2 dosage or to reduced angiogenesis. Together, our findings indicate that the genetic complexity underlying Down syndrome supports multiple mechanisms that contribute to reduced mortality from cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annan Yang
- Department of Physiology and McKusick Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Blazek JD, Gaddy A, Meyer R, Roper RJ, Li J. Disruption of bone development and homeostasis by trisomy in Ts65Dn Down syndrome mice. Bone 2011; 48:275-80. [PMID: 20870049 PMCID: PMC3021595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder resulting from trisomy 21 that causes cognitive impairment, low muscle tone and craniofacial alterations. Morphometric studies of the craniofacial and appendicular skeleton in individuals with DS suggest that bone development and homeostasis are affected by trisomy. The Ts65Dn mouse model has three copies of approximately half the genes found on human chromosome 21 and exhibits craniofacial skeletal and size differences similar to those observed in humans with DS. We hypothesized that Ts65Dn and euploid mice have distinct differences in bone development and homeostasis influencing both the craniofacial and appendicular skeletal phenotypes. Quantitative assessment of structural and mechanical properties of the femur in Ts65Dn and control mice at 6 and 16 weeks of age revealed significant deficiencies in trabecular and cortical bone architecture, bone mineral density, bone formation, and bone strength in trisomic bone. Furthermore, bone mineral density and dynamic dentin formation rate of the skull and incisor, respectively, were also reduced in Ts65Dn mice, demonstrating that trisomy significantly affects both the craniofacial and appendicular skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Blazek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis and Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Anna Gaddy
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis and Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Rachel Meyer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis and Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Randall J. Roper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis and Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Corresponding Author: Randall J. Roper, Ph.D., Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan Street SL 306, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Phone: (317) 274-8131, Fax: (317) 274-2846,
| | - Jiliang Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis and Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, 723 W. Michigan Street, SL306, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Trazzi S, Mitrugno VM, Valli E, Fuchs C, Rizzi S, Guidi S, Perini G, Bartesaghi R, Ciani E. APP-dependent up-regulation of Ptch1 underlies proliferation impairment of neural precursors in Down syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:1560-73. [PMID: 21266456 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental retardation in Down syndrome (DS) appears to be related to severe neurogenesis impairment during critical phases of brain development. Recent lines of evidence in the cerebellum of a mouse model for DS (the Ts65Dn mouse) have shown a defective responsiveness to Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), a potent mitogen that controls cell division during brain development, suggesting involvement of the Shh pathway in the neurogenesis defects of DS. Based on these premises, we sought to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying derangement of the Shh pathway in neural precursor cells (NPCs) from Ts65Dn mice. By using an in vitro model of NPCs obtained from the subventricular zone and hippocampus, we found that trisomic NPCs had an increased expression of the Shh receptor Patched1 (Ptch1), a membrane protein that suppresses the action of a second receptor, Smoothened (Smo), thereby maintaining the pathway in a repressed state. Partial silencing of Ptch1 expression in trisomic NPCs restored cell proliferation, indicating that proliferation impairment was due to Ptch1 overexpression. The overexpression of Ptch1 in trisomic NPCs resulted from increased levels of AICD [a transcription-promoting fragment of amyloid precursor protein (APP)] and increased AICD binding to the Ptch1 promoter. Our data provide novel evidence that Ptch1 overexpression underlies derangement of the Shh pathway in trisomic NPCs with consequent proliferation impairment. The demonstration that Ptch1 overexpression in trisomic NPCs is due to an APP fragment provides a link between this trisomic gene and the defective neuronal production that characterizes the DS brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Trazzi
- Department of Human and General Physiology, University of Bologna, Italy
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Guidi S, Ciani E, Bonasoni P, Santini D, Bartesaghi R. Widespread proliferation impairment and hypocellularity in the cerebellum of fetuses with down syndrome. Brain Pathol 2010; 21:361-73. [PMID: 21040072 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence in mouse models for Down syndrome (DS) and human fetuses with DS clearly shows severe neurogenesis impairment in various telencephalic regions, suggesting that this defect may underlie the cognitive abnormalities of DS. As cerebellar hypotrophy and motor disturbances are part of the clinical features of DS, the goal of our study was to establish whether these defects may be related to neurogenesis impairment during cerebellar development. We found that in fetuses with DS (17-21 weeks of gestation) the cerebellum had an immature pattern, a reduced volume and notably fewer cells (-25%/-50%) in all cerebellar layers. Immunohistochemistry for Ki-67, a marker of cycling cells, showed impaired proliferation (-17%/-50%) of precursors from both cerebellar neurogenic regions (external granular layer and ventricular zone). No differences in apoptotic cell death were found in DS vs. control fetuses. The current study provides novel evidence that in the cerebellum of DS fetuses there is a generalized hypocellularity and that this defect is due to proliferation impairment, rather than to an increased cell death. The reduced proliferation potency found in the DS fetal cerebellum, in conjunction with previous evidence, strengthens the idea that the trisomic brain is characterized by widespread neurogenesis disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Guidi
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia Umana e Generale, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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47
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Lorandeau CG, Hakkinen LA, Moore CS. Cardiovascular development and survival during gestation in the Ts65Dn mouse model for Down syndrome. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 294:93-101. [PMID: 21157920 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The Ts65Dn mouse model for Down syndrome (DS) exhibits many phenotypes seen in human DS. Previous research has revealed a reduced rate of transmission of the T65Dn marker chromosome in neonates. To analyze potential fetal loss, litters from trisomic females at 10.5dpc through 14.5dpc were genotyped. No significant differences from the expected Mendelian ratio were found in transmission of T65Dn at any stage. Cardiovascular defects found in trisomic neonates are associated with formation of pharyngeal arch arteries. Vessel tracing was used to identify anomalies in 10.5dpc, 11.5dpc, and 13.5dpc embryos. Comparison of trisomic versus euploid embryos injected with India ink revealed delay and abnormality in cardiovascular development in trisomic embryos at each stage. Through the analysis of transmission rate and cardiovascular development in embryonic mice, we learn more about prenatal mortality and the origins of cardiac abnormality in the Ts65Dn mice to assist in understanding cardiovascular malformation associated with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice G Lorandeau
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604-3003, USA
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48
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Blazek JD, Billingsley CN, Newbauer A, Roper RJ. Embryonic and not maternal trisomy causes developmental attenuation in the Ts65Dn mouse model for Down syndrome. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:1645-53. [PMID: 20503361 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21 results in Down syndrome (DS) and causes phenotypes that may result from alterations of developmental processes. The Ts65Dn mouse is the most widely used genetic and phenotypic model for DS. We used over 1,500 offspring from Ts65Dn and two nontrisomic genetically similar control strains to investigate the influence of trisomy on developmental alterations and number of offspring. For the first time, we demonstrate gross developmental attenuation of Ts65Dn trisomic offspring at embryonic day (E) 9.5 and E13.5 and show that the major determinant of the developmental changes is segmental trisomy of the embryo and not the trisomic maternal uterine environment. Maternal alleles of nontrisomic genes linked to Pde6b may also influence the development of Ts65Dn offspring. Both developmental attenuation and the contribution of trisomic and nontrisomic genes are important components in the genesis of DS phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Blazek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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49
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Abstract
A growing and interdisciplinary translational neuroscience research effort for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) is investigating the mechanisms of dysfunction and testing effective treatment strategies in animal models and, when possible, in the clinic. NDDs with a genetic basis have received particular attention. Transgenic animals that mimic genetic insults responsible for disease in man have provided insight about mechanisms of dysfunction, and, surprisingly, have shown that cognitive deficits can be addressed in adult animals. This review will present recent translational research based on animal models of genetic NDDs, as well as pharmacotherapeutic strategies under development to address deficits of brain function for Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, neurofibromatosis-1, tuberous sclerosis, and autism. Although these disorders vary in underlying causes and clinical presentation, common pathways and mechanisms for dysfunction have been observed. These include abnormal gene dosage, imbalance among neurotransmitter systems, and deficits in the development, maintenance and plasticity of neuronal circuits. NDDs affect multiple brain systems and behaviors that may be amenable to drug therapies that target distinct deficits. A primary goal of translational research is to replace symptomatic and supportive drug therapies with pharmacotherapies based on a principled understanding of the causes of dysfunction. Based on this principle, several recently developed therapeutic strategies offer clear promise for clinical development in man.
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Chimge NO, Bayarsaihan D. Generation of neural crest progenitors from human embryonic stem cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2010; 314:95-103. [PMID: 19780036 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient population of multipotent progenitors arising at the lateral edge of the neural plate in vertebrate embryos, which then migrate throughout the body to generate diverse array of tissues such as the peripheral nervous system, skin melanocytes, and craniofacial cartilage, bone and teeth. The transient nature of neural crest stem cells make extremely challenging to study the biology of these important cells. In humans induction and differentiation of embryonic NC occurs very early, within a few weeks of fertilization giving rise to technical and ethical issues surrounding isolation of early embryonic tissues and therefore severely limiting the study of human NC cells. For that reason our current knowledge of the biology of NC mostly derives from the studies of lower organisms. Recent progress in human embryonic stem cell research provides a unique opportunity for generation of a useful source of cells for basic developmental studies. The development of cost-effective, time and labor efficient improved differentiation protocols for the production of human NC cells is a critical step toward a better understanding of NC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyam-Osor Chimge
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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