1
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Xie T, Qin C, Savas AC, Yeh WW, Feng P. The emerging roles of glutamine amidotransferases in metabolism and immune defense. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38743960 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2024.2351135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Glutamine amidotransferases (GATs) catalyze the synthesis of nucleotides, amino acids, glycoproteins and an enzyme cofactor, thus serving as key metabolic enzymes for cell proliferation. Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase, Aspartate transcarbamoylase, and Dihydroorotase (CAD) is a multifunctional enzyme of the GAT family and catalyzes the first three steps of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis. Following our findings that cellular GATs are involved in immune evasion during herpesvirus infection, we discovered that CAD reprograms cellular metabolism to fuel aerobic glycolysis and nucleotide synthesis via deamidating RelA. Deamidated RelA activates the expression of key glycolytic enzymes, rather than that of the inflammatory NF-κB-responsive genes. As such, cancer cells prime RelA for deamidation via up-regulating CAD activity or accumulating RelA mutations. Interestingly, the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 also activates CAD to couple evasion of inflammatory response to activated nucleotide synthesis. A small molecule inhibitor of CAD depletes nucleotide supply and boosts antiviral inflammatory response, thus greatly reducing SARS-CoV-2 replication. Additionally, we also found that CTP synthase 1 (CTPS1) deamidates interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) to mute IFN induction. Our previous studies have implicated phosphoribosyl formylglycinamidine synthase (PFAS) and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (PPAT) in deamidating retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and evading dsRNA-induced innate immune defense in herpesvirus infection. Overall, these studies have uncovered an unconventional enzymatic activity of cellular GATs in metabolism and immune defense, offering a molecular link intimately coupling these fundamental biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taolin Xie
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chao Qin
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ali Can Savas
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wayne Wei Yeh
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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2
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Wan Q, Tavakoli L, Wang TY, Tucker AJ, Zhou R, Liu Q, Feng S, Choi D, He Z, Gack MU, Zhao J. Hijacking of nucleotide biosynthesis and deamidation-mediated glycolysis by an oncogenic herpesvirus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1442. [PMID: 38365882 PMCID: PMC10873312 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and multiple types of B cell malignancies. Emerging evidence demonstrates that KSHV reprograms host-cell central carbon metabolic pathways, which contributes to viral persistence and tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying KSHV-mediated metabolic reprogramming remain poorly understood. Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamoylase, and dihydroorotase (CAD) is a key enzyme of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis, and was recently identified to deamidate the NF-κB subunit RelA to promote aerobic glycolysis and cell proliferation. Here we report that KSHV infection exploits CAD for nucleotide synthesis and glycolysis. Mechanistically, KSHV vCyclin binds to and hijacks cyclin-dependent kinase CDK6 to phosphorylate Ser-1900 on CAD, thereby activating CAD-mediated pyrimidine synthesis and RelA-deamidation-mediated glycolytic reprogramming. Correspondingly, genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of CDK6 and CAD potently impeded KSHV lytic replication and thwarted tumorigenesis of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, our work defines a viral metabolic reprogramming mechanism underpinning KSHV oncogenesis, which may spur the development of new strategies to treat KSHV-associated malignancies and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyuan Wan
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Leah Tavakoli
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Wang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Tucker
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Ruiting Zhou
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Qizhi Liu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- State Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shu Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Diabetes & Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Dongwon Choi
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhiheng He
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA.
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3
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Qin C, Xie T, Yeh WW, Savas AC, Feng P. Metabolic Enzymes in Viral Infection and Host Innate Immunity. Viruses 2023; 16:35. [PMID: 38257735 PMCID: PMC10820379 DOI: 10.3390/v16010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic enzymes are central players for cell metabolism and cell proliferation. These enzymes perform distinct functions in various cellular processes, such as cell metabolism and immune defense. Because viral infections inevitably trigger host immune activation, viruses have evolved diverse strategies to blunt or exploit the host immune response to enable viral replication. Meanwhile, viruses hijack key cellular metabolic enzymes to reprogram metabolism, which generates the necessary biomolecules for viral replication. An emerging theme arising from the metabolic studies of viral infection is that metabolic enzymes are key players of immune response and, conversely, immune components regulate cellular metabolism, revealing unexpected communication between these two fundamental processes that are otherwise disjointed. This review aims to summarize our present comprehension of the involvement of metabolic enzymes in viral infections and host immunity and to provide insights for potential antiviral therapy targeting metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qin
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | | | | | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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4
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Zhang S, Xie N, Liu Y, Qin C, Savas AC, Wang TY, Li S, Rao Y, Shambayate A, Chou TF, Brenner C, Huang C, Feng P. The Interferon-inducible NAMPT acts as a protein phosphoribosylase to restrict viral infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.12.562112. [PMID: 37905103 PMCID: PMC10614811 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.562112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
As obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses often activate host metabolic enzymes to supply intermediates that support progeny production. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme of the salvage NAD+ synthesis, is an interferon-inducible protein that inhibits the replication of several RNA and DNA viruses with unknown mechanism. Here we report that NAMPT restricts herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication via phosphoribosyl-hydrolase activity toward key viral structural proteins, independent of NAD+ synthesis. Deep mining of enriched phosphopeptides of HSV-1-infected cells identified phosphoribosylated viral structural proteins, particularly glycoproteins and tegument proteins. Indeed, NAMPT de-phosphoribosylates viral proteins in vitro and in cells. Chimeric and recombinant HSV-1 carrying phosphoribosylation-resistant mutations show that phosphoribosylation promotes the incorporation of structural proteins into HSV-1 virions and subsequent virus entry. Moreover, loss of NAMPT renders mice highly susceptible to HSV-1 infection. The work describes a hidden enzyme activity of a metabolic enzyme in viral infection and host defense, offering a system to interrogate roles of phosphoribosylation in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Na Xie
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Chao Qin
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ali Can Savas
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Wang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Shutong Li
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Youliang Rao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Alexandra Shambayate
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Tsui-Fen Chou
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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5
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Xu Y, Hou G, Liu Q, Zhang Q, Li C, Hu L, Chen X, Chen R, Ding C, Li D, Li J. Helicase-independent function of RIG-I against murine gammaherpesvirus 68 via blocking the nuclear translocation of viral proteins. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126527. [PMID: 37633553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral pathogens. Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene 1 (RIG-I) is a pattern recognition receptor that recognizes virus-associated double-stranded RNA and initiates the interferon responses. Besides signal transduction, RIG-I exerts direct antiviral functions to displace viral proteins on dsRNA via its Helicase activity. Nevertheless, this effector-like activity of RIG-I against herpesviruses remains largely unexplored. It has been previously reported that herpesviruses deamidate RIG-I, resulting in the abolishment of its Helicase activity and signal transduction. In this study, we discovered that RIG-I possessed signaling-independent antiviral activities against murine gamma herpesviruses 68 (γHV68, murid herpesvirus 4). Importantly, a Helicase-dead mutant of RIG-I (K270A) demonstrated comparable inhibition on herpesviruses lytic replication, indicating that this antiviral activity is Helicase-independent. Mechanistically, RIG-I bound the Replication and Transcription Activator (RTA) and diminished its nuclear localization to repress viral transcription. We further demonstrated that RIG-I blocked the nuclear translocation of ORF21 (Thymidine Kinase), ORF75c (vGAT), both of which form a nuclear complex with RTA and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to facilitate viral transcription. Moreover, RIG-I retained ORF59 (DNA processivity factor) in the cytoplasm to repress viral DNA replication. Altogether, we illuminated a previously unidentified, Helicase-independent effector-like function of RIG-I against γHV68, representing an exquisite host strategy to counteract viral manipulations on innate immune signaling. IMPORTANCE: Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), a member of DExD/H box RNA helicase family, functions as a key pattern recognition receptor (PRR) responsible for the detection of intracellular double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) from virus-infected cells and induction of type I interferon (IFN) responses. Nevertheless, our understanding of the helicase-independent effector-like activity of RIG-I against virus infection, especially herpesvirus infection, remains largely unknown. Herein, by deploying murine gamma herpesviruses 68 (γHV68) as a model system, we demonstrated that RIG-I possessed an interferon and helicase-independent antiviral activity against γHV68 via blocking the nuclear trafficking of viral proteins, which concomitantly repressed the viral early transcription and genome replication thereof. Our work illuminates a previously unidentified antiviral strategy of RIG-I against herpesvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Guoli Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qizhi Liu
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Qiushi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Liang Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chengming Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Deliang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Junhua Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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6
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Zuo S, Li L, Wen X, Gu X, Zhuang A, Li R, Ye F, Ge S, Fan X, Fan J, Chai P, Lu L. NSUN2-mediated m 5 C RNA methylation dictates retinoblastoma progression through promoting PFAS mRNA stability and expression. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1273. [PMID: 37228185 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The precise temporal and spatial regulation of N5 -methylcytosine (m5 C) RNA modification plays essential roles in RNA metabolism, and is necessary for the maintenance of epigenome homeostasis. Howbeit, the mechanism underlying the m5 C modification in carcinogenesis remains to be fully addressed. METHODS Global and mRNA m5 C levels were determined by mRNA isolation and anti-m5 C dot blot in both retinoblastoma (RB) cells and clinical samples. Orthotopic intraocular xenografts were established to examine the oncogenic behaviours of RB. Genome-wide multiomics analyses were performed to identify the functional target of NSUN2, including proteomic analysis, transcriptome screening and m5 C-methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (m5 C-meRIP-seq). Organoid-based single-cell analysis and gene-correlation analysis were performed to verify the NSUN2/ALYREF/m5 C-PFAS oncogenic cascade. RESULTS Herein, we report that NSUN2-mediated m5 C RNA methylation fuels purine biosynthesis during the oncogenic progression of RB. First, we discovered that global and mRNA m5 C levels were significantly enriched in RBs compared to normal retinas. In addition, tumour-specific NSUN2 expression was noted in RB samples and cell lines. Therapeutically, targeted correction of NSUN2 exhibited efficient therapeutic efficacy in RB both in vitro and in vivo. Through multiomics analyses, we subsequently identified phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase (PFAS), a vital enzyme in purine biosynthesis, as a downstream candidate target of NSUN2. The reintroduction of PFAS largely reversed the inhibitory phenotypes in NSUN2-deficient RB cells, indicating that PFAS was a functional downstream target of NSUN2. Mechanistically, we found that the m5 C reader protein ALYREF was responsible for the recognition of the m5 C modification of PFAS, increasing its expression by enhancing its RNA stability. CONCLUSIONS Conclusively, we initially demonstrated that NSUN2 is necessary for oncogenic gene activation in RB, expanding the current understanding of dynamic m5 C function during tumour progression. As the NSUN2/ALYREF/m5 C-PFAS oncogenic cascade is an important RB trigger, our study suggests that a targeted m5 C reprogramming therapeutic strategy may be a novel and efficient anti-tumour therapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipeng Zuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuyang Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuxiang Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiwei Chai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Linna Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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7
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Ke PY. Crosstalk between Autophagy and RLR Signaling. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060956. [PMID: 36980296 PMCID: PMC10047499 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a homeostatic role in regulating cellular metabolism by degrading unwanted intracellular materials and acts as a host defense mechanism by eliminating infecting pathogens, such as viruses. Upon viral infection, host cells often activate retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) signaling to induce the transcription of type I interferons, thus establishing the first line of the innate antiviral response. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that virus-mediated autophagy activation may benefit viral replication through different actions on host cellular processes, including the modulation of RLR-mediated innate immunity. Here, an overview of the functional molecules and regulatory mechanism of the RLR antiviral immune response as well as autophagy is presented. Moreover, a summary of the current knowledge on the biological role of autophagy in regulating RLR antiviral signaling is provided. The molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between autophagy and RLR innate immunity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
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8
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Patel DJ, Yu Y, Xie W. cGAMP-activated cGAS-STING signaling: its bacterial origins and evolutionary adaptation by metazoans. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:245-260. [PMID: 36894694 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-00933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The metazoan cGAMP-activated cGAS-STING innate immunity pathway is triggered in response to genomic instability and DNA damage, thereby providing host defense against microbial pathogens. This pathway also impacts on autophagy, cellular senescence and antitumor immunity, while its overactivation triggers autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Metazoan cGAS generates cGAMP containing distinct combinations of 3'-5' and 2'-5' linkages, which target the adaptor protein STING and activate the innate immune response through a signaling cascade leading to upregulation of cytokine and interferon production. This Review highlights a structure-based mechanistic perspective of recent advances in cGAMP-activated cGAS-STING innate immune signaling by focusing on the cGAS sensor, cGAMP second messenger and STING adaptor components, thereby elucidating the specificity, activation, regulation and signal transduction features of the pathway. In addition, the Review addresses progress towards identification of inhibitors and activators targeting cGAS and STING, as well as strategies developed by pathogens to evade cGAS-STING immunity. Most importantly, it highlights cyclic nucleotide second messengers as ancient signaling molecules that elicit a potent innate immune response that originated in bacteria and evolved through evolutionary adaptation to metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinshaw J Patel
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - You Yu
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wei Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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9
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Collantes TMA, Clark CM, Musarrat F, Jambunathan N, Jois S, Kousoulas KG. Predicted Structure and Functions of the Prototypic Alphaherpesvirus Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 UL37 Tegument Protein. Viruses 2022; 14:2189. [PMID: 36298744 PMCID: PMC9608200 DOI: 10.3390/v14102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The alphaherpesvirus UL37 tegument protein is a highly conserved, multi-functional protein. Mutagenesis analysis delineated the UL37 domains necessary for retrograde transport and viral replication. Specifically, the amino-terminal 480 amino acids are dispensable for virus replication in epithelial cell culture, but it is unknown whether this amino-terminal deletion affects UL37 structure and intracellular transport in epithelial cells and neurons. To investigate the structure and function of UL37, we utilized multiple computational approaches to predict and characterize the secondary and tertiary structure and other functional features. The structure of HSV-1 UL37 and Δ481N were deduced using publicly available predictive algorithms. The predicted model of HSV-1 UL37 is a stable, multi-functional, globular monomer, rich in alpha helices, with unfolded regions within the linker and the C-tail domains. The highly flexible C-tail contains predicted binding sites to the dynein intermediate chain, as well as DNA and RNA. Predicted interactions with the cytoplasmic surface of the lipid membrane suggest UL37 is a peripheral membrane protein. The Δ481N truncation did not alter the predicted structure of the UL37 C-terminus protein and its predicted interaction with dynein. We validated these models by examining the replication kinetics and transport of the Δ481N virus toward the nuclei of infected epithelial and neuronal cells. The Δ481N virus had substantial defects in virus spread; however, it exhibited no apparent defects in virus entry and intracellular transport. Using computational analyses, we identified several key features of UL37, particularly the flexible unstructured tail; we then demonstrated that the UL37 C-terminus alone is sufficient to effectively transport the virus towards the nucleus of infected epithelial and neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Marie A. Collantes
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Carolyn M. Clark
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Farhana Musarrat
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | | | - Seetharama Jois
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Konstantin G. Kousoulas
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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10
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Meng XY, Wang ZH, Yu XD, Zhang QY, Ke F. Development and characterization of a skin cell line from Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) and its application in aquatic animal viruses. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1439-1449. [PMID: 35762824 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi), an important fish for the aquaculture industry of China, is often affected by viral diseases. A stable and sensitive cell line can play an important role in virus identification and isolation, functional gene identification, virus pathogenic mechanism and antiviral immunity study. In the present study, a new cell line (S. chuatsi skin cell, SCSC) derived from the skin of S. chuatsi was established. The SCSC mainly consisted of fibroblastic-like cells, which grew well in M199 medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum at 25°C. Chromosome analysis revealed that the SCSC (44%) has a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 48. The SCSC can be transfected and expressed exogenous gene efficiently. It also showed high sensitivity to several aquatic animal viruses from different families including Rhabdoviridae, Iridoviridae and Reoviridae. In addition, RT-PCR showed that S. chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) started genome replication as early as 3 h post infection in the cells, which also induced the up-regulation of a variety of immune-related genes including these related to interleukin family, pattern recognition receptors, JAK-STAT pathway and interferon regulatory factors. In summary, current study provided a new tool in research of fish viruses and its interaction with host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yu Meng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Hao Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Dong Yu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ke
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Nash A, Ryan EJ. The oncogenic gamma herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) hijack retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) facilitating both viral and tumour immune evasion. Tumour Virus Res 2022; 14:200246. [PMID: 35998812 PMCID: PMC9424536 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2022.200246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses evade host immunity to establish persistent lifelong infection with dormant latent and replicative lytic phases. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated virus (KSHV) are double-stranded DNA herpesviruses that encode components to activate RNA sensors, (Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5). Yet both viruses can effectively evade the antiviral immune response. The ability of these viruses to disarm RIG-I to evade immunity allowing viral persistency can contribute to the creation of a protected niche that facilitates tumour growth and immune evasion. Alternatively, viral nucleic acids present in the cytosol during the replicative phase of the viral lifecycle can activate pro-inflammatory signaling downstream of RIG-I augmenting tumour promoting inflammation. Understanding how these viral proteins disrupt innate immune pathways could help identify mechanisms to boost immunity, clearing viral infection and enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy for virally induced cancers. Here we review literature on the strategies EBV and KSHV use to either enhance or inhibit RLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Nash
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth J. Ryan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Ireland,Limerick Digital Cancer Research Centre, University of Limerick, Ireland,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland,Corresponding author. Department of Biological Sciences.
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12
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Muhamad Ismail NAS, Yap SH, Mohamad Yussoff MA, Nor Muhammad NA, Firdaus-Raih M, Quay DHX. Modeling and computational characterization of a Xanthomonas sp. Hypothetical protein identifies a remote ortholog of Burkholderia lethal factor 1. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-13. [PMID: 35862639 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia Lethal Factor 1 (BLF1) is a deamidase first characterized in Burkholderia pseudomallei. This enzyme inhibits cellular protein synthesis by deamidating a glutamine residue to a glutamic acid in its target protein, the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 A (eIF4A). In this work, we present the characterization of a hypothetical protein from Xanthomonas sp. Leaf131 as the first report of a BLF1 family ortholog outside of the Burkholderia genus. Although standard sequence similarity searches such as BLAST were not able to detect the homology between the Xanthomonas sp. Leaf131 hypothetical protein sequence and BLF1, our computed structure model for the Xanthomonas sp. hypothetical protein revealed structural similarities with an RMSD of 2.7 Å/164 Cα atoms and a TM-score of 0.72 when superposed. Structural comparisons of the Xanthomonas model structure against BLF1 and Escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) revealed that the conserved signature LXGC motif and putative catalytic residues are structurally aligned thus signifying a level of functional or mechanistic similarity. Protein-protein docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulations also demonstrated that eIF4A could still be a possible target substrate for deamidation by XLF1 as it is for BLF1. We therefore propose that this Xanthomonas hypothetical protein be renamed as Xanthomonas Lethal Factor 1 (XLF1). Our work also provides further evidence of the utility of programs such as AlphaFold in bridging the computational function annotation transfer gap despite very low sequence identities of under 20%.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Su Hui Yap
- Bioinformatics Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Nor Azlan Nor Muhammad
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Firdaus-Raih
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.,Bioinformatics Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Doris Huai Xia Quay
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.,Bioinformatics Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Deng Y, Wang Y, Li L, Miao EA, Liu P. Post-Translational Modifications of Proteins in Cytosolic Nucleic Acid Sensing Signaling Pathways. Front Immunol 2022; 13:898724. [PMID: 35795661 PMCID: PMC9250978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.898724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is the first-line host defense against pathogens. Cytosolic nucleic acids, including both DNA and RNA, represent a special type of danger signal to initiate an innate immune response. Activation of cytosolic nucleic acid sensors is tightly controlled in order to achieve the high sensitivity needed to combat infection while simultaneously preventing false activation that leads to pathologic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we focus on post-translational modifications of key cytosolic nucleic acid sensors that can reversibly or irreversibly control these sensor functions. We will describe phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, neddylation, acetylation, methylation, succinylation, glutamylation, amidation, palmitoylation, and oxidation modifications events (including modified residues, modifying enzymes, and modification function). Together, these post-translational regulatory modifications on key cytosolic DNA/RNA sensing pathway members reveal a complicated yet elegantly controlled multilayer regulator network to govern innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lupeng Li
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Edward A. Miao
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Pengda Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Pengda Liu,
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14
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Chan CP, Jin DY. Cytoplasmic RNA sensors and their interplay with RNA-binding partners in innate antiviral response: theme and variations. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 28:449-477. [PMID: 35031583 PMCID: PMC8925969 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079016.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns including viral RNA by innate immunity represents the first line of defense against viral infection. In addition to RIG-I-like receptors and NOD-like receptors, several other RNA sensors are known to mediate innate antiviral response in the cytoplasm. Double-stranded RNA-binding protein PACT interacts with prototypic RNA sensor RIG-I to facilitate its recognition of viral RNA and induction of host interferon response, but variations of this theme are seen when the functions of RNA sensors are modulated by other RNA-binding proteins to impinge on antiviral defense, proinflammatory cytokine production and cell death programs. Their discrete and coordinated actions are crucial to protect the host from infection. In this review, we will focus on cytoplasmic RNA sensors with an emphasis on their interplay with RNA-binding partners. Classical sensors such as RIG-I will be briefly reviewed. More attention will be brought to new insights on how RNA-binding partners of RNA sensors modulate innate RNA sensing and how viruses perturb the functions of RNA-binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, Faculty of Medicine Building, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, Faculty of Medicine Building, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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15
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Liu Y, Qin C, Rao Y, Ngo C, Feng JJ, Zhao J, Zhang S, Wang TY, Carriere J, Savas AC, Zarinfar M, Rice S, Yang H, Yuan W, Camarero JA, Yu J, Chen XS, Zhang C, Feng P. SARS-CoV-2 Nsp5 Demonstrates Two Distinct Mechanisms Targeting RIG-I and MAVS To Evade the Innate Immune Response. mBio 2021; 12:e0233521. [PMID: 34544279 PMCID: PMC8546575 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02335-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a global pandemic with astonishing mortality and morbidity. The high replication and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 are remarkably distinct from those of previous closely related coronaviruses, and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The innate immune defense is a physical barrier that restricts viral replication. We report here that the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp5 main protease targets RIG-I and mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein via two distinct mechanisms for inhibition. Specifically, Nsp5 cleaves off the 10 most-N-terminal amino acids from RIG-I and deprives it of the ability to activate MAVS, whereas Nsp5 promotes the ubiquitination and proteosome-mediated degradation of MAVS. As such, Nsp5 potently inhibits interferon (IFN) induction by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in an enzyme-dependent manner. A synthetic small-molecule inhibitor blunts the Nsp5-mediated destruction of cellular RIG-I and MAVS and processing of SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural proteins, thus restoring the innate immune response and impeding SARS-CoV-2 replication. This work offers new insight into the immune evasion strategy of SARS-CoV-2 and provides a potential antiviral agent to treat CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. IMPORTANCE The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is caused by SARS-CoV-2, which is rapidly evolving with better transmissibility. Understanding the molecular basis of the SARS-CoV-2 interaction with host cells is of paramount significance, and development of antiviral agents provides new avenues to prevent and treat COVID-19 diseases. This study describes a molecular characterization of innate immune evasion mediated by the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp5 main protease and subsequent development of a small-molecule inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Liu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chao Qin
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Youliang Rao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chau Ngo
- Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Arts, Letters, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joshua J. Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Arts, Letters, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Shu Zhang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Wang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jessica Carriere
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ali Can Savas
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mehrnaz Zarinfar
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stephanie Rice
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hanging Yang
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Julio A. Camarero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S. Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Arts, Letters, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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16
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Wang Y, Tibbetts SA, Krug LT. Conquering the Host: Determinants of Pathogenesis Learned from Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68. Annu Rev Virol 2021; 8:349-371. [PMID: 34586873 PMCID: PMC9153731 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-011921-082615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are an important class of oncogenic pathogens that are exquisitely evolved to their respective hosts. As such, the human gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) do not naturally infect nonhuman primates or rodents. There is a clear need to fully explore mechanisms of gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis, host control, and immune evasion in the host. A gammaherpesvirus pathogen isolated from murid rodents was first reported in 1980; 40 years later, murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68, MuHV-4, γHV68) infection of laboratory mice is a well-established pathogenesis system recognized for its utility in applying state-of-the-art approaches to investigate virus-host interactions ranging from the whole host to the individual cell. Here, we highlight recent advancements in our understanding of the processes by which MHV68 colonizes the host and drives disease. Lessons that inform KSHV and EBV pathogenesis and provide future avenues for novel interventions against infection and virus-associated cancers are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Scott A Tibbetts
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Laurie T Krug
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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17
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Huang H, Zhao J, Wang TY, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Rao Y, Qin C, Liu Y, Chen Y, Xia Z, Feng P. Species-Specific Deamidation of RIG-I Reveals Collaborative Action between Viral and Cellular Deamidases in HSV-1 Lytic Replication. mBio 2021; 12:e00115-21. [PMID: 33785613 PMCID: PMC8092204 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00115-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a sensor that recognizes cytosolic double-stranded RNA derived from microbes to induce host immune response. Viruses, such as herpesviruses, deploy diverse mechanisms to derail RIG-I-dependent innate immune defense. In this study, we discovered that mouse RIG-I is intrinsically resistant to deamidation and evasion by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Comparative studies involving human and mouse RIG-I indicate that N495 of human RIG-I dictates species-specific deamidation by HSV-1 UL37. Remarkably, deamidation of the other site, N549, hinges on that of N495, and it is catalyzed by cellular phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase (PPAT). Specifically, deamidation of N495 enables RIG-I to interact with PPAT, leading to subsequent deamidation of N549. Collaboration between UL37 and PPAT is required for HSV-1 to evade RIG-I-mediated antiviral immune response. This work identifies an immune regulatory role of PPAT in innate host defense and establishes a sequential deamidation event catalyzed by distinct deamidases in immune evasion.IMPORTANCE Herpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens in human and establish lifelong persistence despite host immunity. The ability to evade host immune response is pivotal for viral persistence and pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the evasion, mediated by deamidation, of species-specific RIG-I by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Our findings uncovered a collaborative and sequential action between viral deamidase UL37 and a cellular glutamine amidotransferase, phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase (PPAT), to inactivate RIG-I and mute antiviral gene expression. PPAT catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the de novo purine synthesis pathway. This work describes a new function of cellular metabolic enzymes in host defense and viral immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichao Huang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Wang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shu Zhang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yuzheng Zhou
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Youliang Rao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chao Qin
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zanxian Xia
- Department of Cell Biology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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18
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Rao Y, Wang TY, Qin C, Espinosa B, Liu Q, Ekanayake A, Zhao J, Savas AC, Zhang S, Zarinfar M, Liu Y, Zhu W, Graham N, Jiang T, Zhang C, Feng P. Targeting CTP Synthetase 1 to Restore Interferon Induction and Impede Nucleotide Synthesis in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.02.05.429959. [PMID: 33564769 PMCID: PMC7872357 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.05.429959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 caused a global pandemic with astonishing mortality and morbidity. The mechanisms underpinning its highly infectious nature remain poorly understood. We report here that SARS-CoV-2 exploits cellular CTP synthetase 1 (CTPS1) to promote CTP synthesis and suppress interferon (IFN) induction. Screening a SARS-CoV-2 expression library identified ORF7b and ORF8 that suppressed IFN induction via inducing the deamidation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Deamidated IRF3 fails to bind the promoters of classic IRF3-responsible genes, thus muting IFN induction. Conversely, a shRNA-mediated screen focused on cellular glutamine amidotransferases corroborated that CTPS1 deamidates IRF3 to inhibit IFN induction. Functionally, ORF7b and ORF8 activate CTPS1 to promote de novo CTP synthesis while shutting down IFN induction. De novo synthesis of small-molecule inhibitors of CTPS1 enabled CTP depletion and IFN induction in SARS-CoV-2 infection, thus impeding SARS-CoV-2 replication. Our work uncovers a strategy that a viral pathogen couples immune evasion to metabolic activation to fuel viral replication. Inhibition of the cellular CTPS1 offers an attractive means for developing antiviral therapy that would be resistant to SARS-CoV-2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youliang Rao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Wang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Chao Qin
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Bianca Espinosa
- Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Arts, Letters and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Qizhi Liu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Arunika Ekanayake
- Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Arts, Letters and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, FL 34987, USA
| | - Ali Can Savas
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Shu Zhang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Mehrnaz Zarinfar
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Wenjie Zhu
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), 510005 Guangzhou, China
| | - Nicholas Graham
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), 510005 Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Arts, Letters and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Lead Contact
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19
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Chiang C, Liu G, Gack MU. Viral Evasion of RIG-I-Like Receptor-Mediated Immunity through Dysregulation of Ubiquitination and ISGylation. Viruses 2021; 13:182. [PMID: 33530371 PMCID: PMC7910861 DOI: 10.3390/v13020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral dysregulation or suppression of innate immune responses is a key determinant of virus-induced pathogenesis. Important sensors for the detection of virus infection are the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), which, in turn, are antagonized by many RNA viruses and DNA viruses. Among the different escape strategies are viral mechanisms to dysregulate the post-translational modifications (PTMs) that play pivotal roles in RLR regulation. In this review, we present the current knowledge of immune evasion by viral pathogens that manipulate ubiquitin- or ISG15-dependent mechanisms of RLR activation. Key viral strategies to evade RLR signaling include direct targeting of ubiquitin E3 ligases, active deubiquitination using viral deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), and the upregulation of cellular DUBs that regulate RLR signaling. Additionally, we summarize emerging new evidence that shows that enzymes of certain coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic, actively deISGylate key molecules in the RLR pathway to escape type I interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral responses. Finally, we discuss the possibility of targeting virally-encoded proteins that manipulate ubiquitin- or ISG15-mediated innate immune responses for the development of new antivirals and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michaela U. Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA; (C.C.); (G.L.)
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20
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Montrose K, López Cabezas RM, Paukštytė J, Saarikangas J. Winter is coming: Regulation of cellular metabolism by enzyme polymerization in dormancy and disease. Exp Cell Res 2020; 397:112383. [PMID: 33212148 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism feeds growth. Accordingly, metabolism is regulated by nutrient-sensing pathways that converge growth promoting signals into biosynthesis by regulating the activity of metabolic enzymes. When the environment does not support growth, organisms invest in survival. For cells, this entails transitioning into a dormant, quiescent state (G0). In dormancy, the activity of biosynthetic pathways is dampened, and catabolic metabolism and stress tolerance pathways are activated. Recent work in yeast has demonstrated that dormancy is associated with alterations in the physicochemical properties of the cytoplasm, including changes in pH, viscosity and macromolecular crowding. Accompanying these changes, numerous metabolic enzymes transition from soluble to polymerized assemblies. These large-scale self-assemblies are dynamic and depolymerize when cells resume growth. Here we review how enzyme polymerization enables metabolic plasticity by tuning carbohydrate, nucleic acid, amino acid and lipid metabolic pathways, with particular focus on its potential adaptive value in cellular dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher Montrose
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland; Research Programme in Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rosa María López Cabezas
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland; Research Programme in Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jurgita Paukštytė
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland; Research Programme in Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Saarikangas
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland; Research Programme in Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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21
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Yu K, Tian H, Deng H. PPM1G restricts innate immune signaling mediated by STING and MAVS and is hijacked by KSHV for immune evasion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/47/eabd0276. [PMID: 33219031 PMCID: PMC7679160 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The adaptor proteins, STING and MAVS, are components of critical pathogen-sensing pathways that induce innate immunity. Phosphorylation of either adaptor results in activation of the type I interferon pathway. How this phosphorylation is regulated and how it is manipulated by pathogens remain largely unknown. Here, we identified host protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1G (PPM1G) as a negative regulator of innate immune pathways and showed that this host system is hijacked by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Mechanistically, KSHV tegument protein ORF33 interacts with STING/MAVS and enhances recruitment of PPM1G to dephosphorylate p-STING/p-MAVS for immunosuppression. Inhibition of PPM1G expression improves the antiviral response against both DNA and RNA viruses. Collectively, our study shows that PPM1G restricts both cytosolic DNA- and RNA-sensing pathways to naturally balance the intensity of the antiviral response. Manipulation of PPM1G by KSHV provides an important strategy for immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuai Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huabin Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongyu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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22
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Kouloulia S, Hallin EI, Simbriger K, Amorim IS, Lach G, Amvrosiadis T, Chalkiadaki K, Kampaite A, Truong VT, Hooshmandi M, Jafarnejad SM, Skehel P, Kursula P, Khoutorsky A, Gkogkas CG. Raptor-Mediated Proteasomal Degradation of Deamidated 4E-BP2 Regulates Postnatal Neuronal Translation and NF-κB Activity. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3620-3635.e7. [PMID: 31825840 PMCID: PMC6915327 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The translation initiation repressor 4E-BP2 is deamidated in the brain on asparagines N99/N102 during early postnatal brain development. This post-translational modification enhances 4E-BP2 association with Raptor, a central component of mTORC1 and alters the kinetics of excitatory synaptic transmission. We show that 4E-BP2 deamidation is neuron specific, occurs in the human brain, and changes 4E-BP2 subcellular localization, but not its disordered structure state. We demonstrate that deamidated 4E-BP2 is ubiquitinated more and degrades faster than the unmodified protein. We find that enhanced deamidated 4E-BP2 degradation is dependent on Raptor binding, concomitant with increased association with a Raptor-CUL4B E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Deamidated 4E-BP2 stability is promoted by inhibiting mTORC1 or glutamate receptors. We further demonstrate that deamidated 4E-BP2 regulates the translation of a distinct pool of mRNAs linked to cerebral development, mitochondria, and NF-κB activity, and thus may be crucial for postnatal brain development in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ASD. Deamidated 4E-BP2 occurs in neurons and is susceptible to ubiquitination/degradation mTORC1 or glutamate receptor inhibition stabilizes deamidated 4E-BP2 A Raptor-CUL4B ubiquitin ligase complex binds to deamidated 4E-BP2 Deamidated 4E-BP2 regulates postnatal brain translation and NF-κB activity
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Kouloulia
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Erik I Hallin
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5020, Norway
| | - Konstanze Simbriger
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Inês S Amorim
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Gilliard Lach
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Theoklitos Amvrosiadis
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Kleanthi Chalkiadaki
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Agniete Kampaite
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Vinh Tai Truong
- Department of Anesthesia and Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montréal H3A 0G1, QC, Canada
| | - Mehdi Hooshmandi
- Department of Anesthesia and Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montréal H3A 0G1, QC, Canada
| | - Seyed Mehdi Jafarnejad
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Paul Skehel
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Petri Kursula
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5020, Norway; Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Arkady Khoutorsky
- Department of Anesthesia and Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montréal H3A 0G1, QC, Canada.
| | - Christos G Gkogkas
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
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23
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Wang TY, Zhao J, Savas AC, Zhang S, Feng P. Viral pseudoenzymes in infection and immunity. FEBS J 2020; 287:4300-4309. [PMID: 32889786 PMCID: PMC7605207 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoenzymes are proteins that are evolutionarily related to active enzymes, but lack relevant catalytic activity. As obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses complete their life cycle fully dependent on the cellular supplies of macromolecule and energy. Traditionally, studies of viral proteins sharing high homology with host counterparts reveal insightful mechanisms by which host signaling pathways are delicately regulated. Recent investigations into the action of cellular pseudoenzymes elucidate diverse molecular means how enzymes are differentially controlled under various physiological conditions, hinting to the potential that pathogens may exploit these regulatory modalities. To date, there have been three types of viral pseudoenzymes reported and our understanding concerning their mechanism of regulation is rudimentary at best. However, it is clear that viral pseudoenzymes are emerging with surprising functions in infection and immunity, and we are only at the beginning to understand this new group of enzyme regulators. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge in viral pseudoenzymes and provide a perspective for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Wang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ali Can Savas
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shu Zhang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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24
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Zhang LN, Li MJ, Shang YH, Zhao FF, Huang HC, Lao FX. Independent and Correlated Role of Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 Genotype and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:15-31. [PMID: 32804091 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ɛ4 allele of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene in individuals infected by Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been demonstrated to be a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE-ɛ4 reduces the levels of neuronal cholesterol, interferes with the transportation of cholesterol, impairs repair of synapses, decreases the clearance of neurotoxic peptide amyloid-β (Aβ), and promotes the deposition of amyloid plaque, and eventually may cause development of AD. HSV-1 enters host cells and can infect the olfactory system, trigeminal ganglia, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus, and may cause AD-like pathological changes. The lifecycle of HSV-1 goes through a long latent phase. HSV-1 induces neurotropic cytokine expression with pro-inflammatory action and inhibits antiviral cytokine production in AD. It should be noted that interferons display antiviral activity in HSV-1-infected AD patients. Reactivated HSV-1 is associated with infectious burden in cognitive decline and AD. Finally, HSV-1 DNA has been confirmed as present in human brains and is associated with APOEɛ4 in AD. HSV-1 and APOEɛ4 increase the risk of AD and relate to abnormal autophagy, higher concentrations of HSV-1 DNA in AD, and formation of Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Jie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hui Shang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fan-Fan Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Han-Chang Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Xue Lao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
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25
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Liu X, Zhu C, Zha H, Tang J, Rong F, Chen X, Fan S, Xu C, Du J, Zhu J, Wang J, Ouyang G, Yu G, Cai X, Chen Z, Xiao W. SIRT5 impairs aggregation and activation of the signaling adaptor MAVS through catalyzing lysine desuccinylation. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103285. [PMID: 32301534 PMCID: PMC7265249 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RLR-mediated type I IFN production plays a pivotal role in innate antiviral immune responses, where the signaling adaptor MAVS is a critical determinant. Here, we show that MAVS is a physiological substrate of SIRT5. Moreover, MAVS is succinylated upon viral challenge, and SIRT5 catalyzes desuccinylation of MAVS. Mass spectrometric analysis indicated that Lysine 7 of MAVS is succinylated. SIRT5-catalyzed desuccinylation of MAVS at Lysine 7 diminishes the formation of MAVS aggregation after viral infection, resulting in the inhibition of MAVS activation and leading to the impairment of type I IFN production and antiviral gene expression. However, the enzyme-deficient mutant of SIRT5 (SIRT5-H158Y) loses its suppressive role on MAVS activation. Furthermore, we show that Sirt5-deficient mice are resistant to viral infection. Our study reveals the critical role of SIRT5 in limiting RLR signaling through desuccinylating MAVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Chunchun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Huangyuan Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Jinhua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fangjing Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Sijia Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chenxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Junji Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Gang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Guangqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaolian Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Zhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease ControlMinistry of AgricultureWuhanChina
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and ConservationInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- The Innovation Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
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26
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Deamidation Shunts RelA from Mediating Inflammation to Aerobic Glycolysis. Cell Metab 2020; 31:937-955.e7. [PMID: 32325032 PMCID: PMC7257911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell proliferation and inflammation are two metabolically demanding biological processes. How these competing processes are selectively executed in the same cell remains unknown. Here, we report that the enzyme carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase, aspartyl transcarbamoylase, and dihydroorotase (CAD) deamidates the RelA subunit of NF-κB in cancer cells to promote aerobic glycolysis and fuel cell proliferation in tumorigenesis. This post-translational modification switches RelA function from mediating the expression of NF-κB-responsive genes to that of glycolytic enzymes, thus shunting the cell's inflammatory response to aerobic glycolysis. Further, we profiled diverse human cancer cell lines and found that high CAD expression and a subset of RELA mutations correlated with RelA deamidation. And by use of inhibitors of key glycolytic enzymes, we validated the pivotal role of RelA deamidation in tumorigenesis of cancer cell lines. This work illuminates a mechanism by which protein deamidation selectively specifies gene expression and consequent biological processes.
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27
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Rehwinkel J, Gack MU. RIG-I-like receptors: their regulation and roles in RNA sensing. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:537-551. [PMID: 32203325 PMCID: PMC7094958 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 819] [Impact Index Per Article: 204.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are key sensors of virus infection, mediating the transcriptional induction of type I interferons and other genes that collectively establish an antiviral host response. Recent studies have revealed that both viral and host-derived RNAs can trigger RLR activation; this can lead to an effective antiviral response but also immunopathology if RLR activities are uncontrolled. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the types of RNA sensed by RLRs in the contexts of viral infection, malignancies and autoimmune diseases. We further describe how the activity of RLRs is controlled by host regulatory mechanisms, including RLR-interacting proteins, post-translational modifications and non-coding RNAs. Finally, we discuss key outstanding questions in the RLR field, including how our knowledge of RLR biology could be translated into new therapeutics. The RNA-sensing retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are important inducers of type I interferons and other antiviral immune mediators. Here, Jan Rehwinkel and Michaela Gack explain how members of the RLR family are regulated and reflect on the importance of the RLRs in viral infection, autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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28
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Carriere J, Rao Y, Liu Q, Lin X, Zhao J, Feng P. Post-translational Control of Innate Immune Signaling Pathways by Herpesviruses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2647. [PMID: 31798565 PMCID: PMC6868034 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses constitute a large family of disease-causing DNA viruses. Each herpesvirus strain is capable of infecting particular organisms with a specific cell tropism. Upon infection, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize conserved viral features to trigger signaling cascades that culminate in the production of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines. To invoke a proper immune response while avoiding collateral tissue damage, signaling proteins involved in these cascades are tightly regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs). Herpesviruses have developed strategies to subvert innate immune signaling pathways in order to ensure efficient viral replication and achieve persistent infection. The ability of these viruses to control the proteins involved in these signaling cascades post-translationally, either directly via virus-encoded enzymes or indirectly through the deregulation of cellular enzymes, has been widely reported. This ability provides herpesviruses with a powerful tool to shut off or restrict host antiviral and inflammatory responses. In this review, we highlight recent findings on the herpesvirus-mediated post-translational control along PRR-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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29
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Li J, Zhao J, Xu S, Zhang S, Zhang J, Xiao J, Gao R, Tian M, Zeng Y, Lee K, Tarakanova V, Lan K, Feng H, Feng P. Antiviral activity of a purine synthesis enzyme reveals a key role of deamidation in regulating protein nuclear import. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw7373. [PMID: 31633017 PMCID: PMC6785261 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw7373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein nuclear translocation is highly regulated and crucial for diverse biological processes. However, our understanding concerning protein nuclear import is incomplete. Here we report that a cellular purine synthesis enzyme inhibits protein nuclear import via deamidation. Employing human Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) to probe the role of protein deamidation, we identified a purine synthesis enzyme, phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthetase (PFAS) that inhibits KSHV transcriptional activation. PFAS deamidates the replication transactivator (RTA), a transcription factor crucial for KSHV lytic replication. Mechanistically, deamidation of two asparagines flanking a positively charged nuclear localization signal impaired the binding of RTA to an importin β subunit, thus diminishing RTA nuclear localization and transcriptional activation. Finally, RTA proteins of all gamma herpesviruses appear to be regulated by PFAS-mediated deamidation. These findings uncover an unexpected function of a metabolic enzyme in restricting viral replication and a key role of deamidation in regulating protein nuclear import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Li
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W. 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W. 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
| | - Simin Xu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W. 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
| | - Shu Zhang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W. 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W. 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
| | - Jun Xiao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W. 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Education Ministry of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
| | - Ruoyun Gao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W. 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
| | - Mao Tian
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W. 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
| | - Yi Zeng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W. 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, P.R. China
| | - Katie Lee
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W. 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
| | - Vera Tarakanova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
| | - Hao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Education Ministry of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W. 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
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30
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Full F, Ensser A. Early Nuclear Events after Herpesviral Infection. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091408. [PMID: 31500286 PMCID: PMC6780142 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are important pathogens that can cause significant morbidity and mortality in the human population. Herpesviruses have a double-stranded DNA genome, and viral genome replication takes place inside the nucleus. Upon entering the nucleus, herpesviruses have to overcome the obstacle of cellular proteins in order to enable viral gene expression and genome replication. In this review, we want to highlight cellular proteins that sense incoming viral genomes of the DNA-damage repair (DDR) pathway and of PML-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) that all can act as antiviral restriction factors within the first hours after the viral genome is released into the nucleus. We show the function and significance of both nuclear DNA sensors, the DDR and PML-NBs, and demonstrate for three human herpesviruses of the alpha-, beta- and gamma-subfamilies, HSV-1, HCMV and KSHV respectively, how viral tegument proteins antagonize these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Full
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Armin Ensser
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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31
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Li SN, Ling T, Yang YX, Huang JP, Xu LG. CHID1 positively regulates RLR antiviral signaling by targeting the RIG-I/VISA signalosome. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1668-1678. [PMID: 31106867 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) belongs to the RIGI-like receptors (RLRs), a class of primary pattern recognition receptors. It senses viral double-strand RNA in the cytoplasm and delivers the activated signal to its adaptor virus-induced signaling adapter (VISA), which then recruits the downstream TNF receptor-associated factors and kinases, triggering a downstream signal cascade that leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and antiviral interferons (IFNs). However, the mechanism of RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that chitinase domain-containing 1 (CHID1), a member of the chitinase family, positively regulates the RLR antiviral signaling pathway by targeting the RIG-I/VISA signalosome. CHID1 overexpression enhances the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-кB) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) triggered by Sendai virus (SeV) by promoting the polyubiquitination of RIG-I and VISA, thereby potentiating IFN-β production. CHID1 knockdown in human 239T cells inhibits SeV-induced activation of IRF3 and NF-κB and the induction of IFN-β. These results indicate that CHID1 positively regulates RLR antiviral signal, revealing the novel mechanism of the RIG-I antiviral signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ting Ling
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ya-Xian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing-Ping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liang-Guo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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32
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Ribeiro AJM, Das S, Dawson N, Zaru R, Orchard S, Thornton JM, Orengo C, Zeqiraj E, Murphy JM, Eyers PA. Emerging concepts in pseudoenzyme classification, evolution, and signaling. Sci Signal 2019; 12:eaat9797. [PMID: 31409758 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat9797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The 21st century is witnessing an explosive surge in our understanding of pseudoenzyme-driven regulatory mechanisms in biology. Pseudoenzymes are proteins that have sequence homology with enzyme families but that are proven or predicted to lack enzyme activity due to mutations in otherwise conserved catalytic amino acids. The best-studied pseudoenzymes are pseudokinases, although examples from other families are emerging at a rapid rate as experimental approaches catch up with an avalanche of freely available informatics data. Kingdom-wide analysis in prokaryotes, archaea and eukaryotes reveals that between 5 and 10% of proteins that make up enzyme families are pseudoenzymes, with notable expansions and contractions seemingly associated with specific signaling niches. Pseudoenzymes can allosterically activate canonical enzymes, act as scaffolds to control assembly of signaling complexes and their localization, serve as molecular switches, or regulate signaling networks through substrate or enzyme sequestration. Molecular analysis of pseudoenzymes is rapidly advancing knowledge of how they perform noncatalytic functions and is enabling the discovery of unexpected, and previously unappreciated, functions of their intensively studied enzyme counterparts. Notably, upon further examination, some pseudoenzymes have previously unknown enzymatic activities that could not have been predicted a priori. Pseudoenzymes can be targeted and manipulated by small molecules and therefore represent new therapeutic targets (or anti-targets, where intervention should be avoided) in various diseases. In this review, which brings together broad bioinformatics and cell signaling approaches in the field, we highlight a selection of findings relevant to a contemporary understanding of pseudoenzyme-based biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- António J M Ribeiro
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Sayoni Das
- Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Natalie Dawson
- Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rossana Zaru
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Sandra Orchard
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Janet M Thornton
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Christine Orengo
- Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Elton Zeqiraj
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Astbury Building, Room 8.109, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - James M Murphy
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick A Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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33
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Bai L, Dong J, Liu Z, Rao Y, Feng P, Lan K. Viperin catalyzes methionine oxidation to promote protein expression and function of helicases. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax1031. [PMID: 31489375 PMCID: PMC6713503 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Helicases play pivotal roles in fundamental biological processes, and posttranslational modifications regulate the localization, function, and stability of helicases. Here, we report that methionine oxidation of representative helicases, including DNA and RNA helicases of viral (ORF44 of KSHV) and cellular (MCM7 and RIG-I) origin, promotes their expression and functions. Cellular viperin, a major antiviral interferon-stimulated gene whose functions beyond host defense remain largely unknown, catalyzes the methionine oxidation of these helicases. Moreover, biochemical studies entailing loss-of-function mutations of helicases and a pharmacological inhibitor interfering with lipid metabolism and, hence, decreasing viperin activity indicate that methionine oxidation potently increases the stability and enzyme activity of these helicases that are critical for DNA replication and immune activation. Our work uncovers a pivotal role of viperin in catalyzing the methionine oxidation of helicases that are implicated in diverse fundamental biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Jiazhen Dong
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Zhenqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Youliang Rao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
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Liu Q, Rao Y, Tian M, Zhang S, Feng P. Modulation of Innate Immune Signaling Pathways by Herpesviruses. Viruses 2019; 11:E572. [PMID: 31234396 PMCID: PMC6630988 DOI: 10.3390/v11060572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses can be detected by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which then activate downstream adaptors, kinases and transcription factors (TFs) to induce the expression of interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines. IFNs further activate the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway, inducing the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). These signaling events constitute host innate immunity to defeat herpesvirus infection and replication. A hallmark of all herpesviruses is their ability to establish persistent infection in the presence of active immune response. To achieve this, herpesviruses have evolved multiple strategies to suppress or exploit host innate immune signaling pathways to facilitate their infection. This review summarizes the key host innate immune components and their regulation by herpesviruses during infection. Also we highlight unanswered questions and research gaps for future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Liu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Youliang Rao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Mao Tian
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Shu Zhang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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35
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Lu A, Disoma C, Zhou Y, Chen Z, Zhang L, Shen Y, Zhou M, Du A, Zheng R, Li S, Alsaadawe M, Li S, Li J, Wang W, Jiang T, Peng J, Xia Z. Protein interactome of the deamidase phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthetase (PFAS) by LC-MS/MS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:746-752. [PMID: 30987822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase (PFAS) is an essential enzyme in de novo synthesis of purine. Previously, PFAS has been reported to modulate RIG-I activation during viral infection via deamidation. In this study, we sought to identify potential substrates that PFAS can deamidate. Flag-PFAS was transfected into HEK-293T cells and PFAS associated proteins were purified with anti-Flag M2 magnetic beads. PFAS associated proteins were identified using mass spectrometry and were analyzed using bioinformatics tools including KEGG pathway analysis, gene ontology annotation, and protein interaction network analysis. A total of 441 proteins is suggested to potentially interact with PFAS. Of this number, 12 were previously identified and 429 are newly identified. The interactions of PFAS with CAD, CCT2, PRDX1, and PHGDH were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and western blotting. This study is first to report the interaction of PFAS with several proteins which play physiological roles in tumor development including CAD, CCT2, PRDX1, and PHGDH. Furthermore, we show here that PFAS is able to deamidate PHGDH, and induce other posttranslational modification into CAD, CCT2 and PRDX1. The present data provide insight on the biological function of PFAS. Further study to explore the role of these protein interactions in tumorigenesis and other diseases is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cyrollah Disoma
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zongpeng Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yilun Shen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ashuai Du
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Moyed Alsaadawe
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shiqin Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiada Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weilan Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Center of System Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Zanxian Xia
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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36
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Zhao Y, Ye X, Dunker W, Song Y, Karijolich J. RIG-I like receptor sensing of host RNAs facilitates the cell-intrinsic immune response to KSHV infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4841. [PMID: 30451863 PMCID: PMC6242832 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The RIG-I like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I and MDA5 are cytosolic RNA helicases best characterized as restriction factors for RNA viruses. However, evidence suggests RLRs participate in innate immune recognition of other pathogens, including DNA viruses. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human gammaherpesvirus and the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Here, we demonstrate that RLRs restrict KSHV lytic reactivation and we demonstrate that restriction is facilitated by the recognition of host-derived RNAs. Misprocessed noncoding RNAs represent an abundant class of RIG-I substrates, and biochemical characterizations reveal that an infection-dependent reduction in the cellular triphosphatase DUSP11 results in an accumulation of select triphosphorylated noncoding RNAs, enabling their recognition by RIG-I. These findings reveal an intricate relationship between RNA processing and innate immunity, and demonstrate that an antiviral innate immune response can be elicited by the sensing of misprocessed cellular RNAs.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DEAD Box Protein 58/antagonists & inhibitors
- DEAD Box Protein 58/genetics
- DEAD Box Protein 58/immunology
- Dual-Specificity Phosphatases/genetics
- Dual-Specificity Phosphatases/immunology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- HEK293 Cells
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/genetics
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/immunology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/virology
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Phosphorylation
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA, Untranslated/genetics
- RNA, Untranslated/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Signal Transduction
- Virus Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA
| | - Xiang Ye
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA
| | - William Dunker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453000, China
| | - John Karijolich
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA.
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA.
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37
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Zhang S, Carriere J, Lin X, Xie N, Feng P. Interplay between Cellular Metabolism and Cytokine Responses during Viral Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100521. [PMID: 30249998 PMCID: PMC6213852 DOI: 10.3390/v10100521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism and immune responses are two fundamental biological processes that serve to protect hosts from viral infection. As obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses have evolved diverse strategies to activate metabolism, while inactivating immune responses to achieve maximal reproduction or persistence within their hosts. The two-way virus-host interaction with metabolism and immune responses choreograph cytokine production via reprogramming metabolism of infected cells/hosts. In return, cytokines can affect the metabolism of virus-infected and bystander cells to impede viral replication processes. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the cross-talk between metabolic reprogramming and cytokine responses, and to highlight future potential research topics. Although the focus is placed on viral pathogens, relevant findings from other microbes are integrated to provide an overall picture, particularly when corresponding information on viral infection is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
| | - Jessica Carriere
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
| | - Xiaoxi Lin
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
| | - Na Xie
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
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38
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Zhang J, Zhao J, Xu S, Li J, He S, Zeng Y, Xie L, Xie N, Liu T, Lee K, Seo GJ, Chen L, Stabell AC, Xia Z, Sawyer SL, Jung J, Huang C, Feng P. Species-Specific Deamidation of cGAS by Herpes Simplex Virus UL37 Protein Facilitates Viral Replication. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:234-248.e5. [PMID: 30092200 PMCID: PMC6094942 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) establishes infections in humans and mice, but some non-human primates exhibit resistance via unknown mechanisms. Innate immune recognition pathways are highly conserved but are pivotal in determining susceptibility to DNA virus infections. We report that variation of a single amino acid residue in the innate immune sensor cGAS determines species-specific inactivation by HSV-1. The HSV-1 UL37 tegument protein deamidates human and mouse cGAS. Deamidation impairs the ability of cGAS to catalyze cGAMP synthesis, which activates innate immunity. HSV-1 with deamidase-deficient UL37 promotes robust antiviral responses and is attenuated in mice in a cGAS- and STING-dependent manner. Mutational analyses identified a single asparagine in human and mouse cGAS that is not conserved in many non-human primates. This residue underpins UL37-mediated cGAS deamidation and species permissiveness of HSV-1. Thus, HSV-1 mediates cGAS deamidation for immune evasion and exploits species sequence variation to disarm host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Simin Xu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Junhua Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Shanping He
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Linshen Xie
- The Fourth West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Xie
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Katie Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Gil Ju Seo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Lin Chen
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Alex C Stabell
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Zanxian Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Sara L Sawyer
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Jae Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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39
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Zhao C, Jia M, Song H, Yu Z, Wang W, Li Q, Zhang L, Zhao W, Cao X. The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase TRIM40 Attenuates Antiviral Immune Responses by Targeting MDA5 and RIG-I. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1613-1623. [PMID: 29117565 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), including melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and RIG-I, are crucial for host recognition of non-self RNAs, especially viral RNA. Thus, the expression and activation of RLRs play fundamental roles in eliminating the invading RNA viruses and maintaining immune homeostasis. However, how RLR expression is tightly regulated remains to be further investigated. In this study, we identified a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded gene, tripartite interaction motif 40 (TRIM40), as a suppressor of RLR signaling by directly targeting MDA5 and RIG-I. TRIM40 binds to MDA5 and RIG-I and promotes their K27- and K48-linked polyubiquitination via its E3 ligase activity, leading to their proteasomal degradation. TRIM40 deficiency enhances RLR-triggered signaling. Consequently, TRIM40 deficiency greatly enhances antiviral immune responses and decreases viral replication in vivo. Thus, we demonstrate that TRIM40 limits RLR-triggered innate activation, suggesting TRIM40 as a potential therapeutic target for the control of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyuan Zhao
- Department of Immunology & Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Mutian Jia
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Hui Song
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhongxia Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Lining Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Department of Immunology & Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Mangold CA, Yao PJ, Du M, Freeman WM, Benkovic SJ, Szpara ML. Expression of the purine biosynthetic enzyme phosphoribosyl formylglycinamidine synthase in neurons. J Neurochem 2018; 144:723-735. [PMID: 29337348 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purines are metabolic building blocks essential for all living organisms on earth. De novo purine biosynthesis occurs in the brain and appears to play important roles in neural development. Phosphoribosyl formylglycinamidine synthase (FGAMS, also known as PFAS or FGARAT), a core enzyme involved in the de novo synthesis of purines, may play alternative roles in viral pathogenesis. To date, no thorough investigation of the endogenous expression and localization of de novo purine biosynthetic enzymes has been conducted in human neurons or in virally infected cells. In this study, we characterized expression of FGAMS using multiple neuronal models. In differentiated human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, primary rat hippocampal neurons, and in whole-mouse brain sections, FGAMS immunoreactivity was distributed within the neuronal cytoplasm. FGAMS immunolabeling in vitro demonstrated extensive distribution throughout neuronal processes. To investigate potential changes in FGAMS expression and localization following viral infection, we infected cells with the human pathogen herpes simplex virus 1. In infected fibroblasts, FGAMS immunolabeling shifted from a diffuse cytoplasmic location to a mainly perinuclear localization by 12 h post-infection. In contrast, in infected neurons, FGAMS localization showed no discernable changes in the localization of FGAMS immunoreactivity. There were no changes in total FGAMS protein levels in either cell type. Together, these data provide insight into potential purine biosynthetic mechanisms utilized within neurons during homeostasis as well as viral infection. Cover Image for this Issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14169.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A Mangold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pamela J Yao
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute of Aging/National Institute of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mei Du
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Willard M Freeman
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Stephen J Benkovic
- Department of Chemistry, and the Eberly College of Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Moriah L Szpara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Du Y, Duan T, Feng Y, Liu Q, Lin M, Cui J, Wang RF. LRRC25 inhibits type I IFN signaling by targeting ISG15-associated RIG-I for autophagic degradation. EMBO J 2018; 37:351-366. [PMID: 29288164 PMCID: PMC5793803 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are critical for protection against RNA virus infection, and their activities must be stringently controlled to maintain immune homeostasis. Here, we report that leucine-rich repeat containing protein 25 (LRRC25) is a key negative regulator of RLR-mediated type I interferon (IFN) signaling. Upon RNA virus infection, LRRC25 specifically binds to ISG15-associated RIG-I to promote interaction between RIG-I and the autophagic cargo receptor p62 and to mediate RIG-I degradation via selective autophagy. Depletion of either LRRC25 or ISG15 abrogates RIG-I-p62 interaction as well as the autophagic degradation of RIG-I. Collectively, our findings identify a previously unrecognized role of LRRC25 in type I IFN signaling activation by which LRRC25 acts as a secondary receptor to assist RIG-I delivery to autophagosomes for degradation in a p62-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianhao Duan
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanchun Feng
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Cui
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A & M University, Houston, TX, USA
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Van Skike ND, Minkah NK, Hogan CH, Wu G, Benziger PT, Oldenburg DG, Kara M, Kim-Holzapfel DM, White DW, Tibbetts SA, French JB, Krug LT. Viral FGARAT ORF75A promotes early events in lytic infection and gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis in mice. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006843. [PMID: 29390024 PMCID: PMC5811070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses encode proteins with homology to the cellular purine metabolic enzyme formyl-glycinamide-phosphoribosyl-amidotransferase (FGARAT), but the role of these viral FGARATs (vFGARATs) in the pathogenesis of a natural host has not been investigated. We report a novel role for the ORF75A vFGARAT of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) in infectious virion production and colonization of mice. MHV68 mutants with premature stop codons in orf75A exhibited a log reduction in acute replication in the lungs after intranasal infection, which preceded a defect in colonization of multiple host reservoirs including the mediastinal lymph nodes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and the spleen. Intraperitoneal infection rescued splenic latency, but not reactivation. The 75A.stop virus also exhibited defective replication in primary fibroblast and macrophage cells. Viruses produced in the absence of ORF75A were characterized by an increase in the ratio of particles to PFU. In the next round of infection this led to the alteration of early events in lytic replication including the deposition of the ORF75C tegument protein, the accelerated kinetics of viral gene expression, and induction of TNFα release and cell death. Infecting cells to deliver equivalent genomes revealed that ORF75A was required for initiating early events in infection. In contrast with the numerous phenotypes observed in the absence of ORF75A, ORF75B was dispensable for replication and pathogenesis. These studies reveal that murine rhadinovirus vFGARAT family members ORF75A and ORF75C have evolved to perform divergent functions that promote replication and colonization of the host. Gammaherpesviruses are infectious agents that cause cancer. The study of viral genes unique to this subfamily may offer insight into the strategies that these viruses use to persist in the host and drive disease. The vFGARATs are a family of viral proteins found only in gammaherpesviruses, and are critical for replication in cell culture. Here we report that a rhadinovirus of rodents requires a previously uncharacterized vFGARAT family member, ORF75A, to support viral growth and persistence in mice. In addition, viruses lacking ORF75A are defective in the production of infectious viral particles. Thus, duplications and functional divergence of the various vFGARATs in the rhadinovirus lineage have likely been driven by selective pressures to disseminate within and colonize the host. Identification of the shared host processes that are targeted by the diverse family of vFGARATs may reveal novel targets for therapeutic agents to prevent life-long infections by these oncogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick D. Van Skike
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Nana K. Minkah
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Chad H. Hogan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program of Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Gary Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter T. Benziger
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Mehmet Kara
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and UF Shands Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Deborah M. Kim-Holzapfel
- Departments of Chemistry and of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Douglas W. White
- Gundersen Health System, La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Tibbetts
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and UF Shands Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jarrod B. French
- Departments of Chemistry and of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Laurie T. Krug
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gammaherpesviral Tegument Proteins, PML-Nuclear Bodies and the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System. Viruses 2017; 9:v9100308. [PMID: 29065450 PMCID: PMC5691659 DOI: 10.3390/v9100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses like Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) subvert the ubiquitin proteasome system for their own benefit in order to facilitate viral gene expression and replication. In particular, viral tegument proteins that share sequence homology to the formylglycineamide ribonucleotide amidotransferase (FGARAT, or PFAS), an enzyme in the cellular purine biosynthesis, are important for disrupting the intrinsic antiviral response associated with Promyelocytic Leukemia (PML) protein-associated nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) by proteasome-dependent and independent mechanisms. In addition, all herpesviruses encode for a potent ubiquitin protease that can efficiently remove ubiquitin chains from proteins and thereby interfere with several different cellular pathways. In this review, we discuss mechanisms and functional consequences of virus-induced ubiquitination and deubiquitination for early events in gammaherpesviral infection.
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Zhou Y, He C, Wang L, Ge B. Post-translational regulation of antiviral innate signaling. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1414-1426. [PMID: 28744851 PMCID: PMC7163624 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system initiates immune responses by pattern‐recognition receptors (PRR). Virus‐derived nucleic acids are sensed by the retinoic acid‐inducible gene I (RIG‐I)‐like receptor (RLR) family and the toll‐like receptor (TLR) family as well as the DNA sensor cyclic GMP‐AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). These receptors activate IRF3/7 and NF‐κB signaling pathways to induce the expression of type I interferons (IFNs) and other cytokines firing antiviral responses within the cell. However, to achieve a favorable outcome for the host, a balanced production of IFNs and activation of antiviral responses is required. Post‐translational modifications (PTMs), such as the covalent linkage of functional groups to amino acid chains, are crucial for this immune homeostasis in antiviral responses. Canonical PTMs including phosphorylation and ubiquitination have been extensively studied and other PTMs such as methylation, acetylation, SUMOylation, ADP‐ribosylation and glutamylation are being increasingly implicated in antiviral innate immunity. Here we summarize our recent understanding of the most important PTMs regulating the antiviral innate immune response, and their role in virus‐related immune pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxi He
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Beaumatin F, El Dhaybi M, Bobo C, Verdier M, Priault M. Bcl-x L deamidation and cancer: Charting the fame trajectories of legitimate child and hidden siblings. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017. [PMID: 28645514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-2 family proteins control programmed cell death through a complex network of interactions within and outside of this family, that are modulated by post-translational modifications (PTM). Bcl-xL, an anti-apoptotic member of this family, is overexpressed in a number of cancers, plays an important role in tumorigenesis and is correlated with drug resistance. Bcl-xL is susceptible to a number of different PTMs. Here, we focus on deamidation. We will first provide an overview of protein deamidation. We will then review how the apoptotic and autophagic functions of Bcl-xL are modified by this PTM, and how this impacts on its oncogenic properties. Possible therapeutic outcomes will also be discussed. Finally, we will highlight how the specific case of Bcl-xL deamidation provides groundings to revisit some concepts related to protein deamidation in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Beaumatin
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mohamad El Dhaybi
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France; EA 3842, Homéostasie Cellulaire et Pathologies, Université de Limoges, 2, rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Claude Bobo
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mireille Verdier
- EA 3842, Homéostasie Cellulaire et Pathologies, Université de Limoges, 2, rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Muriel Priault
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France.
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Chen J, Zhao J, Chen X, Ding C, Lee K, Jia Z, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Wei C, He J, Xia Z, Peng J. Hyper activation of β-catenin signalling induced by IKKε inhibition thwarts colorectal cancer cell proliferation. Cell Prolif 2017; 50. [PMID: 28523736 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling contributes significantly to the development of human colorectal cancers and β-catenin is the key signalling molecule transducing canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Therefore, β-catenin is a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. This study demonstrates that the oncogenic IKKε kinase phosphorylates β-catenin to restrain its hyper activation, therefore promoting colorectal cancer (CRC) cell proliferation. MATERIALS AND METHODS IKKε and β-catenin expression levels in human colorectal cancer tissues and cell lines were analysed by immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. The regulation of IKKε on Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway was studied by reporter assay and real-time PCR analysis in the context of IKKε stably knocking down. Co-immunoprecipitation was conducted to monitor the interaction between IKKε and β-catenin. Kinase assay was performed to measure β-catenin post-translational modifications induced by IKKε. RESULTS Oncogenic IKKε kinase is required for the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. Mechanistically, inhibition of IKKε results in β-catenin hyper activation and thwarts CRC cell proliferation. Furthermore, IKKε phosphorylates β-catenin and inhibits the activation of β-catenin signalling. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that IKKε is a potential target to combat CRC induced by aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Xuan Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Chengming Ding
- Division of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Katie Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Zeming Jia
- Division of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yaoting Zhang
- Division of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Chaoying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Jiantai He
- Division of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Zanxian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Division of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
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Murphy JM, Farhan H, Eyers PA. Bio-Zombie: the rise of pseudoenzymes in biology. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:537-544. [PMID: 28408493 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoenzymes are catalytically dead counterparts of enzymes. Despite their first description some 50 years ago, the importance and functional diversity of these 'fit-for-purpose' polypeptides is only now being appreciated. Pseudoenzymes have been identified throughout all the kingdoms of life and, owing to predicted deficits in enzyme activity due to the absence of catalytic residues, have been variously referred to as pseudoenzymes, non-enzymes, dead enzymes, prozymes or 'zombie' proteins. An important goal of the recent Biochemical Society Pseudoenzymes-focused meeting was to explore the functional and evolutionary diversity of pseudoenzymes and to begin to evaluate their functions in biology, including cell signalling and metabolism. Here, we summarise the impressive breadth of enzyme classes that are known to have pseudoenzyme counterparts and present examples of known cellular functions. We predict that the next decades will represent golden years for the analysis of pseudoenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Murphy
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Patrick A Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K.
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Liu Y, Olagnier D, Lin R. Host and Viral Modulation of RIG-I-Mediated Antiviral Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 7:662. [PMID: 28096803 PMCID: PMC5206486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Rapid and efficient detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns via pattern-recognition receptors is essential for the host to mount defensive and protective responses. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is critical in triggering antiviral and inflammatory responses for the control of viral replication in response to cytoplasmic virus-specific RNA structures. Upon viral RNA recognition, RIG-I recruits the mitochondrial adaptor protein mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein, which leads to a signaling cascade that coordinates the induction of type I interferons (IFNs), as well as a large variety of antiviral interferon-stimulated genes. The RIG-I activation is tightly regulated via various posttranslational modifications for the prevention of aberrant innate immune signaling. By contrast, viruses have evolved mechanisms of evasion, such as sequestrating viral structures from RIG-I detections and targeting receptor or signaling molecules for degradation. These virus–host interactions have broadened our understanding of viral pathogenesis and provided insights into the function of the RIG-I pathway. In this review, we summarize the recent advances regarding RIG-I pathogen recognition and signaling transduction, cell-intrinsic control of RIG-I activation, and the viral antagonism of RIG-I signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliu Liu
- Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Olagnier
- Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rongtuan Lin
- Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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49
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Si Y, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Zhou R, Zhang Y, Hao D, Yan D. Posttranslational Modification Control of Inflammatory Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1024:37-61. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5987-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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50
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Xu L, Wang W, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. Noncanonical Antiviral Mechanisms of ISGs: Dispensability of Inducible Interferons. Trends Immunol 2016; 38:1-2. [PMID: 27916385 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wenshi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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